Midwives' Traumatic Childbirth Perception, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Post- traumatic Stress: A Comparative Study with Student Midwives

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Methods The research is a methodological and cross-sectional study. After obtaining ethics committee permission, 261 midwives and 251 student midwives were formed between October 01, 2020, and October 01, 2022. Data were collected using participant information form, traumatic childbirth perception scale, post-traumatic stress scale-short version, and secondary traumatic stress scale. Results It was found that 70.1% of midwives and 31.5% of students were exposed to violence during their professional life, and 61.7% of midwives were exposed to violence, mostly from pregnant women and their relatives. 88.9% of midwives and 64.5% of student midwives experienced a traumatizing event. 33.3% of midwives and 56.6% of student midwives stated that they were afraid of giving birth, and 57.5% of midwives and 62.9% of student midwives stated that labor pain was very severe. It was found that student midwives were more affected by post-traumatic stress, secondary traumatic stress, and traumatic birth perception than midwives. While there was a statistical difference in the mean scores of traumatic perception of birth and post-traumatic stress scale scores in midwives and student midwives, there was no difference between secondary traumatic stress scale scores. Conclusion In conclusion, student midwives show a traumatic perception of birth and post-traumatic stress symptoms more than midwives. However, the secondary trauma effect was similar in midwives and student midwives. Midwife Midwife education perception of traumatic childbirth secondary traumatic stress post-traumatic stress Figures Figure 1 Background Labor is one of the most important moments of women's lives. Midwives involved in the birth process are the primary health professionals for women. [ 1 ] Midwives may face various difficulties while supporting women during the birth process. In case of complications during labor, midwives, obstetricians, and midwifery students witness traumatic events. These traumatic events affect the emotional and psychological well-being of midwives. The most commonly reported traumatic obstetric events include fetal or neonatal death, shoulder dystocia, maternal death, and infant resuscitation. [2,3] Such traumatic births affect not only the family but also the midwife, midwifery student, and health care team involved. [ 2 , 3 ] Student midwives, who are part of the health care team and also in a triangular position between the woman and the midwife, strongly identify with the woman. This makes them more vulnerable to traumatic events. [ 4 ] Midwives and student midwives often feel responsible for the traumatic event and experience symptoms such as anger, frustration, guilt, psychological distress, fear, and loss of self-confidence. [ 5 – 8 ] Therefore, understanding and addressing the psychological health of midwives and student midwives is critical to improving the quality of birth care and emotional health. Traumatic birth events and witnessing them can lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in midwives. These symptoms negatively affect midwives' relationship with the care they provide at birth and may reduce their clinical decision-making abilities. [ 9 ] Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that may develop in response to experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. [ 10 ] Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), which occurs as a result of witnessing trauma, develops symptoms similar to PTSD, such as distressing dreams, constant anxiety, anger, depression, hopelessness, irritability, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, and discomfort from remembering the event and what happened. [ 11 ] Midwives who have traumatic experiences during childbirth are twice as likely to develop PTSD than those who do not. [ 12 ] Sheen et al. (2016) showed in their study that at least one in six midwives experienced trauma while caring for women and at least 1 in 20 midwives experienced PTSD symptoms commensurate with the clinical diagnosis. [ 13 ] Studies examining midwives' experiences after a traumatic event have focused on STSD and PTSD. [ 14 – 17 ] Many student midwives encounter traumatic births early in their clinical experience. [ 18 ] The curriculum for midwifery students begins with a focus on normal birth 6 . The normal birth process can be unpredictable and suddenly become complex. [ 19 ] In this context, clinical placements in the delivery room are particularly challenging and many student midwives encounter traumatic births during their placements. Those learning to be midwives may be more vulnerable to secondary traumatic stress due to the intense empathic relationships and bonds with women that result from their student status. [ 4 ] Therefore, issues related to powerlessness or lack of control, which are central to the experience of trauma, can arise at any point for the student midwife. It is important to explore students' experiences. This is because experiences in the process of learning the profession have a lasting impact and shape the future Professional. [ 20 ] In conclusion, considering the literature, both midwives and midwifery students may experience PTSD and secondary traumatic stress in clinical settings. In this case, traumatic and psychologically challenging events may damage midwives' mental health and negatively affect the care they provide. This can create a negative atmosphere in health care. Therefore, midwives as a special group deserve more research. This research is important to improve midwives' emotional health, the quality of their care and birth outcomes. This study aimed to compare midwives' and student midwives' perception of traumatic birth, secondary traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress. This type of research will help us to better understand the birth experiences of midwives and laboring women and improve health care. Methods This is a cross-sectional study to compare the perception of traumatic birth, secondary traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress in midwives and student midwives in Türkiye. After obtaining ethics committee permission, the online survey was conducted throughout Türkiye between October 01, 2020 and October 01, 2022. The population from which data will be collected in this study is midwives working in Türkiye and student midwives. One group of the study included midwives working in the field of midwifery who gave consent to the research, and the other group included participants who experienced practice in the delivery room, gave consent to the research, and were students in the 3rd and 4th grades of the midwifery department of the faculty of health sciences. However, since it was not possible to reach the entire population, the sample group consisted of users who were members of various forums or social media groups related to the "midwifery profession" on the internet and who answered the questionnaire on the specified dates. The questionnaire remained open for online access. During this period, the researchers shared the link to the survey with explanatory information in various forums and social media groups every month. The study has obtained ethical approval. At the beginning of the study, participants were asked to read the informed consent form and provide consent to participate by adding a question to the beginning of the online form asking whether they agree to participate in the study. Participants who consented to participate were included in the study. Among the participants, 261 midwives and 251 student midwives constituted the sample group. At the end of the implementation period, 20 of the collected data were excluded after it was determined that the questionnaires were not filled in consistently. The study included midwives whose position was "midwife," who was studying in the midwifery department, and who volunteered to participate in the study. Participant Information Form, Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale, Post-Traumatic Stress Scale-Short Version, and Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale were applied (Fig. 1 ). Participant Information Form The form, which was prepared by the researchers in line with the literature, consisted of 22 questions about the sociodemographic characteristics and workplace and professional experience of midwives. [ 19 , 21 , 22 ] Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale (TCPS) It is a self-report scale consisting of 13 items developed by Yalnız et al. (2017) to determine the perception of traumatic birth, including information about physical, emotional, and psychological trauma related to birth. [ 23 ] The averages calculated for the total score of the scale indicate the level of traumatic birth perception. The evaluation is made using a grading method from 0 to 10. The scale score is a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 130 points. Cronbach-α of the TCPS was found to be 0.89. The scale is graded between 0–10 points, and the total mean scores in the evaluation of the scale, 0–26 point range is very low, 27–52 point range is low, 53–78 point range is medium, 79–104 point range is high, 105–130 point range is very high traumatic birth perception. In the study, Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was found to be 0.924. Post-Traumatic Stress Scale-Short Version (PTSD-Short Scale) The scale is a self-report assessment consisting of 9 items. PTSD is a short scale with good psychometric properties, suitable for DSM-5 interval criteria for diagnosis. It was developed by LeBeau et al. (2014), and its Turkish validity and reliability were assessed by Evren et al. (2016).[ 24 , 25 ] Individuals evaluate themselves in terms of traumatic stress symptoms in the last seven days. The scale is a five-point Likert-type scale. The scores for each item are between 0 and 4; the total score is obtained by summing the items. Each item is rated from "not at all" to "extremely". Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all scale items is 0.87. In this study, Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was found to be 0.895. Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS) The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale developed by Bride et al. (2003) was conducted by Kahil in 2016. [ 26 , 27 ] The scale was developed to measure the secondary posttraumatic stress symptoms developed by professionals working with traumatized individuals. It consists of 17 five-point Likert-type items that evaluate the reactions experienced by individuals in the last seven days. Scores that can be obtained from the scale vary between 17–85, and higher scores indicate a high level of affectedness. Items 2, 3, 6, 10, and 13 of the scale measure emotional intrusion; items 1, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, and 17 measure avoidance; items 4, 8, 11, 15, and 16 measure arousal symptoms. