Framing the Same Reality: The TikTok Ban Through Chinese and U.S. English-Language Media Lenses (2020-2024)

Framing the Same Reality: The TikTok Ban Through Chinese and U.S. English-Language Media Lenses (2020-2024) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Framing the Same Reality: The TikTok Ban Through Chinese and U.S. English-Language Media Lenses (2020-2024) Zilu Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6265409/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study explores the media framing of the TikTok ban in People's Daily Online (PDO) and CNN between 2020 and 2024. Using framing theory and qualitative framing analysis, the research examines how each outlet constructs meaning around the TikTok ban and presents related issues and solutions. The results show that despite the differences in media framing between the two countries, both are influenced to some extent by their respective political systems and social cultures. PDO blames the ban on bullying by the U.S., portraying it as unfair and politically motivated. PDO presents a solution that strongly condemns the ban and encourages global solidarity while emphasizing China's independence. In contrast, CNN has a more balanced perspective, incorporating a variety of viewpoints but focusing primarily on the actions of the U.S. government and public concerns about privacy and security.CNN recommends that the U.S. update its data security policies to prevent the rise of monopoly tech platforms. Humanities/Cultural and media studies Social science/Cultural and media studies Social science/Politics and international relations TikTok Ban China-US media comparison Framing theory Framing analysis People's Daily Online CNN 1. Introduction The discussion on how the media presents the TikTok ban has been a topic in recent years amid growing tensions between China and the United States concerning national security and digital independence (Ha et al., 2020 ; Miao et al., 2023 ). TikTok is a platform owned by ByteDance from China that boasts over 1 billion active users worldwide. The increasing popularity of the platform has raised alarms among governments worldwide, like the United States, regarding issues such as national security and data privacy concerns, as well as worries about potential Chinese government interference in the platform operations, leading to calls for bans, in some countries, notably during Donald Trump's presidency (Jia & Lu, 2021 ). The main concern is that TikTok's way of gathering data might give the Chinese government access to details about American users and potentially result in surveillance and espionage activities. In the United States, there was much talk about potentially banning TikTok, with President Trump making moves to pressure ByteDance to sell off its American operations or risk being banned (CNN). Despite these attempts and with the Biden administration in place now as well, TikTok is still up and running, but tensions between the U.S. and China remain high over this issue ( Jia & Lu in 2024). The discussion in China regarding the ban is centered on political motives and allegations that the U.S. government is targeting a Chinese company for geopolitical purposes. This contrast in viewpoints offers an interesting topic for exploring how countries with different political systems and media landscapes interpret the situation (Zhao et al., 2023 ; Song et al., 2021 ). This research analyzes the framing of the TikTok ban as presented in online English-language outlets, specifically the Chinese media's People's Daily Online (PDO) and the American CNN. The choice of these two media outlets is deliberate, as they represent two influential media ecosystems—one state-owned and aligned with the Chinese government, and the other a prominent Western mainstream news outlet (Liao et al., 2021). Both media have vast international audiences, given the global nature of the TikTok issue, examining the English-language coverage offers insights into how both Chinese and U.S. media present and frame it within their respective political, social, and cultural contexts (Miao et al., 2023 ; Zhao et al., 2023 ). People's Daily Online (PDO) is the English-language version of China's state-run People's Daily newspaper. This newspaper has long been a key voice for the Communist Party of China (CPC). Its primary readers include foreign policymakers, diplomats, academics, and anyone interested in China's viewpoint on global issues (Yu, 2021). PDO's articles often positively present Chinese policies. They highlight China's growth, stability, and role in the world. By looking at how PDO covers the TikTok ban, understand how the Chinese government uses its media to promote ideas about sovereignty, national security, and resistance to foreign interference (Yu et al., 2023 ; Zhang, 2022 ). CNN is one of the major news organizations in the U.S. and has a global presence. It is known for investigative reporting and mainstream political coverage. CNN's English-language content is aimed at an international audience, including native and non-native English speakers. CNN frequently covers topics such as the TikTok ban by emphasizing American values and democratic principles while expressing worries about national security (Jia & Lu 2021 ). This approach suggests that CNN's portrayal of the TikTok ban aligns with the U.S. government's cybersecurity stance and concerns regarding China's influence. This provides insight into Western perspectives on the ongoing geopolitical rivalry between the U.S. and China (Ha et al., 2020 ; Miao et al., 2023 ). People's Daily Online and CNN use English to reach large global audiences. Their online news sites are accessible to anyone with an internet connection, making them part of the global collective imagination (Jia & Lu, 2024 ). The multimedia features of these international news outlets—such as text, photos, videos, and social media plug-ins—offer valuable data for research (Miao et al., 2023 ). This research focuses on the period between 2020 and 2024, when the controversy over the TikTok ban became particularly prominent. This timeframe coincides with a critical phase in the escalating U.S.-China rivalry, marked by intensifying tensions over trade, technology, and national security. Key events, such as U.S. executive orders and proposed bills to ban TikTok, were pivotal in shaping how the issue was framed in public discourse. The timing of this study is significant because it provides an opportunity to examine how news coverage evolved in response to changing geopolitical dynamics and ongoing developments in both countries (Ha et al., 2020 ; Liao et al., 2021). By focusing on this specific period, this study captures the impact of external factors—such as the trade war, shifts in U.S. leadership, and growing concerns about digital sovereignty—on the media framing of the TikTok issue. This research will analyze how People's Daily Online and CNN frame the TikTok ban, investigating the political, ideological, and socio-cultural factors that shape their coverage. The study will explore not only the media frames used but also the solutions proposed to address the concerns surrounding the ban, including national security, digital sovereignty, and geopolitical tensions. The findings will provide insight into how political contexts in the U.S. and China influence media discourse on global technological conflicts and regulatory interventions. To address the research questions, this study employs framing analysis to identify the dominant frames in 89 articles selected from People's Daily Online and CNN, focusing on how both outlets construct the TikTok ban as an issue. By examining language, themes, and narrative structures, the analysis will uncover how these media outlets frame the ban in terms of political, economic, and social implications. This study will also explore how the proposed solutions reflect the media's alignment with their respective governments, and whether these solutions reinforce national interests or offer a broader, global perspective. Framing theory (Entman, 2007 ) provides the theoretical foundation for this study, a widely used framework in political communication research to analyze media representations of international conflicts and national security issues (Ha et al., 2020 ; Gurevitch & Blumler, 2004 ). Framing theory has been extensively applied to studies on digital sovereignty (Miao et al., 2023 ), U.S.-China trade relations (Zhao et al., 2023 ), and global media coverage of international policy disputes (Kumar, 2023). Its broad application in these contexts demonstrates its relevance and usefulness in analyzing the media framing of the TikTok ban. In order to further study how Chinese and American media cover the same international conflict event in a given period of time, as well as how they interpret and propose solutions, this paper proposes the following research questions, combining the framework research methodology and previous scholars' studies on Chinese and American media coverage. RQ1: What are the dominant frames used by People's Daily online and CNN in their coverage of the TikTok ban? RQ2: Why People's Daily Online and CNN represent the issues and present solutions the way they do to TikTok ban? In what follows, this dissertation will first conduct a review of the literature on media framing and international media coverage. This will be followed by an explanation of the methodology used in the study, which includes a detailed analysis of the selected news articles from People's Daily Online and CNN. The results section will present the dominant frames identified in the analysis, followed by a discussion of how do People's Daily Online and CNN represent issues and present solutions to problems in the context of news coverage and try to interpret the possible reasons behind it. This study will conclude with a summary of the findings, their broader implications for media studies, and potential avenues for future research. 2. Literature Review This section conducts a brief review of empirical as well as theoretical literature, thereby contextualising this study and providing the theoretical underpinning. 2.1 Framing Theory Erving Goffman first introduced Framing theory in his 1974 work Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Later, Robert Entman expanded this concept and applied it to media studies. According to Entman (1993), framing is about selecting and emphasizing certain parts of a situation in a message. This helps us understand problems, find causes, make moral judgements and suggest solutions. Theory says the media don't just pass on information, they also shape social reality. They influence how people understand information by focusing on certain things. Goffman's work laid the groundwork for framing theory by looking at how people understand their experiences through cognitive frames. He argued that people use frames to make sense of events and experiences. These frames shape how we perceive the world around us. Goffman's focus was on how individuals use frames to interpret reality. Entman (1993) took this idea further and applied it to media, shifting the focus from individual understanding to how media influence collective social and political views. Entman showed how the media shapes public opinion. He said that media content, like news articles or TV shows, is designed with certain ideas in mind. People then interpret these ideas in different ways. This shift from individual cognition to media influence changed framing theory from a study of individual processes to a tool for analyzing media content. Chong and Druckman (2007) looked at how framing affects public opinion. They found that small changes in how issues are presented can lead to big changes in public opinion. For instance, focusing on the economic consequences of a political issue may prompt individuals to perceive it in a different manner than if it is framed as a moral issue. Chong and Druckman (2007) also discussed the relationship between framing and priming. Priming refers to how media makes certain issues more important in the public's minds. They argued that framing affects public opinion and influences how ready people are to accept certain policies. In this way, framing shapes both what people think about and how they think about it. Knüpfer and Entman ( 2018 ) extended framing theory to the digital age and global media. They showed how globalization and the digital revolution changed how media frame issues. They identified four key factors that affect modern media framing: (1) fragmentation within media systems, (2) increasing global information flows, (3) changes in framing in complex, networked environments, and (4) the role of digital platforms. These factors are important for understanding framing in global political issues, such as wars or trade disputes. They argued that digital platforms increase competition between frames, influencing how people view political conflicts. Knüpfer and Entman ( 2018 ) also pointed out that digital platforms allow more frames to compete for attention. This creates new dynamics in how information spreads and how political power is used. These platforms speed up the process of framing contests, making it even more important to understand how framing shapes global political discourse. In their study of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement, Entman and Rojecki (1993) showed how media framing can affect public support for political movements. The media said the anti-nuclear movement was emotional and had no good policies, which hurt its credibility. The government was presented as neutral, reducing pressure on elites. The government was portrayed as impartial, which reduced pressure on the elite. This study shows how media can influence political outcomes by making some voices seem more credible than others. De Vreese (2005) helped further the understanding of framing by introducing a typology of news frames. He distinguished between generic frames, which can apply to many issues (such as conflict or economic frames), and issue-specific frames, which are tailored to particular topics (such as those used to cover a specific political event). De Vreese's model outlines three stages in framing: creating frames, making them stand out in media, and how they affect people and society. It offers a thorough approach to studying how frames are produced and received in media. The work of scholars like Goffman, Entman, Chong, and De Vreese understand how media shapes reality through selective emphasis. As digital platforms and global media systems continue to grow, framing theory provides an important framework for analyzing the complex dynamics of media influence in today's world. 2.2 The News Coverage of Global Issues The research on media coverage of global events frequently concentrates on significant topics such as the Olympics, the global pandemic of 2019–2020, and international conflicts (Ha et al., 2020 ; Yu, Cheng, & Zhang, 2023 ).These studies show how national interests and global power affect how media outlets report on these events. But less attention has been given to issues that are still important but not as talked about as others. The TikTok ban is one such issue. It is a niche topic compared to major global crises. Still, it offers a unique chance to study how media in different countries—especially China and the United States—frame a less mainstream issue within broader geopolitical tensions. While global events like the US-China trade conflict or the pandemic get a lot of media attention, the TikTok ban shows a trend to focus on national security, technology, and data privacy. Newer topics are getting more scrutiny in the media. Studies show a change in how Chinese media is studied globally. Scholars have been studying how Chinese media is influencing the world. Outlets like People's Daily Online influence global narratives with a nationalistic viewpoint. This has led to more comparisons between Chinese and Western media. China's growing international influence is reflected in the rise of Chinese media. It is important to understand how Chinese and Western media handle issues like the TikTok ban to understand global communication, digital diplomacy and global political discourse. Research by Miao, Huang, and Huang ( 2023 ) on the TikTok ban in China, the US, and India shows how media framing in the digital age is shaped by national political priorities and the rise of digital nationalism. This growing phenomenon influences how media report on tech companies and digital platforms. 2.3 The Framing Discrepancy Between Chinese and US Media A central theme in existing studies is the clear difference between how Chinese and US media report on international issues. The way news events are framed is heavily influenced by the political ideologies of the countries involved. Media outlets often reflect the national perspectives of their governments. Chinese media outlets, particularly those with close ties to the state, such as People's Daily Online, tend to frame international issues through a lens of national pride, government legitimacy, and economic progress. This contrasts sharply with US media, which, though diverse, often focuses on values like democracy, freedom, and national security. Ideological differences affect how issues like the TikTok ban are framed. Chinese media often highlight TikTok's global rise as a symbol of China's strength. In contrast, US media typically presents the platform as a threat to national security and public safety (Liu & Yang, 2015 ; Song et al., 2021 ). The difference in how the media presents issues is not a coincidence. It shows how politics affects the news. US outlets like CNN say that TikTok's popularity is linked to geopolitical rivalries. They see the app as a way for China to spy on and influence the West. The US is worried about China's growing power in technology and digital spaces. This is shown by its focus on data privacy, cybersecurity, and the risks of Chinese technologies. Conversely, Chinese media outlets frequently downplay or entirely disregard these concerns. Instead, they direct attention towards the platform's global success and its role in promoting Chinese culture and soft power. The media in the two countries have different views on this issue because of their different values and priorities. Understanding these differences is key to analyzing the global conversation around TikTok and similar issues. The study by Edward S Herman and Noam Chomsky on the US mass media – describes how the media is influenced and used by the powerful elite in society. It details a propaganda model that shows how information and news pass through different filters before reaching the audience and readers. The authors state that it is not right to say that the West has a free press carrying a moral responsibility to only work for truth and justice and hold the powerful accountable. They meticulously discuss the facts and evidence and explain how the propaganda model is at work in society and is influencing the flow of news and information in support of the elite, who control the media one way or the other. They elaborate on how political communication is at work globally with further examples on the international level. The Cascading Network Activation (CNA) model is crucial for understanding how information and media frames are transmitted across various levels of society. Developed by Entman and Usher ( 2018 ), this model outlines the flow of information from elites to the public, initially through traditional media channels. In the model's original form, information flows from government elites to non-government elites, then to mainstream media, and finally to the public. However, with the growth of digital platforms, this flow has become more complicated. The introduction of digital "valves" such as platforms, algorithms, and rogue actors influences how information spreads, potentially amplifying or limiting its reach (Entman & Usher, 2018 ). The updated version of the model acknowledges that while digital technologies may offer more diverse channels for information exchange, they can also concentrate political power. Digital platforms enable a more targeted delivery of information, but this targeted delivery can distort democratic processes by reinforcing existing power structures. These changes challenge the traditional top-down flow of information that was originally proposed in the CNA model, as the rise of social media introduces new dynamics and complexities into the information landscape (Entman & Usher, 2018 ). The nature of US media, especially in the context of political reporting, has undergone significant changes. Tourni et al. ( 2024 ) focus on how different frames are used in news coverage of events like gun violence. They find that various media outlets may highlight different aspects of a given event, such as mental health, gun control, or gun rights. This diversity in framing reflects the broader ideological divides within the media landscape, where the political orientation of a news outlet can strongly influence its framing of an issue. Tourni et al. ( 2024 ) also explore how images are used in conjunction with news headlines to enhance the communication of frames. They note that images can provide additional context that headlines alone may not convey. However, they also point out that there is often a mismatch between headlines and images in news stories, as journalists and photographers may have competing objectives in the editing process. This disparity can sometimes lead to confusion or ambiguity in how the story is perceived by the audience. Furthermore, the study highlights a bias in the portrayal of racial groups in news reports. For example, black and Jewish victims are more frequently mentioned in text, while images often feature white politicians. This pattern reflects a broader issue of racial bias in news reporting, an issue that is further complicated by the increasing role of digital media, where such biases may be magnified. In addition, the US media landscape is deeply influenced by the rise of ideological outlets like Fox News and Breitbart, which have contributed to the polarization of public opinion (Entman & Usher, 2018 ). These outlets cater to specific political ideologies, creating a fragmented media environment. As a result, mainstream media like CNN have faced challenges in maintaining their traditional role as objective sources of information. CNN, as a mainstream American news outlet, often reflects the perspectives of government elites, especially in its coverage of international issues. Hearns-Branaman and Bergman ( 2022 ) suggest that CNN's reporting tends to follow the official stance of the US government, especially when covering topics related to foreign policy. This alignment with government narratives is shaped by the professional norms of journalism, which prioritize "balanced reporting." However, in practice, this often results in CNN focusing on elite sources, such as government officials, while less attention is given to the perspectives of ordinary people. This reporting style is consistent with broader trends in US media, where mainstream outlets like CNN have been criticized for prioritizing the viewpoints of political elites over those of the general public. Hearns-Branaman and Bergman ( 2022 ) note that CNN's coverage of "enemy" states, for example, often reflects the interests of the political elite, which can limit the diversity of viewpoints presented in the news. Despite its efforts to include various perspectives, CNN's reliance on elite sources often results in a lack of critical independence in its reporting. This aligns with criticisms of mainstream Western media, which argue that such outlets tend to reflect the interests of the elite rather than offering a platform for broader public debate. CNN's coverage, especially in the realm of foreign policy, typically reinforces the viewpoints of government officials and rarely challenges the official narrative. 