Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Food Safety Among Dhaka City's Street Food Vendors : A Public Health Issue

Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Food Safety Among Dhaka City's Street Food Vendors : A Public Health Issue | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Food Safety Among Dhaka City's Street Food Vendors : A Public Health Issue Md Jisan Ahmed, Mahabbat Ali, Kazi Estieque Alam, Mustakim Mamun, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4737912/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Street food is a popular food culture in Bangladesh, offering affordable and accessible meals to the population. However, it raises significant public health concerns due to inadequate hygiene practices, leading to widespread foodborne illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of food vendors in Dhaka. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 street food vendors in Dhaka City. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the KAP, and multivariate models, including linear and ordinal logistic regression, were used to explore the associations between these factors. The study revealed that approximately 96% of sellers were male. Most of the participants (48.25%) had a primary level of education and 93.50% of vendors had no training in food safety. Approximately 62% of respondents had adequate knowledge of food safety, 81% had a righteous attitude, and only 12% exhibited a proper food safety practice regarding food handling. Factors such as experience, education, training in food safety and preparation, and body weight of vendors influenced KAP. These results highlight the need for focused education and training on food safety among vendors. The government needs to implement and uphold legislation and regulations concerning food safety among street food vendors. Biological sciences/Microbiology Health sciences/Health care/Public health Health sciences/Health care/Quality of life Health sciences/Risk factors Food safety Food vendors KAP Food hygiene Dhaka Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Street food (SF) refers to a diverse range of Ready-To-Eat (RTE) foods, that are promptly prepared and sold by sellers in public areas such as streets, bus and train stations, and other similar locations in Bangladesh and other nations worldwide 1 , 2 . Street foods are popular because of being affordable, easily available, and relatively nutrient-dense. Therefore, people of various ages and backgrounds eat them 3 . People willingly rely on street food because their current frantic lifestyle leaves them too busy to spend time cooking at home 4 . On the other hand, as street foods are cheap and easily accessible, therefore approximately 2.5 billion people around the world consume street foods on a daily basis 5 , 6 . Residents and visitors can get street food in many large cities as well as smaller towns and villages 7 . Recently, young aged and school, and university-going people are the regular consumers of street foods 7 . Consumers, particularly students, tend to favor street foods because of their affordability, variety of options, taste, and accessibility 8 . The street food industry is thriving in developing countries due to population expansion and urbanization 7 . In addition to that, unemployment and poverty are significant factors inspiring the growth of street food business in low-income households of developing nations because it requires a minimum capital for initial investment and very little skill 2 . The hygiene of street food plays a vital role in public health concerns in Bangladesh and other developing countries of third-world nations. As a consequence of its unhygienic management and handling conditions street food remains a greater source of health hazard 9 – 13 . Although street food plays a crucial function in providing nutrition to urban residents in many countries, the major drawback related to street food is its lack of cleanness, substandard quality of ingredients, inadequate nutritional content, vendors' knowledge of understanding the importance of food hygiene, and the improper food safety regulations 14 . The unhygienic food preparation with uncleaned hands (roadside and crowded places), vending methods, and storage of leftover foods that are used afterward, these tendencies of street food vendors increase the growth and chance of spreading of harmful microbes that finally lead to food-borne illnesses 15 . In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the first assessments of the worldwide and regional effects of 31 foodborne hazards on public health. The findings indicated that 10% of the population annually becomes sick due to consuming food contaminated with microbial or chemical substances. This leads to a staggering 600 million cases of disease, 420,000 deaths, and a loss of 33 million years of healthy life worldwide 16 , 17 . Such statistics show the great loss of valuable energy of the overall population that was supposed to be used for a better purpose. Similarly, in Bangladesh, approximately 30 million people have foodborne diseases annually, which is certainly a great loss for such a developing country 9 . On the other hand, food poisoning in Bangladesh, mostly exhibits signs of severe diarrhea, sometimes leading to fatal consequences, these illnesses have a high possibility of being caused by unhygienic acts of street food vendors 18 . Due to having no continuous electricity power supply required to maintain a freezer, improper storage temperature, and traditional processing and storage techniques among street food vendors increase the chance of food contamination and microbial growth on food. Generally, street foods, the water used for cleaning, and utensils used for food preparation contain harmful microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus , Clostridium perfringens , Escherichia coli , and Staphylococcus aureus 18 – 20 . These organisms are responsible for many foodborne illnesses such as cholera, typhoid fever, diarrhea, and food poisoning 21 , 22 . Furthermore, Dhaka is one of the most densely populated cities surpassing 21 million inhabitants. The rapid urbanization and population growth have an indirect pressure to expand street food vending. The existing number of street food vendors is 300,000 with 130 types of street food items available throughout the city 23 . Despite being a popular business in Bangladesh, most of the street food vendors have low levels of education, lack of knowledge to understand the importance of food hygiene and behave poorly when it comes to rectifying oversight 24 . Hence, the establishment of food safety and cleanliness in food preparation and street vending is contingent upon three critical factors: the knowledge and attitudes of street food vendors (SFVs), as well as hygienic practices 25 . In Bangladesh, a few studies have been performed on the awareness, attitudes, and experience of vendors in restaurant food safety 2 , 7 , 9 . Despite being the capital city of Bangladesh- and a large scale of street food vendors is confined to this megacity; no study was done related to food safety in Dhaka city only. Hence, this study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of food safety exclusively among Dhaka City’s Street food vendors, highlighting the critical public health issue posed by poor hygiene and handling conditions in street food preparation and vending. Moreover, this study hypothesized that there is a significant gap in education among vendors in Dhaka regarding appropriate food safety. Finally, the investigation aimed to identify factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and practices including sociocultural, economic, and healthcare system-related factors. Results Demographic characteristics of respondents A total of 400 respondents participated in this study, of which 52.5% (n = 210) were from the Dhaka North City Corporation area and the rest 47.5% (n = 190) were from the Dhaka South. Approximately two-fifths of the respondents (41%, n = 164) were between 16 to 29 years old. However, only 13 (3.25%) food vendors were under 15. Out of 400 respondents, 383 participants (95.75%) were male and only 17 (4.25%) were female. Regarding education, the status of respondents was diverse: 48.25% (n = 193) of respondents were at the primary level of education (Class 1–5), 22.75% (n = 91) of participants received secondary education (class 6–10), and 24% (n = 96) were illiterate. The majority, 42.75% (n = 171), have 1–3 years of experience, while 37.25% (n = 149) have 4–10 years of experience, and only 20.00% (n = 80) have more than 10 years of experience. In terms of food safety training, a significant majority, 93.50% (n = 374) have not received any training, highlighting a considerable gap in food safety education. Similarly, regarding training in food preparation, 76.00% (n = 304) of respondents have not received any formal training. Lastly, the body weight distribution shows that the largest proportion of respondents, 65.50% (n = 262), fall within the 50–70 kg range. Additionally, 23.75% (n = 95) weigh less than 50 kg, and a smaller segment, 10.75% (n = 43), weigh more than 70 kg (Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographic analysis of respondents in the study areas (n = 400) Variables Frequency (%) 95% CI * Area Dhaka North 210.00 (52.50%) 47%, 57% Dhaka South 190.00 (47.50%) 43%, 53% Age 45 86.00 (21.50%) 18%, 26% 16–29 164.00 (41.00%) 36%, 46% 30–45 137.00 (34.25%) 30%, 39% Sex Female 17.00 (4.25%) 2.6%, 6.9% Male 383.00 (95.75%) 93%, 97% Education Diploma and above 20.00 (5.00%) 3.2%, 7.7% Illiterate 96.00 (24.00%) 20%, 29% Primary 193.00 (48.25%) 43%, 53% Secondary 91.00 (22.75%) 19%, 27% Experience > 10 80.00 (20.00%) 16%, 24% 1–3 171.00 (42.75%) 38%, 48% 4–10 149.00 (37.25%) 33%, 42% Training on Food Safety No 374.00 (93.50%) 91%, 96% Yes 26.00 (6.50%) 4.4%, 9.5% Training in Food Preparation No 304.00 (76.00%) 71%, 80% Yes 96.00 (24.00%) 20%, 29% Smoking Status No 224.00 (56.00%) 51%, 61% Yes 176.00 (44.00%) 39%, 49% Body Weight 70 kg 43.00 (10.75%) 8.0%, 14% 50–70 kg 262.00 (65.50%) 61%, 70% * CI = Confidence Interval Knowledge regarding food safety in street food vendors A survey of 400 individuals aimed to determine their knowledge regarding food safety practices and their understanding of potential health risks associated with food handling and consumption shown in (Fig. 1 ). Firstly, a significant portion (85.50%, n = 342) agreed that re-selling and consuming leftover food from the previous day poses a safety risk. Most respondents (96.00%, n = 384) understood that covering food at all times improves its safety. Additionally, a majority of respondents recognized the risk of contamination associated with certain practices. For example, 60.00% (n = 240) agreed that exchanging money by hand can introduce contaminants, and 88.50% (354) acknowledged the potential transmission of