Identification and Characterization of Atm Founder Germline Mutation in Brca-negative Breast Cancer Patients of Arab Ethnicity

Background: Breast Cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy among women worldwide with germline pathogenic variants/likely pathogenic variants (PVs/LPVs) in BRCA1/2 accounting for a large portion of hereditary cases. Recently, heterozygous PVs/LPVs in the ATM serine/threonine kinase or Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene ( ATM ) has been identified as a moderate susceptibility factor for BC in diverse ethnicities. However, the prevalence of ATM PVs/LPVs in BC susceptibility in Arab populations remain largely unexplored. Methods This study investigated the prevalence of ATM PVs/LPVs among BC patients from Saudi Arabia, employing capture-sequencing technology for ATM PVs/LPVs screening in a cohort of 715 unselected BC patients without BRCA1/2 PVs/LPVs. In addition, founder mutation analysis was conducted using PHASE program. Results In our entire cohort, four unique PVs/LPVs in ATM gene were identified in six cases (0.8%). Notably, one recurrent LPV, c.6115G > A:p.Glu2039Lys, was identified in three cases, for which haplotype analysis confirmed as a novel putative founder mutation traced back to 13 generations on average. This founder mutation accounted for half of all identified mutant cases and 0.4% of total screened cases. This study further reveals a significant correlation between the presence of ATM mutation and family history of BC (p = 0.0127). Conclusions These finding underscore an approximate 0.8% prevalence of ATM germline PVs/LPVs in Arab BC patients without BRCA1/2 PVs/LPVs and suggested a founder effect of specific recurrent ATM mutation. These insights can help in the design of a genetic testing strategy tailored to the local population in Saudi Arabia, thereby, enabling more accurate clinical management and risk prediction.