2.4 The Dynamic Nature of Media Framing Over Time These studies underscore that media frames are not static; they adapt in response to shifts in international politics and diplomacy. TikTok has changed a lot in recent years. It went from being seen as a popular entertainment app to a political issue. At first, TikTok was praised for its rapid growth and global appeal. At first, TikTok was mainly viewed as a successful social media platform, praised for its rapid growth and global appeal. As US-China tensions grew, so did controversy over TikTok's links to China. Media outlets are reporting on TikTok differently because of data privacy and the US government's stance on Chinese tech companies. This shift shows the dynamic nature of media frames: what started as a cultural phenomenon soon turned into a geopolitical issue as international relations began to shape the conversation about the app (Miao, Huang, & Huang, 2023 ). This shift in framing is not unique to TikTok; it is a broader trend in how international news is covered. The media changes how it frames stories in response to politics and society. Ha et al. ( 2020 ) say we should look at how the media covers things over time. They say that how issues like trade or geopolitical tensions are presented changes as events happen and politics change. TikTok is a good example of this. It shows how things like national policy, international relations and global digital trends affect the way the media reports things. Looking at media coverage over time is important because it shows how it changes. As contexts change, so do the ways news is framed. The TikTok case shows how an issue that starts as non-political can quickly become a key part of global geopolitics. This shows how flexible and responsive media discourse can be. This study fills gaps in existing research by looking at how the TikTok ban is framed in the US and China. It focuses on a timely issue that links technology, politics, and media. It also offers insights into how media narratives change and evolve over time. 3. Theoretical Framework and Methodology To realize the research objectives, I studied two global English-language online news, one from China and one from the US, in an attempt to capture an illustration of the tone of the English-language news media. In the analysis, I focused on their dominant report frames and recommended solutions. 3.1 Framing theory and Framing Analysis Framing theory operates on the premise that media messages are not simply neutral or objective but are instead constructed through the choices journalists and media outlets make in terms of language, visuals, and organizational structures. These elements are often strategically deployed to focus attention on specific angles of a story. As Entman (1993) suggests, framing involves "selecting some aspects of a perceived reality and making them more salient in a communicating text." By emphasizing certain facts or perspectives, media frames provide the audience with a particular interpretive lens through which to understand an event, issue, or phenomenon. In media studies, framing theory is both a way to understand media content and a method for analyzing it. As a research method, framing analysis looks at how media organize news stories by identifying and categorizing their frames. It examines how stories are framed by identifying recurring patterns in language, visual representations, metaphors, and sources cited in news reports. By doing so, researchers can identify how different frames shape the interpretation of news events and help construct the meanings that audiences derive from media content. Several scholars, such as D'Angelo and Kuypers (2009), Scheufele (2004), and de Vreese (2014), have developed comprehensive frameworks for framing analysis, which includes coding schemes to classify frames, indicators to identify frame elements, and models to understand the contextual impact of frames. 3.2 Research Design This study uses a qualitative research design and applies framing analysis to explore how People's Daily Online and CNN cover the TikTok ban. The approach helps understand how these two major news outlets present the TikTok ban, considering its political, economic, and social effects. The decision to focus on these two outlets comes from several reasons. People's Daily Online is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China. It is an important source for understanding China's stance on the TikTok ban and related global issues. CNN is one of the top news networks in the U.S. Its coverage reflects the concerns of U.S. policymakers and the American public. Comparing these two outlets will help understand how the TikTok ban is framed in different political contexts. People's Daily Online will likely emphasize the political reasons behind the U.S. ban, while CNN will focus more on concerns about Chinese government control over TikTok and its impact on data privacy. This analysis covers the period from June 2020 to December 2024. This time frame is important because it includes key developments in the TikTok ban. Trump banned the app in 2020, and the Biden administration is still pressuring TikTok. This period also saw big changes in politics and media. It gives a complete view of how media framing on this issue changed over time. 3.3 Sampling This study uses the Constructed Week Sampling (CWS) method to select articles. CWS is a well-known approach in media research that helps avoid bias by ensuring the sample represents different weeks and news patterns over time. CWS is widely recognized in academic content analysis as an effective method for obtaining representative samples of media coverage across time (Riffe & Aust, 1993). This method minimizes the biases arising from random or consecutive day sampling by systematically selecting specific days from each week. Through this, CWS reflects broader news coverage trends and variability in reporting over time (Luke et al., 2011 ; Liao et al., 2021). I divide the study period (2020–2024) into 52 weeks yearly. I choose one or two articles most relevant to the TikTok ban each week. This ensures that we capture a variety of coverage and do not focus too much on specific periods, such as 2022 and 2023, when the TikTok ban was widely discussed. I use the built-in relevance ranking system of the news websites to select articles. This system helps identify the articles most relevant to the TikTok ban and ensures we look at key moments in the news coverage. This method also gives insight into how CNN and People's Daily Online prioritize and present the TikTok issue. In total, I selected 48 articles from CNN and 41 articles from People's Daily Online to ensure that both outlets included a range of perspectives and framing techniques during the study period. 3.4 Data Collection Data collection for this study involves retrieving articles from the online archives of People's Daily Online and CNN. The selected articles will be drawn from a combination of keyword searches and the built-in search functions on the websites, with a focus on the keywords “TikTok ban”. The search results will be filtered for relevance using the website's internal ranking system, which ensures that the articles selected are the most pertinent to the research questions. The total sample includes 48 articles from CNN and 40 articles from People's Daily Online. The data collection spans from June 2020 to December 2024. This period covers important moments in the TikTok ban story, starting with early discussions about national security and data privacy concerns. It also includes ongoing debates during the Biden administration. The articles selected will focus directly on the TikTok ban and related issues. Only the articles most relevant to the research questions will be included. The articles will be selected based on their direct relevance to the TikTok ban and related issues, ensuring that only those articles that are most pertinent to the research questions are included. 3.5 Data Analysis The main focus of this study is to use framing analysis to look at how the media portray the TikTok ban. Framing analysis involves finding and organizing the frames in news coverage. According to Entman (1993), framing means selecting certain parts of reality, making them more noticeable, and showing them in a specific way. In this study, framing will be analyzed through the lens of Entman's four framing functions: (1) defining the problem, (2) diagnosing the cause, (3) making a moral judgment, and (4) proposing a solution. The analysis will focus on identifying the dominant frames used by People's Daily Online and CNN in their coverage of the TikTok ban. These frames will be identified by examining the key themes, keywords, and recurring topics across the articles. To conduct the analysis, the research will use a coding framework that includes the following elements for each article: (1) article number, (2) headline, (3) publication date, (4) media source, (5) dominant frame(s), (6) frame description, (7) key terms, (8) author(s), and (9) any additional notes. The coding framework will be pretested on a smaller subset of articles to ensure reliability in the identification of frames. The research will focus not only on identifying the presence of frames but also on understanding the specific ways in which these frames are constructed through language and sources. The results of the analysis will be compared across the two media outlets to identify similarities and differences in how they frame the TikTok ban. 4. Result The following subsections will explore the themes that emerged from an analysis of the datasets, beginning with the dominant frames from two media, followed by the comparison of types of sources used in TikTok Ban reports and represent issues and present solutions to problems in the context of news coverage 4.1 People's Daily Online on Framing the TikTok Ban The framing categories of People's Daily Online's (PDO) coverage of the TikTok ban, as shown in Table 1, reflect how the Chinese state-run media outlet constructs the issue, emphasizing political, security, and economic concerns. This table summarizes the findings from an analysis of 41 articles published between 2020 and 2024, selected using constructed week sampling (CWS) and the built-in search tool of the PDO website. 41 articles were chosen based on their relevance to the TikTok ban, ensuring that the analysis captured the most pertinent and representative coverage during the selected period. The largest category, Political Suppression, accounts for 51.2% of the coverage. This positions the TikTok ban as part of a narrative of U.S. political suppression against China. Articles under this frame discuss the U.S. government's alleged motives and strategic interests, presenting the ban as a form of economic warfare and political repression, reinforcing the stance that the U.S. is targeting China's global influence. The National Security Pretext Frame follows with 19.5%. These articles say that the TikTok ban is a way for the United States to advance its national security agenda and assert control over global digital platforms. This is presented as occurring under the guise of concerns related to data privacy and cybersecurity. The ban could harm Chinese companies, particularly TikTok, and the broader Chinese tech industry. This frame shows how the U.S. government is damaging China's economy. It says the government is stopping China from developing technology and growing its economy. The International Law and Rules Frame (9.8%) looks at the legal and regulatory issues around the TikTok ban. These articles ask if the U.S. actions break international trade rules and norms. They see the ban as part of a challenge to the global market order. It discusses the possibility that the U.S. is violating international agreements or attempting to reshape global trade in its favor. Finally, the Public and Expert Opinions Frame (4.9%) presents insights from domestic and international experts and public opinion. This frame provides a broader spectrum of views on the TikTok ban but is much less prominent than the other frames. Overall, these categories show a clear pattern of framing that supports the Chinese government's stance on the TikTok ban and its broader geopolitical concerns. The ban is portrayed as part of a broader U.S. strategy to contain China. This framing is consistent with the government's need to maintain a unified narrative that emphasizes the illegitimacy of U.S. actions and protects China's national interests. 4.2 CNN on Framing the TikTok Ban CNN's coverage of the TikTok ban often focuses on security risks. This frame appears in 40% of the articles. It highlights data privacy, security, and potential threats to U.S. national security. It often mentions U.S. officials' worries about TikTok's data practices. However, it does not provide solid evidence linking the Chinese government to these practices. In particular, Brian Feng, a Asian-American journalist at CNN, presents a particularly clear perspective on this issue. Despite the lack of available online sources regarding his precise ancestry, the CNN reporter's website indicates that he is proficient in English, Mandarin, and Cantonese. His reports are structured around the stance of the U.S. government, with a focus on security concerns and legal actions against TikTok. While he highlights U.S. security measures and legal steps, there is a notable absence of examination of China's perspective or TikTok's stance. The second most common frame is the Legal Compliance Frame, making up 25% of the coverage. These articles focus on the legal battles surrounding the U.S. government's efforts to ban TikTok. They often cover lawsuits against the ban and the legal steps taken by both the U.S. and TikTok to challenge it. Most of these reports stress TikTok's legal responses and its attempts to prevent the ban through court cases. Next, the Economic Harm Frame appears in 15% of the articles. This frame discusses the possible economic impact of the TikTok ban on the U.S. tech industry and the global economy. Many of these articles highlight how U.S. businesses, especially those relying on TikTok for advertising, might be affected. They also address the wider effects on global trade relations. The International Law and Rules Frame makes up 10% of the coverage. These articles focus on the violation of international agreements and the global effects of the U.S. ban on a Chinese company. This frame looks at the broader geopolitical consequences and how the ban could affect international trade. Finally, the Public and Expert Opinions Frame, also accounting for 10% of the coverage, presents views from U.S. experts, political analysts, and the public. These articles highlight the broader societal impacts of the TikTok ban, showing the divide within the public over the issue. They also show differing opinions between national security experts and tech industry professionals. Overall, CNN's coverage of the TikTok ban focuses on U.S. concerns, not China's role. This aligns with the dominant security and legal concerns in U.S. media, which often downplay the Chinese perspective and anti-China sentiment. Journalists like Brian Feng, who focus on U.S. policy and security, play a key role in shaping this coverage. 4.3 Comparison of Types of Sources Used in TikTok Ban reports Sources of information are important in frame analysis to further analyse how something is perceived from different perspectives(Entman,1993). In order to find out the possible reasons behind the formation of different frames, table 3 compares the types of sources used in the news coverage of the TikTok ban by People's Daily Online (PDO) and CNN, based on 41 articles from PDO and 48 articles from CNN. The data highlights the differences in how these two outlets source information for their reports on the TikTok ban. Government and Officials : PDO and CNN rely heavily on government sources, but PDO uses them more often. Government and official sources comprise 47.3% of PDO's articles, while CNN uses them in 39.0%. This shows that both outlets use government perspectives, but PDO's coverage is slightly more focused on government narratives. Experts and Analysts : PDO relies on experts and analysts more than CNN. Experts comprise 30.2% of PDO's sources, while CNN uses them in 19.8% of its articles. This suggests that PDO emphasizes expert opinions, especially from Chinese scholars or experts linked to the state. Public Opinion : Public opinion sources are more common in CNN's coverage than in PDO's. Public opinion accounts for 21.3% of CNN's sources, while PDO uses them in 12.5% of its articles. This shows that CNN includes more perspectives from the public, reflecting the broader range of opinions in U.S. media. Foreign Media and International Perspectives: PDO uses foreign media and international sources in 5.0% of its articles, while CNN uses them more often, at 13.0%. This difference indicates that CNN is more likely to incorporate international perspectives, such as those from global tech companies or foreign governments, into its coverage. Other Sources : A significant difference is seen in the "Other sources." PDO uses this category in 45.0% of its articles, much higher than CNN's 6.8%. PDO's high use of "Other sources" reflects its reliance on reports from Chinese state-run media outlets, like Xinhua News Agency and Global Times. On the other hand, CNN uses fewer "Other sources," showing that it draws from a more diverse range of primary sources. Overall, the data shows how PDO and CNN differ in their use of sources for reporting on the TikTok ban. PDO relies more on government narratives and state-controlled media, while CNN includes a broader mix of sources, such as expert opinions, public sentiment, and international perspectives. These differences highlight how each outlet sources its coverage and shapes the discussion around the TikTok ban. 4.4 People's Daily Online and CNN represent issues and present solutions to problems in the context of news coverage In order to answer the second research question, this study uses a frame analysis approach to summarise how events are attributed and solutions shown in both media. The representation of issues and solutions in People's Daily Online (PDO) and CNN shows how the two media outlets construct the TikTok ban differently, shaped by their national political contexts. The results show that both media outlets focused on different dimensions and solutions. In the coverage of the TikTok ban, People's Daily Online (PDO) frames the issue primarily as an act of bullying by the United States. It presents the ban as an unfair action against a Chinese company, driven by political motivations rather than any legitimate security concerns. The Chinese government is portrayed as the victim of U.S. power, and PDO emphasizes this as part of a broader narrative about the U.S.'s tendency to impose its will on other nations. The solution proposed by PDO is to strongly condemn and resist these actions, highlighting the need for a united global front against U.S. hegemony. They stress the importance of China's independence and self-determination in the face of external pressure. This framing reflects China's broader stance on issues of sovereignty and international relations, underscoring the need for collective action against unfair practices by powerful nations. On the other hand, CNN's coverage of the TikTok ban, while presenting multiple perspectives, leans heavily on concerns over national security and data privacy. CNN references various sources, including U.S. officials, public opinion, and security experts, to emphasize the potential risks posed by the platform. The U.S. government's stance is prominently featured, with discussions of privacy concerns and the platform's ability to collect vast amounts of data. However, CNN also provides space for commentators who argue that the U.S. should focus on broader reforms, including updating domestic data security laws and addressing the rise of monopolistic platforms. This solution suggests a more systemic approach to addressing data privacy issues, beyond just targeting individual companies. CNN's coverage reflects a more nuanced and less ideologically driven perspective, where the solutions offered aim to reform the U.S. tech industry and prevent future monopolies, rather than purely addressing international relations. These differing frames reveal the contrast between the two outlets in how they attribute blame for the TikTok ban and propose solutions. While PDO focuses on resisting U.S. pressure and emphasizing China's sovereignty, CNN presents a more complex view that centers on privacy concerns and suggests domestic regulatory changes as a way forward. 