The Adaptation Deficit in Post-Closure Mining: A Systematic Review of Climate Risk Governance in Canada

The Adaptation Deficit in Post-Closure Mining: A Systematic Review of Climate Risk Governance in Canada | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Adaptation Deficit in Post-Closure Mining: A Systematic Review of Climate Risk Governance in Canada Nicolas Brunet, Sarah-Anne Thompson, Aarisha Haider, Laura Gareau Sanchez This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920264/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract As climate change increasingly threatens the long-term stability of closed and closing mine sites, integrating climate adaptation into mine closure planning has become a critical yet underdeveloped area of practice. This systematic literature review examines how climate change adaptation is currently conceptualized and operationalized in the post-closure phase of mining in Canada. Drawing on a sample of 53 multi-sectoral reports and studies published between 1998 and 2024, this review provides an in-depth exploration of authorship, geographic focus, thematic emphasis, and the extent to which adaptation practices are translated into applied guidance. Findings reveal that although attention to climate-related risk in post-closure contexts has grown markedly over the past decade, substantive guidance and documented implementation of adaptation measures remain limited. Recurring barriers include insufficient technical guidance, uncertainty in climate projections, financial and liability constraints, and gaps in institutional capacity. The review identifies a persistent disconnect between growing awareness of climate risks and the integration of climate-resilient strategies into long-term mine stewardship. These findings underscore the need for clearer regulatory direction, improved practical tools, and stronger cross-sector collaboration to support adaptive, long-term management of mine sites in a rapidly changing climate. climate change resources extraction mine closure resilience adaptive capacity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Context The global mining industry plays a critical role in supplying the minerals required for electrification, decarbonization, and clean-technology transitions. Demand for many critical minerals is projected to increase substantially over the coming decades, intensifying pressures to expand extraction in both established and emerging mining regions (Alonso et al., 2012; Giurco et al., 2019; Grandell et al., 2016). Because economically viable mineral deposits are unevenly distributed across the Earth’s crust, mining activities are inherently spatially constrained, occurring only where geological potential intersects with infrastructure, governance, and investment conditions (Fraser Institute, 2024). Mining is also inherently temporary: mineral deposits can support production only for finite periods (Kauppila, 2018). Once operations cease, mine sites remain embedded within surrounding landscapes and communities, often requiring decades or even centuries of monitoring and maintenance (Keenan & Holcombe, 2021). Post-closure environments are frequently characterized by altered hydrological regimes, contaminated soils and waters, tailings storage facilities, and long-term ecological disruption, all of which can pose enduring risks to ecosystems and human health (Beckett & Keeling, 2019; Sonter et al., 2014). It was not until the late twentieth century that governments and industry began to systematically confront the mounting impacts and associated costs associated with abandoned and inadequately reclaimed mine sites (International Council on Mining & Metals 2019; Monosky & Keeling, 2021). This recognition of post closure impacts prompted a shift toward stronger regulatory governance in many jurisdictions in the 1990s, including requirements for closure planning, financial assurance, and long-term care commitments prior to mine approval (Monosky & Keeling, 2021). Mine closure, as a result, has become recognized as an intrinsic phase of the mining life cycle rather than an afterthought addressed at the end of production (e.g., Golder and Associates, 2021; World Gold Council, 2018). Despite this shift, closure planning remains a complex, costly, and highly context-specific process that has historically received far less attention than active operations. Globally, hundreds of mines are expected to close over the coming decade, a trend likely to accelerate as coal-fired power generation declines and commodity markets fluctuate. At the same time, many existing closure plans were developed under assumptions of relatively stable environmental conditions. However, these assumptions are increasingly untenable (Bezzola et al., 2023). Since the late nineteenth century, global mean temperatures have risen by approximately 1.1°C, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations now exceed levels observed at any point in the last two million years (Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2023; Lee et al., 2023). The resulting impacts, including changes in precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, permafrost thaw, wildfire, and sea-level rise pose significant and often compounding risks to mine sites, particularly those requiring long-term containment or water management (Lee et al., 2023). Although research examining the intersection of climate change and mining has expanded over the past two decades, most studies continue to focus on operational risks, supply chain disruptions, or emissions reduction during active mining (e.g., Brunet and Longboat, 2023; Pearce et al., 2011; Loechel et al., 2013). Far less attention has been paid to the post-closure phase, even though climate-related hazards may intensify long after production has ceased. Only a limited number of studies explicitly examine how mine closure practices might be adapted to account for future climate conditions, and fewer still provide useful strategies (Bulovic et al., 2024; MacMillan et al., 2020). This gap is particularly evident in Canada, a leader in mineral production, valued at $74.6 billion (Government of Canada, 2024), where climatic change is occurring at roughly twice the global average and where thousands of closed or closing mine sites require long-term stewardship (Pearce et al., 2011; IPCC, 2023). Closed mine sites in Canada are also disproportionately located in northern areas of the country and Indigenous lands, where mining often represents both an economic opportunity and a source of long-term environmental and social risk within a unique post-colonial governance context (Cheshire, 2010; Gibson & Klinck, 2005; Sincovich et al., 2018). Developing climate adaptation strategies to avoid or mitigate future impacts of mine related hazards within this context should be a priority yet a lack of resources and knowledge, as well as regulatory tools persist. This lack of attention continues despite calls for stricter government regulation for over 20 years (Pearce et al., 2009). The goal of this study is to characterize current understandings of climate adaptation in the post-closure management of Canada’s mining sector. Specifically, the review aims to (1) identify the primary actors and institutions contributing to this body of work; (2) explore the major themes and conceptual framings emerging in the literature; and (3) examine which standards, tools, or best practices are recommended for incorporating climate adaptation into mine closure planning. 2. Methodology This study employed a systematic literature review to characterize existing knowledge on climate adaptation in the post-closure phase of mining focused broadly on the Canadian mining sector. Given the transdisciplinary nature of mine closure and climate adaptation, spanning engineering, environmental science, policy, and planning, a systematic approach provided a transparent and replicable method for integrating diverse sources of evidence (See Brunet and Fletcher, 2025; Reed et al., 2021). Canada was selected as the geographic focus for two primary reasons. First, the country has a long mining history and a substantial inventory of sites requiring long-term management. Second, Canada’s regulatory landscape is characterized by explicit closure planning requirements across provincial and territorial jurisdictions, making it a relevant context for examining emerging expectations around climate adaptation (Monosky and Keeling, 2021). Recent national initiatives, including the Canadian Critical Minerals Strategy and the National Adaptation Strategy, further reinforce the relevance of this jurisdiction for exploring the alignment between climate policy and resource governance (Government of Canada, 2024). Canada also released the Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan in 2022 to provide guidance on the integration of climate change into mine closure and post closure planning (ECCC, 2022). Since its creation in 2005, over 8,200 sites have been assessed through this process to assess the severity of contaminated sites, and 1,700 sites have been remediated or managed to mitigate exposure to contamination (ECCC, 2022). In 2022, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) released its Framework for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation Considerations to support FCSAP which outlines a comprehensive 10-step review process to guide practitioners through the lifecycle of site management (ECCC, 2022). This guidance provides a risk-based approach, advises custodians to consider shifting climate base lines, the potential for extreme events, and regional climate projections when evaluating long-term performance of closure strategies. The review followed a three-phase structure adapted from established systematic review methodologies (Fink 2019, Tranfield et