pathogenic microorganisms through contaminated food. While a significant portion (84.8%, n = 339) believed that reusing oil is dangerous for health, opinions were more divided on topics such as reheating cooked foods contributing to contamination (55.8%, n = 223) and the safety of paper/polythene packs for food packaging (52.8%, n = 211). Regarding personal hygiene practices among food handlers, there was strong agreement on the importance of regular handwashing before and after work (95.50%, n = 382) and avoiding touching hair and clothes after washing hands (82.8%, n = 331). Attitude of Street Food vendors on food safety A staggering 96% (n = 384/400) of participants agree that maintaining proper personal hygiene is effective in preventing foodborne illnesses, while 385 vendors (96.2%) feel that washing hands before handling food reduces the probability of food poisoning. Moreover, a significant 87% (n = 348) of participants prioritize the production of safe food rather than focusing on its taste. A majority of participants (81%, n = 324/400) express significant worry about the health risks associated with the reuse of oil, including the creation of hazardous chemicals that occur when oil is heated many times. Out of 400 participants, most (91%; 364) knew that properly prepared meals are devoid of contamination. Notably, 93.2% (373/400) of individuals hold the belief that food needs to be kept covered, indicating the significance of safeguarding food from impurities. Approximately half of the total participants (48.5%, n = 194) agreed that using paper or polythene for food packaging is not safe. Furthermore, a significant proportion of respondents (58.8%, n = 235) believe that vendors should refrain from handling money when engaged in food manufacturing or distribution (Fig. 2 ). Practice regarding food safety in street food vendors In this study encompassing 400 street food vendors, several critical aspects of food hygiene and personal hygiene practices were assessed. The findings revealed significant discrepancies in adherence to recommended protocols across various parameters. A majority of vendors (n = 350, 87.5%) handle money while serving food, indicating a potential risk of contamination. Regarding handling food while suffering from diarrhea, 83.50% (334) of vendors did not practice this, and more than two-thirds (70.8%) of participants did not maintain long nails and adornments while handling food. However, almost half of the vendors (47.8%) reused the oil for preparing the food and 84.8% of street food vendors made their food in an open place. An alarming pattern was identified in the use of tissues or towels for coughing or sneezing, with a mere 35.25% (n = 141) of respondents agreeing. In contrast, just 39.25% (n = 157) of persons agreed with the practice of washing and sanitizing working clothes. Nevertheless, there is space for improvement in terms of adhering to other essential habits, such as keeping food in airtight containers (32.8%, n = 131) and washing equipment after every use (56.2%, n = 225) (Fig. 3 ). Level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Overall, out of 400 street food vendors assessed on the KAP, 45.75% (n = 183) had good knowledge and 60.50% (n = 242) had a good attitude. However, only 3% (n = 12) of vendors had good practices for preparing street food regarding food safety (Table 2 ). Table 2 Level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward food safety among parents with street food vendors (N = 400) Variables Frequency (%) 95% CI * Knowledge Rank Good 246.00 (61.50%) 57%, 66% Poor 154.00 (38.50%) 34%, 43% Attitude Rank Good 322.00 (80.50%) 76%, 84% Poor 78.00 (19.50%) 16%, 24% Practice Rank Good 47.00 (11.75%) 8.8%, 15% Poor 353.00 (88.25%) 85%, 91% * CI = Confidence Interval Factors associated with the level of knowledge regarding food safety among street food Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the factors associated with the level of knowledge regarding food safety among street food (Table 3 ). The finding reveals that the street food vendors who are illiterate (OR= -1.9, 95% CI= -3.4, -0.73, p-value = 0.004) and have primary education status (OR= -1.4, 95%CI= -2.9, -0.26, p-value = 0,031) has significantly lower odds of knowledge than secondary and above education. Food vendors having 1–3 years of experience (OR= -0.65, 95% CI= -1.2, -0.08, p-value = 0.027) have less knowledge than vendors with 4–10 years and > 10 years of experience. Vendors having no training in food preparation (OR=-1.1, 95% CI=-1.7, -0.57) have significantly more knowledge than those who have training. Table 3 Factors associated with the level of knowledge regarding food safety among street food vendors (N = 400). OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. p value˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant values are in bold. Variables OR * 95% CI * p-value Area Dhaka North — — Dhaka South -0.08 -0.48, 0.33 0.7 Sex Female — — Male 0.86 -0.12, 1.9 0.087 Age 45 0.37 -0.84, 1.6 0.5 16–29 0.45 -0.73, 1.6 0.4 30–45 0.15 -1.0, 1.3 0.8 Education Status Diploma and above — — Illiterate -1.9 -3.4, -0.73 0.004 Primary -1.4 -2.9, -0.26 0.031 Secondary -0.40 -1.9, 0.81 0.6 Experience > 10 — — 1–3 -0.65 -1.2, -0.08 0.027 4–10 -0.58 -1.2, 0.01 0.056 Training on Food Safety Yes — — No -0.78 -1.8, 0.10 0.10 Training in Food Preparation Yes — — No -1.1 -1.7, -0.57 < 0.001 Smoking Status Yes — — No 0.44 0.03, 0.85 0.034 Body Weight 70 kg 1.3 0.51, 2.1 0.001 50–70 kg 1.0 0.54, 1.5 < 0.001 * OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval Factors associated with the level of attitude regarding food safety among street food Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the factors associated with the level of attitude regarding food safety among street food (Table 4 ). Vendors without training in food preparation (OR= -2.8, 95% CI= -4.6, -1.6, p-value = < 0.001) have a statistical association who has training in food preparation. Similarly, vendors without smoking status (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.12, 1.1, p = 0.015) were significantly more likely to exhibit positive attitudes towards food safety than vendors having smoking status. Table 4 Factors associated with the level of attitude regarding food safety among street food vendors (N = 400). OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. p value˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant values are in bold. Variables OR * 95% CI * p-value Area Dhaka North — — Dhaka South -0.32 -0.82, 0.18 0.2 Sex Female — — Male 0.25 -1.0, 1.3 0.7 Age 45 -0.81 -2.7, 0.59 0.3 16–29 -0.25 -2.1, 1.1 0.8 30–45 0.06 -1.9, 1.5 > 0.9 Education Status Diploma and above — — Illiterate -2.0 -4.9, -0.36 0.056 Primary -1.6 -4.5, -0.02 0.12 Secondary -0.73 -3.7, 1.0 0.5 Experience > 10 — — 1–3 -0.08 -0.80, 0.60 0.8 4–10 -0.25 -0.98, 0.43 0.5 Training on Food Safety Yes — — No -16 -189, 24 > 0.9 Training in Food Preparation Yes — — No -2.8 -4.6, -1.6 < 0.001 Smoking Status Yes — — No 0.62 0.12, 1.1 0.015 Body Weight 70 kg 0.42 -0.39, 1.3 0.3 50–70 kg 1.0 0.44, 1.6 < 0.001 * OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval Factors associated with the level of practice regarding food safety among street food Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the factors associated with the level of practice regarding food safety among street food (Table 5 ). Vendors who are illiterate (OR= -1.6, 95% CI= -2.8, -0.32, p-value = 0.011) and with primary education (OR= -1.3, 95% CI= -2.3, -0.19, p-value = 0.016) showed significant association of practicing food safety than having secondary and above education status. Similarly, vendors without training on food safety (OR= -1.3, 95% CI= -2.2, -0.39, p-value = 0.003) has significantly lower odds than vendors having training on food safety. Table 5 Factors associated with the level of practices regarding food safety among street food vendors (N = 400). OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. p value˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant values are in bold Variables OR 95% CI * p-value * Area Dhaka North — — Dhaka South -0.53 -1.2, 0.09 0.10 Sex Female — — Male 0.00 -1.3, 1.9 > 0.9 Age 45 -0.72 -2.3, 1.3 0.4 16–29 -0.39 -1.8, 1.5 0.6 30–45 -0.06 -1.5, 1.9 > 0.9 Education Status Diploma and above — — Illiterate -1.6 -2.8, -0.32 0.011 Primary -1.3 -2.3, -0.19 0.016 Secondary -0.94 -2.0, 0.23 0.10 Experience > 10 — — 1–3 0.20 -0.67, 1.2 0.7 4–10 0.59 -0.26, 1.6 0.2 Training on Food Safety Yes — — No -1.3 -2.2, -0.39 0.003 Training in Food Preparation Yes — — No -0.57 -1.2, 0.11 0.089 Smoking Status Yes — — No 0.37 -0.25, 1.0 0.3 Body Weight 70 kg -0.24 -1.6, 0.90 0.7 50–70 kg 0.06 -0.64, 0.83 0.9 OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval Correlation among knowledge, attitude, and practices A Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate the possible association between knowledge-attitudes (K-A), knowledge-practices (K-P), and attitudes-practices (A-P) scores in the total group. There was a significant strong positive correlation between K-A (0.62, p < 0.01), a significant low positive correlation between A-P (0.25, p < 0.01), and the association between K-P was low positive (0.1, ns), as shown in Fig. 4 . Discussion Street food is a part of city life in developing countries including Bangladesh 26 . The foods are affordable and rich in nutrients. It can contribute to addressing malnutrition and food insecurity worldwide 27 . However, street foods also pose risks to consumers due to contamination and poor hygiene practices during the preparation 28 . Therefore, proper regulation, training programs for food handlers, and education on food safety and security are crucial to mitigating the health risks associated with street foods while ensuring their continued importance in meeting dietary needs. In our study, the majority of respondents were male (95.75%). This finding is consistent with other previous reports where the majority of the vendors were male 7 , 29 . However, the study in China 1 ; Brazil 30 ; Zimbabwe 31 ; and Nigeria 32 where females are highly engaged in street food selling activity, these might be due to men being less effective in food processing compared to women 23 . However, women are less interested in food sales because they mostly engage in traditional household chores and raising their kids in Bangladesh 2 . A higher proportion (41.0%) of the respondents were 16–29 years of age. Our findings show some resemblance to the studies conducted by Mamun et al. (2020) in Bangladesh 7 . However, these results contrast with those studies conducted in Ghana and Bangladesh 23 , 33 . This might be due to the rise of small-scale entrepreneurship among young people in Bangladesh. The result of the study showed that almost half of the respondents had a primary level of education. This also accords with our earlier observations which showed that street food vendors