5. Discussion While the data from the study was not large enough to fully represent the studies could be fully representative of English-language media in China and the United States or the two governments, this study did find out how the two media outlets framed their coverage and how they presented the TikTok Ban incident and how it was attributed and the solutions that were proposed. The findings also reaffirm the usefulness of framing theory and framing research methodology in studying transnational media's shaping of the same globally controversial event, especially in the long history of geopolitical and international relations between China and the United States. The dominant frames used by People's Daily Online and CNN in their coverage of the TikTok ban differ significantly in terms of their attribution and proposed solutions. PDO frames the issue as a political attack by the U.S., focusing on national sovereignty and resistance, while CNN emphasizes security concerns and the legal aspects of the ban. These framing differences reflect the political and cultural contexts of the two media outlets and highlight the importance of framing theory in understanding how media shapes international conflicts. 5.1 Dominant Frames in People's Daily Online and CNN The dominant frame in PDO's coverage of the TikTok ban is the U.S. Bullying Frame. PDO attributes the TikTok ban largely to the U.S. government's unjust actions against a Chinese company, which it portrays as a form of bullying. The coverage often frames the ban as an unfair attack on China, reflecting the media's alignment with the Chinese government's narrative of external interference and hegemonic behavior by the U.S. (Miao et al., 2023 ). This frame emphasizes national sovereignty and frames the U.S. as the aggressor, using its global influence to target Chinese companies without credible evidence of wrongdoing. PDO also emphasizes that the TikTok ban is not just about national security but also about geopolitical tensions. It stresses how this issue is part of a broader pattern of U.S. actions that challenge China's global ambitions and independence. This framing is in line with China's broader political narrative, where foreign interference, especially from the U.S., is depicted as a significant threat to China's sovereignty and national pride. The solution presented in PDO's framing typically calls for strong condemnation, resistance, and international unity, with the aim of defending China's position on the global stage. In a report headlined 'China blasts US “unreasonable” crackdown after TikTok ban' by PDO on 1 March 2023, the main use of the political repression framing, meaning that the US has taken unreasonable measures against Chinese companies. The news report here begins with a clear characterisation in the headline that the US ban on TikTok is 'unreasonable', then describes a series of legal moves made by the US in relation to TikTok, and then begins to quote at length from a spokesperson for China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressing China's strong opposition to such a misguided move by the US. U.S. moves that are so wrong. The words used are very clear, and the right and wrong viewpoints are expressed very clearly. Then it goes on to quote various experts' comments on tiktokban, all of which accuse it of being irrational, and re-emphasise it. It is directly pointed out that this is an economic and political suppression of China. In contrast, CNN's coverage of the TikTok ban is dominated by the National Security Frame and the Legal Compliance Frame. CNN presents the ban as a response to security concerns, particularly data privacy and the fear that TikTok could be used by the Chinese government to spy on U.S. citizens. The National Security Frame emphasizes U.S. officials' concerns about the app's data collection practices and the potential risks to U.S. national security (Feng, 2023). However, it is important to note that CNN's coverage also acknowledges that there is no direct evidence linking TikTok to Chinese espionage activities. Despite this, the news media continues to highlight security concerns, suggesting that these risks are sufficient justification for the U.S. government's actions. Another prominent frame in CNN's coverage is the Legal Compliance Frame, which focuses on the legal battles surrounding the ban. CNN extensively covers the lawsuits filed against the U.S. government's proposed ban, framing the issue as a conflict between national security measures and the constitutional rights of individuals and businesses. The Legal Compliance Frame also emphasizes TikTok's efforts to challenge the ban in court and its attempts to find a legal resolution to the issue. This framing emphasizes the legal complexities involved, reflecting the U.S. media's focus on the rule of law and the importance of ensuring that government actions are aligned with legal frameworks and democratic values. While CNN adopts a multifaceted framing approach, presenting a range of perspectives, it still places significant emphasis on the U.S. government's actions and public concerns about privacy and security. This focus on government measures and public sentiment about the security risks of TikTok creates a narrative that aligns with broader American concerns about data privacy and technology regulation. CNN's 23 March 2023 report titled 'The US government is once again threatening to ban TikTok. What you should know' primarily uses Security Risk Frame, which does not reflect any stands that characterise the event, and is more of a full recap of the event. It also mentioned that the US ban on TikTok was a victim of political conflict and the underlying anti-Chinese sentiment behind it. But through the reporting framework can also glimpse his arrangement of the real content. This report is CNN reporter Brian Feng as the main editor, in fact, his other related reports about TikTok ban, all strictly follow this order of reporting. First of all he would explain the incident, give a background introduction of the TikTok ban incident, and the moves made by the US officials towards TikTok. It is suggested that the U.S. was motivated by security concerns that the Chinese government would control the leaking of personal information and potential spying on the U.S. population by TikTok's parent company in Beijing. It then goes on to state in lesser detail that TikTok's personnel have stated that they have never received any directive from the Chinese government regarding illegal access to information and are disappointed by the unsubstantiated suspicions and allegations. It then goes on to explain the TikTok ban and the potential implications. 5.2 Comparative Analysis When comparing the frames used by PDO and CNN, both outlets are framing the TikTok ban through the lens of national security, but the tone and focus of their frames differ significantly. PDO's U.S. Bullying Frame highlights China's opposition to the ban, framing the event as a political attack on China's sovereignty. This frame is characterized by a strong emotional tone, where the emphasis is on defending China's independence and resisting external pressure. In contrast, CNN's frames focus on the security concerns of the U.S., particularly the risks to national security and the legal dimensions of the ban. CNN presents the TikTok ban within the context of a democratic society's need to balance security concerns with individual rights. The coverage emphasizes the legal process and the efforts to resolve the issue through court cases and regulatory reforms. This framing is more procedural and neutral, focusing on the legalities and public policy debates rather than attributing blame to one party. The divergent framing of the TikTok ban by PDO and CNN is not only a reflection of their national interests but also their respective media environments. In China, where the media is largely state-controlled, PDO's coverage aligns with the government's narrative and reflects the country's ideological stance on international relations. Meanwhile, CNN, based in the U.S., reflects a more pluralistic media environment, where multiple perspectives are presented, but with an emphasis on the government's national security concerns and the legal processes surrounding the ban. Even when the same objective facts are reported, different frames of coverage are created through headlines, content layout, and the proportion of each factual component in the full text. For example, the Montana government was the first to propose a legal ban on TikTok, which was one of the most frequently reported topics in 2022–2023 for the TikTok ban event. The truth is that this move by the Montana government involves a violation of the U.S. Constitution. And a violation of the American people's right to freedom. In the PDO 'U.S. judge blocks Montana's ban of TikTok' 01 November 2023, the news is stated in just 6 sentences. A U.S. judge was also quoted to illustrate the story. And in the same month CNN's story titled 'Judge blocks Montana's TikTok ban from taking effect on January 1' was more than twice as long as PDO's story to describe the event, also indicating that the media is The CNN report quoted a number of U.S. officials' concerns about the incident, which were directed at U.S. officials' concerns about the safety of TikTok, and discussed and emphasised the unconstitutional nature of Montana's passage of the bill. 5.3 Responsibility and solutions The attribution of responsibility in the coverage of the TikTok ban reveals key differences between PDO and CNN. As highlighted in the framing analysis, PDO attributes the TikTok ban primarily to U.S. bullying behavior. The ban is presented as an unfair action, driven by political motivations rather than any real security concerns. PDO's framing emphasizes that the U.S. is using its power to target a Chinese company, framing it as part of a broader narrative of U.S. interference in China's national affairs. This framing reflects China's broader political stance, where the U.S. is seen as a hegemonic force acting unjustly against a sovereign nation (Miao et al., 2023 ). One of the reasons for the TikTok ban in the United States is also because the popularity of TikTok has already influenced American users to a large extent, and the reason behind the US's long history of hegemony, which has made them fearful of controlling the ideology of the population, is that the United States is not able to accept the potential influence of other countries on their ideology. In contrast, CNN adopts a more neutral and balanced approach in its attribution. The ban is framed primarily as a response to concerns over data privacy and national security. CNN highlights the U.S. government's worry about potential security risks posed by TikTok's data practices but does not provide definitive evidence to support claims of Chinese government involvement. This reflects CNN's broader editorial stance, which often presents the U.S. government's actions as being driven by public concern over privacy rather than pure political maneuvering. However, the coverage does suggest that China's response to the ban, as well as the broader geopolitical tensions, cannot be ignored. This framing allows CNN to present a multifaceted view, giving voice to various stakeholders, including security experts and public opinion, without placing direct blame on China or the U.S Proposed. In terms of proposed solutions, the two media outlets also differ significantly. PDO's solution is clear and aligned with its attribution of responsibility. The call for strong condemnation and resistance reflects China's stance against foreign pressure and emphasizes the importance of global unity in rejecting what it sees as unfair actions by the U.S. The proposed solution is not just about protecting TikTok but about defending China's independence on the global stage. PDO advocates for a collective stance where countries around the world stand together against the U.S. decision, promoting self-reliance and sovereignty as the ultimate solution (Miao et al., 2023 ). CNN, on the other hand, presents a more policy-oriented solution. While the coverage underscores the importance of addressing data privacy issues and national security concerns, commentators suggest that a broader reform of U.S. data security laws is necessary to address the root causes of the conflict. Furthermore, CNN includes suggestions to prevent monopolistic practices in the tech industry, which could lead to the emergence of new, more equitable platforms. These proposed solutions are rooted in the belief that the issue lies within the broader structure of U.S. tech policy and governance, not just in the actions of individual companies like TikTok. This framing suggests that the problem is systemic, and the solution should involve comprehensive legal and regulatory changes to protect both consumer privacy and market competition. PDO's framing of the report sees the TikTok ban as an act of bullying by the U.S., emphasising that it is an unfair crackdown on Chinese companies.PDO's report mentions that while the U.S. government has raised security concerns, there is no direct evidence of espionage on TikTok.PDO sees the ban as political and economic aggression by the U.S., arguing that the U.S. is using its geopolitical power to to suppress China's technological development. PDO's proposed solution to the ban is to strongly condemn the U.S.'s actions and call for international solidarity to emphasise China's independence and sovereignty. In China, the media is tightly controlled by the government, and news coverage is often limited by national interests and ideological frameworks. According to scholars, the media environment in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is highly centralised, with media outlets often following official guidelines and reinforcing the government's position (Li, 2018). For example, People's Daily Online (PDO) attributed the TikTok ban to the bullying behaviour of the United States, emphasising that it was an unfair economic sanction, a stance that is exactly in line with the Chinese government's stance in international affairs, which is to oppose unilateralist behaviour by foreign powers. Chinese media reports often attribute the root causes of domestic and international problems to the interference of external powers, reinforcing China's independence and sovereignty on the global stage (Zhao, 2017). This reporting framework not only reflects the Chinese government's dominant role in media content, but also reveals the important role of Chinese media in foreign policy. In contrast, CNN's coverage was more complex, citing multiple sources and presenting a more diverse range of perspectives.CNN's coverage focused on the U.S. government's security concerns, particularly with regard to data privacy and national security.CNN cited U.S. officials highlighting the possibility that user data collected by TikTok could be exploited by the Chinese government, although there is no conclusive evidence that the Chinese government directly controls TikTok. CNN also reported on public concerns about privacy and proposed broader policy solutions, such as updating data security laws in the U.S. and preventing monopolistic behaviour by tech companies. CNN's framework not only focuses on the government's actions, but also showcases a wide range of voices with suggestions for policy reforms. On the other hand, the U.S. media environment is relatively diverse, and news coverage is influenced by more political, economic, and social factors. The diversity and freedom of the U.S. media allows voices of different political stances to be represented in news coverage. According to research, news coverage in the U.S. tends to present a more balanced and objective perspective, especially when dealing with international issues (Boyle & Thomas, 2020).CNN, as one of the mainstream media outlets in the U.S., presented a more balanced perspective in its coverage of the TikTok ban, although it also cited multiple sources of information and presented a more balanced viewpoint, it still focused on the security concerns of the U.S. government, especially on the data privacy and national security topics. This is related to the media culture in the United States, which typically focuses more on the domestic government's stance when dealing with such issues, and there is a clear sense of public privacy protection in the coverage. This framing of coverage reflects the US public's concerns about the data privacy of tech companies and the US government's high regard for 'national security' issues (Friedman, 2018). Despite the differences in media framing between the two countries, both are influenced to some extent by their respective political systems and social cultures. In China, media frames are more focused on preserving the country's image and expressing resistance to external pressures, while in the United States, media frames focus more on government security measures and people's demands for privacy protection. As Tiffen (2014) points out, media frames in different countries often reflect their respective political ecologies and cultural preferences. For the United States, the media is more concerned with free markets and data protection, while China emphasises state sovereignty and opposition to external interference. Media coverage in China and the United States not only reflects the differences in their respective political systems and cultures, but also reveals the different positions and values of the two countries in international affairs. 