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale is 0.94. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was 0.946. Data Analysis The study utilized kurtosis and skewness analyses to examine the normality distribution, with thresholds of (+ 1.5; -1.5). Chi-square analysis assesses the relationship between two or more categorical variables. One-way ANOVA was utilized to compare scale scores between midwives and students. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between professional experiences in midwives and midwifery students, Traumatic Birth Perception, Secondary Traumatic Stress, And Post-Traumatic Stress. Results The mean age of the students was 21.38 ± 2.36 years, 97.6% were single. The mean age of midwives was 35.17 ± 8.30, 71.3% (n:186) were married, 27.7% (n:75) were single, 74.3% (194) had undergraduate education and 12.3% (n:32) had postgraduate education. The mean number of years of professional work of midwives was 13.98 ± 9.83, 55.2% (n:144) worked in the delivery room, 29.9% (78) in Family Health Centers and Community Health Centers, and 14.9% (n:39) currently worked outside the field of midwifery. It was found that 50.2% of midwives and 65.7% of midwifery students considered hospital birth and home birth as traumatic. 70.1% of the midwives and 31.5% of the students stated that they were subjected to violence during their professional life, and 61.7% of the midwives stated that they were mostly subjected to violence by pregnant women and their relatives, while 61.7% of the students stated that they were subjected to violence by friends, family, and society. 88.9% of midwives and 64.5% of student midwives experienced a traumatizing event. 33.3% of midwives and 56.6% of student midwives stated that they were afraid of giving birth, and 57.5% of midwives and 62.9% of student midwives stated that labor pain was very severe. There was a statistical difference between the thoughts of midwives and student midwives about their professional lives (Table 1 ). Table 1 Comparison of midwives' and student midwives' thoughts about their professional life Midwife Student midwife n % n % p Thinking that the birth place is more traumatic Birth in home 130 49.8 165 65.7 0.000** Birth in hospital 131 50.2 86 34.3 Experiencing violence during your professional life Yes 183 70.1 79 31.5 0.000** No 78 29.9 172 68.5 By whom the violence is committed I didn't stop by 76 29.1 169 67.3 0.000** Pregnant and pregnant relatives 161 61.7 5 2.0 Physician and colleague 18 6.9 6 2.4 Friends. family and community 6 2.3 71 28.3 Encountering an event that traumatized you during your professional life Yes 232 88.9 162 64.5 0.000** No 29 11.1 89 35.5 Fear of giving birth Yes 87 33.3 142 56.6 0.000** No 174 66.7 109 43.4 General state of mind about what kind of pain birth pain is Very severe 150 57.5 158 62.9 0.016* Severe 63 24.1 69 27.5 Disturbing 48 18.4 24 9.6 Chi-square table While there was no statistical difference between the sense of happiness and TCP, STS, and PTSD in the professional experience of midwives, a statistical difference was found in TCP and STS in student midwives. A difference was found between the sense of hope and TCP in midwives. There is a difference between STS and student midwives experiencing professional respect. There was a difference between TCP and STS in student midwives experiencing peace of mind. There was a difference between TCP, STS, and PTSD in midwives and student midwives experiencing professional fear. There is a statistical difference between STS and PTSD in midwives experiencing professional helplessness and between TCP, STS, and PTSD in student midwives. There was a statistical difference between TCP and STS in midwives experiencing anger and between TCP, STS, and PTSD in student midwives. There is a statistical difference between TCP in midwives experiencing professional guilt and TCP, STS, and PTSD in student midwives. There was a statistical difference between TCP, STS, and PTSD in midwives and student midwives who experienced occupational shame. There was a statistical difference between TCP, STS, and PTSD in student midwives who experienced occupational sadness. In student midwives, occupational happiness affected TCP and STS, occupational respect affected STS, occupational peace affected TCP and STS, occupational fear, helplessness, anger, guilt, shame, sadness affected TCP, STS and PTSD. In midwives, it was found that occupational hope affected TCP, occupational fear affected TCP and STS and PTSD, occupational helplessness affected STS and PTSD, occupational anger affected TCP, STS, occupational guilt affected TCP, occupational shame affected TCP, STS, and PTSD (Table 2 ). Table 2 Investigation of the effects of the emotions experienced by midwife and midwifery students during their professional experiences on Traumatic Childbirth Perception, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Post Traumatic Stress Midwifes Student midwifes TCP STS PTSD TCP STS PTSD Experiencing happiness 53.59 ± 30.44 37.18 ± 14.43 14.13 ± 7.62 I don't live at all a 53.67 ± 27.34 37.02 ± 13.94 13.37 ± 7.23 64.63 ± 6.62 40.50–3.47± 15.59 ± 1.89 I live a little bit b 59.74 ± 30.76 39.25 ± 14.69 15.38 ± 7.26 69.72 ± 2.75 40.62 ± 1.78 17.40 ± 0.85 I am alive c 50.06 ± 28.79 35.53 ± 13.79 13.01 ± 7.34 62.31 ± 2.87 36.08 ± 1.21 15.50 ± 0.73 I live too much d 46.47 ± 33.00 35.66 ± 15.12 13.93 ± 8.84 56.85 ± 3.13 35.36 ± 1.39 15.94 ± 0.96 F/P 2.614 − 0.052 1.195–0.312 1.584 − 0.194 2.832-.039* Difference between b-d 2.704-.046* Difference between a-c .931-.426 Living hope I don't live at all 50.00 ± 26.68 40.71 ± 14.36 14.64 ± 8.24 69.33 ± 4.63 46.00 ± 10.26 19.00 ± 4.50 I live a little bit b 59.84 ± 30.29 37.51 ± 15.07 14.31 ± 7.72 63.65 ± 3.63 40.01 ± 1.75 15.73 ± 0.91 I am alive 51.98 ± 30.25 37.36 ± 12.89 14.03 ± 7.35 62.21 ± 2.47 36.36 ± 1.19 15.56 ± 0.77 I live too much d 41.25 ± 28.73 34.95 ± 15.32 13.68 ± 7.83 63.33 ± 2.93 36.82 ± 1.45 16.95 ± 0.79 F/P 4.593-.004** Difference between b-d .675-.568 .102-.959 .101-.960 1.485-.219 .759-.518 those who show respect I don't live at all a 39.09 ± 20.55 36.09 ± 16.31 12.90 ± 2.63 57.00 ± 4.00 22.00 ± 4.00 13.50 ± 6.50 I live a little bit 57.16 ± 2.75 38.91 ± 1.36 14.95 ± 0.68 66.22 ± 4.31 41.88 ± 2.26 16.73 ± 1.16 I am alive 50.04 ± 3.11 36.28 ± 1.44 12.96 ± 0.80 61.88 ± 2.54 37.10 ± 1.28 15.12 ± 0.73 I live too much d 54.33 ± 5.15 34.72 ± 2.13 14.43 ± 1.17 62.91 ± 2.61 36.34 ± 1.17 16.93 ± 0.72 F/P 1.777- .152 1.161-.325 1.242-.295 .312-.817 2.982-.032* Difference between a-d 1.185-.316 Those who admire I don't live at all 50.22 ± 3.78 36.38 ± 2.41 13.38 ± 1.25 63.20 ± 7.09 40.80 ± 4.36 16.13 ± 2.14 I live a little bit 57.75 ± 2.72 37.75 ± 1.20 14.61 ± 0.64 65.18 ± 3.13 40.33 ± 1.63 16.61 ± 0.89 I am alive 46.05 ± 3.63 36.91 ± 2.05 13.58 ± 1.05 66.45 ± 2.74 35.58 ± 1.31 16.20 ± 0.80 I live too much 52.40 ± 6.25 35.96 ± 2.63 13.80 ± 1.39 58.34 ± 3.00 36.69 ± 1.40 15.77 ± 0.82 F/P 2.203-.088 .185-.906 .414-.743 1.538-.205 2.050-.107 .158-.924 Experiencing excitement I don't live at all 45.38 ± 5.44 32.07 ± 2.07 11.11 ± 1.22 66.27 ± 10.30 42.45 ± 5.35 16.81 ± 3.21 I live a little bit 58.45 ± 3.06 37.88 ± 1.38 14.95 ± 0.73 61.94 ± 3.44 40.51 ± 2.05 15.55 ± 1.08 I am alive 50.71 ± 3.38 36.98 ± 1.69 13.54 ± 0.88 64.89 ± 2.90 37.37 ± 1.31 16.25 ± 0.75 I live too much 51.88 ± 4.08 38.38 ± 2.10 14.69 ± 1.06 61.81 ± 2.60 35.54 ± 1.19 16.32 ± 0.73 F/P 1.818-.144 1.316-.270 2.037-.109 .292-.831 2.277-.080 .164-.920 Those who live in peace I don't live at all a 58.96 ± 5.80 42.26 ± 2.92 16.13 ± 1.45 62.15 ± 6.35 44.55 ± 3.55 18.35 ± 1.85 I live a little bit b 55.76 ± 2.96 37.49 ± 1.31 14.51 ± 0.68 66.48 ± 2.64 38.35 ± 1.55 16.41 ± 0.82 I am alive c 47.48 ± 3.60 36.76 ± 1.72 12.52 ± 0.96 66.94 ± 3.05 38.25 ± 1.33 16.64 ± 0.86 I live too much d 51.61 ± 3.71 34.35 ± 1.91 13.71 ± 1.05 55.38 ± 3.17 33.90 ± 1.38 14.75 ± 0.83 F/P 1.276-.283 2.070-.105 1.605-.189 3.140-.026* Difference between b-d, c-d 4.100-.007** Difference between a-d 1.580-.195 Experiencing fear I don't live at all a 29.28 ± 3.53 26.57 ± 2.11 10.42 ± 1.52 45.50 ± 18.19 33.75 ± 7.08 6.75 ± 3.03 I live a little bit b 50.54 ± 2.26 36.44 ± 1.09 13.48 ± 0.56 53.95 ± 2.01 35.13 ± 1.02 14.29 ± 0.61 I am alive c 58.21 ± 4.18 37.50 ± 1.87 13.76 ± 1.05 66.58 ± 2.84 36.93 ± 1.34 16.20 ± 0.78 I live too much d 69.68 ± 5.85 44.20 ± 2.90 19.11 ± 1.42 88.62 ± 3.29 47.48 ± 2.57 23.48 ± 0.77 F/P 7.738-.000*** Difference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-d 5.724-.001** Difference between a-d 6.951-.000*** Difference between a-d, b-d, c-d 22.073-.000*** Difference between a-d, b-c, b-d, c-d 9.593-.000*** Difference between b-d, c-d 20.453-.000*** Difference between a-c, a-d, b-d, c-d, a-b Those experiencing despair I don't live at all a 43.88 ± 4.83 27.81 ± 1.96 11.14 ± 1.24 49.28 ± 5.84 30.42 ± 3.13 13.00 ± 2.11 I live a little bit b 52.66 ± 2.36 37.01 ± 1.03 13.72 ± 0.56 60.05 ± 1.92 36.12 ± 0.92 15.02 ± 0.54 I am alive c 59.27 ± 4.09 39.62 ± 2.18 16.07 ± 1.16 70.48 ± 3.81 40.25 ± 1.73 18.25 ± 0.96 I live too much d 66.06 ± 8.28 48.68 ± 4.87 18.87 ± 2.19 85.92 ± 6.87 51.57 ± 4.74 25.35 ± 1.45 F/P 2.365-.071 8.201-000*** Difference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-d 4.668-.003** Difference between a-c, a-d, b-d 7.366-.000*** Difference between a-c, a-d, b-d 8.884-.000*** Difference between a-c, a-d, b-d, c-d 11.937-.000*** Difference between a-d, b-c, b-d, c-d Experiencing anger I don't live at all a 41.21 ± 5.21 31.53 ± 2.79 10.93 ± 1.36 52.40 ± 3.71 32.55 ± 1.79 12.44 ± 0.99 I live a little bit b 52.81 ± 2.36 36.46 ± 1.08 14.11 ± 0.58 61.55 ± 2.09 36.56 ± 1.00 15.56 ± 0.58 I am alive c 57.07 ± 4.31 42.33 ± 2.10 15.07 ± 1.22 75.84 ± 3.83 44.88 ± 1.93 19.75 ± 1.07 I live too much d 68.50 ± 6.27 40.92 ± 3.01 16.76 ± 1.49 75.57 ± 7.01 41.64 ± 4.42 23.92 ± 1.33 F/P 4.195-.006 4.156-.007 3.188-.024 7.857-.000*** Difference between a-c, a-d, b-c 8.365-.000*** Difference between a-c, b-c, a-d, b-d 14.848-.000*** Difference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-c, b-d Experiencing guilt I don't live at all a 46.90 ± 2.97 35.30 ± 1.50 13.94 ± 0.78 57.68 ± 2.70 32.59 ± 1.17 13.39 ± 0.67 I live a little bit b 58.02 ± 2.44 38.38 ± 1.10 14.00 ± 0.60 63.79 ± 2.37 39.34 ± 1.10 16.39 ± 0.66 I am alive c 56.30 ± 9.11 37.60 ± 3.65 16.20 ± 2.20 71.85 ± 4.45 43.11 ± 2.74 22.11 ± 1.15 I live too much d 85.66 ± 21.95 49.00 ± 16.50 20.33 ± 4.84 86.75 ± 9.23 50.50 ± 6.75 25.62 ± 1.62 F/P 4.019-.008 1.622-.185 .942-.421 4.674-.003** Difference between a-d 10.633-.000*** Difference between a-b, a-c, a-d 17.152-.000*** Difference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-c, b-d Those who experience shame I don't live at all a 49.42 ± 2.19 35.23 ± 1.05 13.50 ± 0.57 54.77 ± 2.43 32.51 ± 