al. 2003, Stechemesser & Guenther 2012). Phase 1: Determining Databases, and search terms Phase 2: Definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria Phase 3. Extraction/Analytical protocol 2.1 Determining Databases, and search terms A preliminary scan of systematic reviews related to mining and climate change was conducted in order to identify the most commonly used databases (e.g. Carr-Wilson et al. 2024; Raza et al., 2023). Through this process, two databases were determined to be appropriate in undertaking our study: Web of Science (Boldy, 2022; Carr-Wilson et al., 2024; Ros-Tonen et al., 2021; Tuokuu et al., 2019), and ABI/Inform (Curtin et al., 2017; Glienke & Guenther, 2016; Raza et al., 2023). ProQuest’s Environmental Science Database was also included, as background research revealed it to be a substantial repository of relevant information. Lastly, in order to capture grey literature, government documents, theses, dissertations, and industry publications, this systematic review also used Google Scholar (Stechemesser & Guenther, 2012; Tiamgne et al., 2022; Tuokuu et al., 2019), and the Google Search Engine (Tiamgne et al., 2022). Due to the diverse functionalities of the databases incorporated in this study, multiple search strategies, with tailored search terms and parameters, were required (Table 1). Generally, we searched for publications which contained all of the following: a title which included direct reference to mining or mineral extraction, explicit reference to post-closure mining activities in-text, discussion of climate change adaptation or resilience concepts in-text, and direct reference to a Canadian location (i.e., province, territory, or country as a whole). 2.2 Definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed to ensure relevance and comparability across publications. Only publications written in English were included in the study, along with those whose links provided by the databases were accessible via the author’s institutional library. This screening phase also excluded any publication whose title did not explicitly reference mines or mining, or whose abstract, introduction, or methodology did not include reference to a Canadian location. It was also decided that only publications that discussed climate change in the contemporary context would be included in order to respond to the research goal, removing those which discussed climate change over past geological or prehistoric time scales (e.g. Brunet and Fletcher, 2025). Lastly, this review included only publications that could be coded as either journal articles, industry reports, industry newsletters, theses, dissertations, or book chapters. 2.3 Extraction/Analytical protocol The review was completed in December 2024 for each of the five databases used in this study. PDF files of all publications were downloaded into the citation manager tool, Zotero (Corporation for Digital Scholarship, 2023). Duplicates were removed by the software. The initial search retrieved 1575 publications across all five databases. Following the removal of duplicates and the application of the aforementioned screening criteria, 156 documents remained, with publication dates ranging from 1998 to 2024 (Figure 1). 53% of documents retrieved were published since 2020 and the vast majority (98%) since 2014. As a result, we focused our attention on the decade between 2014-2024 and performed a random sample of 5 paper per year to be subject to our in-depth protocol (see below). The resulting sample size was 53 publications (n=53). Each publication was subject to a rigorous data extraction/analytical protocol, to allow for a consistent and meaningful data collection process across all documents (Kitchenham & Charters, 2007). The complete extraction protocol for this review, which collected data for 40 different variables in each publication, can be found in Table 2. In brief, we sought to respond to our three objectives and emerging themes from an initial review of the literature, and based on similar studies. Our protocol captured publication characteristics, conceptual framings of climate adaptation and closure, climate hazards referenced, identified barriers, and any reported real-world applications. As in Reed et al. (2021), we employed different analytical approaches depending on the variable type/analytical question favoring deductive close ended questions with pre-determined responses or codes. Variables under the ‘Publication Information’ were coded using predetermined responses (multiple choices) allowing for simple descriptives statistics (means). Others were categorical in nature helping with the broader characterization of the texts. Variables under ‘Climate Adaptation and Closure Content’, were extracted and analyzed using different strategies. For those identified as ‘count’ variables, we employed a full text count for key terms (analytical questions), excluding literature reviews, in order to focus on findings and context and allowing more consistency between article types that may or may not include thorough literature reviews. These scores were determined by dividing the number of times the concept was mentioned by the publication’s word count, standardized by 10,000. Scores are therefore synonymous with average number of mentions per 10,000 words. Scores for different response variables were compared statistically using an ANOVA test, comparing the means of the groups in SPSS version 28 when assumptions were met (IBM Corp., 2021). For open ended questions, we used a deductive process of coding and content analysis to understand the prevalence of certain predetermined themes in the software NVivo 13 (Lumivero, 2022). Variables under ‘Real World Application’ employed the same strategies as well as a few yes/no coded responses allowing for simple binary descriptive statistics (means). Many variables also included an ‘other’ response code allowing for new themes to emerge from an inductive analytical process and integrated into the discussion. 3. Results 3.1 Publication Source and Author Affiliations Of the publications analyzed in this review, 70% (n = 37) originated from either private reports or academic journal articles (Figure 1). Over a quarter (n = 15) of the publications originated from theses, dissertations, or mining industry newsletters, while only 2% (n = 1) came from book chapters (Figure 2). The primary authors were most often affiliated with an academic institution (55%, n = 30) or a company operating in the private sector (28%, n = 14). Government bodies and non-governmental organizations accounted for 15% (n = 8) and 2% (n = 1) of primary author affiliations, respectively. Primary authors (address of primary author or organization as reported or found via search) were predominantly located in British Columbia (19%, n = 10), Quebec (9%, n = 5), and Ontario (9%, n = 5). We found that nearly 45% (n = 24) of publications came from organizations operating at either a national (11%, n = 6), or international scale (34%, n =18). Publications often centered on numerous sites within and beyond Canada as a result. Figure 2 provides a breakdown of how many publications focused on different jurisdictions while simultaneously providing the number of primary authors in each (organization location). 3.2 Climate Adaptation and Closure Content Each publication was scored for the extent to which the concepts of climate, resilience, mitigation, and mine closure were discussed in-text. These scores were determined by dividing the number of times the concept was mentioned by the publication’s word count, standardized by 10,000, calibrating for article length. Scores therefore represented an average number of mentions per 10,000 words. The results for these scores are displayed in Figure 3, and although the range for closure scores was larger than those for the remaining three concepts, we found no significant difference in the average climate, resilience, mitigation, and mine closure scores across all 53 publications. When these scores were analyzed on the basis of source type and author affiliation however, it was found that book chapters and authors from the private sector had, on average, higher climate scores, while closure scores were highest for theses, dissertations, and private sector authors (Table 3). The private sector was also the only organization type which performed significantly higher than average in resilience scores (Table 3). Although the climate and closure scores seem to have increased slightly from 2014 to 2024, this change was determined to be statistically insignificant (p = 0.6585, p = 0.4267) (Figure 4). Further, the majority of publications possessed both closure and climate scores which remain below 50 (Figure 5). Although several had closure scores or climate scores which range upwards of 200, there were no publications identified which demonstrated scores higher than 50 in both closure and climate (Figure 5). 3.3 Climate Adaptation We coded the challenges identified in each publication associated with the success and failures of climate adaptation efforts in mine post-closure. Terminology frequently used by authors was identified as a result and integrated into a word cloud (Figure 6). Overwhelmingly, concepts like: “lack of guidance”, “high costs”, “data quality”, and “lack of expertise” were mentioned across the analyzed publications. Further, fewer than 6% (n = 3) of publications described an action they took related to climate adaptation and mine closure, while only 20% (n = 11) identified a relevant resource, or reported on the climate data they used. Overall, the findings indicate that while awareness of climate risks is increasing, practical applications of adaptation measures in post-closure planning remain uncommon. 