had a primary level of institutional knowledge 2 , 23 . A possible explanation for this is the street food vendors might be early school leavers due to the economic crisis in Bangladesh 23 . However, this finding is contrary to earlier studies which have suggested that food vendors were mostly illiterate 34 . In the current research findings, a large number of vendors (171) have only 1–3 years of experience in the making of food. It seems possible that these results are due to unemployment after the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, they started making food and sale in different crowded places in the city 35 . However, this outcome is contrary to that of Meher et al. (2022) who found most of the food vendors have 5–9 years of experience in food preparation and selling on the street 23 . Most street food vendors have no training in food safety and preparation. This result is similar to the earlier study in Ghana, which showed that only 8.1% of vendors received training. Similarly, another study in Bangladesh revealed that only 3 and 7 vendors had training on food safety issues and food preparation 36 . In the current report, almost half of respondents (44%) of vendors were smokers, while the proportion of smokers among common Bangladeshis was only 36.3% 37 . Earlier studies revealed that the prevalence of smokers among street food vendors was 68.5% in India which is higher than our findings 38 . Nicotine and other hazardous heavy metals collect on exposed food when vendors smoke, posing health concerns to consumers such as coronary heart disease 39 . The prominent findings of this study were good knowledge (61.5%) and good attitudes (80.5%). However, the good level of practice among the food vendors was 11.75%, which is not a satisfactory and serious public health concern in developing countries, such as Bangladesh. To our knowledge, this is the first KAP-based study in Dhaka City on food safety issues among street food vendors. However, there are several studies conducted regarding food safety in consumers and vendors in other districts in Bangladesh 2 , 7 , 23 , 34 . The results of the knowledge section indicated that street food vendors were fully concerned about food safety. More than 60% of food vendors have good knowledge of food safety issues identified in this study. The majority of the vendors are aware of the knowledge of personal hygiene including washing hands, and wearing aprons, and gloves in the workplace. To reduce the foodborne disease, personal hygiene is important. However, the findings of the current study do not support the previous research that mentioned that vendors had poor knowledge regarding food safety 40 , 41 . Another finding that stands out from the results reported earlier is the majority of street food sellers (80.50%) had good attitudes to food safety. They have a good attitude towards personal hygiene, disinfectant equipment for preparing food, and keeping and storing the food. In accordance with the present results, previous studies have demonstrated that street food vendors have an excellent attitude toward food safety 23 , 42 . However, almost more than half of the participants of this study disagreed with the idea of packaging food in polythene bags or papers. A possible explanation for this might be that cheaper and easily accessible packaging leads to more profit for the vendors. Another possible explanation might be that vendors need time for packaging, which causes customers to wait. Since customers are often busy, this waiting time can lead to vendors losing customers. The most striking finding in this research is very poor practice among the food vendors. Only 11.75% of the participants had good practice skills while preparing and selling food. One-third of the sellers practiced personal hygiene in their food shop. Moreover, almost 90% of sellers were exchanging money while preparing food. This study supports evidence from previous observations 23 , 43 – 46 where respondents had more than 15% good hygiene practices. Street food is gaining more popularity in Bangladesh day by day. To improve food hygiene and security, the government should implement safety policies and teach vendors 47 , 48 . Using safety methods like risk assessment, HACCP, and FSO (Food Safety Objective) may enhance food safety procedures 48 . Additionally, regular free-of-cost training programs or workshops for vendors can be done with further regular inspections to maintain a standard hygiene level. However, further research is required to determine the actual situation of food safety among street food vendors in Bangladesh. This study was conducted in Dhaka city only; therefore, collected data may not be nationally representative. Finally, the interview was taken about who opened their food store on that day. Regardless of these limitations, the present study provides valuable information for assessing and improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food safety among street food vendors in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Methods Study design, and study population We conducted a comprehensive cross-sectional investigation spanning from September 2023 to February 2024 in the capital city of Bangladesh to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of food safety among the street food vendors (food kiosks, roadside food sellers, street food vans, and food hawkers). The capital of Bangladesh is administratively divided into numerous wards under the coordination of the Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) and Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC). The latitude of Dhaka, Bangladesh is 23.777176, and the longitude is 90.399452 49 . Sample size The minimum sample size required was estimated using the Cochran formula 50 . $$\:n=\:\frac{{Z}^{2}pq}{{d}^{2}}$$ when n = minimum sample size required; Z = Standard normal deviate corresponding to the probability of type I error; p = proportion of food vendors estimated to have certain knowledge, attitude, and practice, which is set at 50%; q = 1 – p; d = marginal error of margin set at 0.05. The minimum required sample size (n) calculated was 385. However, the researchers increased the sample size to 400 participants to accommodate non-response. Questionnaire Following the study of Hazeena, et al. 51 , Lestantyo, et al. 52 , a questionnaire was created and divided into four sections: basic demographic data, food safety knowledge question, food safety attitude question, and food safety practice question. The three sections—knowledge, attitude, and practice—have 16, 15, and 15 questions, respectively. Every knowledge, attitude, and practice question consisted of two optional answers of “agree” or “disagree”. Ethical statements Ethical approval was obtained from the Department of Animal Production and Management, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Ethical Review Board (Reference number: SAU-APMA-SAURES/2023). The study participants were informed about the purpose of the study and their full right not to participate at all or to terminate at any time during the data collection period. All methods used in this study were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Data collection tools For the data collection process, researchers opted for Kobo Toolbox (ODK software, Kobo Collect), an online data collection tool. Kobo Toolbox facilitated efficient and systematic data gathering, allowing researchers to streamline the collection process. With its user-friendly interface and customizable forms, Kobo Toolbox enabled the team to tailor data collection to their specific research needs. Utilizing this platform ensured data integrity and accuracy, as well as ease of data management. Overall, Kobo Toolbox proved to be a reliable and effective solution for collecting the necessary information, contributing significantly to the success of the research endeavor. All study member teams were trained to ensure consistent interviewing completeness standards and basic training on the Kobo Toolbox data collection procedure. Data collection Direct observation checklists and a questionnaire were used in conjunction with in-person interviews to gather data. The following characteristics were examined using the questionnaire: food handlers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food safety, personal cleanliness, cooking utensil hygiene and sanitation, and food processing 53 . In addition, information was gathered through observations utilizing the checklist on the aforementioned food handler behavioral factors and the setting in which food management was performed. The explanatory material was supplied to the respondents to read to provide them with a clear explanation of the study's methodology before the interviews and observations. In addition, they had to sign an informed consent form granting permission to become subjects. The interview and observation were carried out by the researcher. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria For each food vendor, the principal individual directly involved in the preparation and selling of food in the streets of Dhaka city was selected and there were no exclusion criteria applied. Scoring In assessing individuals' knowledge, attitudes, and practices, a systematic approach is employed wherein positive responses garner a score of 1, while negative responses equate to 0. By summing up the total number of positive responses, a score is derived. This score is then transformed into a percentage, reflective of the overall performance, with 100% representing a perfect alignment with the desired knowledge, attitude, and practices 54 . This method not only facilitates quantifiable evaluation but also enables a clear understanding of the extent to which individuals adhere to desired behaviors and attitudes, thereby informing strategies for improvement and intervention where necessary. Which came with knowledge attitude and practice scores. Categorize the score Responses were consolidated into dichotomous (binary) variables for analysis. The classification of individuals' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is contingent upon their cumulative score, with a benchmark set at 70%. Should their score surpass this threshold, it is deemed as "good," indicating a commendable grasp and application of pertinent information. Conversely, if the score falls below 70%, it is categorized as "poor," suggesting areas for improvement and further education which adapted and modified from previous studies of 55 . Statical analysis In conducting statistical analysis, the programming language R and the software RStudio were utilized, supplemented by essential packages including 'gtsummary,' 'gt,' and 'tidyverse' for data manipulation and table creation 56-59 . The ‘sjplot’ package was used to create graphs 60 . Additionally, the 'corrplot' package facilitated the creation of correlation plots to discern relationships between variables 