1.11 13.29 ± 0.71 I live a little bit b 61.66 ± 3.63 39.88 ± 1.55 14.77 ± 0.78 65.57 ± 2.38 38.51 ± 1.10 16.75 ± 0.62 I am alive c 58.28 ± 10.78 45.71 ± 6.04 19.00 ± 3.67 73.69 ± 5.56 48.17 ± 3.06 21.56 ± 1.43 I live too much d 97.75 ± 10.70 65.00 ± 5.83 23.50 ± 3.12 88.40 ± 7.67 49.60 ± 5.13 24.20 ± 1.94 F/P 5.906-.001** Difference between a-b, a-d, b-d 8.321-.000*** Difference between a-d, b-d 3.653-.013* Difference between a-d 8.531-.000*** Difference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-d 14.971-.000*** Difference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-c, b-d, b-c, c-d 14.984-.000*** Difference between a-b, a-c, a-d, a-b, b-c, b-d, b-d Those experiencing sadness I don't live at all a 49.04 ± 6.70 34.66 ± 2.75 13.71 ± 1.72 58.30 ± 3.88 32.73 ± 2.00 14.34 ± 1.36 I live a little bit b 51.28 ± 2.37 35.96 ± 1.10 13.62 ± 0.58 58.59 ± 2.30 35.90 ± 1.13 14.40 ± 0.65 I am alive c 58.60 ± 3.66 40.61 ± 1.97 15.03 ± 1.07 65.41 ± 3.55 39.12 ± 1.66 16.58 ± 0.93 I live too much d 61.54 ± 7.74 39.66 ± 3.44 15.83 ± 1.68 76.02 ± 4.08 42.80 ± 2.26 22.00 ± 0.81 F/P 1.514-.211 1.892-.131 .912-.436 5.030-.002** Difference between a-d, b-d 4.289-.006** Difference between a-d, b-d 12.451-.000*** Difference between a-d, b-d, c-d While there was a statistical difference between midwives and student midwives in the mean scores of traumatic birth perception and post-traumatic stress scale scores, there was no difference between secondary traumatic stress scale scores (Table 3 ). Table 3 Examination of the mean traumatic childbirth perception, secondary traumatic stress and post traumatic stress in midwives and student midwives Student midwife/midwife Mean ± SD t p TCP Midwife 53.59 ± 30.44 -3.748 .000*** Student midwife 63.05 ± 26.47 STS Midwife 37.18 ± 14.43 − .280 .779 Student midwife 37.52 ± 13.11 PTSD Midwife 14.13 ± 7.62 -3.026 .003** Student midwife 16.15 ± 7.48 Independent Samples T Test Student midwives were found to be at the highest level of the TCP scale, scoring at 33.5%, medium level at 29.9%, low level at 29.9%, and high level at 23.1%. Midwives were 34.9% low and 23.0% medium in TCP scale scoring. Student midwives who scored high on TCP also scored high on PTSD and STS. It was found that there was a statistical difference between midwives and student midwives in TCP scale scoring, STS, and PTSD scores (Table 4 ). Table 4 Examination of student midwives' and midwives' level of perception of traumatic childbirth, secondary traumatic stress and post traumatic stress averages Student midwifes Midwifes PTSD STS PTSD STS TCP score levels TCP % (n) mean ± SD mean ± SD TDA % (n) mean ± SD mean ± SD 0–26 score 8.0 (20) 11.20 ± 5.21 29.80 ± 9.29 19.2(50) 8.96 ± 6.44 27.06 ± 9.85 27–52 score 29.9(75) 12.92 ± 6.71 31.33 ± 9.67 34.9(91) 12.91 ± 7.05 34.18 ± 10.61 53–78 score 33.5(84) 16.22 ± 6.81 38.13 ± 12.24 23.0(60) 14.46 ± 6.34 39.16 ± 14.79 79–104 score 23.1(58) 20.62 ± 6.60 44.43 ± 13.24 16.1(42) 18.50 ± 5.86 45.95 ± 13.60 105–130 score 5.6(14) 21.64 ± 8.50 49.42 ± 15.58 6.9(18) 23.38 ± 7.59 53.33 ± 16.54 F 15.759 15.929 21.676 22.538 p .000*** .000*** 0.000*** .000*** One-Way Anova It was statistically determined that there was a strong positive relationship between TCP, STS, and PTSD in midwifery and midwifery students. While TCP increased in midwifery and midwifery students, PTSD and STS were found to increase. Negative moods in negative professional experiences have a statistically high positive relationship with TCP, PTSD, and STS. Happiness among positive moods in professional experiences in midwifery students was found to have a negative relationship with TCP and STS, and only TCP in midwives. In midwives, it was determined that the mood of hope was negatively related to TCP, and the feeling of peace was negatively related to STS. In student midwives, excitement was found to have a negative relationship with STS, and peace was found to have a negative relationship with TCP and STS (Table 5 ). Table 5 The relationship between the moods of midwives and midwifery students in their professional experiences, Traumatic Childbirth Perception, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Post-Traumatic Stress Student midwifes Midwifes PTSD TCP STS PTSD TCP STS PTSD 1 .441** .622** 1 .492** .700** TCP .441** 1 .454** .492** 1 .487** STS .622** .454** 1 .700** .487** 1 Happy -0.044 − .155* − .161* -0.041 − .127* -0.075 Hope 0.055 -0.009 -0.1 -0.034 − .185** -0.077 Respect 0.046 -0.026 -0.103 -0.034 -0.01 -0.096 Admiration -0.036 -0.092 -0.117 -0.014 -0.055 -0.019 Excitement 0.021 -0.024 − .162** 0.055 -0.025 0.074 Peace -0.119 − .127* − .197** -0.099 -0.092 − .141* Fear .415** .451** .285** .243** .276** .222** Desperation .339** .285** .299** .227** .163** .278** Anger .389** .283** .272** .177** .209** .195** Quilt .407** .225** .334** 0.065 .196** .122* Shame .390** .305** .385** .184** .235** .276** Sadness .330** .225** .222** 0.094 .127* .128* Pearson correlation Discussion In the study, the comparison of traumatic childbirth, secondary traumatic stress, and post-traumatic stress perceived by midwives and midwifery students was examined. In the study, while half of the midwives perceived the birth in the hospital as traumatic, more than half of the midwifery students perceived the birth at home as traumatic. It is thought that this difference may be because midwifery students do not spend enough time in professional areas. In addition, the student's lack of knowledge/understanding/inability to act, combined with their intense identification with women, may have paved the way for perceiving birth as traumatic more than midwives. Years in the profession increase one's sense of competence and lead to more exposure to traumatic events. [ 3 ] This situation may cause birth to be perceived as traumatic. The findings of the study support the literature. In the study, it was seen that the majority of midwives (70.1%) and about one-third of the students (31.5%) were exposed to violence during their professional life and that midwives were mostly exposed to violence by pregnant women and their relatives, friends, family, and society. It is thought that this difference may be because midwifery students do not spend enough time in professional areas. In a study, midwives with long midwifery experience were found to be exposed to violence more .[ 28 ] Adib et al. (2002) reported that midwives were exposed to verbal and physical violence by pregnant women. [ 29 ] Leinweber et al. (2017) reported that midwives are four times more likely to feel fear when they encounter people who use disrespectful words and swear during childbirth. [ 12 ] The fact that midwives, who are constantly with women, experience high rates of violence from pregnant women and their relatives reveals that the midwifery profession is not sufficiently valued. These findings of the study support the literature. In the study, approximately 90% of midwives and 65% of student midwives encountered a traumatizing event. In the study, the mean scores of traumatic birth perception, post traumatic stress and secondary traumatic stress scale scores of midwives were low, high and low, respectively, while these averages were low, medium and low, respectively, in student midwives. In a study, a positive correlation was found between the years midwives spent in the profession and exposure to traumatic events. [ 30 ] A study conducted in Australia found that more than two-thirds of midwives were present during a birth involving trauma related to interpersonal care and approximately 17% of these midwives met the criteria for post-traumatic stress. [ 12 ] Coldridge and Davies (2017) showed that midwifery students are more susceptible to developing secondary traumatic stress following traumatic events. [ 31 ] In another study, when women perceived their birth experience as traumatic, the stress levels of midwifery students observing labor and birth increased. Although they developed a sense of responsibility, they were more likely to perceive birth as a traumatic event. [ 20 ] The findings of the study support the literature. In the study, 33.3% of midwives and 56.6% of student midwives were afraid of giving birth. It is predicted that this difference may be due to the lack of professional knowledge and experience of the students and their negative birth experiences. In a study conducted in Turkey, midwife students stated that they were afraid of giving birth and defined giving birth as a difficult and painful situation. [ 32 ] In another study, 90% of midwives with a high level of fear of childbirth stated that they experienced trauma in their work. [ 33 ] In this finding in the literature, midwives' fear of childbirth is thought to be a risk for the decrease in the quality of midwifery care in the philosophy of protecting the normality of birth. It was found that the professional moods of student midwives affected PTSD, STS, and TCP more than midwives. Occupational fear, helplessness, anger, guilt and shame, which are negative emotions, were found to affect both midwives and student midwives more. In student midwives, respect (STS), peace and happiness (TCP and STS), and sadness (PTSD, STS and TCP) were significantly different from midwives. This difference may be because midwives learn to control their moods as their professional experience increases. Aydın and Aktaş (2021) reported that midwives experienced negative emotions during and after trauma in their meta-analysis study. [ 34 ] In the literature, midwives stated that they felt shock, guilt, chaos, and helplessness in case of trauma, cried during the trauma, and felt helpless, powerless, sad, guilt, shame, and failure after the trauma. [14, 16, 35–40] A study of 18 midwives in Israel reported that midwives experienced sadness, crying, frustration, and shock due to the loss of the baby [38]. Evidence suggests that midwives experience guilt, failure, disappointment, shame, intent to leave the profession, and experience PTSD. [ 6 , 13 , 16 ] In a mixed-method study conducted by Toohill et al., it was reported that approximately 94% of midwives experienced a traumatic birth, and one in 10 midwives experienced fear at birth. [ 33 ] In one study, midwives described experiencing a strong emotional reaction during or after witnessing a traumatic birth event, predominantly fear (74.8%) and guilt (65.3%) about what happened to the woman. [ 12 ] In another study, intention to quit the profession, a previous traumatic birth, "fear reactions," and "feelings of guilt" towards witnessing birth trauma were reported by midwives. Conclusion As a result, student midwives showed traumatic birth perception and PTSD symptoms more than midwives, while the effect of secondary trauma was similar in student midwives and midwives. The psychological well-being of midwives also affects the women they care for. When the antenatal services provided by the midwives themselves are designed to reflect a social model of health with women and babies in the center in a state of complete well-being, it will create the foundations for lifelong health and well-being for women and babies. In this context, based on the findings of this study, psychosocial supportive services should be provided for midwives and student midwives to be psychologically prepared for traumatic birth events, such as protection from the effects of trauma and developing coping skills in trauma experience. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics Committee Permission (Protocol Number: 2020-SBB-0023) was obtained from Bartın University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee for the study. Verbal informed consent was obtained from the students who agreed to participate in the study. The study was completed by the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding No competing financial interests exist. Data availability Data is available from the corresponding author upon resonable request. Acknowledgments We would like to thank all participants who participated in our research. Authors’ Contributions HYD, GA, FA, FDS: Study conception, HYD, GA, FA, FDS: Data collection, GA, FA, FDS: Study design, HYD, GA: Data analysis, drafting the manuscript, HYD, GA, FA, FDS: Critical revisions for intellectual content, supervision. References Schrøder K, Jørgensen JS, Lamont RF, Hvidt NC. Blame and guilt - a mixed methods study of obstetricians' and midwives' experiences and existential considerations after involvement in traumatic childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016;95(7):735-45. Beck CT, Gable RK. A mixed methods study of secondary traumatic stress in labor and delivery nurses. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2012;41(6):747-60. Beck CT, LoGiudice J, Gable RK. A mixed-methods study of secondary traumatic stress in certified nurse-midwives: shaken belief in the birth process. J Midwifery Womens Health 2015;60(1):16-23. Sheen K, Slade P, Spiby H. An integrative review of the impact of indirect trauma exposure in health professionals and potential issues of salience for midwives. J Adv Nurs 2014;70(4):729-43. Schrøder K, Larsen PV, Jørgensen JS, Hjelmborg JV, Lamont RF, Hvidt NC. Psychosocial health and well-being among obstetricians and midwives involved in traumatic childbirth. Midwifery 2016;41:45-53. Davies S, Coldridge L. 'No Man׳s Land': An exploration of the traumatic experiences of student midwives in practice. Midwifery 2015;31(9):858-64. Scott SD, Hirschinger LE, Cox KR, McCoig M, Brandt J, Hall LW. The natural history of recovery for the healthcare provider "second victim" after adverse patient events. Qual Saf Health Care 2009;18(5):325-30. McCay L, Wu AW. Medical error: the second victim. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2012;73(10):C146-8. Seys D, Wu AW, Van Gerven E, Vleugels A, Euwema M, Panella M, et al. Health care professionals as second victims after adverse events: a systematic review. Eval Health Prof 2013;36(2):135-62. Aydın R, Aktaş S. Midwives' experiences of traumatic births: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Eur J Midwifery 2021;5:31. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™, 5th ed. Arlington, VA, US: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2013. Patterson J, Martin CJH, Karatzias T. Disempowered midwives and traumatised women: Exploring the parallel processes of care provider interaction that contribute to women developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) post childbirth. Midwifery 2019;76:21-35. Leinweber J, Creedy DK, Rowe H, Gamble J. A socioecological model of posttraumatic stress among Australian midwives. Midwifery 2017;45:7-13. Sheen K, Spiby H, Slade P. What are the characteristics of perinatal events perceived to be traumatic by midwives? Midwifery 2016;40:55-61. Evers R, Zomer S, Baas M, Stramrood C, Van Pampus M, Dijksman L. Ingrijpende gebeurtenissen op de werkvloer. Tijdschrift voor Verloskunde 2015;4(8):6-12. Fontein-Kuipers Y, Duivis H, Schamper V, Schmitz V, Stam A, Koster D. Reports of work-related traumatic events: A mixedmethods study. Eur J Midwifery 2018;2:18. Wallbank S. Effectiveness of individual clinical supervision for midwives and doctors in stress reduction: findings from a pilot study. Evidence-Based Midwifery 2010;8(2):65-71. McKenna L, Rolls C. Undergraduate midwifery students' first experiences with stillbirth and neonatal death. Contemp Nurse 2011;38(1-2):76-83. Brunstad A, Giske T, Hjälmhult E. How midwifery students experience learning conditions in labor wards. 2016. Yalnız H, Canan F, Ekti Genç R, Kuloğlu MM, Geçici Ö. Development of a traumatic childbirth perception scale. 2017. Aslantekin-Özçoban F, Türkmen H, Yalnız-Dilcen H. Factors that affect the traumatic childbirth perceptions of midwifery and nursing students: The case of Turkey. Eur J Midwifery 2021;5:34. LeBeau R, Mischel E, Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Friedman M, Craske M. Dimensional assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. Psychiatry Res 2014;218(1-2):143-7. Evren C, Dalbudak E, Aydemir O, Koroglu E, Evren B, Ozen S, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish PTSD-Short Scale in a sample of undergraduate students. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2016;26(3):294-302. Bride BE, Robinson MM, Yegidis B, Figley CR. Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Research on Social Work Practice 2003. Kahil A. Examination of secondary traumatic stress levels in professionals and volunteers who provide assistance to individuals with traumatic experiences: Ufuk Üniversitesi; 2016. Khalil D. Violence against midwives in Cape Town. African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 2009;3(1):37-40. Adib SM, Al-Shatti AK, Kamal S, El-Gerges N, Al-Raqem M. Violence against nurses in healthcare facilities in Kuwait. Int J Nurs Stud 2002;39(4):469-78. Cohen R, Leykin D, Golan-Hadari D, Lahad M. Exposure to traumatic events at work, posttraumatic symptoms and professional quality of life among midwives. Midwifery 2017;50:1-8. Coldridge L, Davies S. "Am I too emotional for this job?" An exploration of student midwives' experiences of coping with traumatic events in the labour ward. Midwifery 2017;45:1-6. Toohill J, Fenwick J, Sidebotham M, Gamble J, Creedy DK. Trauma and fear in Australian midwives. Women Birth 2019;32(1):64-71. Halperin O, Goldblatt H, Noble A, Raz I, Zvulunov I, Liebergall Wischnitzer M. Stressful childbirth situations: a qualitative study of midwives. J Midwifery Womens Health 2011;56(4):388-94. Goldbort J, Knepp A, Mueller C, Pyron M. Intrapartum nurses' lived experience in a traumatic birthing process. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2011;36(6):373-80. Lindberg I, Mella E, Johansson J. Midwives' experiences of sphincter tears. British Journal of Midwifery 2013;21(1):7-14. Rice H, Warland J. Bearing witness: midwives experiences of witnessing traumatic birth. Midwifery 2013;29(9):1056-63. Cankaya S, Erkal Aksoy Y, Dereli Yılmaz S. Midwives' experiences of witnessing traumatic hospital birth events: A qualitative study. J Eval Clin Pract 2021;27(4):847-57. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 11 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 15 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 14 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 14 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7100722","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":500196046,"identity":"0ec9384a-537e-468c-8693-b8d156265e46","order_by":0,"name":"Hacer YALNIZ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bartin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hacer","middleName":"","lastName":"YALNIZ","suffix":""},{"id":500196047,"identity":"c9fc0331-fe51-46bf-9317-5b6bac84a53a","order_by":1,"name":"Güleser ADA","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACA4aPDUCKGcRmI1IL40ygFh6YFh5itDDzNsBUEqNF3v3wxs+2O+zy7dl5DzB8KDvMYC99AL8WwzNpxdK5Z5Ite5j5EhhnnDvMwMOXQEBLQ46BdG4bswEPMw/QhW1ALYRcZtj/xvi3ZVs9RMtfYrTIS+SYSTO2HYZoYSRGi4HEszLL3jPHDXgO8xgc7DmXzsNzhpAt/cmbb/zcUW3A3n/G8MGPMms59h5CthxA4oDYhGNSvoGgklEwCkbBKBjxAAAP8Tg6QpXchgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Bartin University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Güleser","middleName":"","lastName":"ADA","suffix":""},{"id":500196048,"identity":"11ae9a4c-521f-4ec5-8a35-8e272a9a6e86","order_by":2,"name":"Filiz ASLANTEKİN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Balıkesir University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Filiz","middleName":"","lastName":"ASLANTEKİN","suffix":""},{"id":500196049,"identity":"5a8d9559-c048-47ce-99e0-9d3cf441be0a","order_by":3,"name":"Fatma Deniz SAYINER","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Eskişehir Osmangazi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatma","middleName":"Deniz","lastName":"SAYINER","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-11 10:38:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7100722/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7100722/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89384270,"identity":"c6505fde-aa38-49bc-a6d2-9a055ae1d68d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-19 12:25:01","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":86712,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlowchart of the Study Design and Sample Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7100722/v1/4a86f31a9ae0673b0a3b3717.jpg"},{"id":89388214,"identity":"7b939c67-fa07-4cbc-8ae4-631ebbe68d36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-19 12:41:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2074832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7100722/v1/062647bc-9b2a-47df-b8e6-7e8165720b0c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Midwives' Traumatic Childbirth Perception, Secondary Traumatic Stress, and Post- traumatic Stress: A Comparative Study with Student Midwives","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eLabor is one of the most important moments of women's lives. Midwives involved in the birth process are the primary health professionals for women. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] Midwives may face various difficulties while supporting women during the birth process. In case of complications during labor, midwives, obstetricians, and midwifery students witness traumatic events. These traumatic events affect the emotional and psychological well-being of midwives. The most commonly reported traumatic obstetric events include fetal or neonatal death, shoulder dystocia, maternal death, and infant resuscitation. \u003csup\u003e[2,3]\u003c/sup\u003e Such traumatic births affect not only the family but also the midwife, midwifery student, and health care team involved. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwives, who are part of the health care team and also in a triangular position between the woman and the midwife, strongly identify with the woman. This makes them more vulnerable to traumatic events. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] Midwives and student midwives often feel responsible for the traumatic event and experience symptoms such as anger, frustration, guilt, psychological distress, fear, and loss of self-confidence. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] Therefore, understanding and addressing the psychological health of midwives and student midwives is critical to improving the quality of birth care and emotional health. Traumatic birth events and witnessing them can lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in midwives. These symptoms negatively affect midwives' relationship with the care they provide at birth and may reduce their clinical decision-making abilities. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that may develop in response to experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder (STSD), which occurs as a result of witnessing trauma, develops symptoms similar to PTSD, such as distressing dreams, constant anxiety, anger, depression, hopelessness, irritability, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, and discomfort from remembering the event and what happened. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] Midwives who have traumatic experiences during childbirth are twice as likely to develop PTSD than those who do not. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] Sheen et al. (2016) showed in their study that at least one in six midwives experienced trauma while caring for women and at least 1 in 20 midwives experienced PTSD symptoms commensurate with the clinical diagnosis. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] Studies examining midwives' experiences after a traumatic event have focused on STSD and PTSD. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany student midwives encounter traumatic births early in their clinical experience. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] The curriculum for midwifery students begins with a focus on normal birth\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e. The normal birth process can be unpredictable and suddenly become complex. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] In this context, clinical placements in the delivery room are particularly challenging and many student midwives encounter traumatic births during their placements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThose learning to be midwives may be more vulnerable to secondary traumatic stress due to the intense empathic relationships and bonds with women that result from their student status. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] Therefore, issues related to powerlessness or lack of control, which are central to the experience of trauma, can arise at any point for the student midwife. It is important to explore students' experiences. This is because experiences in the process of learning the profession have a lasting impact and shape the future Professional. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, considering the literature, both midwives and midwifery students may experience PTSD and secondary traumatic stress in clinical settings. In this case, traumatic and psychologically challenging events may damage midwives' mental health and negatively affect the care they provide. This can create a negative atmosphere in health care. Therefore, midwives as a special group deserve more research. This research is important to improve midwives' emotional health, the quality of their care and birth outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to compare midwives' and student midwives' perception of traumatic birth, secondary traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress. This type of research will help us to better understand the birth experiences of midwives and laboring women and improve health care.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a cross-sectional study to compare the perception of traumatic birth, secondary traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress in midwives and student midwives in Türkiye. After obtaining ethics committee permission, the online survey was conducted throughout Türkiye between October 01, 2020 and October 01, 2022. The population from which data will be collected in this study is midwives working in Türkiye and student midwives. One group of the study included midwives working in the field of midwifery who gave consent to the research, and the other group included participants who experienced practice in the delivery room, gave consent to the research, and were students in the 3rd and 4th grades of the midwifery department of the faculty of health sciences. However, since it was not possible to reach the entire population, the sample group consisted of users who were members of various forums or social media groups related to the \"midwifery profession\" on the internet and who answered the questionnaire on the specified dates. The questionnaire remained open for online access. During this period, the researchers shared the link to the survey with explanatory information in various forums and social media groups every month. The study has obtained ethical approval. At the beginning of the study, participants were asked to read the informed consent form and provide consent to participate by adding a question to the beginning of the online form asking whether they agree to participate in the study. Participants who consented to participate were included in the study. Among the participants, 261 midwives and 251 student midwives constituted the sample group. At the end of the implementation period, 20 of the collected data were excluded after it was determined that the questionnaires were not filled in consistently.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study included midwives whose position was \"midwife,\" who was studying in the midwifery department, and who volunteered to participate in the study. Participant Information Form, Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale, Post-Traumatic Stress Scale-Short Version, and Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale were applied (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipant Information Form\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe form, which was prepared by the researchers in line with the literature, consisted of 22 questions about the sociodemographic characteristics and workplace and professional experience of midwives. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraumatic Childbirth Perception Scale (TCPS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is a self-report scale consisting of 13 items developed by Yalnız et al. (2017) to determine the perception of traumatic birth, including information about physical, emotional, and psychological trauma related to birth. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] The averages calculated for the total score of the scale indicate the level of traumatic birth perception. The evaluation is made using a grading method from 0 to 10. The scale score is a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 130 points. Cronbach-α of the TCPS was found to be 0.89. The scale is graded between 0–10 points, and the total mean scores in the evaluation of the scale, 0–26 point range is very low, 27–52 point range is low, 53–78 point range is medium, 79–104 point range is high, 105–130 point range is very high traumatic birth perception. In the study, Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was found to be 0.924.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-Traumatic Stress Scale-Short Version (PTSD-Short Scale)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe scale is a self-report assessment consisting of 9 items. PTSD is a short scale with good psychometric properties, suitable for DSM-5 interval criteria for diagnosis. It was developed by LeBeau et al. (2014), and its Turkish validity and reliability were assessed by Evren et al. (2016).[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] Individuals evaluate themselves in terms of traumatic stress symptoms in the last seven days. The scale is a five-point Likert-type scale. The scores for each item are between 0 and 4; the total score is obtained by summing the items. Each item is rated from \"not at all\" to \"extremely\". Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all scale items is 0.87. In this study, Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was found to be 0.895.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale developed by Bride et al. (2003) was conducted by Kahil in 2016. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] The scale was developed to measure the secondary posttraumatic stress symptoms developed by professionals working with traumatized individuals. It consists of 17 five-point Likert-type items that evaluate the reactions experienced by individuals in the last seven days. Scores that can be obtained from the scale vary between 17–85, and higher scores indicate a high level of affectedness. Items 2, 3, 6, 10, and 13 of the scale measure emotional intrusion; items 1, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, and 17 measure avoidance; items 4, 8, 11, 15, and 16 measure arousal symptoms. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale is 0.94. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was 0.946.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study utilized kurtosis and skewness analyses to examine the normality distribution, with thresholds of (+ 1.5; -1.5). Chi-square analysis assesses the relationship between two or more categorical variables. One-way ANOVA was utilized to compare scale scores between midwives and students. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between professional experiences in midwives and midwifery students, Traumatic Birth Perception, Secondary Traumatic Stress, And Post-Traumatic Stress.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the students was 21.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.36 years, 97.6% were single. The mean age of midwives was 35.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.30, 71.3% (n:186) were married, 27.7% (n:75) were single, 74.3% (194) had undergraduate education and 12.3% (n:32) had postgraduate education. The mean number of years of professional work of midwives was 13.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.83, 55.2% (n:144) worked in the delivery room, 29.9% (78) in Family Health Centers and Community Health Centers, and 14.9% (n:39) currently worked outside the field of midwifery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was found that 50.2% of midwives and 65.7% of midwifery students considered hospital birth and home birth as traumatic. 