4. Discussion 4.1 Interpreting Trends in Climate-Resilient Mine Closure and Post-Mining Futures Our study revealed a growing recognition of climate-related risks in post-closure mining contexts but also underscore a persistent gap between awareness and action. While the volume of literature addressing climate considerations has increased markedly since 2020, most publications remain conceptual in nature and provide limited guidance on how climate adaptation can be operationalized within closure planning and long-term site management (Aliano et al., 2023; Ding et al., 2022; Schmidt et al., 2013). Content analyses, in particular, revealed that references to climate change and mine closure were present across most publications, but were rarely integrated in a substantive or operational manner. Few documents engaged deeply with both climate risk and closure planning simultaneously, and even fewer provide detailed guidance or documented implementation of adaptation measures. Our analysis identified recurring barriers, including lack of technical guidance, uncertainty in climate data, financial constraints, and limited institutional capacity. Collectively, these results point to a pattern of growing awareness without commensurate advances in applied practice, echoing findings from broader studies of climate adaptation in extractive industries (Ford et al., 2010; Gustafsson et al., 2022). This pattern reflects a broader tendency within the mining sector to conceptualize closure as an endpoint rather than as part of an ongoing post-mining future. As scholars of post-mining transitions have noted, closure decisions shape land use, environmental risk, and community well-being long after extraction has ceased (Bainton & Holcombe, 2018; Measham et al., 2024; Keenan & Holcombe, 2021). Climate change intensifies this challenge by destabilizing assumptions about long-term environmental conditions, particularly for sites requiring perpetual care such as tailings facilities and water treatment systems. Taken together, these trends point to a need to reconceptualize mine closure as a governance challenge embedded within broader post-mining futures, consistent with emerging scholarship on post-extractive transitions and long-term stewardship (Bainton & Holcombe, 2018; Measham et al., 2024). From this perspective, climate adaptation is not an optional enhancement but a foundational requirement for ensuring the long-term safety, legitimacy, and sustainability of post-extractive landscapes. 4.2 Implications for Policy and Practice The findings of this review have several implications for policy, regulation, and professional practice in Canada’s mining sector and beyond. First, the limited integration of climate adaptation into post-closure planning suggests that existing regulatory requirements, while robust in mandating closure plans and financial assurance, do not yet provide sufficient clarity on how future climate conditions should be incorporated into long-term risk management. Previous analyses of Canadian mine closure policy note that regulatory guidance often emphasizes present-day environmental baselines rather than dynamic, forward-looking scenarios (Monosky & Keeling, 2021; Keenan & Holcombe, 2021). As a result, climate adaptation is frequently treated as an external consideration rather than a core design parameter. Second, the review highlights the need for standardized tools and methodologies that translate climate projections into actionable closure decisions. In other infrastructure and land-use planning contexts, scenario analysis, adaptive management frameworks, and iterative risk assessment have been shown to support decision-making under uncertainty (Hallegatte et al., 2012; IPCC, 2023). Comparable approaches are rarely documented in the post-closure mining literature, despite their potential relevance for managing tailings facilities, water treatment systems, and reclaimed landscapes over long time horizons. Finally, the prominence of private-sector authorship points to growing corporate awareness of climate-related liability and disclosure expectations. Internationally, climate-risk disclosure frameworks such as the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures have increased pressure on extractive industries to assess and communicate long-term physical climate risks (TCFD, 2017; Gustafsson et al., 2022). However, disclosure alone does not ensure adaptive capacity. Without regulatory alignment, transparent reporting, and clear and comparable performance expectations such as the ability to benchmark, climate adaptation risks remain a reporting exercise rather than a driver of substantive change in closure practices. 5. Conclusion In sum, it is no surprise that our review found very little evidence of tangible, implemented climate adaptation strategies in mine post-closure activities. Climate adaptation practices are likely constrained by myriad factors including a lack of guidance, knowledge, and experience, although we note that other factors, such as costs, timelines, and lack of will, are also important factors. These barriers appear to be persistent, as more than 15 years ago, Ford et al. (2010) identified that cost and uncertainty were the greatest hurdles facing the Canadian mining sector’s attempts to adapt to climate change. Our findings underscore the importance of collaboration across governments, industry, researchers, and Indigenous communities. Long-term stewardship of closed mine sites often extends beyond corporate timelines, intersecting with Indigenous land rights, community well-being, and regional development priorities (Bainton & Holcombe, 2018; Beckett & Keeling, 2019; Brunet, Under review). Integrating Indigenous knowledge systems and community-based monitoring into adaptive closure frameworks may enhance both environmental outcomes and social legitimacy, particularly in northern regions where climate impacts are most pronounced. Developing practical guidance, embedding climate adaptation within regulatory frameworks, and fostering knowledge exchange across sectors are critical steps toward improving long-term stewardship of mine sites. As climate impacts intensify, integrating adaptation into post-closure planning is essential not only for environmental protection and public safety, but also for maintaining the social legitimacy and sustainability of the mining sector in Canada. Declarations Acknowledgements: This project was supported by Natural Resources Canada, Climate Change Adaptation Program Grant #AP-904. We would like to thank Trennon Wint, research assistant at the University of Guelph and RFS staff, for completing the initial data collection and analyses. -Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. -Consent for publication All authors have consented to the publication of this manuscript. -Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. -Author contributions (Please ensure that all authors are individually mentioned in the author contribution statement.) Brunet led study conception and design with help from Gareau and Haider. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Brunet. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Brunet with context and interpretation assistance from Thompson. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. 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D., Prno, J., Duerden, F., Pittman, J., Beaumier, M., Berrang-Ford, L., & Smit, B. (2011). Climate change and mining in Canada. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change , 16(3), 347–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-010-9269-3 Sonter, L. J., Moran, C. J., Barrett, D. J., & Soares-Filho, B. S. (2014). Processes of land use change in mining regions. Journal of Cleaner Production , 84 , 494-501. Raza, S., Saeed, M. I., & Ghaffar, A. (2023). Impact of climate change and tourist industry of Azad Jammu & Kashmir: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Kashmir Studies , 5(1), 186-203. Ros–Tonen, M. A., Aggrey, J. J., Somuah, D. P., & Derkyi, M. (2021). Human insecurities in gold mining: a systematic review of evidence from Ghana. The Extractive Industries and Society , 8(4), 100951. Reed, G., Brunet, N. D., Longboat, S., & Natcher, D. C. (2021). Indigenous guardians as an emerging approach to indigenous environmental governance. Conservation Biology , 35 (1), 179-189. Schmidt, A., Ivanova, A., & Schäfer, M. S. (2013). Media attention for climate change around the world: a comparative analysis of newspaper coverage in 27 countries. Global Environmental Change , 23(5), 1233-1248. Sincovich, A., Gregory, T., Wilson, A., & Brinkman, S. (2018). The social impacts of mining on local communities in Australia. Rural Society , 27(1), 18-34. Stechemesser, K., & Guenther, E. (2012). Carbon accounting: a systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production , 36(1), 17-38. Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). (2017). Final Report: Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures. Tiamgne, X. T., Kalaba, F. K., & Nyirenda, V. R. (2022). Mining and socio-ecological systems: a systematic review of Sub-Saharan Africa. Resources Policy , 78(1), 102947. Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management , 14(3), 207-222. Tuokuu, F. X. D., Idemudia, U., Gruber, J. S., & Kayira, J. (2019). Identifying and clarifying environmental policy best practices for the mining industry – a systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production , 222(1), 922-933. World Gold Council. (2018). Gold and climate change: an introduction. World Gold Council, Gold Industry & Corporate. https://www.gold.org/goldhub/research/gold-and-climate-change-introduction Tables Table 1. Systematic literature review search strategy and resulting publications. Database Search Query Results ABI/Inform title(("mine" OR "mines" OR "mining" OR "mineral extraction")) AND ("clos*" OR "long term" OR "perpetual" OR "rehabilit*" OR "reclam*" OR "restor*") AND ("climate chang*" OR "global warming" OR "extreme weather") AND ("resilien*" OR "adapt*") AND ("Canada" OR "British Columbia" OR "Alberta" OR "Saskatchewan" OR "Manitoba" OR "Ontario" OR "Quebec" OR "Newfoundland" OR "Nova Scotia" OR "New Brunswick" OR "Prince Edward Island" OR "Nunavut" OR "Yukon" OR "Northwest Territories") 275 Web of Science ("mine" OR "mines" OR "mining" OR "mineral extraction") (Title) and ("clos*" OR "long term" OR "perpetual" OR "rehabilit*" OR "reclam*" OR "restor*") (All Fields) and ("climate chang*" OR "global warming" OR "extreme weather") (All Fields) and ("resilien*" OR "adapt*") (All Fields) and ("Canada" OR "British Columbia" OR "Alberta" OR "Saskatchewan" OR "Manitoba" OR "Ontario" OR "Quebec" OR "Newfoundland" OR "Nova Scotia" OR "New Brunswick" OR "Prince Edward Island" OR "Nunavut" OR "Yukon" OR "Northwest Territories") (All Fields) 11 Environmental Science Database title(("mine" OR "mines" OR "mining" OR "mineral extraction")) AND ("clos*" OR "long term" OR "perpetual" OR "rehabilit*" OR "reclam*" OR "restor*") AND ("climate chang*" OR "global warming" OR "extreme weather") AND ("resilien*" OR "adapt*") AND ("Canada" OR "British Columbia" OR "Alberta" OR "Saskatchewan" OR "Manitoba" OR "Ontario" OR "Quebec" OR "Newfoundland" OR "Nova Scotia" OR "New Brunswick" OR "Prince Edward Island" OR "Nunavut" OR "Yukon" OR "Northwest Territories") 316 Google Scholar ("mining") ("post closure") ("climate change") (adaptation OR resilience) (Canada) 708 Google Search Engine ("mining") ("closure") ("climate change") (adaptation OR resilience) (Canada) 265 Table 2. Data extraction protocol Publication Information Category Analytical question Location in text Codes Author What is the name of the person/people, or institution(s), authoring this publication? Title Page N/A Year In which year was the work published? Title Page N/A Title What is the work titled? Title Page N/A Publication Type What category of publication (e.g., journal, book, guideline, etc.) can this work be classified as? N/A Blog Books Government Reports Guidelines Journal Articles Legislation Masters or Doctoral Thesis Mining Industry Reports News Article Websites Journal Name If the work is published in a journal: what is the journal's name? Title Page N/A Organization What institution does the primary author represent? (If the author is an institution, the response will be the same as above). Title Page N/A Organization Type What category (e.g., academic, industry, government, NGO, etc.) can the institution be classified as? Anywhere Academic Mining Industry Government News Outlet Not-for-Profit/NGO Legal Institution Location In which province or territory is the institution centered in? Anywhere Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon National International Not Specified Publication Scope If applicable: what province or territory is the subject of the publication? Anywhere. Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon National International Not Specified Document Purpose What is the purpose/subject of the publication? Anywhere Critical Analysis Disseminating Research Findings Education or Capacity Building Establishing Laws Mining Industry Activity Reporting Promoting Public Awareness Providing Guidance Provincial Reporting National Reporting Reporting on Current Events Climate Adaptation and Closure Content Category Analytical question Location Options Climate Count What is the rate at which the terms "climate change", "global warming", or "extreme weather" are mentioned in the publication (i.e., mentions/words)? Entire Document Excluding Literature Review N/A Resilience Count What is the rate at which the terms "adapt", "adaptation", "resilience", or "resiliency" are mentioned in the publication (i.e., mentions/words)? Entire Document Excluding Literature Review N/A Mitigation Count What is the rate at which the terms "mitigation", "emissions reduction", "decarbonization", or "greenhouse gas (GHG)" are mentioned in the publication (i.e., mentions/words)? Entire Document Excluding Literature Review N/A Climate Phenomena If any, which specific climate phenomena were referenced in the document? Entire Document Excluding Literature Review Precipitation Drought Extreme Winds Flooding Heat Waves Landslides Permafrost Thaw Sea Level Rise Wildfire Other Not Applicable Reason for Discussion What reasons does the document explicitly provide for climate resiliency being important to discuss in the context of mine post-closure planning? Entire Document Excluding Literature Review Company Policy Corporate Social Responsibility Environmental Quality Indigenous Considerations Public Health and Safety Regulatory Requirements Stakeholder Input Wildlife and Biodiversity Other Not Applicable Challenge Identification Does this document identify challenges to the incorporation of climate resiliency strategies in the long-term management of post-closure mines? Entire Document Excluding Literature Review Yes No Specific Challenges If challenges are identified in the document, select the categories with which the challenges best align. Entire Document Excluding Literature Review Climate Data Limitations Financial Constraints Investor Buy-In Interdisciplinary Coordination Knowledge/Capacity Gaps Lack of Guidance Policy Uncertainty/Unclear Expectations Time Constraints Other Not Applicable Real World Application Category Analytical question Location Options Action Taken Does the work describe a specific action in which climate adaptation was undertaken in the post-closure phase of mining? Entire Document Excluding Literature Review Yes No Corresponding Activity If a climate resiliency action was taken, select the post-closure corresponding post-closure activities for which it was a part? Entire Document Excluding Literature Review Infrastructure Development Long-Term Monitoring Post-Mining Land Use Decisions Remediation Revegetation Risk Assessment Not Specified Action Description If applicable: describe the action(s) taken. Entire Document Excluding Literature Review N/A Guidance Does the document provide any specific guidance for standards or best-practices for incorporating climate resiliency strategies into long-term management of post-closure mining sites? Entire Document Excluding Literature Review Yes No Table 3. Comparison of climate, closure, resilience, and mitigation scores of publications based on the publication and organization type. Asterisks indicate scores which differ from the mean in a statistically significant way. Publication Type Climate Score Closure Score Resilience Score Mitigation Score Book Chapter 71.96* 7.10* 8.88 28.43* Industry Newsletter 18.65 49.71 64.16* 7.36 Journal Article 20.39 25.52 7.52 14.03 Private Report 39.59 32.01 7.14 12.61 Thesis 3.92* 55.84* 9.50 8.89 Organization Type Climate Score Closure Score Resilience Score Mitigation Score Academic 15.89 35.12 7.58 11.27 Government 12.92 12.06 7.01 17.36 Non-Government 0.99 0.00 15.87 0.00 Private 42.60* 47.67* 30.75* 12.61 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 24 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 23 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Represented in percentages.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920264/v1/1a32522dfcd0e162985f23d0.jpg"},{"id":104694980,"identity":"27f7cae3-9116-4a7d-8e7f-9e53f5d0bf86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 07:12:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111186,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBreakdown of the number of publications identified in the systematic literature review which originated from, or were interested in, different geographic locations in Canada and internationally. Bars representing the proportion of total publications in each location which were either sourced from that location, or discussed that location.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920264/v1/f088a1dcc6c3f940274eb329.jpg"},{"id":104694984,"identity":"4c4956e1-aec6-451d-b682-f06c36d05b62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 07:13:01","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBoxplot graph indicating the differences in the range of, and mean for, climate, resilience, mitigation, and closure scores (i.e., mentions per 10,000 words).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920264/v1/4f9556adb5161a02f520a50b.jpg"},{"id":104694995,"identity":"1a3a42d0-babb-4eec-bcb8-3cc060eebfdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 07:13:02","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60054,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in climate and closure scores (i.e., mentions per 10,000 words) over time for the 53 publications analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920264/v1/d97517a92c5a95b17410797b.jpg"},{"id":104694981,"identity":"b92c0d3d-eba1-4ddd-838f-845b59e1b9db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 07:12:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50364,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatterplot graph of analyzed publications’ closure scores (i.e., mentions per 10,000 words) relative to their climate scores (i.e., mentions per 10,000 words).