61,62 . The data analysis procedure began with a test for normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, which indicated that the normality assumption was not met for all scores. Additionally, to explore potential correlations between continuous variables such as knowledge, attitude, and practice scores, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated. Moreover, univariate binary logistic regression models were applied to classify scores into "good" and "poor" categories, providing insights into predictive factors influencing the KAP 63 . Throughout these analyses, a significance level of 5% was maintained to determine statistical significance and inferential outcomes and for univariate binary logistic regression significance levels of 5% were maintained at a confidence interval of 95% (95% CI) indicating statistical significance. Conclusion The study aimed to assess the level of food hygiene and safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among street food vendors in the study areas. Additionally, factors that contribute to food safety. Despite having a good knowledge and attitude level toward food hygiene, street food vendors have a poor practice level. Most street food sellers questioned in this research had low educational levels, leading to inadequate food safety measures. The study identified several factors, including experiences, educational qualification, training in food safety and food preparation, body weight, and positive attitudes, that were significantly associated with appropriate levels of knowledge and practices among food vendors. The government should implement food hygiene standards to promote proper food handling procedures. This study gives data for creating rules and regulations to guarantee street food safety. Training programs on food safety and cleanliness for street food sellers may enhance food safety and minimize public health concerns for consumers. Declarations Data availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Acknowledgment We are indebted to all street food vendors participating in this study and take the time to complete the interviews. The most acknowledged data collectors are Farzana Sultana Poly, Basant Saud, and Jesmin Mahmood. Moreover, the authors also thank Md Jubayer Hossain. Authors contribution M.A.: writing— review, editing, and writing. M.M.: writing—original draft. K.E.A.: writing—original draft, data analysis, and data curation. M.I.H.B., P.B., and R.C.: writing—original draft. S.M.Z.N., M.A.I.R., K.I., and F.B.: data collection and data curation. M.S.S. and A. K. writing— review, editing, and writing. M.J.A.: Conceptualization, investigation, data curation, formal analysis and interpretation of data, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and project administration. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.J.A References Ma, L., Chen, H., Yan, H., Wu, L. & Zhang, W. 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A Graphical Display of Large Correlation Matrices. The American Statistician 50 , 178-180, doi:10.2307/2684435 (1996). Wei T & Simko V. R package 'corrplot': Visualization of a Correlation Matrix. (2021). Azanaw, J., Engdaw, G. T., Dejene, H., Bogale, S. & Degu, S. Food hygiene knowledge, and practices and their associated factors of street food vendors in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon 8 (2022). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":151788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution of attitude toward food safety among street food vendors in Dhaka city (south and North city corporation) (N=400)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4737912/v1/d90c1827f2c744fa3e158ea7.png"},{"id":62654686,"identity":"d4054e10-5958-4a27-b16d-c22e682880b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-17 01:27:00","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":133736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution of practice towards food safety among street food vendors in Dhaka city (south and North city corporation) (N=400)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4737912/v1/81dad705617faa5fa25d35e7.png"},{"id":62653877,"identity":"799a4b07-2bb6-40a9-a4ec-4388f6cf2845","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-17 01:18:59","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelations among knowledge, attitudes, and practices in total respondents. ** p\u0026lt;0.01 level of significance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4737912/v1/5917fe895f3356fc596a85c9.png"},{"id":66144042,"identity":"846b0dc1-47c4-471c-8172-d22e8f3f6649","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-08 06:55:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1713755,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4737912/v1/9e973d5a-d21f-4e04-9d41-92fdb2d3a836.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAssessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Food Safety Among Dhaka City's Street Food Vendors : A Public Health Issue\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eStreet food (SF) refers to a diverse range of Ready-To-Eat (RTE) foods, that are promptly prepared and sold by sellers in public areas such as streets, bus and train stations, and other similar locations in Bangladesh and other nations worldwide\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Street foods are popular because of being affordable, easily available, and relatively nutrient-dense. Therefore, people of various ages and backgrounds eat them\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. People willingly rely on street food because their current frantic lifestyle leaves them too busy to spend time cooking at home \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. On the other hand, as street foods are cheap and easily accessible, therefore approximately 2.5\u0026nbsp;billion people around the world consume street foods on a daily basis \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Residents and visitors can get street food in many large cities as well as smaller towns and villages\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Recently, young aged and school, and university-going people are the regular consumers of street foods\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Consumers, particularly students, tend to favor street foods because of their affordability, variety of options, taste, and accessibility\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The street food industry is thriving in developing countries due to population expansion and urbanization\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition to that, unemployment and poverty are significant factors inspiring the growth of street food business in low-income households of developing nations because it requires a minimum capital for initial investment and very little skill \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hygiene of street food plays a vital role in public health concerns in Bangladesh and other developing countries of third-world nations. As a consequence of its unhygienic management and handling conditions street food remains a greater source of health hazard \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Although street food plays a crucial function in providing nutrition to urban residents in many countries, the major drawback related to street food is its lack of cleanness, substandard quality of ingredients, inadequate nutritional content, vendors' knowledge of understanding the importance of food hygiene, and the improper food safety regulations\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The unhygienic food preparation with uncleaned hands (roadside and crowded places), vending methods, and storage of leftover foods that are used afterward, these tendencies of street food vendors increase the growth and chance of spreading of harmful microbes that finally lead to food-borne illnesses \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the first assessments of the worldwide and regional effects of 31 foodborne hazards on public health. The findings indicated that 10% of the population annually becomes sick due to consuming food contaminated with microbial or chemical substances. This leads to a staggering 600\u0026nbsp;million cases of disease, 420,000 deaths, and a loss of 33\u0026nbsp;million years of healthy life worldwide \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Such statistics show the great loss of valuable energy of the overall population that was supposed to be used for a better purpose. Similarly, in Bangladesh, approximately 30\u0026nbsp;million people have foodborne diseases annually, which is certainly a great loss for such a developing country\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. On the other hand, food poisoning in Bangladesh, mostly exhibits signs of severe diarrhea, sometimes leading to fatal consequences, these illnesses have a high possibility of being caused by unhygienic acts of street food vendors \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Due to having no continuous electricity power supply required to maintain a freezer, improper storage temperature, and traditional processing and storage techniques among street food vendors increase the chance of food contamination and microbial growth on food. Generally, street foods, the water used for cleaning, and utensils used for food preparation contain harmful microorganisms such as \u003cem\u003eSalmonella\u003c/em\u003e spp., \u003cem\u003eBacillus cereus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eClostridium perfringens\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These organisms are responsible for many foodborne illnesses such as cholera, typhoid fever, diarrhea, and food poisoning \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, Dhaka is one of the most densely populated cities surpassing 21\u0026nbsp;million inhabitants. The rapid urbanization and population growth have an indirect pressure to expand street food vending. The existing number of street food vendors is 300,000 with 130 types of street food items available throughout the city\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Despite being a popular business in Bangladesh, most of the street food vendors have low levels of education, lack of knowledge to understand the importance of food hygiene and behave poorly when it comes to rectifying oversight \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Hence, the establishment of food safety and cleanliness in food preparation and street vending is contingent upon three critical factors: the knowledge and attitudes of street food vendors (SFVs), as well as hygienic practices \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In Bangladesh, a few studies have been performed on the awareness, attitudes, and experience of vendors in restaurant food safety \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Despite being the capital city of Bangladesh- and a large scale of street food vendors is confined to this megacity; no study was done related to food safety in Dhaka city only. Hence, this study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of food safety exclusively among Dhaka City\u0026rsquo;s Street food vendors, highlighting the critical public health issue posed by poor hygiene and handling conditions in street food preparation and vending. Moreover, this study hypothesized that there is a significant gap in education among vendors in Dhaka regarding appropriate food safety. Finally, the investigation aimed to identify factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and practices including sociocultural, economic, and healthcare system-related factors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographic characteristics of respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 400 respondents participated in this study, of which 52.5% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;210) were from the Dhaka North City Corporation area and the rest 47.5% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;190) were from the Dhaka South. Approximately two-fifths of the respondents (41%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;164) were between 16 to 29 years old. However, only 13 (3.25%) food vendors were under 15. Out of 400 respondents, 383 participants (95.75%) were male and only 17 (4.25%) were female. Regarding education, the status of respondents was diverse: 48.25% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;193) of respondents were at the primary level of education (Class 1\u0026ndash;5), 22.75% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;91) of participants received secondary education (class 6\u0026ndash;10), and 24% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;96) were illiterate. The majority, 42.75% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;171), have 1\u0026ndash;3 years of experience, while 37.25% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;149) have 4\u0026ndash;10 years of experience, and only 20.00% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;80) have more than 10 years of experience. In terms of food safety training, a significant majority, 93.50% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;374) have not received any training, highlighting a considerable gap in food safety education. Similarly, regarding training in food preparation, 76.00% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;304) of respondents have not received any formal training. Lastly, the body weight distribution shows that the largest proportion of respondents, 65.50% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;262), fall within the 50\u0026ndash;70 kg range. Additionally, 23.75% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95) weigh less than 50 kg, and a smaller segment, 10.75% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;43), weigh more than 70 kg (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic analysis of respondents in the study areas (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhaka North\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210.00 (52.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47%, 57%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhaka South\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190.00 (47.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43%, 53%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.00 (3.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8%, 5.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.00 (21.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18%, 26%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164.00 (41.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36%, 46%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.00 (34.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%, 39%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00 (4.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6%, 6.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383.00 (95.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93%, 97%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00 (5.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2%, 7.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.00 (24.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%, 29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.00 (48.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43%, 53%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.00 (22.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19%, 27%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00 (20.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16%, 24%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.00 (42.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38%, 48%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.00 (37.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33%, 42%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining on Food Safety\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e374.00 (93.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91%, 96%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.00 (6.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4%, 9.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining in Food Preparation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304.00 (76.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71%, 80%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.00 (24.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%, 29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.00 (56.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51%, 61%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176.00 (44.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39%, 49%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBody Weight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.00 (23.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%, 28%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.00 (10.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0%, 14%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;70 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262.00 (65.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61%, 70%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eKnowledge regarding food safety in street food vendors\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA survey of 400 individuals aimed to determine their knowledge regarding food safety practices and their understanding of potential health risks associated with food handling and consumption shown in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, a significant portion (85.50%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;342) agreed that re-selling and consuming leftover food from the previous day poses a safety risk. Most respondents (96.00%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384) understood that covering food at all times improves its safety. Additionally, a majority of respondents recognized the risk of contamination associated with certain practices. For example, 60.00% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;240) agreed that exchanging money by hand can introduce contaminants, and 88.50% (354) acknowledged the potential transmission of pathogenic microorganisms through contaminated food. While a significant portion (84.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;339) believed that reusing oil is dangerous for health, opinions were more divided on topics such as reheating cooked foods contributing to contamination (55.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;223) and the safety of paper/polythene packs for food packaging (52.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;211). Regarding personal hygiene practices among food handlers, there was strong agreement on the importance of regular handwashing before and after work (95.50%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;382) and avoiding touching hair and clothes after washing hands (82.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;331).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAttitude of Street Food vendors on food safety\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA staggering 96% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384/400) of participants agree that maintaining proper personal hygiene is effective in preventing foodborne illnesses, while 385 vendors (96.2%) feel that washing hands before handling food reduces the probability of food poisoning. Moreover, a significant 87% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;348) of participants prioritize the production of safe food rather than focusing on its taste. A majority of participants (81%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;324/400) express significant worry about the health risks associated with the reuse of oil, including the creation of hazardous chemicals that occur when oil is heated many times. Out of 400 participants, most (91%; 364) knew that properly prepared meals are devoid of contamination. Notably, 93.2% (373/400) of individuals hold the belief that food needs to be kept covered, indicating the significance of safeguarding food from impurities. Approximately half of the total participants (48.5%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;194) agreed that using paper or polythene for food packaging is not safe. Furthermore, a significant proportion of respondents (58.