70.1% of the midwives and 31.5% of the students stated that they were subjected to violence during their professional life, and 61.7% of the midwives stated that they were mostly subjected to violence by pregnant women and their relatives, while 61.7% of the students stated that they were subjected to violence by friends, family, and society.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.9% of midwives and 64.5% of student midwives experienced a traumatizing event. 33.3% of midwives and 56.6% of student midwives stated that they were afraid of giving birth, and 57.5% of midwives and 62.9% of student midwives stated that labor pain was very severe. There was a statistical difference between the thoughts of midwives and student midwives about their professional lives (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of midwives' and student midwives' thoughts about their professional life\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThinking that the birth place is more traumatic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBirth in home\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBirth in hospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExperiencing violence during your professional life\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy whom the violence is committed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI didn't stop by\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePregnant and pregnant relatives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysician and colleague\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFriends. family and community\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEncountering an event that traumatized you during your professional life\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFear of giving birth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral state of mind about what kind of pain birth pain is\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery severe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.016*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisturbing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-square table\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile there was no statistical difference between the sense of happiness and TCP, STS, and PTSD in the professional experience of midwives, a statistical difference was found in TCP and STS in student midwives. A difference was found between the sense of hope and TCP in midwives. There is a difference between STS and student midwives experiencing professional respect. There was a difference between TCP and STS in student midwives experiencing peace of mind. There was a difference between TCP, STS, and PTSD in midwives and student midwives experiencing professional fear. There is a statistical difference between STS and PTSD in midwives experiencing professional helplessness and between TCP, STS, and PTSD in student midwives. There was a statistical difference between TCP and STS in midwives experiencing anger and between TCP, STS, and PTSD in student midwives. There is a statistical difference between TCP in midwives experiencing professional guilt and TCP, STS, and PTSD in student midwives. There was a statistical difference between TCP, STS, and PTSD in midwives and student midwives who experienced occupational shame. There was a statistical difference between TCP, STS, and PTSD in student midwives who experienced occupational sadness. In student midwives, occupational happiness affected TCP and STS, occupational respect affected STS, occupational peace affected TCP and STS, occupational fear, helplessness, anger, guilt, shame, sadness affected TCP, STS and PTSD. In midwives, it was found that occupational hope affected TCP, occupational fear affected TCP and STS and PTSD, occupational helplessness affected STS and PTSD, occupational anger affected TCP, STS, occupational guilt affected TCP, occupational shame affected TCP, STS, and PTSD (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInvestigation of the effects of the emotions experienced by midwife and midwifery students during their professional experiences on Traumatic Childbirth Perception, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Post Traumatic Stress\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwifes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwifes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperiencing happiness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.50\u0026ndash;3.47\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.614\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.195\u0026ndash;0.312\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.584\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.832-.039*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.704-.046*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-c\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.931-.426\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiving hope\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.593-.004**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.675-.568\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.102-.959\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.101-.960\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.485-.219\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.759-.518\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ethose who show respect\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.777- .152\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.161-.325\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.242-.295\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.312-.817\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.982-.032*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.185-.316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThose who admire\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.203-.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.185-.906\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.414-.743\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.538-.205\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.050-.107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.158-.924\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperiencing excitement\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.818-.144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.316-.270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.037-.109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.292-.831\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.277-.080\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.164-.920\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThose who live in peace\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.276-.283\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.070-.105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.605-.189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.140-.026*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between b-d, c-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.100-.007**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.580-.195\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperiencing fear\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.738-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.724-.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.951-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d, b-d, c-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.073-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d, b-c, b-d, c-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.593-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between b-d, c-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.453-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-c, a-d, b-d, c-d, a-b\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThose experiencing despair\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.365-.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.201-000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.668-.003**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-c, a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.366-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-c, a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.884-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-c, a-d, b-d, c-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.937-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d, b-c, b-d, c-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperiencing anger\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.195-.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.156-.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.188-.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.857-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-c, a-d, b-c\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.365-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-c, b-c, a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.848-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-c, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperiencing guilt\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.019-.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.622-.185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.942-.421\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.674-.003**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.633-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-b, a-c, a-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17.152-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-c, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThose who experience shame\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.906-.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-b, a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.321-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.653-.013*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.531-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.971-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-b, a-c, a-d, b-c, b-d, b-c, c-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.984-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-b, a-c, a-d, a-b, b-c, b-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThose experiencing sadness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI don't live at all\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live a little bit\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI am alive\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI live too much\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF/P\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.514-.211\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.892-.131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.912-.436\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.030-.002**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.289-.006**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d, b-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.451-.