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920264/v1/505473e059eda76750d22607.jpg"},{"id":104694983,"identity":"0ef1235c-0277-4b5d-a214-207789d94dfb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 07:12:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111618,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWord cloud demonstrating the most common terms present within quotes from each analyzed publication discussing barriers to implementing climate change adaptation practices in the post-closure phase of mining operations in Canada. The size of the words indicates their relative frequency in quotes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920264/v1/106c42708c5131256cf248da.jpg"},{"id":104783382,"identity":"38686811-3a3f-4daf-b191-6593d03acfa7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 07:58:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1366141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920264/v1/367c0cb5-ecb5-453a-9d36-89eadedaaa6e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"The Adaptation Deficit in Post-Closure Mining: A Systematic Review of Climate Risk Governance in Canada","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e1.1 Background and Context\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe global mining industry plays a critical role in supplying the minerals required for electrification, decarbonization, and clean-technology transitions. Demand for many critical minerals is projected to increase substantially over the coming decades, intensifying pressures to expand extraction in both established and emerging mining regions (Alonso et al., 2012; Giurco et al., 2019; Grandell et al., 2016). Because economically viable mineral deposits are unevenly distributed across the Earth\u0026rsquo;s crust, mining activities are inherently spatially constrained, occurring only where geological potential intersects with infrastructure, governance, and investment conditions (Fraser Institute, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMining is also inherently temporary: mineral deposits can support production only for finite periods (Kauppila, 2018). Once operations cease, mine sites remain embedded within surrounding landscapes and communities, often requiring decades or even centuries of monitoring and maintenance (Keenan \u0026amp; Holcombe, 2021). Post-closure environments are frequently characterized by altered hydrological regimes, contaminated soils and waters, tailings storage facilities, and long-term ecological disruption, all of which can pose enduring risks to ecosystems and human health (Beckett \u0026amp; Keeling, 2019; Sonter et al., 2014).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was not until the late twentieth century that governments and industry began to systematically confront the mounting impacts and associated costs associated with abandoned and inadequately reclaimed mine sites (International Council on Mining \u0026amp; Metals 2019;\u0026nbsp;Monosky \u0026amp; Keeling, 2021). This recognition of post closure impacts prompted a shift toward stronger regulatory governance in many jurisdictions in the 1990s, including requirements for closure planning, financial assurance, and long-term care commitments prior to mine approval (Monosky \u0026amp; Keeling, 2021). Mine closure, as a result, has become recognized as an intrinsic phase of the mining life cycle rather than an afterthought addressed at the end of production (e.g., Golder and Associates, 2021; World Gold Council, 2018). Despite this shift, closure planning remains a complex, costly, and highly context-specific process that has historically received far less attention than active operations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGlobally, hundreds of mines are expected to close over the coming decade, a trend likely to accelerate as coal-fired power generation declines and commodity markets fluctuate. At the same time, many existing closure plans were developed under assumptions of relatively stable environmental conditions. However, these assumptions are increasingly untenable (Bezzola et al., 2023). Since the late nineteenth century, global mean temperatures have risen by approximately 1.1\u0026deg;C, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations now exceed levels observed at any point in the last two million years (Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2023; Lee et al., 2023). The resulting impacts, including changes in precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, permafrost thaw, wildfire, and sea-level rise pose significant and often compounding risks to mine sites, particularly those requiring long-term containment or water management (Lee et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough research examining the intersection of climate change and mining has expanded over the past two decades, most studies continue to focus on operational risks, supply chain disruptions, or emissions reduction during active mining (e.g., Brunet and Longboat, 2023; Pearce et al., 2011; Loechel et al., 2013). Far less attention has been paid to the post-closure phase, even though climate-related hazards may intensify long after production has ceased. Only a limited number of studies explicitly examine how mine closure practices might be adapted to account for future climate conditions, and fewer still provide useful strategies (Bulovic et al., 2024; MacMillan et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis gap is particularly evident in Canada, a leader in mineral production, valued at $74.6 billion (Government of Canada, 2024), where climatic change is occurring at roughly twice the global average and where thousands of closed or closing mine sites require long-term stewardship (Pearce et al., 2011; IPCC, 2023). Closed mine sites in Canada are also disproportionately located in northern areas of the country and Indigenous lands, where mining often represents both an economic opportunity and a source of long-term environmental and social risk within a unique post-colonial governance context (Cheshire, 2010; Gibson \u0026amp; Klinck, 2005; Sincovich et al., 2018). Developing climate adaptation strategies to avoid or mitigate future impacts of mine related hazards within this context should be a priority yet a lack of resources and knowledge, as well as regulatory tools persist. This lack of attention continues despite calls for stricter government regulation for over 20 years (Pearce et al., 2009). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal of this study is to characterize current understandings of climate adaptation in the post-closure management of Canada\u0026rsquo;s mining sector. Specifically, the review aims to (1) identify the primary actors and institutions contributing to this body of work; (2) explore the major themes and conceptual framings emerging in the literature; and (3) examine which standards, tools, or best practices are recommended for incorporating climate adaptation into mine closure planning.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.\tMethodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a systematic literature review to characterize existing knowledge on climate adaptation in the post-closure phase of mining focused broadly on the Canadian mining sector. Given the transdisciplinary nature of mine closure and climate adaptation, spanning engineering, environmental science, policy, and planning, a systematic approach provided a transparent and replicable method for integrating diverse sources of evidence (See Brunet and Fletcher, 2025; Reed et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCanada was selected as the geographic focus for two primary reasons. First, the country has a long mining history and a substantial inventory of sites requiring long-term management. Second, Canada\u0026rsquo;s regulatory landscape is characterized by explicit closure planning requirements across provincial and territorial jurisdictions, making it a relevant context for examining emerging expectations around climate adaptation (Monosky and Keeling, 2021). Recent national initiatives, including the Canadian Critical Minerals Strategy and the National Adaptation Strategy, further reinforce the relevance of this jurisdiction for exploring the alignment between climate policy and resource governance (Government of Canada, 2024). Canada also released the Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan in 2022 to provide guidance on the integration of climate change into mine closure and post closure planning (ECCC, 2022). Since its creation in 2005, over 8,200 sites have been assessed through this process to assess the severity of contaminated sites, and 1,700 sites have been remediated or managed to mitigate exposure to contamination\u0026nbsp;(ECCC, 2022). In 2022, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) released its Framework for Integrating Climate Change Adaptation Considerations to support FCSAP which outlines a comprehensive 10-step review process to guide practitioners through the lifecycle of site management\u0026nbsp;(ECCC, 2022). This guidance provides a risk-based approach, advises custodians to consider shifting climate base lines, the potential for extreme events, and regional climate projections when evaluating long-term performance of closure strategies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe review followed a three-phase structure adapted from established systematic review methodologies (Fink 2019, Tranfield et al. 2003, Stechemesser \u0026amp; Guenther 2012). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePhase 1: Determining Databases, and search terms\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePhase 2: Definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePhase 3. Extraction/Analytical protocol\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.1 Determining Databases, and search terms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA preliminary scan of systematic reviews related to mining and climate change was conducted in order to identify the most commonly used databases (e.g. Carr-Wilson et al. 2024; Raza et al., 2023). Through this process, two databases were determined to be appropriate in undertaking our study: Web of Science (Boldy, 2022; Carr-Wilson et al., 2024; Ros-Tonen et al., 2021; Tuokuu et al., 2019), and ABI/Inform (Curtin et al., 2017; Glienke \u0026amp; Guenther, 2016; Raza et al., 2023). ProQuest\u0026rsquo;s Environmental Science Database was also included, as background research revealed it to be a substantial repository of relevant information. Lastly, in order to capture grey literature, government documents, theses, dissertations, and industry publications, this systematic review also used Google Scholar (Stechemesser \u0026amp; Guenther, 2012; Tiamgne et al., 2022; Tuokuu et al., 2019), and the Google Search Engine (Tiamgne et al., 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to the diverse functionalities of the databases incorporated in this study, multiple search strategies, with tailored search terms and parameters, were required (Table 1). Generally, we searched for publications which contained all of the following: a title which included direct reference to mining or mineral extraction, explicit reference to post-closure mining activities in-text, discussion of climate change adaptation or resilience concepts in-text, and direct reference to a Canadian location (i.e., province, territory, or country as a whole).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eDefinition of inclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria were developed to ensure relevance and comparability across publications. Only publications written in English were included in the study, along with those whose links provided by the databases were accessible via the author\u0026rsquo;s institutional library. This screening phase also excluded any publication whose title did not explicitly reference mines or mining, or whose abstract, introduction, or methodology did not include reference to a Canadian location. It was also decided that only publications that discussed climate change in the contemporary context would be included in order to respond to the research goal, removing those which discussed climate change over past geological or prehistoric time scales (e.g. Brunet and Fletcher, 2025). Lastly, this review included only publications that could be coded as either journal articles, industry reports, industry newsletters, theses, dissertations, or book chapters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.3\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eExtraction/Analytical protocol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe review was completed in December 2024 for each of the five databases used in this study. PDF files of all publications were downloaded into the citation manager tool, Zotero (Corporation for Digital Scholarship, 2023). Duplicates were removed by the software. \u0026nbsp;The initial search retrieved 1575 publications across all five databases. Following the removal of duplicates and the application of the aforementioned screening criteria, 156 documents remained, with publication dates ranging from 1998 to 2024 (Figure 1). 53% of documents retrieved were published since 2020 and the vast majority (98%) since 2014. As a result, we focused our attention on the decade between 2014-2024 and performed a random sample of 5 paper per year to be subject to our in-depth protocol (see below). The resulting sample size was 53 publications (n=53).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach publication was subject to a rigorous data extraction/analytical protocol, to allow for a consistent and meaningful data collection process across all documents (Kitchenham \u0026amp; Charters, 2007). The complete extraction protocol for this review, which collected data for 40 different variables in each publication, can be found in Table 2. In brief, we sought to respond to our three objectives and emerging themes from an initial review of the literature, and based on similar studies. Our protocol captured publication characteristics, conceptual framings of climate adaptation and closure, climate hazards referenced, identified barriers, and any reported real-world applications.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs in Reed et al. (2021), we employed different analytical approaches depending on the variable type/analytical question favoring deductive close ended questions with pre-determined responses or codes. Variables under the \u0026lsquo;Publication Information\u0026rsquo; were coded using predetermined responses (multiple choices) allowing for simple descriptives statistics (means). Others were categorical in nature helping with the broader characterization of the texts. Variables under \u0026lsquo;Climate Adaptation and Closure Content\u0026rsquo;, were extracted and analyzed using different strategies. For those identified as \u0026lsquo;count\u0026rsquo; variables, we employed a full text count for key terms (analytical questions), excluding literature reviews, in order to focus on findings and context and allowing more consistency between article types that may or may not include thorough literature reviews. These scores were determined by dividing the number of times the concept was mentioned by the publication\u0026rsquo;s word count, standardized by 10,000. Scores are therefore synonymous with average number of mentions per 10,000 words. Scores for different response variables were compared statistically using an ANOVA test, comparing the means of the groups in SPSS version 28 when assumptions were met (IBM Corp., 2021). For open ended questions, we used a deductive process of coding and content analysis to understand the prevalence of certain predetermined themes in the software NVivo 13 (Lumivero, 2022). Variables under \u0026lsquo;Real World Application\u0026rsquo; employed the same strategies as well as a few yes/no coded responses allowing for simple binary descriptive statistics (means). Many variables also included an \u0026lsquo;other\u0026rsquo; response code allowing for new themes to emerge from an inductive analytical process and integrated into the discussion.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Publication Source and Author Affiliations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the publications analyzed in this review, 70% (n = 37) originated from either private reports or academic journal articles (Figure 1). Over a quarter (n = 15) of the publications originated from theses, dissertations, or mining industry newsletters, while only 2% (n = 1) came from book chapters (Figure 2). The primary authors were most often affiliated with an academic institution (55%, n = 30) or a company operating in the private sector (28%, n = 14). Government bodies and non-governmental organizations accounted for 15% (n = 8) and 2% (n = 1) of primary author affiliations, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary authors (address of primary author or organization as reported or found via search) were predominantly located in British Columbia (19%, n = 10), Quebec (9%, n = 5), and Ontario (9%, n = 5). \u0026nbsp; We found that nearly 45% (n = 24) of publications came from organizations operating at either a national (11%, n = 6), or international scale (34%, n =18). Publications often centered on numerous sites within and beyond Canada as a result. Figure 2 provides a breakdown of how many publications focused on different jurisdictions while simultaneously providing the number of primary authors in each (organization location).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Climate Adaptation and Closure Content\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach publication was scored for the extent to which the concepts of climate, resilience, mitigation, and mine closure were discussed in-text. These scores were determined by dividing the number of times the concept was mentioned by the publication\u0026rsquo;s word count, standardized by 10,000, calibrating for article length. Scores therefore represented an average number of mentions per 10,000 words. The results for these scores are displayed in Figure 3, and although the range for closure scores was larger than those for the remaining three concepts, we found no significant difference in the average climate, resilience, mitigation, and mine closure scores across all 53 publications.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen these scores were analyzed on the basis of source type and author affiliation however, it was found that book chapters and authors from the private sector had, on average, higher climate scores, while closure scores were highest for theses, dissertations, and private sector authors (Table 3). The private sector was also the only organization type which performed significantly higher than average in resilience scores (Table 3). Although the climate and closure scores seem to have increased slightly from 2014 to 2024, this change was determined to be statistically insignificant (p = 0.6585, p = 0.4267) (Figure 4). Further, the majority of publications possessed both closure and climate scores which remain below 50 (Figure 5). Although several had closure scores or climate scores which range upwards of 200, there were no publications identified which demonstrated scores higher than 50 in both closure and climate (Figure 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.3 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Climate Adaptation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe coded the challenges identified in each publication associated with the success and failures of climate adaptation efforts in mine post-closure. Terminology frequently used by authors was identified as a result and integrated into a word cloud (Figure 6). Overwhelmingly, concepts like: \u0026ldquo;lack of guidance\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;high costs\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;data quality\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;lack of expertise\u0026rdquo; were mentioned across the analyzed publications. Further, fewer than 6% (n = 3) of publications described an action they took related to climate adaptation and mine closure, while only 20% (n = 11) identified a relevant resource, or reported on the climate data they used. Overall, the findings indicate that while awareness of climate risks is increasing, practical applications of adaptation measures in post-closure planning remain uncommon.