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;235) believe that vendors should refrain from handling money when engaged in food manufacturing or distribution (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePractice regarding food safety in street food vendors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study encompassing 400 street food vendors, several critical aspects of food hygiene and personal hygiene practices were assessed. The findings revealed significant discrepancies in adherence to recommended protocols across various parameters. A majority of vendors (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;350, 87.5%) handle money while serving food, indicating a potential risk of contamination. Regarding handling food while suffering from diarrhea, 83.50% (334) of vendors did not practice this, and more than two-thirds (70.8%) of participants did not maintain long nails and adornments while handling food. However, almost half of the vendors (47.8%) reused the oil for preparing the food and 84.8% of street food vendors made their food in an open place. An alarming pattern was identified in the use of tissues or towels for coughing or sneezing, with a mere 35.25% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;141) of respondents agreeing. In contrast, just 39.25% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;157) of persons agreed with the practice of washing and sanitizing working clothes. Nevertheless, there is space for improvement in terms of adhering to other essential habits, such as keeping food in airtight containers (32.8%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;131) and washing equipment after every use (56.2%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;225) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLevel of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, out of 400 street food vendors assessed on the KAP, 45.75% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;183) had good knowledge and 60.50% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;242) had a good attitude. However, only 3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12) of vendors had good practices for preparing street food regarding food safety (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel of knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward food safety among parents with street food vendors (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKnowledge Rank\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246.00 (61.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57%, 66%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154.00 (38.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34%, 43%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAttitude Rank\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322.00 (80.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76%, 84%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.00 (19.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16%, 24%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePractice Rank\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.00 (11.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8%, 15%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e353.00 (88.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85%, 91%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with the level of knowledge regarding food safety among street food\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the factors associated with the level of knowledge regarding food safety among street food (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The finding reveals that the street food vendors who are illiterate (OR= -1.9, 95% CI= -3.4, -0.73, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004) and have primary education status (OR= -1.4, 95%CI= -2.9, -0.26, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,031) has significantly lower odds of knowledge than secondary and above education. Food vendors having 1\u0026ndash;3 years of experience (OR= -0.65, 95% CI= -1.2, -0.08, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027) have less knowledge than vendors with 4\u0026ndash;10 years and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 years of experience. Vendors having no training in food preparation (OR=-1.1, 95% CI=-1.7, -0.57) have significantly more knowledge than those who have training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with the level of knowledge regarding food safety among street food vendors (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400). OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. p value˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant values are in bold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhaka North\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhaka South\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.48, 0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.12, 1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.087\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.84, 1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.73, 1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.0, 1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.4, -0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.9, -0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.031\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.9, 0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.2, -0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.027\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.2, 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.056\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining on Food Safety\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.8, 0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining in Food Preparation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.7, -0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03, 0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.034\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBody Weight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51, 2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;70 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54, 1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Odds Ratio, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFactors associated with the level of attitude regarding food safety among street food\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLogistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the factors associated with the level of attitude regarding food safety among street food (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Vendors without training in food preparation (OR= -2.8, 95% CI= -4.6, -1.6, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) have a statistical association who has training in food preparation. Similarly, vendors without smoking status (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.62, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12, 1.1, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015) were significantly more likely to exhibit positive attitudes towards food safety than vendors having smoking status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with the level of attitude regarding food safety among street food vendors (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400). OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. p value˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant values are in bold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhaka North\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhaka South\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.82, 0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.0, 1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.7, 0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.1, 1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.9, 1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.9, -0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.056\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.5, -0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.12\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.7, 1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.80, 0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.98, 0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining on Food Safety\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-189, 24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining in Food Preparation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.6, -1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12, 1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBody Weight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.39, 1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;70 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44, 1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Odds Ratio, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactors associated with the level of practice regarding food safety among street food\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the factors associated with the level of practice regarding food safety among street food (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Vendors who are illiterate (OR= -1.6, 95% CI= -2.8, -0.32, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011) and with primary education (OR= -1.3, 95% CI= -2.3, -0.19, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016) showed significant association of practicing food safety than having secondary and above education status. Similarly, vendors without training on food safety (OR= -1.3, 95% CI= -2.2, -0.39, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) has significantly lower odds than vendors having training on food safety.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with the level of practices regarding food safety among street food vendors (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400). OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. p value˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significant values are in bold\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhaka North\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhaka South\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.2, 0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.3, 1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.3, 1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.8, 1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.5, 1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiploma and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.8, -0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.3, -0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.016\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.0, 0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperience\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.67, 1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.26, 1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining on Food Safety\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.2, -0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTraining in Food Preparation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.2, 0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.089\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25, 1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBody Weight\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.6, 0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;70 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.64, 0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Odds Ratio, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation among knowledge, attitude, and practices\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation was used to evaluate the possible association between knowledge-attitudes (K-A), knowledge-practices (K-P), and attitudes-practices (A-P) scores in the total group. There was a