6. Conclusion The analysis of CNN and People's Daily Online's coverage of the TikTok ban highlights significant differences in framing, attribution of responsibility and proposed solutions. These differences are shaped by the distinct political, economic, and cultural contexts within which each media outlet operates. CNN's coverage reflects a balanced approach that acknowledges both U.S. security concerns and the legal challenges of the ban, while People's Daily Online's coverage is more critical and condemnatory, emphasizing China's victimhood. This study analyzed how People's Daily Online (PDO) and CNN framed the TikTok ban, focusing on the reasons behind the ban and the proposed solutions. The research revealed that PDO frames the issue primarily as U.S. bullying, viewing the ban as an unfair action against China. In contrast, CNN presents a more balanced view but focuses on U.S. concerns about privacy and security. CNN's framing highlights government actions and public anxiety over data protection, while also offering new solutions like updating U.S. data security policies and preventing monopolistic platforms. The findings suggest that the media in each country reflects its political and cultural context. In China, PDO's coverage aligns closely with the official government narrative, emphasizing national sovereignty and resistance against foreign interference. CNN, operating in a more open media environment, provides a variety of perspectives but remains largely focused on the security and privacy concerns raised by the U.S. government. Despite this difference in focus, both media outlets advocate for different solutions—PDO calls for global unity and strong condemnation of U.S. actions, while CNN highlights the need for policy updates to address the underlying issues of data security and monopolies. Although this study provide valuable insights into the media framing of the TikTok ban, has several limitations that must be acknowledged. First, the research is based on a limited sample of articles from only two media outlets: People's Daily Online (PDO) and CNN. While this focused approach allows for a detailed comparison, it may not fully capture the diversity of frames present in the wider media landscape of both countries. Other prominent Chinese and U.S. news sources could present different perspectives or emphasize alternative frames that are not covered in this study. Therefore, future research could extend the scope to include a broader range of media outlets from both countries to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the framing of the TikTok ban. Second, the study relies on qualitative framing analysis, which, while useful for examining how news is framed, may not fully account for the variety of factors influencing media coverage, such as audience preferences, political affiliations, or the broader media ecosystem. To enhance the robustness of the findings, future studies could incorporate quantitative methods, such as content analysis, to measure the prevalence of different frames across a wider sample of articles and to assess whether certain frames are more dominant over time. Another limitation is the lack of consideration of how these media frames are perceived by the general public. The study focuses on the media's portrayal of the TikTok ban but does not explore how audiences interpret or respond to these frames. This is an important area for future research, as understanding the public's reception of media messages can provide valuable insights into how media frames shape public opinion and influence political discourse. Lastly, this study mainly addresses the frames and solutions presented by PDO and CNN without deeply exploring the potential influence of governmental or institutional pressures on their framing practices. Future research could investigate the role of state control in media environment and how this affects the framing of international conflicts. Additionally, examining the influence of corporate interests, such as the involvement of tech companies in media reporting on issues like the TikTok ban, could offer new perspectives on how media outlets in both countries frame global issues. Declarations Author Contribution This paper was completed independently by the author. Acknowledgement This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. Data Availability CNN‘s report on TikTok Banhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/22/tech/tiktok-lite-eu-investigation/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/27/tech/canada-bans-tiktok-government-devices/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/07/tech/senators-bill-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/14/tech/bipartisan-senate-bill-tiktok-export-controls/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/26/politics/tiktok-ban-congress-mcmorris-rodgers-threat-cnntv/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/14/tech/nepal-tiktok-ban-hnk-intl/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/videos/business/2023/03/01/exp-tiktok-screen-limit-crowdstrike-michael-sentonas-030103pseg1-cnni-business.cnnhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/28/tech/montana-tiktok-ban-lawsuit/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/14/tech/india-us-tiktok-ban-analysis-intl-hnk/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/23/tech/tiktok-ceo-montana-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/20/tech/tiktok-court-filing-biden-administration/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/07/us/tiktok-ban-culture-cec/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/28/politics/tiktok-federal-device-ban-guidance/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/16/tech/uk-tiktok-government-device-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/16/opinions/tiktok-ban-congress-privacy-law-greer-ctpr/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/30/business/judge-blocks-montana-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/18/tech/tiktok-ban-explainer/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/16/tech/congress-privacy-tiktok-meta-social-network/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/videos/business/2024/03/13/tiktok-ban-vote-bytedance-china-marc-stewart-vpx.cnnhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/31/tech/tiktok-ban-pew-survey/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/02/tech/fresh-legal-blows-tiktok-ban-court-challenges/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/28/tech/tiktok-eu-ban-intl-hnk/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/17/politics/tiktok-ban-representatives-who-use-the-app/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/02/tech/fcc-commissioner-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/18/tech/tiktok-montana-lawsuit/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/28/tech/house-tiktok-vote/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/12/tech/tiktok-us-ban-consideration-chuck-schumer/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/08/tech/biden-tiktok-bill/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/15/tech/senate-tiktok-ban-devices/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/28/tech/house-bans-tiktok/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/19/tech/montana-tiktok-ban-legal-enforcement-challenges/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/07/tech/tiktok-sues-us-app-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/14/tech/montana-house-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/17/tech/montana-governor-tiktok/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/20/tech/house-passes-legislation-that-could-ban-tiktok-in-the-us-amid-high-stakes-vote-on-foreign-aid/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/16/tech/tiktok-ban-users/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/07/tech/senators-bill-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/08/tech/tiktok-ban-congress-house-biden-trump/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/22/tech/tiktok-vows-legal-challenge-to-potential-us-app-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/20/tech/tiktok-ban-explained/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/13/politics/20240313-congress-tiktok-ban-bill-vote-dg/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/23/tech/congress-tiktok-ban-what-next/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/07/tech/congress-bill-bans-tiktok-america/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/13/tech/tiktok-ban-us-bill-explained/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/13/politics/house-vote-tiktok-ban-bill/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/12/tech/us-tiktok-ban-bill/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/13/tech/tiktok-ban-bill/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/04/tech/tiktok-sued-harmful-content-children-france/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/22/politics/tik-tok-young-voters/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/11/tech/tiktok-documents-teen-users/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/08/tech/tiktok-sued-14-states-childrens-mental-health/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/02/politics/donald-trump-joins-tiktok/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/videos/politics/2024/02/14/exp-tsr-todd-biden-campaign-video-joins-tiktok.cnnhttps://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/26/tech/tiktok-youtube-snap-hearing/index.htmlPeople’s daily’s report on TikTok Banhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0712/c90000-9709584.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0803/c90000-9717389.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0805/c90000-9718285.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0805/c90000-9718432.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0815/c90000-9721908.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0928/c90000-9765152.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0928/c90000-9765328.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0929/c90000-9765454.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0929/c90000-9765526.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/1209/c90000-9797267.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0301/c90000-10214203.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0327/c90000-10227817.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0327/c90000-10227329.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0417/c90000-20006865.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0520/c90000-20021406.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0523/c90000-20022617.htmlhttp://usa.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0712/c241376-40033709.htmlhttp://world.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0523/c1002-32692895.htmlhttp://usa.people.com.cn/n1/2025/0124/c241376-40408428.htmlhttp://world.people.com.cn/n1/2023/1201/c1002-40129866.htmlhttp://world.people.com.cn/n1/2024/1217/c1002-40383909.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0809/c90000-20056259.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/1013/c90000-20083088.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/1201/c90000-20104896.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/1201/c90000-20104896.htmlhttp://usa.people.com.cn/n1/2024/0425/c241376-40223671.html References Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x Entman, R. M., & Usher, N. (2018). Framing in a fractured democracy: Impacts of digital technology on ideology, power and cascading network activation. Journal of communication , 68(2), 298-308. Gurevitch, M., & Blumler, J. G. (2004). State of the art of comparative political communication research. Comparing political communication , 325-343. Ha, L., Yang, Y., Ray, R., Matanji, F., Chen, P., Guo, K., & Lyu, N. (2020). How US and Chinese media cover the US–China trade conflict: A case study of war and peace journalism practice and the foreign policy equilibrium hypothesis. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research. Hearns-Branaman, J. O. (2017). Official enemies in commercial and soft power media: Agency and the Iran crisis in the United States, United Kingdom, Chinese, and Iranian news. Journalism Studies , 18(4), 449-469. Hearns-Branaman, J. O., & Bergman, T. (Eds.). (2022). Journalism and Foreign Policy: How the US and UK Media Cover Official Enemies. Taylor & Francis. Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2008). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media (2nd ed.) . Bodley Head. (Original work published 1988) Hussain, S., & Jehangir, A. (2024). Coverage of Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan in the international press: A perspective on indexing theory. Journalism, 25 (3), 692-709. Jeanard Anthony M. Robiego, & Danna Karyl Jane C. Talde. (2024). Examining Biases in ABS-CBN Online News: A Framing Analysis of Reporting about President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. Okara: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 18 (1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v18i1.10719 Jia, W., & Lu, F. (2021). US media's coverage of China's handling of COVID-19: Playing the role of the fourth branch of government or the fourth estate? Global Media and Ch ina, 6(1), 8-23. Jia, W., & Lu, F. (2024). Media convergence for US–China competition? Comparative case studies of China Media Group and the US Agency for Global Media. International Communication Gazette, 86(6), 477-501. Kuan, D., Mohd Hasan, N. A., Mohd Zawawi, J. W., & Abdullah, Z. (2021). Framing Theory Application in Public Relations: The Lack of Dynamic Framing Analysis in Competitive Context. Media Watch , 12(2), 333–351. Kwak, H., An, J., & Ahn, Y. Y. (2020, July). A systematic media frame analysis of 1.5 million New York Times articles from 2000 to 2017. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Web Science (pp. 305-314). Linström, M., & Marais, W. (2012). Qualitative news frame analysis: A methodology. Liu, X., & Yang, Y. E. (2015). Examining China's official media perception of the United States: A content analysis of People's Daily coverage. Journal of Chinese Political Science , 20, 385-408. Luke, D. A., Caburnay, C. A., & Cohen, E. L. (2011). How much is enough? New recommendations for using constructed week sampling in newspaper content analysis of health stories. Communication Methods and Measures , 5(1), 76-91. Miao, W., Huang, D., & Huang, Y. (2023). More than business: The de-politicisation and re-politicisation of TikTok in the media discourses of China, America, and India (2017–2020). Media International Australia , 186(1), 97-114. Nguyen, D. (2023). How news media frame data risks in their coverage of big data and AI. Internet Policy Review , 12(2), 1-30. Nurul Imaroh, Sofyan Hadi, Minan Jauhari, Kun Wazis, & Syachirul A'dhom Al Fajri. (2024). Analysis of Media Framing in Controversy Report of the Ustadz Hanan Attaki Bai'at on NU. Online. Komunika, 18(2), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.24090/komunika.v18i2.10467 Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication , 10(1), 55-75. Puji, M., et al. (2019). Journalistic ethics in news reporting: Framing analysis of controversial topics. Journal of Media and Communication Studies . Riffe, D., Aust, C. F., & Lacy, S. R. (1993). The effectiveness of random, consecutive day and constructed week sampling in newspaper content analysis. Journalism Quarterly , 70(1), 133-139. Song, Y., Lee, C. C., & Huang, Z. (2021). The news prism of nationalism versus globalism: How does the US, UK and Chinese elite press cover 'China's rise'? Journalism, 22 (8), 2071-2090. Tourni, I. C., Guo, L., Hu, H., Halim, E., Ishwar, P., Daryanto, T., ... & Wijaya, D. T. (2024). Detecting frames in news headlines and lead images in US gun violence coverage. arXiv preprint arXiv :2406.17213. Yuniawan, T., Urip, S. R., Seinsiani, I. G., Din, W. A., Swanto, S., & Ardi, H. (2023). Media Framing and COVID-19 Infodemic in News Headlines of Indonesian Online Newspapers. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics , 9(2), 19-32. Yu, Z., Cheng, N., & Zhang, C. (2023). A Study on the Media Framework during Beijing Winter Olympic Games from a Comparative Perspective: Taking People's Daily Online and CNN as Examples. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 155, p. 03016). EDP Sciences . Zhao, X., De Swert, K., Boukes, M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2023). Framing EU–China Trade Relations: A Content Analysis of UK Newspaper Coverage (2001–2021). Journalism Studies , 24(15), 1918-1936. Zhang, X., & Luther, C. A. (2020). Transnational news media coverage of distant suffering in the Syrian civil war: An analysis of CNN, Al-Jazeera English and Sputnik online news. Media, War & Conflict , 13(4), 399-424. Zhang, Z. (2022). Contesting legitimacy in China's crisis communication: A framing analysis of reported social actors engaging in SARS and COVID-19. Chinese Journal of Communication , 15(2), 182-204. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6265409","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":500351389,"identity":"18656b56-0d49-433d-b01c-908d8700568b","order_by":0,"name":"Zilu Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zilu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-20 02:23:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6265409/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6265409/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106002570,"identity":"b11fd290-b637-416e-94d9-fde68f0d6613","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-02 10:13:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":767877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6265409/v1/5b10377d-9aff-43a7-8f96-a60f7f31e17c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Framing the Same Reality: The TikTok Ban Through Chinese and U.S. English-Language Media Lenses (2020-2024)","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe discussion on how the media presents the TikTok ban has been a topic in recent years amid growing tensions between China and the United States concerning national security and digital independence (Ha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Miao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). TikTok is a platform owned by ByteDance from China that boasts over 1\u0026nbsp;billion active users worldwide. The increasing popularity of the platform has raised alarms among governments worldwide, like the United States, regarding issues such as national security and data privacy concerns, as well as worries about potential Chinese government interference in the platform operations, leading to calls for bans, in some countries, notably during Donald Trump's presidency (Jia \u0026amp; Lu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The main concern is that TikTok's way of gathering data might give the Chinese government access to details about American users and potentially result in surveillance and espionage activities. In the United States, there was much talk about potentially banning TikTok, with President Trump making moves to pressure ByteDance to sell off its American operations or risk being banned (CNN). Despite these attempts and with the Biden administration in place now as well, TikTok is still up and running, but tensions between the U.S. and China remain high over this issue ( Jia \u0026amp; Lu in 2024). The discussion in China regarding the ban is centered on political motives and allegations that the U.S. government is targeting a Chinese company for geopolitical purposes. This contrast in viewpoints offers an interesting topic for exploring how countries with different political systems and media landscapes interpret the situation (Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research analyzes the framing of the TikTok ban as presented in online English-language outlets, specifically the Chinese media's \u003cem\u003ePeople's Daily Online (PDO)\u003c/em\u003e and the American CNN. The choice of these two media outlets is deliberate, as they represent two influential media ecosystems\u0026mdash;one state-owned and aligned with the Chinese government, and the other a prominent Western mainstream news outlet (Liao et al., 2021). Both media have vast international audiences, given the global nature of the TikTok issue, examining the English-language coverage offers insights into how both Chinese and U.S. media present and frame it within their respective political, social, and cultural contexts (Miao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). People's Daily Online (PDO) is the English-language version of China's state-run People's Daily newspaper. This newspaper has long been a key voice for the Communist Party of China (CPC). Its primary readers include foreign policymakers, diplomats, academics, and anyone interested in China's viewpoint on global issues (Yu, 2021). PDO's articles often positively present Chinese policies. They highlight China's growth, stability, and role in the world. By looking at how PDO covers the TikTok ban, understand how the Chinese government uses its media to promote ideas about sovereignty, national security, and resistance to foreign interference (Yu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). CNN is one of the major news organizations in the U.S. and has a global presence. It is known for investigative reporting and mainstream political coverage. CNN's English-language content is aimed at an international audience, including native and non-native English speakers. CNN frequently covers topics such as the TikTok ban by emphasizing American values and democratic principles while expressing worries about national security (Jia \u0026amp; Lu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This approach suggests that CNN's portrayal of the TikTok ban aligns with the U.S. government's cybersecurity stance and concerns regarding China's influence. This provides insight into Western perspectives on the ongoing geopolitical rivalry between the U.S. and China (Ha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Miao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). People's Daily Online and CNN use English to reach large global audiences. Their online news sites are accessible to anyone with an internet connection, making them part of the global collective imagination (Jia \u0026amp; Lu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The multimedia features of these international news outlets\u0026mdash;such as text, photos, videos, and social media plug-ins\u0026mdash;offer valuable data for research (Miao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research focuses on the period between 2020 and 2024, when the controversy over the TikTok ban became particularly prominent. This timeframe coincides with a critical phase in the escalating U.S.