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e4.1 Interpreting Trends in Climate-Resilient Mine Closure and Post-Mining Futures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study revealed a growing recognition of climate-related risks in post-closure mining contexts but also underscore a persistent gap between awareness and action. While the volume of literature addressing climate considerations has increased markedly since 2020, most publications remain conceptual in nature and provide limited guidance on how climate adaptation can be operationalized within closure planning and long-term site management (Aliano et al., 2023; Ding et al., 2022; Schmidt et al., 2013). Content analyses, in particular, revealed that references to climate change and mine closure were present across most publications, but were rarely integrated in a substantive or operational manner. Few documents engaged deeply with both climate risk and closure planning simultaneously, and even fewer provide detailed guidance or documented implementation of adaptation measures. Our analysis identified recurring barriers, including lack of technical guidance, uncertainty in climate data, financial constraints, and limited institutional capacity. Collectively, these results point to a pattern of growing awareness without commensurate advances in applied practice, echoing findings from broader studies of climate adaptation in extractive industries (Ford et al., 2010; Gustafsson et al., 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pattern reflects a broader tendency within the mining sector to conceptualize closure as an endpoint rather than as part of an ongoing post-mining future. As scholars of post-mining transitions have noted, closure decisions shape land use, environmental risk, and community well-being long after extraction has ceased (Bainton \u0026amp; Holcombe, 2018; Measham et al., 2024; Keenan \u0026amp; Holcombe, 2021). Climate change intensifies this challenge by destabilizing assumptions about long-term environmental conditions, particularly for sites requiring perpetual care such as tailings facilities and water treatment systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTaken together, these trends point to a need to reconceptualize mine closure as a governance challenge embedded within broader post-mining futures, consistent with emerging scholarship on post-extractive transitions and long-term stewardship (Bainton \u0026amp; Holcombe, 2018; Measham et al., 2024). From this perspective, climate adaptation is not an optional enhancement but a foundational requirement for ensuring the long-term safety, legitimacy, and sustainability of post-extractive landscapes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.2 Implications for Policy and Practice\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this review have several implications for policy, regulation, and professional practice in Canada\u0026rsquo;s mining sector and beyond. First, the limited integration of climate adaptation into post-closure planning suggests that existing regulatory requirements, while robust in mandating closure plans and financial assurance, do not yet provide sufficient clarity on how future climate conditions should be incorporated into long-term risk management. Previous analyses of Canadian mine closure policy note that regulatory guidance often emphasizes present-day environmental baselines rather than dynamic, forward-looking scenarios (Monosky \u0026amp; Keeling, 2021; Keenan \u0026amp; Holcombe, 2021). As a result, climate adaptation is frequently treated as an external consideration rather than a core design parameter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond, the review highlights the need for standardized tools and methodologies that translate climate projections into actionable closure decisions. In other infrastructure and land-use planning contexts, scenario analysis, adaptive management frameworks, and iterative risk assessment have been shown to support decision-making under uncertainty (Hallegatte et al., 2012; IPCC, 2023). Comparable approaches are rarely documented in the post-closure mining literature, despite their potential relevance for managing tailings facilities, water treatment systems, and reclaimed landscapes over long time horizons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the prominence of private-sector authorship points to growing corporate awareness of climate-related liability and disclosure expectations. Internationally, climate-risk disclosure frameworks such as the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures have increased pressure on extractive industries to assess and communicate long-term physical climate risks (TCFD, 2017; Gustafsson et al., 2022). However, disclosure alone does not ensure adaptive capacity. Without regulatory alignment, transparent reporting, and clear and comparable performance expectations such as the ability to benchmark, climate adaptation risks remain a reporting exercise rather than a driver of substantive change in closure practices.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn sum, it is no surprise that our review found very little evidence of tangible, implemented climate adaptation strategies in mine post-closure activities. Climate adaptation practices are likely constrained by myriad factors including a lack of guidance, knowledge, and experience, although we note that other factors, such as costs, timelines, and lack of will, are also important factors. These barriers appear to be persistent, as more than 15 years ago, Ford et al. (2010) identified that cost and uncertainty were the greatest hurdles facing the Canadian mining sector\u0026rsquo;s attempts to adapt to climate change.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings underscore the importance of collaboration across governments, industry, researchers, and Indigenous communities. Long-term stewardship of closed mine sites often extends beyond corporate timelines, intersecting with Indigenous land rights, community well-being, and regional development priorities (Bainton \u0026amp; Holcombe, 2018; Beckett \u0026amp; Keeling, 2019; Brunet, Under review). Integrating Indigenous knowledge systems and community-based monitoring into adaptive closure frameworks may enhance both environmental outcomes and social legitimacy, particularly in northern regions where climate impacts are most pronounced. Developing practical guidance, embedding climate adaptation within regulatory frameworks, and fostering knowledge exchange across sectors are critical steps toward improving long-term stewardship of mine sites. As climate impacts intensify, integrating adaptation into post-closure planning is essential not only for environmental protection and public safety, but also for maintaining the social legitimacy and sustainability of the mining sector in Canada.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements: This project was supported by Natural Resources Canada, Climate Change Adaptation Program Grant #AP-904. We would like to thank Trennon Wint, research assistant at the University of Guelph and RFS staff, for completing the initial data collection and analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Ethics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-Consent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAll authors have consented to the publication of this manuscript.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-Competing Interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;-Author contributions (Please ensure that all authors are individually mentioned in the author contribution statement.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrunet led study conception and design with help from Gareau and Haider. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Brunet. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Brunet with context and interpretation assistance from Thompson. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-Funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis project was supported by Natural Resources Canada, Climate Change Adaptation Program Grant #AP-904\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-Availability of data and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDatasets will be made available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAliano et al., Aliano, M., Galloppo, G., \u0026amp; Paimanova, V. (2023). People and investor attention to climate change. 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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLoechel, B., Hodgkinson, J., \u0026amp; Moffat, K. (2013). Climate change adaptation in Australian mining communities: comparing mining company and local government views and activities. \u003cem\u003eClimatic Change,\u003c/em\u003e 119(2), 465\u0026ndash;477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0721-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLumivero, 2022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMacMillan, K., Milner, G., Brown, T., Richard, J., \u0026amp; Sparling, E. (2020). Assessing climate change risk at the Kam Kotia Mine site. The Climate Risk Institute. https://climateriskinstitute.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Kam-Kotia-Climate-Risk-Assessment-Report-Final-1.