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifference between a-d, b-d, c-d\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile there was a statistical difference between midwives and student midwives in the mean scores of traumatic birth perception and post-traumatic stress scale scores, there was no difference between secondary traumatic stress scale scores (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExamination of the mean traumatic childbirth perception, secondary traumatic stress and post traumatic stress in midwives and student midwives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwife/midwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.748\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.280\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.779\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.003**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndependent Samples T Test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwives were found to be at the highest level of the TCP scale, scoring at 33.5%, medium level at 29.9%, low level at 29.9%, and high level at 23.1%. Midwives were 34.9% low and 23.0% medium in TCP scale scoring. Student midwives who scored high on TCP also scored high on PTSD and STS. It was found that there was a statistical difference between midwives and student midwives in TCP scale scoring, STS, and PTSD scores (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExamination of student midwives' and midwives' level of perception of traumatic childbirth, secondary traumatic stress and post traumatic stress averages\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwifes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwifes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCP score levels\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e% (n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTDA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e% (n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u0026ndash;26 score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.0 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.2(50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27\u0026ndash;52 score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.9(75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.9(91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e53\u0026ndash;78 score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.5(84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.0(60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e79\u0026ndash;104 score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1(58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.1(42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e105\u0026ndash;130 score\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6(14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.9(18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.759\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.929\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.676\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.538\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ep\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOne-Way Anova\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was statistically determined that there was a strong positive relationship between TCP, STS, and PTSD in midwifery and midwifery students. While TCP increased in midwifery and midwifery students, PTSD and STS were found to increase. Negative moods in negative professional experiences have a statistically high positive relationship with TCP, PTSD, and STS. Happiness among positive moods in professional experiences in midwifery students was found to have a negative relationship with TCP and STS, and only TCP in midwives. In midwives, it was determined that the mood of hope was negatively related to TCP, and the feeling of peace was negatively related to STS. In student midwives, excitement was found to have a negative relationship with STS, and peace was found to have a negative relationship with TCP and STS (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between the moods of midwives and midwifery students in their professional experiences, Traumatic Childbirth Perception, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Post-Traumatic Stress\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent midwifes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwifes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePTSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePTSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.441**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.622**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.492**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.700**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTCP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.441**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.454**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.492**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.487**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSTS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.622**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.454**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.700**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.487**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHappy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.044\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.155*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.161*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.041\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.127*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHope\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdmiration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExcitement\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.272**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.177**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.209**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.195**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuilt\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.407**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.225**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.334**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.196**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.122*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eShame\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.390**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.305**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.385**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.184**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.235**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.276**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSadness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.330**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.225**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.222**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.127*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.128*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePearson correlation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the study, the comparison of traumatic childbirth, secondary traumatic stress, and post-traumatic stress perceived by midwives and midwifery students was examined. In the study, while half of the midwives perceived the birth in the hospital as traumatic, more than half of the midwifery students perceived the birth at home as traumatic. It is thought that this difference may be because midwifery students do not spend enough time in professional areas. In addition, the student's lack of knowledge/understanding/inability to act, combined with their intense identification with women, may have paved the way for perceiving birth as traumatic more than midwives. Years in the profession increase one's sense of competence and lead to more exposure to traumatic events. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] This situation may cause birth to be perceived as traumatic. The findings of the study support the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the study, it was seen that the majority of midwives (70.1%) and about one-third of the students (31.5%) were exposed to violence during their professional life and that midwives were mostly exposed to violence by pregnant women and their relatives, friends, family, and society. It is thought that this difference may be because midwifery students do not spend enough time in professional areas. In a study, midwives with long midwifery experience were found to be exposed to violence more .[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] Adib et al. (2002) reported that midwives were exposed to verbal and physical violence by pregnant women. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] Leinweber et al. (2017) reported that midwives are four times more likely to feel fear when they encounter people who use disrespectful words and swear during childbirth. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] The fact that midwives, who are constantly with women, experience high rates of violence from pregnant women and their relatives reveals that the midwifery profession is not sufficiently valued. These findings of the study support the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the study, approximately 90% of midwives and 65% of student midwives encountered a traumatizing event. In the study, the mean scores of traumatic birth perception, post traumatic stress and secondary traumatic stress scale scores of midwives were low, high and low, respectively, while these averages were low, medium and low, respectively, in student midwives. In a study, a positive correlation was found between the years midwives spent in the profession and exposure to traumatic events. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] A study conducted in Australia found that more than two-thirds of midwives were present during a birth involving trauma related to interpersonal care and approximately 17% of these midwives met the criteria for post-traumatic stress. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] Coldridge and Davies (2017) showed that midwifery students are more susceptible to developing secondary traumatic stress following traumatic events. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] In another study, when women perceived their birth experience as traumatic, the stress levels of midwifery students observing labor and birth increased. Although they developed a sense of responsibility, they were more likely to perceive birth as a traumatic event. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] The findings of the study support the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the study, 33.3% of midwives and 56.6% of student midwives were afraid of giving birth. It is predicted that this difference may be due to the lack of professional knowledge and experience of the students and their negative birth experiences. In a study conducted in Turkey, midwife students stated that they were afraid of giving birth and defined giving birth as a difficult and painful situation. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] In another study, 90% of midwives with a high level of fear of childbirth stated that they experienced trauma in their work. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] In this finding in the literature, midwives' fear of childbirth is thought to be a risk for the decrease in the quality of midwifery care in the philosophy of protecting the normality of birth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was found that the professional moods of student midwives affected PTSD, STS, and TCP more than midwives. Occupational fear, helplessness, anger, guilt and shame, which are negative emotions, were found to affect both midwives and student midwives more. In student midwives, respect (STS), peace and happiness (TCP and STS), and sadness (PTSD, STS and TCP) were significantly different from midwives. This difference may be because midwives learn to control their moods as their professional experience increases. Aydın and Aktaş (2021) reported that midwives experienced negative emotions during and after trauma in their meta-analysis study. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] In the literature, midwives stated that they felt shock, guilt, chaos, and helplessness in case of trauma, cried during the trauma, and felt helpless, powerless, sad, guilt, shame, and failure after the trauma. [14, 16, 35\u0026ndash;40] A study of 18 midwives in Israel reported that midwives experienced sadness, crying, frustration, and shock due to the loss of the baby [38]. Evidence suggests that midwives experience guilt, failure, disappointment, shame, intent to leave the profession, and experience PTSD. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] In a mixed-method study conducted by Toohill et al., it was reported that approximately 94% of midwives experienced a traumatic birth, and one in 10 midwives experienced fear at birth. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] In one study, midwives described experiencing a strong emotional reaction during or after witnessing a traumatic birth event, predominantly fear (74.8%) and guilt (65.3%) about what happened to the woman. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] In another study, intention to quit the profession, a previous traumatic birth, \"fear reactions,\" and \"feelings of guilt\" towards witnessing birth trauma were reported by midwives.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a result, student midwives showed traumatic birth perception and PTSD symptoms more than midwives, while the effect of secondary trauma was similar in student midwives and midwives. The psychological well-being of midwives also affects the women they care for. When the antenatal services provided by the midwives themselves are designed to reflect a social model of health with women and babies in the center in a state of complete well-being, it will create the foundations for lifelong health and well-being for women and babies. In this context, based on the findings of this study, psychosocial supportive services should be provided for midwives and student midwives to be psychologically prepared for traumatic birth events, such as protection from the effects of trauma and developing coping skills in trauma experience.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics Committee Permission (Protocol Number: 2020-SBB-0023) was obtained from Bartın University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee for the study. \u0026nbsp;Verbal informed consent was obtained from the students who agreed to participate in the study. The study was completed by the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo competing financial interests exist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is available from the corresponding author upon resonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank all participants who participated in our research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHYD, GA, FA, FDS: Study conception, HYD, GA, FA, FDS: Data collection, GA, FA, FDS: Study design, HYD, GA: Data analysis, drafting the manuscript, HYD, GA, FA, FDS: Critical revisions for intellectual content, supervision.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchr\u0026oslash;der K, J\u0026oslash;rgensen JS, Lamont RF, Hvidt NC. 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How midwifery students experience learning conditions in labor wards. 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYalnız H, Canan F, Ekti Gen\u0026ccedil; R, Kuloğlu MM, Ge\u0026ccedil;ici \u0026Ouml;. Development of a traumatic childbirth perception scale. 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAslantekin-\u0026Ouml;z\u0026ccedil;oban F, T\u0026uuml;rkmen H, Yalnız-Dilcen H. Factors that affect the traumatic childbirth perceptions of midwifery and nursing students: The case of Turkey. Eur J Midwifery 2021;5:34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeBeau R, Mischel E, Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Friedman M, Craske M. Dimensional assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. Psychiatry Res 2014;218(1-2):143-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEvren C, Dalbudak E, Aydemir O, Koroglu E, Evren B, Ozen S, et al. Psychometric properties of the Turkish PTSD-Short Scale in a sample of undergraduate students. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji B\u0026uuml;lteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2016;26(3):294-302.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBride BE, Robinson MM, Yegidis B, Figley CR. Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Research on Social Work Practice 2003.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKahil A. Examination of secondary traumatic stress levels in professionals and volunteers who provide assistance to individuals with traumatic experiences: Ufuk \u0026Uuml;niversitesi; 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhalil D. Violence against midwives in Cape Town. African Journal of Midwifery and Women\u0026apos;s Health 2009;3(1):37-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdib SM, Al-Shatti AK, Kamal S, El-Gerges N, Al-Raqem M. Violence against nurses in healthcare facilities in Kuwait. Int J Nurs Stud 2002;39(4):469-78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohen R, Leykin D, Golan-Hadari D, Lahad M. Exposure to traumatic events at work, posttraumatic symptoms and professional quality of life among midwives. Midwifery 2017;50:1-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eColdridge L, Davies S. \u0026quot;Am I too emotional for this job?\u0026quot; An exploration of student midwives\u0026apos; experiences of coping with traumatic events in the labour ward. Midwifery 2017;45:1-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eToohill J, Fenwick J, Sidebotham M, Gamble J, Creedy DK. Trauma and fear in Australian midwives. Women Birth 2019;32(1):64-71.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHalperin O, Goldblatt H, Noble A, Raz I, Zvulunov I, Liebergall Wischnitzer M. Stressful childbirth situations: a qualitative study of midwives. J Midwifery Womens Health 2011;56(4):388-94.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoldbort J, Knepp A, Mueller C, Pyron M. Intrapartum nurses\u0026apos; lived experience in a traumatic birthing process. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2011;36(6):373-80.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLindberg I, Mella E, Johansson J. Midwives\u0026apos; experiences of sphincter tears. British Journal of Midwifery 2013;21(1):7-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRice H, Warland J. Bearing witness: midwives experiences of witnessing traumatic birth. Midwifery 2013;29(9):1056-63.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCankaya S, Erkal Aksoy Y, Dereli Yılmaz S. Midwives\u0026apos; experiences of witnessing traumatic hospital birth events: A qualitative study. J Eval Clin Pract 2021;27(4):847-57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Midwife, Midwife education, perception of traumatic childbirth, secondary traumatic stress, post-traumatic stress","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7100722/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7100722/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo compare the perception of traumatic childbirth, secondary traumatic stress, and post-traumatic stress in midwives and student midwives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research is a methodological and cross-sectional study. After obtaining ethics committee permission, 261 midwives and 251 student midwives were formed between October 01, 2020, and October 01, 2022. Data were collected using participant information form, traumatic childbirth perception scale, post-traumatic stress scale-short version, and secondary traumatic stress scale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was found that 70.1% of midwives and 31.5% of students were exposed to violence during their professional life, and 61.7% of midwives were exposed to violence, mostly from pregnant women and their relatives. 88.9% of midwives and 64.5% of student midwives experienced a traumatizing event. 33.3% of midwives and 56.6% of student midwives stated that they were afraid of giving birth, and 57.5% of midwives and 62.9% of student midwives stated that labor pain was very severe. It was found that student midwives were more affected by post-traumatic stress, secondary traumatic stress, and traumatic birth perception than midwives. While there was a statistical difference in the mean scores of traumatic perception of birth and post-traumatic stress scale scores in midwives and student midwives, there was no difference between secondary traumatic stress scale scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, student midwives show a traumatic perception of birth and post-traumatic stress symptoms more than midwives. 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