significant strong positive correlation between K-A (0.62, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), a significant low positive correlation between A-P (0.25, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and the association between K-P was low positive (0.1, ns), as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eStreet food is a part of city life in developing countries including Bangladesh \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The foods are affordable and rich in nutrients. It can contribute to addressing malnutrition and food insecurity worldwide \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, street foods also pose risks to consumers due to contamination and poor hygiene practices during the preparation \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, proper regulation, training programs for food handlers, and education on food safety and security are crucial to mitigating the health risks associated with street foods while ensuring their continued importance in meeting dietary needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the majority of respondents were male (95.75%). This finding is consistent with other previous reports where the majority of the vendors were male\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the study in China\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; Brazil\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; Zimbabwe\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; and Nigeria\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e where females are highly engaged in street food selling activity, these might be due to men being less effective in food processing compared to women\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, women are less interested in food sales because they mostly engage in traditional household chores and raising their kids in Bangladesh \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA higher proportion (41.0%) of the respondents were 16–29 years of age. Our findings show some resemblance to the studies conducted by Mamun et al. (2020) in Bangladesh\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, these results contrast with those studies conducted in Ghana and Bangladesh\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This might be due to the rise of small-scale entrepreneurship among young people in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of the study showed that almost half of the respondents had a primary level of education. This also accords with our earlier observations which showed that street food vendors had a primary level of institutional knowledge \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A possible explanation for this is the street food vendors might be early school leavers due to the economic crisis in Bangladesh \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, this finding is contrary to earlier studies which have suggested that food vendors were mostly illiterate \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current research findings, a large number of vendors (171) have only 1–3 years of experience in the making of food. It seems possible that these results are due to unemployment after the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, they started making food and sale in different crowded places in the city \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, this outcome is contrary to that of Meher \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2022) who found most of the food vendors have 5–9 years of experience in food preparation and selling on the street \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost street food vendors have no training in food safety and preparation. This result is similar to the earlier study in Ghana, which showed that only 8.1% of vendors received training. Similarly, another study in Bangladesh revealed that only 3 and 7 vendors had training on food safety issues and food preparation \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current report, almost half of respondents (44%) of vendors were smokers, while the proportion of smokers among common Bangladeshis was only 36.3% \u003csup\u003e37\u003c/sup\u003e. Earlier studies revealed that the prevalence of smokers among street food vendors was 68.5% in India which is higher than our findings \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Nicotine and other hazardous heavy metals collect on exposed food when vendors smoke, posing health concerns to consumers such as coronary heart disease \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prominent findings of this study were good knowledge (61.5%) and good attitudes (80.5%). However, the good level of practice among the food vendors was 11.75%, which is not a satisfactory and serious public health concern in developing countries, such as Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, this is the first KAP-based study in Dhaka City on food safety issues among street food vendors. However, there are several studies conducted regarding food safety in consumers and vendors in other districts in Bangladesh \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the knowledge section indicated that street food vendors were fully concerned about food safety. More than 60% of food vendors have good knowledge of food safety issues identified in this study. The majority of the vendors are aware of the knowledge of personal hygiene including washing hands, and wearing aprons, and gloves in the workplace. To reduce the foodborne disease, personal hygiene is important. However, the findings of the current study do not support the previous research that mentioned that vendors had poor knowledge regarding food safety \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother finding that stands out from the results reported earlier is the majority of street food sellers (80.50%) had good attitudes to food safety. They have a good attitude towards personal hygiene, disinfectant equipment for preparing food, and keeping and storing the food. In accordance with the present results, previous studies have demonstrated that street food vendors have an excellent attitude toward food safety \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, almost more than half of the participants of this study disagreed with the idea of packaging food in polythene bags or papers. A possible explanation for this might be that cheaper and easily accessible packaging leads to more profit for the vendors. Another possible explanation might be that vendors need time for packaging, which causes customers to wait. Since customers are often busy, this waiting time can lead to vendors losing customers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most striking finding in this research is very poor practice among the food vendors. Only 11.75% of the participants had good practice skills while preparing and selling food. One-third of the sellers practiced personal hygiene in their food shop. Moreover, almost 90% of sellers were exchanging money while preparing food. This study supports evidence from previous observations\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR44 CR45\" citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e where respondents had more than 15% good hygiene practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStreet food is gaining more popularity in Bangladesh day by day. To improve food hygiene and security, the government should implement safety policies and teach vendors \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Using safety methods like risk assessment, HACCP, and FSO (Food Safety Objective) may enhance food safety procedures \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, regular free-of-cost training programs or workshops for vendors can be done with further regular inspections to maintain a standard hygiene level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, further research is required to determine the actual situation of food safety among street food vendors in Bangladesh. This study was conducted in Dhaka city only; therefore, collected data may not be nationally representative. Finally, the interview was taken about who opened their food store on that day. Regardless of these limitations, the present study provides valuable information for assessing and improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food safety among street food vendors in Dhaka City, Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eStudy design, and study population\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe conducted a comprehensive cross-sectional investigation spanning from September 2023 to February 2024 in the capital city of Bangladesh to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of food safety among the street food vendors (food kiosks, roadside food sellers, street food vans, and food hawkers). The capital of Bangladesh is administratively divided into numerous wards under the coordination of the Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) and Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC). The latitude of Dhaka, Bangladesh is 23.777176, and the longitude is 90.399452 \u003csup\u003e49\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSample size\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe minimum sample size required was estimated using the Cochran formula \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:n=\\:\\frac{{Z}^{2}pq}{{d}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhen n = minimum sample size required; Z = Standard normal deviate corresponding to the probability of type I error; p = proportion of food vendors estimated to have certain knowledge, attitude, and practice, which is set at 50%; q = 1 – p; d = marginal error of margin set at 0.05. The minimum required sample size (n) calculated was 385. However, the researchers increased the sample size to 400 participants to accommodate non-response.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eQuestionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollowing the study of Hazeena, et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e,\u003c/sup\u003eLestantyo, et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, a questionnaire was created and divided into four sections: basic demographic data, food safety knowledge question, food safety attitude question, and food safety practice question. The three sections—knowledge, attitude, and practice—have 16, 15, and 15 questions, respectively. Every knowledge, attitude, and practice question consisted of two optional answers of “agree” or “disagree”.