-China rivalry, marked by intensifying tensions over trade, technology, and national security. Key events, such as U.S. executive orders and proposed bills to ban TikTok, were pivotal in shaping how the issue was framed in public discourse. The timing of this study is significant because it provides an opportunity to examine how news coverage evolved in response to changing geopolitical dynamics and ongoing developments in both countries (Ha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Liao et al., 2021). By focusing on this specific period, this study captures the impact of external factors\u0026mdash;such as the trade war, shifts in U.S. leadership, and growing concerns about digital sovereignty\u0026mdash;on the media framing of the TikTok issue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research will analyze how People's Daily Online and CNN frame the TikTok ban, investigating the political, ideological, and socio-cultural factors that shape their coverage. The study will explore not only the media frames used but also the solutions proposed to address the concerns surrounding the ban, including national security, digital sovereignty, and geopolitical tensions. The findings will provide insight into how political contexts in the U.S. and China influence media discourse on global technological conflicts and regulatory interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address the research questions, this study employs framing analysis to identify the dominant frames in 89 articles selected from People's Daily Online and CNN, focusing on how both outlets construct the TikTok ban as an issue. By examining language, themes, and narrative structures, the analysis will uncover how these media outlets frame the ban in terms of political, economic, and social implications. This study will also explore how the proposed solutions reflect the media's alignment with their respective governments, and whether these solutions reinforce national interests or offer a broader, global perspective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFraming theory (Entman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) provides the theoretical foundation for this study, a widely used framework in political communication research to analyze media representations of international conflicts and national security issues (Ha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Gurevitch \u0026amp; Blumler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Framing theory has been extensively applied to studies on digital sovereignty (Miao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), U.S.-China trade relations (Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and global media coverage of international policy disputes (Kumar, 2023). Its broad application in these contexts demonstrates its relevance and usefulness in analyzing the media framing of the TikTok ban.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to further study how Chinese and American media cover the same international conflict event in a given period of time, as well as how they interpret and propose solutions, this paper proposes the following research questions, combining the framework research methodology and previous scholars' studies on Chinese and American media coverage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRQ1: What are the dominant frames used by People's Daily online and CNN in their coverage of the TikTok ban?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRQ2: Why People's Daily Online and CNN represent the issues and present solutions the way they do to TikTok ban?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn what follows, this dissertation will first conduct a review of the literature on media framing and international media coverage. This will be followed by an explanation of the methodology used in the study, which includes a detailed analysis of the selected news articles from People's Daily Online and CNN. The results section will present the dominant frames identified in the analysis, followed by a discussion of how do People's Daily Online and CNN represent issues and present solutions to problems in the context of news coverage and try to interpret the possible reasons behind it. This study will conclude with a summary of the findings, their broader implications for media studies, and potential avenues for future research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis section conducts a brief review of empirical as well as theoretical literature, thereby contextualising this study and providing the theoretical underpinning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Framing Theory\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eErving Goffman first introduced Framing theory in his 1974 work Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Later, Robert Entman expanded this concept and applied it to media studies. According to Entman (1993), framing is about selecting and emphasizing certain parts of a situation in a message. This helps us understand problems, find causes, make moral judgements and suggest solutions. Theory says the media don't just pass on information, they also shape social reality. They influence how people understand information by focusing on certain things. Goffman's work laid the groundwork for framing theory by looking at how people understand their experiences through cognitive frames. He argued that people use frames to make sense of events and experiences. These frames shape how we perceive the world around us. Goffman's focus was on how individuals use frames to interpret reality. Entman (1993) took this idea further and applied it to media, shifting the focus from individual understanding to how media influence collective social and political views. Entman showed how the media shapes public opinion. He said that media content, like news articles or TV shows, is designed with certain ideas in mind. People then interpret these ideas in different ways. This shift from individual cognition to media influence changed framing theory from a study of individual processes to a tool for analyzing media content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChong and Druckman (2007) looked at how framing affects public opinion. They found that small changes in how issues are presented can lead to big changes in public opinion. For instance, focusing on the economic consequences of a political issue may prompt individuals to perceive it in a different manner than if it is framed as a moral issue. Chong and Druckman (2007) also discussed the relationship between framing and priming. Priming refers to how media makes certain issues more important in the public's minds. They argued that framing affects public opinion and influences how ready people are to accept certain policies. In this way, framing shapes both what people think about and how they think about it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKn\u0026uuml;pfer and Entman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) extended framing theory to the digital age and global media. They showed how globalization and the digital revolution changed how media frame issues. They identified four key factors that affect modern media framing: (1) fragmentation within media systems, (2) increasing global information flows, (3) changes in framing in complex, networked environments, and (4) the role of digital platforms. These factors are important for understanding framing in global political issues, such as wars or trade disputes. They argued that digital platforms increase competition between frames, influencing how people view political conflicts. Kn\u0026uuml;pfer and Entman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) also pointed out that digital platforms allow more frames to compete for attention. This creates new dynamics in how information spreads and how political power is used. These platforms speed up the process of framing contests, making it even more important to understand how framing shapes global political discourse. In their study of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement, Entman and Rojecki (1993) showed how media framing can affect public support for political movements. The media said the anti-nuclear movement was emotional and had no good policies, which hurt its credibility. The government was presented as neutral, reducing pressure on elites. The government was portrayed as impartial, which reduced pressure on the elite. This study shows how media can influence political outcomes by making some voices seem more credible than others.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDe Vreese (2005) helped further the understanding of framing by introducing a typology of news frames. He distinguished between generic frames, which can apply to many issues (such as conflict or economic frames), and issue-specific frames, which are tailored to particular topics (such as those used to cover a specific political event). De Vreese's model outlines three stages in framing: creating frames, making them stand out in media, and how they affect people and society. It offers a thorough approach to studying how frames are produced and received in media. The work of scholars like Goffman, Entman, Chong, and De Vreese understand how media shapes reality through selective emphasis. As digital platforms and global media systems continue to grow, framing theory provides an important framework for analyzing the complex dynamics of media influence in today's world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 The News Coverage of Global Issues\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research on media coverage of global events frequently concentrates on significant topics such as the Olympics, the global pandemic of 2019\u0026ndash;2020, and international conflicts (Ha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Yu, Cheng, \u0026amp; Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).These studies show how national interests and global power affect how media outlets report on these events. But less attention has been given to issues that are still important but not as talked about as others. The TikTok ban is one such issue. It is a niche topic compared to major global crises. Still, it offers a unique chance to study how media in different countries\u0026mdash;especially China and the United States\u0026mdash;frame a less mainstream issue within broader geopolitical tensions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile global events like the US-China trade conflict or the pandemic get a lot of media attention, the TikTok ban shows a trend to focus on national security, technology, and data privacy. Newer topics are getting more scrutiny in the media.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies show a change in how Chinese media is studied globally. Scholars have been studying how Chinese media is influencing the world. Outlets like People's Daily Online influence global narratives with a nationalistic viewpoint. This has led to more comparisons between Chinese and Western media. China's growing international influence is reflected in the rise of Chinese media. It is important to understand how Chinese and Western media handle issues like the TikTok ban to understand global communication, digital diplomacy and global political discourse.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch by Miao, Huang, and Huang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) on the TikTok ban in China, the US, and India shows how media framing in the digital age is shaped by national political priorities and the rise of digital nationalism. This growing phenomenon influences how media report on tech companies and digital platforms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 The Framing Discrepancy Between Chinese and US Media\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA central theme in existing studies is the clear difference between how Chinese and US media report on international issues. The way news events are framed is heavily influenced by the political ideologies of the countries involved. Media outlets often reflect the national perspectives of their governments. Chinese media outlets, particularly those with close ties to the state, such as People's Daily Online, tend to frame international issues through a lens of national pride, government legitimacy, and economic progress. This contrasts sharply with US media, which, though diverse, often focuses on values like democracy, freedom, and national security. Ideological differences affect how issues like the TikTok ban are framed. Chinese media often highlight TikTok's global rise as a symbol of China's strength. In contrast, US media typically presents the platform as a threat to national security and public safety (Liu \u0026amp; Yang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The difference in how the media presents issues is not a coincidence. It shows how politics affects the news. US outlets like CNN say that TikTok's popularity is linked to geopolitical rivalries. They see the app as a way for China to spy on and influence the West. The US is worried about China's growing power in technology and digital spaces. This is shown by its focus on data privacy, cybersecurity, and the risks of Chinese technologies. Conversely, Chinese media outlets frequently downplay or entirely disregard these concerns. Instead, they direct attention towards the platform's global success and its role in promoting Chinese culture and soft power. The media in the two countries have different views on this issue because of their different values and priorities. Understanding these differences is key to analyzing the global conversation around TikTok and similar issues.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study by Edward S Herman and Noam Chomsky on the US mass media \u0026ndash; describes how the media is influenced and used by the powerful elite in society. It details a propaganda model that shows how information and news pass through different filters before reaching the audience and readers. The authors state that it is not right to say that the West has a free press carrying a moral responsibility to only work for truth and justice and hold the powerful accountable. They meticulously discuss the facts and evidence and explain how the propaganda model is at work in society and is influencing the flow of news and information in support of the elite, who control the media one way or the other. They elaborate on how political communication is at work globally with further examples on the international level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Cascading Network Activation (CNA) model is crucial for understanding how information and media frames are transmitted across various levels of society. Developed by Entman and Usher (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), this model outlines the flow of information from elites to the public, initially through traditional media channels. In the model's original form, information flows from government elites to non-government elites, then to mainstream media, and finally to the public. However, with the growth of digital platforms, this flow has become more complicated. The introduction of digital \"valves\" such as platforms, algorithms, and rogue actors influences how information spreads, potentially amplifying or limiting its reach (Entman \u0026amp; Usher, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe updated version of the model acknowledges that while digital technologies may offer more diverse channels for information exchange, they can also concentrate political power. Digital platforms enable a more targeted delivery of information, but this targeted delivery can distort democratic processes by reinforcing existing power structures. These changes challenge the traditional top-down flow of information that was originally proposed in the CNA model, as the rise of social media introduces new dynamics and complexities into the information landscape (Entman \u0026amp; Usher, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nature of US media, especially in the context of political reporting, has undergone significant changes. Tourni et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) focus on how different frames are used in news coverage of events like gun violence. They find that various media outlets may highlight different aspects of a given event, such as mental health, gun control, or gun rights. This diversity in framing reflects the broader ideological divides within the media landscape, where the political orientation of a news outlet can strongly influence its framing of an issue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTourni et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) also explore how images are used in conjunction with news headlines to enhance the communication of frames. They note that images can provide additional context that headlines alone may not convey. However, they also point out that there is often a mismatch between headlines and images in news stories, as journalists and photographers may have competing objectives in the editing process. This disparity can sometimes lead to confusion or ambiguity in how the story is perceived by the audience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the study highlights a bias in the portrayal of racial groups in news reports. For example, black and Jewish victims are more frequently mentioned in text, while images often feature white politicians. This pattern reflects a broader issue of racial bias in news reporting, an issue that is further complicated by the increasing role of digital media, where such biases may be magnified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the US media landscape is deeply influenced by the rise of ideological outlets like Fox News and Breitbart, which have contributed to the polarization of public opinion (Entman \u0026amp; Usher, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). These outlets cater to specific political ideologies, creating a fragmented media environment. As a result, mainstream media like CNN have faced challenges in maintaining their traditional role as objective sources of information.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCNN, as a mainstream American news outlet, often reflects the perspectives of government elites, especially in its coverage of international issues. Hearns-Branaman and Bergman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) suggest that CNN's reporting tends to follow the official stance of the US government, especially when covering topics related to foreign policy. This alignment with government narratives is shaped by the professional norms of journalism, which prioritize \"balanced reporting.\" However, in practice, this often results in CNN focusing on elite sources, such as government officials, while less attention is given to the perspectives of ordinary people.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis reporting style is consistent with broader trends in US media, where mainstream outlets like CNN have been criticized for prioritizing the viewpoints of political elites over those of the general public. Hearns-Branaman and Bergman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) note that CNN's coverage of \"enemy\" states, for example, often reflects the interests of the political elite, which can limit the diversity of viewpoints presented in the news.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite its efforts to include various perspectives, CNN's reliance on elite sources often results in a lack of critical independence in its reporting. This aligns with criticisms of mainstream Western media, which argue that such outlets tend to reflect the interests of the elite rather than offering a platform for broader public debate. CNN's coverage, especially in the realm of foreign policy, typically reinforces the viewpoints of government officials and rarely challenges the official narrative.