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical statements\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the Department of Animal Production and Management, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Ethical Review Board (Reference number: SAU-APMA-SAURES/2023). The study participants were informed about the purpose of the study and their full right not to participate at all or to terminate at any time during the data collection period. All methods used in this study were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData collection tools\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the data collection process, researchers opted for Kobo Toolbox (ODK software, Kobo Collect), an online data collection tool. Kobo Toolbox facilitated efficient and systematic data gathering, allowing researchers to streamline the collection process. With its user-friendly interface and customizable forms, Kobo Toolbox enabled the team to tailor data collection to their specific research needs. Utilizing this platform ensured data integrity and accuracy, as well as ease of data management. Overall, Kobo Toolbox proved to be a reliable and effective solution for collecting the necessary information, contributing significantly to the success of the research endeavor. All study member teams were trained to ensure consistent interviewing completeness standards and basic training on the Kobo Toolbox data collection procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDirect observation checklists and a questionnaire were used in conjunction with in-person interviews to gather data. The following characteristics were examined using the questionnaire: food handlers\u0026apos; knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food safety, personal cleanliness, cooking utensil hygiene and sanitation, and food processing\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e53\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, information was gathered through observations utilizing the checklist on the aforementioned food handler behavioral factors and the setting in which food management was performed. The explanatory material was supplied to the respondents to read to provide them with a clear explanation of the study\u0026apos;s methodology before the interviews and observations. In addition, they had to sign an informed consent form granting permission to become subjects. The interview and observation were carried out by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eInclusion/Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each food vendor, the principal individual directly involved in the preparation and selling of food in the streets of Dhaka city was selected and there were no exclusion criteria applied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eScoring\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn assessing individuals\u0026apos; knowledge, attitudes, and practices, a systematic approach is employed wherein positive responses garner a score of 1, while negative responses equate to 0. By summing up the total number of positive responses, a score is derived. This score is then transformed into a percentage, reflective of the overall performance, with 100% representing a perfect alignment with the desired knowledge, attitude, and practices\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e54\u003c/sup\u003e. This method not only facilitates quantifiable evaluation but also enables a clear understanding of the extent to which individuals adhere to desired behaviors and attitudes, thereby informing strategies for improvement and intervention where necessary. Which came with knowledge attitude and practice scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCategorize the score\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponses were consolidated into dichotomous (binary) variables for analysis. The classification of individuals\u0026apos; knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is contingent upon their cumulative score, with a benchmark set at 70%. Should their score surpass this threshold, it is deemed as \u0026quot;good,\u0026quot; indicating a commendable grasp and application of pertinent information. Conversely, if the score falls below 70%, it is categorized as \u0026quot;poor,\u0026quot; suggesting areas for improvement and further education which adapted and modified from previous studies of\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e55\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStatical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conducting statistical analysis, the programming language R and the software RStudio were utilized, supplemented by essential packages including \u0026apos;gtsummary,\u0026apos; \u0026apos;gt,\u0026apos; and \u0026apos;tidyverse\u0026apos; for data manipulation and table creation\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e56-59\u003c/sup\u003e. The \u0026lsquo;sjplot\u0026rsquo; package was used to create graphs\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e60\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, the \u0026apos;corrplot\u0026apos; package facilitated the creation of correlation plots to discern relationships between variables\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e61,62\u003c/sup\u003e. The data analysis procedure began with a test for normality using the Kolmogorov\u0026ndash;Smirnov test, which indicated that the normality assumption was not met for all scores. Additionally, to explore potential correlations between continuous variables such as knowledge, attitude, and practice scores, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated. Moreover, univariate binary logistic regression models were applied to classify scores into \u0026quot;good\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;poor\u0026quot; categories, providing insights into predictive factors influencing the KAP\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e63\u003c/sup\u003e. Throughout these analyses, a significance level of 5% was maintained to determine statistical significance and inferential outcomes and for univariate binary logistic regression significance levels of 5% were maintained at a confidence interval of 95% (95% CI) indicating statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to assess the level of food hygiene and safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among street food vendors in the study areas. Additionally, factors that contribute to food safety. Despite having a good knowledge and attitude level toward food hygiene, street food vendors have a poor practice level. Most street food sellers questioned in this research had low educational levels, leading to inadequate food safety measures. The study identified several factors, including experiences, educational qualification, training in food safety and food preparation, body weight, and positive attitudes, that were significantly associated with appropriate levels of knowledge and practices among food vendors. The government should implement food hygiene standards to promote proper food handling procedures. This study gives data for creating rules and regulations to guarantee street food safety. Training programs on food safety and cleanliness for street food sellers may enhance food safety and minimize public health concerns for consumers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are indebted to all street food vendors participating in this study and take the time to complete the interviews. The most acknowledged data collectors are Farzana Sultana Poly, Basant Saud, and Jesmin Mahmood. Moreover, the authors also thank Md Jubayer Hossain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.A.: writing— review, editing, and writing. M.M.: writing—original draft. K.E.A.: writing—original draft, data analysis, and data curation. M.I.H.B., P.B., and R.C.: writing—original draft. S.M.Z.N., M.A.I.R., K.I., and F.B.: data collection and data curation. M.S.S. and A. K. writing— review, editing, and writing. M.J.A.: Conceptualization, investigation, data curation, formal analysis and interpretation of data, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and project administration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.J.A\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMa, L., Chen, H., Yan, H., Wu, L. \u0026amp; Zhang, W. 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Food hygiene knowledge, and practices and their associated factors of street food vendors in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021: A cross-sectional study. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Food safety, Food vendors, KAP, Food hygiene, Dhaka","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4737912/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4737912/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eStreet food is a popular food culture in Bangladesh, offering affordable and accessible meals to the population. However, it raises significant public health concerns due to inadequate hygiene practices, leading to widespread foodborne illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of food vendors in Dhaka. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 street food vendors in Dhaka City. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the KAP, and multivariate models, including linear and ordinal logistic regression, were used to explore the associations between these factors. The study revealed that approximately 96% of sellers were male. Most of the participants (48.25%) had a primary level of education and 93.50% of vendors had no training in food safety. Approximately 62% of respondents had adequate knowledge of food safety, 81% had a righteous attitude, and only 12% exhibited a proper food safety practice regarding food handling. Factors such as experience, education, training in food safety and preparation, and body weight of vendors influenced KAP. These results highlight the need for focused education and training on food safety among vendors. The government needs to implement and uphold legislation and regulations concerning food safety among street food vendors.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Food Safety Among Dhaka City's Street Food Vendors : A Public Health Issue","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-17 01:18:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4737912/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2afd4c61-2fce-422b-a763-9327846b4072","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":35787975,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology"},{"id":35787976,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Public health"},{"id":35787977,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Quality of life"},{"id":35787978,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-08T06:54:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-17 01:18:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4737912","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4737912","identity":"rs-4737912","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}