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 The Dynamic Nature of Media Framing Over Time\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese studies underscore that media frames are not static; they adapt in response to shifts in international politics and diplomacy. TikTok has changed a lot in recent years. It went from being seen as a popular entertainment app to a political issue. At first, TikTok was praised for its rapid growth and global appeal. At first, TikTok was mainly viewed as a successful social media platform, praised for its rapid growth and global appeal. As US-China tensions grew, so did controversy over TikTok's links to China. Media outlets are reporting on TikTok differently because of data privacy and the US government's stance on Chinese tech companies. This shift shows the dynamic nature of media frames: what started as a cultural phenomenon soon turned into a geopolitical issue as international relations began to shape the conversation about the app (Miao, Huang, \u0026amp; Huang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This shift in framing is not unique to TikTok; it is a broader trend in how international news is covered. The media changes how it frames stories in response to politics and society. Ha et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) say we should look at how the media covers things over time. They say that how issues like trade or geopolitical tensions are presented changes as events happen and politics change. TikTok is a good example of this. It shows how things like national policy, international relations and global digital trends affect the way the media reports things. Looking at media coverage over time is important because it shows how it changes. As contexts change, so do the ways news is framed. The TikTok case shows how an issue that starts as non-political can quickly become a key part of global geopolitics. This shows how flexible and responsive media discourse can be. This study fills gaps in existing research by looking at how the TikTok ban is framed in the US and China. It focuses on a timely issue that links technology, politics, and media. It also offers insights into how media narratives change and evolve over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Theoretical Framework and Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo realize the research objectives, I studied two global English-language online news, one from China and one from the US, in an attempt to capture an illustration of the tone of the English-language news media. In the analysis, I focused on their dominant report frames and recommended solutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Framing theory and Framing Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFraming theory operates on the premise that media messages are not simply neutral or objective but are instead constructed through the choices journalists and media outlets make in terms of language, visuals, and organizational structures. These elements are often strategically deployed to focus attention on specific angles of a story. As Entman (1993) suggests, framing involves \"selecting some aspects of a perceived reality and making them more salient in a communicating text.\" By emphasizing certain facts or perspectives, media frames provide the audience with a particular interpretive lens through which to understand an event, issue, or phenomenon.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn media studies, framing theory is both a way to understand media content and a method for analyzing it. As a research method, framing analysis looks at how media organize news stories by identifying and categorizing their frames. It examines how stories are framed by identifying recurring patterns in language, visual representations, metaphors, and sources cited in news reports. By doing so, researchers can identify how different frames shape the interpretation of news events and help construct the meanings that audiences derive from media content. Several scholars, such as D'Angelo and Kuypers (2009), Scheufele (2004), and de Vreese (2014), have developed comprehensive frameworks for framing analysis, which includes coding schemes to classify frames, indicators to identify frame elements, and models to understand the contextual impact of frames.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Research Design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study uses a qualitative research design and applies framing analysis to explore how People's Daily Online and CNN cover the TikTok ban. The approach helps understand how these two major news outlets present the TikTok ban, considering its political, economic, and social effects. The decision to focus on these two outlets comes from several reasons. People's Daily Online is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China. It is an important source for understanding China's stance on the TikTok ban and related global issues. CNN is one of the top news networks in the U.S. Its coverage reflects the concerns of U.S. policymakers and the American public. Comparing these two outlets will help understand how the TikTok ban is framed in different political contexts. People's Daily Online will likely emphasize the political reasons behind the U.S. ban, while CNN will focus more on concerns about Chinese government control over TikTok and its impact on data privacy. This analysis covers the period from June 2020 to December 2024. This time frame is important because it includes key developments in the TikTok ban. Trump banned the app in 2020, and the Biden administration is still pressuring TikTok. This period also saw big changes in politics and media. It gives a complete view of how media framing on this issue changed over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study uses the Constructed Week Sampling (CWS) method to select articles. CWS is a well-known approach in media research that helps avoid bias by ensuring the sample represents different weeks and news patterns over time. CWS is widely recognized in academic content analysis as an effective method for obtaining representative samples of media coverage across time (Riffe \u0026amp; Aust, 1993). This method minimizes the biases arising from random or consecutive day sampling by systematically selecting specific days from each week. Through this, CWS reflects broader news coverage trends and variability in reporting over time (Luke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Liao et al., 2021). I divide the study period (2020\u0026ndash;2024) into 52 weeks yearly. I choose one or two articles most relevant to the TikTok ban each week. This ensures that we capture a variety of coverage and do not focus too much on specific periods, such as 2022 and 2023, when the TikTok ban was widely discussed. I use the built-in relevance ranking system of the news websites to select articles. This system helps identify the articles most relevant to the TikTok ban and ensures we look at key moments in the news coverage. This method also gives insight into how CNN and People's Daily Online prioritize and present the TikTok issue. In total, I selected 48 articles from CNN and 41 articles from People's Daily Online to ensure that both outlets included a range of perspectives and framing techniques during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData collection for this study involves retrieving articles from the online archives of People's Daily Online and CNN. The selected articles will be drawn from a combination of keyword searches and the built-in search functions on the websites, with a focus on the keywords \u0026ldquo;TikTok ban\u0026rdquo;. The search results will be filtered for relevance using the website's internal ranking system, which ensures that the articles selected are the most pertinent to the research questions. The total sample includes 48 articles from CNN and 40 articles from People's Daily Online. The data collection spans from June 2020 to December 2024. This period covers important moments in the TikTok ban story, starting with early discussions about national security and data privacy concerns. It also includes ongoing debates during the Biden administration. The articles selected will focus directly on the TikTok ban and related issues. Only the articles most relevant to the research questions will be included. The articles will be selected based on their direct relevance to the TikTok ban and related issues, ensuring that only those articles that are most pertinent to the research questions are included.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main focus of this study is to use framing analysis to look at how the media portray the TikTok ban. Framing analysis involves finding and organizing the frames in news coverage. According to Entman (1993), framing means selecting certain parts of reality, making them more noticeable, and showing them in a specific way. In this study, framing will be analyzed through the lens of Entman's four framing functions: (1) defining the problem, (2) diagnosing the cause, (3) making a moral judgment, and (4) proposing a solution. The analysis will focus on identifying the dominant frames used by People's Daily Online and CNN in their coverage of the TikTok ban. These frames will be identified by examining the key themes, keywords, and recurring topics across the articles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo conduct the analysis, the research will use a coding framework that includes the following elements for each article: (1) article number, (2) headline, (3) publication date, (4) media source, (5) dominant frame(s), (6) frame description, (7) key terms, (8) author(s), and (9) any additional notes. The coding framework will be pretested on a smaller subset of articles to ensure reliability in the identification of frames. The research will focus not only on identifying the presence of frames but also on understanding the specific ways in which these frames are constructed through language and sources. The results of the analysis will be compared across the two media outlets to identify similarities and differences in how they frame the TikTok ban.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Result","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe following subsections will explore the themes that emerged from an analysis of the datasets, beginning with the dominant frames from two media, followed by the comparison of types of sources used in TikTok Ban reports and represent issues and present solutions to problems in the context of news coverage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1 People\u0026apos;s Daily Online on Framing the TikTok Ban\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe framing categories of People\u0026apos;s Daily Online\u0026apos;s (PDO) coverage of the TikTok ban, as shown in Table 1, reflect how the Chinese state-run media outlet constructs the issue, emphasizing political, security, and economic concerns. This table summarizes the findings from an analysis of 41 articles published between 2020 and 2024, selected using constructed week sampling (CWS) and the built-in search tool of the PDO website. 41 articles were chosen based on their relevance to the TikTok ban, ensuring that the analysis captured the most pertinent and representative coverage during the selected period.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe largest category, Political Suppression, accounts for 51.2% of the coverage. This positions the TikTok ban as part of a narrative of U.S. political suppression against China. Articles under this frame discuss the U.S. government\u0026apos;s alleged motives and strategic interests, presenting the ban as a form of economic warfare and political repression, reinforcing the stance that the U.S. is targeting China\u0026apos;s global influence. The National Security Pretext Frame follows with 19.5%. These articles say that the TikTok ban is a way for the United States to advance its national security agenda and assert control over global digital platforms. This is presented as occurring under the guise of concerns related to data privacy and cybersecurity. The ban could harm Chinese companies, particularly TikTok, and the broader Chinese tech industry. This frame shows how the U.S. government is damaging China\u0026apos;s economy. It says the government is stopping China from developing technology and growing its economy. The International Law and Rules Frame (9.8%) looks at the legal and regulatory issues around the TikTok ban. These articles ask if the U.S. actions break international trade rules and norms. They see the ban as part of a challenge to the global market order. It discusses the possibility that the U.S. is violating international agreements or attempting to reshape global trade in its favor. Finally, the Public and Expert Opinions Frame (4.9%) presents insights from domestic and international experts and public opinion. This frame provides a broader spectrum of views on the TikTok ban but is much less prominent than the other frames. Overall, these categories show a clear pattern of framing that supports the Chinese government\u0026apos;s stance on the TikTok ban and its broader geopolitical concerns. The ban is portrayed as part of a broader U.S. strategy to contain China. This framing is consistent with the government\u0026apos;s need to maintain a unified narrative that emphasizes the illegitimacy of U.S. actions and protects China\u0026apos;s national interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2 CNN on Framing the TikTok Ban\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCNN\u0026apos;s coverage of the TikTok ban often focuses on security risks. This frame appears in 40% of the articles. It highlights data privacy, security, and potential threats to U.S. national security. It often mentions U.S. officials\u0026apos; worries about TikTok\u0026apos;s data practices. However, it does not provide solid evidence linking the Chinese government to these practices. In particular, Brian Feng, a Asian-American journalist at CNN, presents a particularly clear perspective on this issue. Despite the lack of available online sources regarding his precise ancestry, the CNN reporter\u0026apos;s website indicates that he is proficient in English, Mandarin, and Cantonese. His reports are structured around the stance of the U.S. government, with a focus on security concerns and legal actions against TikTok. While he highlights U.S. security measures and legal steps, there is a notable absence of examination of China\u0026apos;s perspective or TikTok\u0026apos;s stance. The second most common frame is the Legal Compliance Frame, making up 25% of the coverage. These articles focus on the legal battles surrounding the U.S. government\u0026apos;s efforts to ban TikTok. They often cover lawsuits against the ban and the legal steps taken by both the U.S. and TikTok to challenge it. Most of these reports stress TikTok\u0026apos;s legal responses and its attempts to prevent the ban through court cases. Next, the Economic Harm Frame appears in 15% of the articles. This frame discusses the possible economic impact of the TikTok ban on the U.S. tech industry and the global economy. Many of these articles highlight how U.S. businesses, especially those relying on TikTok for advertising, might be affected. They also address the wider effects on global trade relations. The International Law and Rules Frame makes up 10% of the coverage. These articles focus on the violation of international agreements and the global effects of the U.S. ban on a Chinese company. This frame looks at the broader geopolitical consequences and how the ban could affect international trade. Finally, the Public and Expert Opinions Frame, also accounting for 10% of the coverage, presents views from U.S. experts, political analysts, and the public. These articles highlight the broader societal impacts of the TikTok ban, showing the divide within the public over the issue. They also show differing opinions between national security experts and tech industry professionals. Overall, CNN\u0026apos;s coverage of the TikTok ban focuses on U.S. concerns, not China\u0026apos;s role. This aligns with the dominant security and legal concerns in U.S. media, which often downplay the Chinese perspective and anti-China sentiment. Journalists like Brian Feng, who focus on U.S. policy and security, play a key role in shaping this coverage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.3 Comparison of Types of Sources Used in TikTok Ban reports\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSources of information are important in frame analysis to further analyse how something is perceived from different perspectives(Entman,1993). In order to find out the possible reasons behind the formation of different frames, table 3 compares the types of sources used in the news coverage of the TikTok ban by People\u0026apos;s Daily Online (PDO) and CNN, based on 41 articles from PDO and 48 articles from CNN. The data highlights the differences in how these two outlets source information for their reports on the TikTok ban.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGovernment and Officials\u003c/strong\u003e: PDO and CNN rely heavily on government sources, but PDO uses them more often. Government and official sources comprise 47.3% of PDO\u0026apos;s articles, while CNN uses them in 39.0%. This shows that both outlets use government perspectives, but PDO\u0026apos;s coverage is slightly more focused on government narratives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperts and Analysts\u003c/strong\u003e: PDO relies on experts and analysts more than CNN. Experts comprise 30.2% of PDO\u0026apos;s sources, while CNN uses them in 19.8% of its articles. This suggests that PDO emphasizes expert opinions, especially from Chinese scholars or experts linked to the state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublic Opinion\u003c/strong\u003e: Public opinion sources are more common in CNN\u0026apos;s coverage than in PDO\u0026apos;s. Public opinion accounts for 21.3% of CNN\u0026apos;s sources, while PDO uses them in 12.5% of its articles. This shows that CNN includes more perspectives from the public, reflecting the broader range of opinions in U.S. media.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForeign Media and International Perspectives: PDO uses foreign media and international sources in 5.0% of its articles, while CNN uses them more often, at 13.0%. This difference indicates that CNN is more likely to incorporate international perspectives, such as those from global tech companies or foreign governments, into its coverage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther Sources\u003c/strong\u003e: A significant difference is seen in the \u0026quot;Other sources.\u0026quot; PDO uses this category in 45.0% of its articles, much higher than CNN\u0026apos;s 6.8%. PDO\u0026apos;s high use of \u0026quot;Other sources\u0026quot; reflects its reliance on reports from Chinese state-run media outlets, like Xinhua News Agency and Global Times. On the other hand, CNN uses fewer \u0026quot;Other sources,\u0026quot; showing that it draws from a more diverse range of primary sources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the data shows how PDO and CNN differ in their use of sources for reporting on the TikTok ban. PDO relies more on government narratives and state-controlled media, while CNN includes a broader mix of sources, such as expert opinions, public sentiment, and international perspectives. These differences highlight how each outlet sources its coverage and shapes the discussion around the TikTok ban.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.4 \u0026nbsp;People\u0026apos;s Daily Online and CNN represent issues and present solutions to problems in the context of news coverage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to answer the second research question, this study uses a frame analysis approach to summarise how events are attributed and solutions shown in both media. The representation of issues and solutions in People\u0026apos;s Daily Online (PDO) and CNN shows how the two media outlets construct the TikTok ban differently, shaped by their national political contexts. The results show that both media outlets focused on different dimensions and solutions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the coverage of the TikTok ban, People\u0026apos;s Daily Online (PDO) frames the issue primarily as an act of bullying by the United States. It presents the ban as an unfair action against a Chinese company, driven by political motivations rather than any legitimate security concerns. The Chinese government is portrayed as the victim of U.S. power, and PDO emphasizes this as part of a broader narrative about the U.S.\u0026apos;s tendency to impose its will on other nations. The solution proposed by PDO is to strongly condemn and resist these actions, highlighting the need for a united global front against U.S. hegemony. They stress the importance of China\u0026apos;s independence and self-determination in the face of external pressure. This framing reflects China\u0026apos;s broader stance on issues of sovereignty and international relations, underscoring the need for collective action against unfair practices by powerful nations. On the other hand, CNN\u0026apos;s coverage of the TikTok ban, while presenting multiple perspectives, leans heavily on concerns over national security and data privacy. CNN references various sources, including U.S. officials, public opinion, and security experts, to emphasize the potential risks posed by the platform. The U.S. government\u0026apos;s stance is prominently featured, with discussions of privacy concerns and the platform\u0026apos;s ability to collect vast amounts of data. However, CNN also provides space for commentators who argue that the U.S. should focus on broader reforms, including updating domestic data security laws and addressing the rise of monopolistic platforms. This solution suggests a more systemic approach to addressing data privacy issues, beyond just targeting individual companies. CNN\u0026apos;s coverage reflects a more nuanced and less ideologically driven perspective, where the solutions offered aim to reform the U.S. tech industry and prevent future monopolies, rather than purely addressing international relations. These differing frames reveal the contrast between the two outlets in how they attribute blame for the TikTok ban and propose solutions. While PDO focuses on resisting U.S. pressure and emphasizing China\u0026apos;s sovereignty, CNN presents a more complex view that centers on privacy concerns and suggests domestic regulatory changes as a way forward.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWhile the data from the study was not large enough to fully represent the studies could be fully representative of English-language media in China and the United States or the two governments, this study did find out how the two media outlets framed their coverage and how they presented the TikTok Ban incident and how it was attributed and the solutions that were proposed. The findings also reaffirm the usefulness of framing theory and framing research methodology in studying transnational media's shaping of the same globally controversial event, especially in the long history of geopolitical and international relations between China and the United States. The dominant frames used by People's Daily Online and CNN in their coverage of the TikTok ban differ significantly in terms of their attribution and proposed solutions. PDO frames the issue as a political attack by the U.S., focusing on national sovereignty and resistance, while CNN emphasizes security concerns and the legal aspects of the ban. These framing differences reflect the political and cultural contexts of the two media outlets and highlight the importance of framing theory in understanding how media shapes international conflicts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Dominant Frames in People's Daily Online and CNN\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dominant frame in PDO's coverage of the TikTok ban is the U.S. Bullying Frame. PDO attributes the TikTok ban largely to the U.S. government's unjust actions against a Chinese company, which it portrays as a form of bullying. The coverage often frames the ban as an unfair attack on China, reflecting the media's alignment with the Chinese government's narrative of external interference and hegemonic behavior by the U.S. (Miao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This frame emphasizes national sovereignty and frames the U.S. as the aggressor, using its global influence to target Chinese companies without credible evidence of wrongdoing. PDO also emphasizes that the TikTok ban is not just about national security but also about geopolitical tensions. It stresses how this issue is part of a broader pattern of U.S. actions that challenge China's global ambitions and independence. This framing is in line with China's broader political narrative, where foreign interference, especially from the U.S., is depicted as a significant threat to China's sovereignty and national pride. The solution presented in PDO's framing typically calls for strong condemnation, resistance, and international unity, with the aim of defending China's position on the global stage. In a report headlined 'China blasts US \u0026ldquo;unreasonable\u0026rdquo; crackdown after TikTok ban' by PDO on 1 March 2023, the main use of the political repression framing, meaning that the US has taken unreasonable measures against Chinese companies. The news report here begins with a clear characterisation in the headline that the US ban on TikTok is 'unreasonable', then describes a series of legal moves made by the US in relation to TikTok, and then begins to quote at length from a spokesperson for China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressing China's strong opposition to such a misguided move by the US. U.S. moves that are so wrong. The words used are very clear, and the right and wrong viewpoints are expressed very clearly. Then it goes on to quote various experts' comments on tiktokban, all of which accuse it of being irrational, and re-emphasise it. It is directly pointed out that this is an economic and political suppression of China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, CNN's coverage of the TikTok ban is dominated by the National Security Frame and the Legal Compliance Frame. CNN presents the ban as a response to security concerns, particularly data privacy and the fear that TikTok could be used by the Chinese government to spy on U.S. citizens. The National Security Frame emphasizes U.S. officials' concerns about the app's data collection practices and the potential risks to U.S. national security (Feng, 2023). However, it is important to note that CNN's coverage also acknowledges that there is no direct evidence linking TikTok to Chinese espionage activities. Despite this, the news media continues to highlight security concerns, suggesting that these risks are sufficient justification for the U.S. government's actions. Another prominent frame in CNN's coverage is the Legal Compliance Frame, which focuses on the legal battles surrounding the ban. CNN extensively covers the lawsuits filed against the U.S. government's proposed ban, framing the issue as a conflict between national security measures and the constitutional rights of individuals and businesses. The Legal Compliance Frame also emphasizes TikTok's efforts to challenge the ban in court and its attempts to find a legal resolution to the issue. This framing emphasizes the legal complexities involved, reflecting the U.S. media's focus on the rule of law and the importance of ensuring that government actions are aligned with legal frameworks and democratic values. While CNN adopts a multifaceted framing approach, presenting a range of perspectives, it still places significant emphasis on the U.S. government's actions and public concerns about privacy and security. This focus on government measures and public sentiment about the security risks of TikTok creates a narrative that aligns with broader American concerns about data privacy and technology regulation. CNN's 23 March 2023 report titled 'The US government is once again threatening to ban TikTok. What you should know' primarily uses Security Risk Frame, which does not reflect any stands that characterise the event, and is more of a full recap of the event. It also mentioned that the US ban on TikTok was a victim of political conflict and the underlying anti-Chinese sentiment behind it. But through the reporting framework can also glimpse his arrangement of the real content. This report is CNN reporter Brian Feng as the main editor, in fact, his other related reports about TikTok ban, all strictly follow this order of reporting. First of all he would explain the incident, give a background introduction of the TikTok ban incident, and the moves made by the US officials towards TikTok. It is suggested that the U.S. was motivated by security concerns that the Chinese government would control the leaking of personal information and potential spying on the U.S. population by TikTok's parent company in Beijing. It then goes on to state in lesser detail that TikTok's personnel have stated that they have never received any directive from the Chinese government regarding illegal access to information and are disappointed by the unsubstantiated suspicions and allegations. It then goes on to explain the TikTok ban and the potential implications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2 Comparative Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the frames used by PDO and CNN, both outlets are framing the TikTok ban through the lens of national security, but the tone and focus of their frames differ significantly. PDO's U.S. Bullying Frame highlights China's opposition to the ban, framing the event as a political attack on China's sovereignty. This frame is characterized by a strong emotional tone, where the emphasis is on defending China's independence and resisting external pressure. In contrast, CNN's frames focus on the security concerns of the U.S., particularly the risks to national security and the legal dimensions of the ban. CNN presents the TikTok ban within the context of a democratic society's need to balance security concerns with individual rights. The coverage emphasizes the legal process and the efforts to resolve the issue through court cases and regulatory reforms. This framing is more procedural and neutral, focusing on the legalities and public policy debates rather than attributing blame to one party. The divergent framing of the TikTok ban by PDO and CNN is not only a reflection of their national interests but also their respective media environments. In China, where the media is largely state-controlled, PDO's coverage aligns with the government's narrative and reflects the country's ideological stance on international relations. Meanwhile, CNN, based in the U.S., reflects a more pluralistic media environment, where multiple perspectives are presented, but with an emphasis on the government's national security concerns and the legal processes surrounding the ban. Even when the same objective facts are reported, different frames of coverage are created through headlines, content layout, and the proportion of each factual component in the full text.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor example, the Montana government was the first to propose a legal ban on TikTok, which was one of the most frequently reported topics in 2022\u0026ndash;2023 for the TikTok ban event. The truth is that this move by the Montana government involves a violation of the U.S. Constitution. And a violation of the American people's right to freedom. In the PDO 'U.S. judge blocks Montana's ban of TikTok' 01 November 2023, the news is stated in just 6 sentences. A U.S. judge was also quoted to illustrate the story. And in the same month CNN's story titled 'Judge blocks Montana's TikTok ban from taking effect on January 1' was more than twice as long as PDO's story to describe the event, also indicating that the media is The CNN report quoted a number of U.S. officials' concerns about the incident, which were directed at U.S. officials' concerns about the safety of TikTok, and discussed and emphasised the unconstitutional nature of Montana's passage of the bill.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3 Responsibility and solutions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe attribution of responsibility in the coverage of the TikTok ban reveals key differences between PDO and CNN. As highlighted in the framing analysis, PDO attributes the TikTok ban primarily to U.S. bullying behavior. The ban is presented as an unfair action, driven by political motivations rather than any real security concerns. PDO's framing emphasizes that the U.S. is using its power to target a Chinese company, framing it as part of a broader narrative of U.S. interference in China's national affairs. This framing reflects China's broader political stance, where the U.S. is seen as a hegemonic force acting unjustly against a sovereign nation (Miao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). One of the reasons for the TikTok ban in the United States is also because the popularity of TikTok has already influenced American users to a large extent, and the reason behind the US's long history of hegemony, which has made them fearful of controlling the ideology of the population, is that the United States is not able to accept the potential influence of other countries on their ideology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, CNN adopts a more neutral and balanced approach in its attribution. The ban is framed primarily as a response to concerns over data privacy and national security. CNN highlights the U.S. government's worry about potential security risks posed by TikTok's data practices but does not provide definitive evidence to support claims of Chinese government involvement. This reflects CNN's broader editorial stance, which often presents the U.S. government's actions as being driven by public concern over privacy rather than pure political maneuvering. However, the coverage does suggest that China's response to the ban, as well as the broader geopolitical tensions, cannot be ignored. This framing allows CNN to present a multifaceted view, giving voice to various stakeholders, including security experts and public opinion, without placing direct blame on China or the U.S Proposed. In terms of proposed solutions, the two media outlets also differ significantly. PDO's solution is clear and aligned with its attribution of responsibility. The call for strong condemnation and resistance reflects China's stance against foreign pressure and emphasizes the importance of global unity in rejecting what it sees as unfair actions by the U.S. The proposed solution is not just about protecting TikTok but about defending China's independence on the global stage. PDO advocates for a collective stance where countries around the world stand together against the U.S. decision, promoting self-reliance and sovereignty as the ultimate solution (Miao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). CNN, on the other hand, presents a more policy-oriented solution. While the coverage underscores the importance of addressing data privacy issues and national security concerns, commentators suggest that a broader reform of U.S. data security laws is necessary to address the root causes of the conflict. Furthermore, CNN includes suggestions to prevent monopolistic practices in the tech industry, which could lead to the emergence of new, more equitable platforms. These proposed solutions are rooted in the belief that the issue lies within the broader structure of U.S. tech policy and governance, not just in the actions of individual companies like TikTok. This framing suggests that the problem is systemic, and the solution should involve comprehensive legal and regulatory changes to protect both consumer privacy and market competition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePDO's framing of the report sees the TikTok ban as an act of bullying by the U.S., emphasising that it is an unfair crackdown on Chinese companies.PDO's report mentions that while the U.S. government has raised security concerns, there is no direct evidence of espionage on TikTok.PDO sees the ban as political and economic aggression by the U.S., arguing that the U.S. is using its geopolitical power to to suppress China's technological development. PDO's proposed solution to the ban is to strongly condemn the U.S.'s actions and call for international solidarity to emphasise China's independence and sovereignty. In China, the media is tightly controlled by the government, and news coverage is often limited by national interests and ideological frameworks. According to scholars, the media environment in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is highly centralised, with media outlets often following official guidelines and reinforcing the government's position (Li, 2018). For example, People's Daily Online (PDO) attributed the TikTok ban to the bullying behaviour of the United States, emphasising that it was an unfair economic sanction, a stance that is exactly in line with the Chinese government's stance in international affairs, which is to oppose unilateralist behaviour by foreign powers. Chinese media reports often attribute the root causes of domestic and international problems to the interference of external powers, reinforcing China's independence and sovereignty on the global stage (Zhao, 2017). This reporting framework not only reflects the Chinese government's dominant role in media content, but also reveals the important role of Chinese media in foreign policy. In contrast, CNN's coverage was more complex, citing multiple sources and presenting a more diverse range of perspectives.CNN's coverage focused on the U.S. government's security concerns, particularly with regard to data privacy and national security.CNN cited U.S. officials highlighting the possibility that user data collected by TikTok could be exploited by the Chinese government, although there is no conclusive evidence that the Chinese government directly controls TikTok. CNN also reported on public concerns about privacy and proposed broader policy solutions, such as updating data security laws in the U.S. and preventing monopolistic behaviour by tech companies. CNN's framework not only focuses on the government's actions, but also showcases a wide range of voices with suggestions for policy reforms. On the other hand, the U.S. media environment is relatively diverse, and news coverage is influenced by more political, economic, and social factors. The diversity and freedom of the U.S. media allows voices of different political stances to be represented in news coverage. According to research, news coverage in the U.S. tends to present a more balanced and objective perspective, especially when dealing with international issues (Boyle \u0026amp; Thomas, 2020).CNN, as one of the mainstream media outlets in the U.S., presented a more balanced perspective in its coverage of the TikTok ban, although it also cited multiple sources of information and presented a more balanced viewpoint, it still focused on the security concerns of the U.S. government, especially on the data privacy and national security topics. This is related to the media culture in the United States, which typically focuses more on the domestic government's stance when dealing with such issues, and there is a clear sense of public privacy protection in the coverage. This framing of coverage reflects the US public's concerns about the data privacy of tech companies and the US government's high regard for 'national security' issues (Friedman, 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the differences in media framing between the two countries, both are influenced to some extent by their respective political systems and social cultures. In China, media frames are more focused on preserving the country's image and expressing resistance to external pressures, while in the United States, media frames focus more on government security measures and people's demands for privacy protection. As Tiffen (2014) points out, media frames in different countries often reflect their respective political ecologies and cultural preferences. For the United States, the media is more concerned with free markets and data protection, while China emphasises state sovereignty and opposition to external interference. Media coverage in China and the United States not only reflects the differences in their respective political systems and cultures, but also reveals the different positions and values of the two countries in international affairs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of CNN and People\u0026apos;s Daily Online\u0026apos;s coverage of the TikTok ban highlights significant differences in framing, attribution of responsibility and proposed solutions. These differences are shaped by the distinct political, economic, and cultural contexts within which each media outlet operates. CNN\u0026apos;s coverage reflects a balanced approach that acknowledges both U.S. security concerns and the legal challenges of the ban, while People\u0026apos;s Daily Online\u0026apos;s coverage is more critical and condemnatory, emphasizing China\u0026apos;s victimhood.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study analyzed how People\u0026apos;s Daily Online (PDO) and CNN framed the TikTok ban, focusing on the reasons behind the ban and the proposed solutions. The research revealed that PDO frames the issue primarily as U.S. bullying, viewing the ban as an unfair action against China. In contrast, CNN presents a more balanced view but focuses on U.S. concerns about privacy and security. CNN\u0026apos;s framing highlights government actions and public anxiety over data protection, while also offering new solutions like updating U.S. data security policies and preventing monopolistic platforms. The findings suggest that the media in each country reflects its political and cultural context. In China, PDO\u0026apos;s coverage aligns closely with the official government narrative, emphasizing national sovereignty and resistance against foreign interference. CNN, operating in a more open media environment, provides a variety of perspectives but remains largely focused on the security and privacy concerns raised by the U.S. government. Despite this difference in focus, both media outlets advocate for different solutions\u0026mdash;PDO calls for global unity and strong condemnation of U.S. actions, while CNN highlights the need for policy updates to address the underlying issues of data security and monopolies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough this study provide valuable insights into the media framing of the TikTok ban, has several limitations that must be acknowledged. First, the research is based on a limited sample of articles from only two media outlets: People\u0026apos;s Daily Online (PDO) and CNN. While this focused approach allows for a detailed comparison, it may not fully capture the diversity of frames present in the wider media landscape of both countries. Other prominent Chinese and U.S. news sources could present different perspectives or emphasize alternative frames that are not covered in this study. Therefore, future research could extend the scope to include a broader range of media outlets from both countries to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the framing of the TikTok ban. Second, the study relies on qualitative framing analysis, which, while useful for examining how news is framed, may not fully account for the variety of factors influencing media coverage, such as audience preferences, political affiliations, or the broader media ecosystem. To enhance the robustness of the findings, future studies could incorporate quantitative methods, such as content analysis, to measure the prevalence of different frames across a wider sample of articles and to assess whether certain frames are more dominant over time. Another limitation is the lack of consideration of how these media frames are perceived by the general public. The study focuses on the media\u0026apos;s portrayal of the TikTok ban but does not explore how audiences interpret or respond to these frames. This is an important area for future research, as understanding the public\u0026apos;s reception of media messages can provide valuable insights into how media frames shape public opinion and influence political discourse. Lastly, this study mainly addresses the frames and solutions presented by PDO and CNN without deeply exploring the potential influence of governmental or institutional pressures on their framing practices. Future research could investigate the role of state control in media environment and how this affects the framing of international conflicts. Additionally, examining the influence of corporate interests, such as the involvement of tech companies in media reporting on issues like the TikTok ban, could offer new perspectives on how media outlets in both countries frame global issues.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis paper was completed independently by the author.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCNN\u0026lsquo;s report on TikTok Banhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/22/tech/tiktok-lite-eu-investigation/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/27/tech/canada-bans-tiktok-government-devices/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/07/tech/senators-bill-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/14/tech/bipartisan-senate-bill-tiktok-export-controls/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/26/politics/tiktok-ban-congress-mcmorris-rodgers-threat-cnntv/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/14/tech/nepal-tiktok-ban-hnk-intl/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/videos/business/2023/03/01/exp-tiktok-screen-limit-crowdstrike-michael-sentonas-030103pseg1-cnni-business.cnnhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/28/tech/montana-tiktok-ban-lawsuit/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/14/tech/india-us-tiktok-ban-analysis-intl-hnk/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/23/tech/tiktok-ceo-montana-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/20/tech/tiktok-court-filing-biden-administration/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/07/us/tiktok-ban-culture-cec/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/28/politics/tiktok-federal-device-ban-guidance/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/16/tech/uk-tiktok-government-device-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/16/opinions/tiktok-ban-congress-privacy-law-greer-ctpr/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/30/business/judge-blocks-montana-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/18/tech/tiktok-ban-explainer/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/16/tech/congress-privacy-tiktok-meta-social-network/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/videos/business/2024/03/13/tiktok-ban-vote-bytedance-china-marc-stewart-vpx.cnnhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/31/tech/tiktok-ban-pew-survey/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/02/tech/fresh-legal-blows-tiktok-ban-court-challenges/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/28/tech/tiktok-eu-ban-intl-hnk/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/17/politics/tiktok-ban-representatives-who-use-the-app/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/02/tech/fcc-commissioner-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/18/tech/tiktok-montana-lawsuit/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/28/tech/house-tiktok-vote/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/12/tech/tiktok-us-ban-consideration-chuck-schumer/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/08/tech/biden-tiktok-bill/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/15/tech/senate-tiktok-ban-devices/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/28/tech/house-bans-tiktok/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/19/tech/montana-tiktok-ban-legal-enforcement-challenges/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/05/07/tech/tiktok-sues-us-app-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/14/tech/montana-house-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/17/tech/montana-governor-tiktok/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/20/tech/house-passes-legislation-that-could-ban-tiktok-in-the-us-amid-high-stakes-vote-on-foreign-aid/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/16/tech/tiktok-ban-users/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/07/tech/senators-bill-tiktok-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/08/tech/tiktok-ban-congress-house-biden-trump/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/22/tech/tiktok-vows-legal-challenge-to-potential-us-app-ban/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/20/tech/tiktok-ban-explained/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/13/politics/20240313-congress-tiktok-ban-bill-vote-dg/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/23/tech/congress-tiktok-ban-what-next/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/07/tech/congress-bill-bans-tiktok-america/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/13/tech/tiktok-ban-us-bill-explained/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/13/politics/house-vote-tiktok-ban-bill/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/12/tech/us-tiktok-ban-bill/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/13/tech/tiktok-ban-bill/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/04/tech/tiktok-sued-harmful-content-children-france/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/22/politics/tik-tok-young-voters/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/11/tech/tiktok-documents-teen-users/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/08/tech/tiktok-sued-14-states-childrens-mental-health/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/02/politics/donald-trump-joins-tiktok/index.htmlhttps://edition.cnn.com/videos/politics/2024/02/14/exp-tsr-todd-biden-campaign-video-joins-tiktok.cnnhttps://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/26/tech/tiktok-youtube-snap-hearing/index.htmlPeople\u0026rsquo;s daily\u0026rsquo;s report on TikTok Banhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0712/c90000-9709584.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0803/c90000-9717389.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0805/c90000-9718285.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0805/c90000-9718432.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0815/c90000-9721908.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0928/c90000-9765152.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0928/c90000-9765328.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0929/c90000-9765454.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0929/c90000-9765526.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2020/1209/c90000-9797267.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0301/c90000-10214203.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0327/c90000-10227817.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0327/c90000-10227329.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0417/c90000-20006865.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0520/c90000-20021406.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0523/c90000-20022617.htmlhttp://usa.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0712/c241376-40033709.htmlhttp://world.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0523/c1002-32692895.htmlhttp://usa.people.com.cn/n1/2025/0124/c241376-40408428.htmlhttp://world.people.com.cn/n1/2023/1201/c1002-40129866.htmlhttp://world.people.com.cn/n1/2024/1217/c1002-40383909.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0809/c90000-20056259.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/1013/c90000-20083088.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/1201/c90000-20104896.htmlhttp://en.people.cn/n3/2023/1201/c90000-20104896.htmlhttp://usa.people.com.cn/n1/2024/0425/c241376-40223671.html\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEntman, R. M. (2007). Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Communication,\u003c/em\u003e 57(1), 163\u0026ndash;173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEntman, R. M., \u0026amp; Usher, N. (2018). Framing in a fractured democracy: Impacts of digital technology on ideology, power and cascading network activation. \u003cem\u003eJournal of communication\u003c/em\u003e, 68(2), 298-308.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGurevitch, M., \u0026amp; Blumler, J. G. (2004). State of the art of comparative political communication research. \u003cem\u003eComparing political communication\u003c/em\u003e, 325-343.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHa, L., Yang, Y., Ray, R., Matanji, F., Chen, P., Guo, K., \u0026amp; Lyu, N. (2020). How US and Chinese media cover the US\u0026ndash;China trade conflict: A case study of war and peace journalism practice and the foreign policy equilibrium hypothesis. \u003cem\u003eNegotiation and Conflict Management Research.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHearns-Branaman, J. O. (2017). Official enemies in commercial and soft power media: Agency and the Iran crisis in the United States, United Kingdom, Chinese, and Iranian news. \u003cem\u003eJournalism Studies\u003c/em\u003e, 18(4), 449-469.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHearns-Branaman, J. O., \u0026amp; Bergman, T. (Eds.). (2022). \u003cem\u003eJournalism and Foreign Policy:\u003c/em\u003e How the US and UK Media Cover Official Enemies. Taylor \u0026amp; Francis.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHerman, E. S., \u0026amp; Chomsky, N. (2008). \u003cem\u003eManufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media (2nd ed.)\u003c/em\u003e. Bodley Head. (Original work published 1988)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHussain, S., \u0026amp; Jehangir, A. (2024). Coverage of Taliban\u0026apos;s takeover of Afghanistan in the international press: A perspective on indexing theory. \u003cem\u003eJournalism, 25\u003c/em\u003e(3), 692-709.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJeanard Anthony M. Robiego, \u0026amp; Danna Karyl Jane C. Talde. (2024). Examining Biases in ABS-CBN Online News: A Framing Analysis of Reporting about President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. \u003cem\u003eOkara: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 18\u003c/em\u003e(1), 17\u0026ndash;35. https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v18i1.10719\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJia, W., \u0026amp; Lu, F. (2021). US media\u0026apos;s coverage of China\u0026apos;s handling of COVID-19: Playing the role of the fourth branch of government or the fourth estate? \u003cem\u003eGlobal Media and Ch\u003c/em\u003eina, 6(1), 8-23.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJia, W., \u0026amp; Lu, F. (2024). Media convergence for US\u0026ndash;China competition? Comparative case studies of China Media Group and the US Agency for Global Media. \u003cem\u003eInternational Communication\u003c/em\u003e Gazette, 86(6), 477-501.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKuan, D., Mohd Hasan, N. A., Mohd Zawawi, J. W., \u0026amp; Abdullah, Z. (2021). Framing Theory Application in Public Relations: The Lack of Dynamic Framing Analysis in Competitive Context. \u003cem\u003eMedia Watch\u003c/em\u003e, 12(2), 333\u0026ndash;351.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKwak, H., An, J., \u0026amp; Ahn, Y. Y. (2020, July). A systematic media frame analysis of 1.5 million New York Times articles from 2000 to 2017. \u003cem\u003eIn Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Web Science\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 305-314).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLinstr\u0026ouml;m, M., \u0026amp; Marais, W. (2012). Qualitative news frame analysis: A methodology.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu, X., \u0026amp; Yang, Y. E. (2015). Examining China\u0026apos;s official media perception of the United States: A content analysis of People\u0026apos;s Daily coverage. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Chinese Political Science\u003c/em\u003e, 20, 385-408.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLuke, D. A., Caburnay, C. A., \u0026amp; Cohen, E. L. (2011). How much is enough? New recommendations for using constructed week sampling in newspaper content analysis of health stories. \u003cem\u003eCommunication Methods and Measures\u003c/em\u003e, 5(1), 76-91.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMiao, W., Huang, D., \u0026amp; Huang, Y. (2023). More than business: The de-politicisation and re-politicisation of TikTok in the media discourses of China, America, and India (2017\u0026ndash;2020). \u003cem\u003eMedia International Australia\u003c/em\u003e, 186(1), 97-114.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNguyen, D. (2023). How news media frame data risks in their coverage of big data and AI. \u003cem\u003eInternet Policy Review\u003c/em\u003e, 12(2), 1-30.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNurul Imaroh, Sofyan Hadi, Minan Jauhari, Kun Wazis, \u0026amp; Syachirul A\u0026apos;dhom Al Fajri. (2024). Analysis of Media Framing in Controversy Report of the Ustadz Hanan Attaki Bai\u0026apos;at on NU.\u003cem\u003eOnline. Komunika,\u003c/em\u003e 18(2), 223\u0026ndash;232. https://doi.org/10.24090/komunika.v18i2.10467\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePan, Z., \u0026amp; Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. \u003cem\u003ePolitical Communication\u003c/em\u003e, 10(1), 55-75.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePuji, M., et al. (2019). Journalistic ethics in news reporting: Framing analysis of controversial topics. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Media and Communication Studies\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRiffe, D., Aust, C. F., \u0026amp; Lacy, S. R. (1993). The effectiveness of random, consecutive day and constructed week sampling in newspaper content analysis. \u003cem\u003eJournalism Quarterly\u003c/em\u003e, 70(1), 133-139.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSong, Y., Lee, C. C., \u0026amp; Huang, Z. (2021). The news prism of nationalism versus globalism: How does the US, UK and Chinese elite press cover \u0026apos;China\u0026apos;s rise\u0026apos;? \u003cem\u003eJournalism, 22\u003c/em\u003e(8), 2071-2090.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTourni, I. C., Guo, L., Hu, H., Halim, E., Ishwar, P., Daryanto, T., ... \u0026amp; Wijaya, D. T. (2024). Detecting frames in news headlines and lead images in US gun violence coverage. \u003cem\u003earXiv preprint arXiv\u003c/em\u003e:2406.17213.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYuniawan, T., Urip, S. R., Seinsiani, I. G., Din, W. A., Swanto, S., \u0026amp; Ardi, H. (2023). Media Framing and COVID-19 Infodemic in News Headlines of Indonesian Online Newspapers. \u003cem\u003eEurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics\u003c/em\u003e, 9(2), 19-32.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYu, Z., Cheng, N., \u0026amp; Zhang, C. (2023). A Study on the Media Framework during Beijing Winter Olympic Games from a Comparative Perspective: Taking People\u0026apos;s Daily Online and CNN as Examples. \u003cem\u003eIn SHS Web of Conferences\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 155, p. 03016). EDP Sciences\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhao, X., De Swert, K., Boukes, M., \u0026amp; Vliegenthart, R. (2023). Framing EU\u0026ndash;China Trade Relations: A Content Analysis of UK Newspaper Coverage (2001\u0026ndash;2021). \u003cem\u003eJournalism Studies\u003c/em\u003e, 24(15), 1918-1936.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, X., \u0026amp; Luther, C. A. (2020). Transnational news media coverage of distant suffering in the Syrian civil war: An analysis of CNN, Al-Jazeera English and Sputnik online news. \u003cem\u003eMedia, War \u0026amp; Conflict\u003c/em\u003e, 13(4), 399-424.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, Z. (2022). Contesting legitimacy in China\u0026apos;s crisis communication: A framing analysis of reported social actors engaging in SARS and COVID-19. \u003cem\u003eChinese Journal of Communication\u003c/em\u003e, 15(2), 182-204.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"TikTok Ban, China-US media comparison, Framing theory, Framing analysis, People's Daily Online, CNN","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6265409/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6265409/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the media framing of the TikTok ban in People's Daily Online (PDO) and CNN between 2020 and 2024. Using framing theory and qualitative framing analysis, the research examines how each outlet constructs meaning around the TikTok ban and presents related issues and solutions. The results show that despite the differences in media framing between the two countries, both are influenced to some extent by their respective political systems and social cultures. PDO blames the ban on bullying by the U.S., portraying it as unfair and politically motivated. PDO presents a solution that strongly condemns the ban and encourages global solidarity while emphasizing China's independence. In contrast, CNN has a more balanced perspective, incorporating a variety of viewpoints but focusing primarily on the actions of the U.S. government and public concerns about privacy and security.CNN recommends that the U.S. update its data security policies to prevent the rise of monopoly tech platforms.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Framing the Same Reality: The TikTok Ban Through Chinese and U.S. English-Language Media Lenses (2020-2024)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-18 12:22:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6265409/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b789ea26-baf8-45ab-abbc-73189806d660","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53150096,"name":"Humanities/Cultural and media studies"},{"id":53150097,"name":"Social science/Cultural and media studies"},{"id":53150098,"name":"Social science/Politics and international relations"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-02T10:11:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-18 12:22:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6265409","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6265409","identity":"rs-6265409","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}