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeasham, T., Walker, J., McKenzie, F. H., Kirby, J., Williams, C., D\u0026apos;Urso, J., ... \u0026amp; Boggs, G. (2024). Beyond closure: A literature review and research agenda for post-mining transitions. \u003cem\u003eResources Policy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e90\u003c/em\u003e, 104859.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMonosky, M., \u0026amp; Keeling, A. (2021). Planning for social and community-engaged closure: a comparison of mine closure plans from Canada\u0026apos;s territorial and provincial North. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Environmental Management\u003c/em\u003e, 277, 111324.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePearce, T., Ford, J. D., Prno, Prno, J, Duerden, F., Berrang-Ford, L., R.Smith, T., Pitman J., Reid A., Beaumier, M., Mashall, D. (2009). \u003cem\u003eClimate Change and Canadian Mining. Opportunities for Adaptation.\u003c/em\u003e Retrieved from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://davidsuzuki.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/climate-change-canadian-mining-opportunities-adaptation.pdf \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePearce, T. D., Ford, J. D., Prno, J., Duerden, F., Pittman, J., Beaumier, M., Berrang-Ford, L., \u0026amp; Smit, B. (2011). Climate change and mining in Canada. \u003cem\u003eMitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change\u003c/em\u003e, 16(3), 347\u0026ndash;368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-010-9269-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSonter, L. J., Moran, C. J., Barrett, D. J., \u0026amp; Soares-Filho, B. S. (2014). Processes of land use change in mining regions. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Cleaner Production\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e84\u003c/em\u003e, 494-501.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaza, S., Saeed, M. I., \u0026amp; Ghaffar, A. (2023). Impact of climate change and tourist industry of Azad Jammu \u0026amp; Kashmir: a systematic literature review. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Kashmir Studies\u003c/em\u003e, 5(1), 186-203.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRos\u0026ndash;Tonen, M. A., Aggrey, J. J., Somuah, D. P., \u0026amp; Derkyi, M. (2021). Human insecurities in gold mining: a systematic review of evidence from Ghana. \u003cem\u003eThe Extractive Industries and Society\u003c/em\u003e, 8(4), 100951.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReed, G., Brunet, N. D., Longboat, S., \u0026amp; Natcher, D. C. (2021). Indigenous guardians as an emerging approach to indigenous environmental governance. \u003cem\u003eConservation Biology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c/em\u003e(1), 179-189.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchmidt, A., Ivanova, A., \u0026amp; Sch\u0026auml;fer, M. S. (2013). Media attention for climate change around the world: a comparative analysis of newspaper coverage in 27 countries. \u003cem\u003eGlobal Environmental Change\u003c/em\u003e, 23(5), 1233-1248.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSincovich, A., Gregory, T., Wilson, A., \u0026amp; Brinkman, S. (2018). The social impacts of mining on local communities in Australia. \u003cem\u003eRural Society\u003c/em\u003e, 27(1), 18-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStechemesser, K., \u0026amp; Guenther, E. (2012). Carbon accounting: a systematic literature review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Cleaner Production\u003c/em\u003e, 36(1), 17-38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTask Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). (2017). Final Report: Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTiamgne, X. T., Kalaba, F. K., \u0026amp; Nyirenda, V. R. (2022). Mining and socio-ecological systems: a systematic review of Sub-Saharan Africa. \u003cem\u003eResources Policy\u003c/em\u003e, 78(1), 102947.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTranfield, D., Denyer, D., \u0026amp; Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. \u003cem\u003eBritish Journal of Management\u003c/em\u003e, 14(3), 207-222.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTuokuu, F. X. D., Idemudia, U., Gruber, J. S., \u0026amp; Kayira, J. (2019). Identifying and clarifying environmental policy best practices for the mining industry \u0026ndash; a systematic review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Cleaner Production\u003c/em\u003e, 222(1), 922-933.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Gold Council. (2018). Gold and climate change: an introduction. World Gold Council, Gold Industry \u0026amp; Corporate. https://www.gold.org/goldhub/research/gold-and-climate-change-introduction\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSystematic literature review search strategy and resulting publications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"661\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDatabase\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 482px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSearch Query\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eABI/Inform\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etitle((\u0026quot;mine\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;mines\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;mining\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;mineral extraction\u0026quot;)) AND (\u0026quot;clos*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;long term\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;perpetual\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;rehabilit*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;reclam*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;restor*\u0026quot;) AND (\u0026quot;climate chang*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;global warming\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;extreme weather\u0026quot;) AND (\u0026quot;resilien*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;adapt*\u0026quot;) AND (\u0026quot;Canada\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;British Columbia\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Alberta\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Saskatchewan\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Manitoba\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Ontario\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Quebec\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Newfoundland\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Nova Scotia\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;New Brunswick\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Prince Edward Island\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Nunavut\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Yukon\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Northwest Territories\u0026quot;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeb of Science\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026quot;mine\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;mines\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;mining\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;mineral extraction\u0026quot;) (Title) and (\u0026quot;clos*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;long term\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;perpetual\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;rehabilit*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;reclam*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;restor*\u0026quot;) (All Fields) and (\u0026quot;climate chang*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;global warming\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;extreme weather\u0026quot;) (All Fields) and (\u0026quot;resilien*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;adapt*\u0026quot;) (All Fields) and (\u0026quot;Canada\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;British Columbia\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Alberta\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Saskatchewan\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Manitoba\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Ontario\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Quebec\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Newfoundland\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Nova Scotia\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;New Brunswick\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Prince Edward Island\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Nunavut\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Yukon\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Northwest Territories\u0026quot;) (All Fields)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnvironmental Science Database\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etitle((\u0026quot;mine\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;mines\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;mining\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;mineral extraction\u0026quot;)) AND (\u0026quot;clos*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;long term\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;perpetual\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;rehabilit*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;reclam*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;restor*\u0026quot;) AND (\u0026quot;climate chang*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;global warming\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;extreme weather\u0026quot;) AND (\u0026quot;resilien*\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;adapt*\u0026quot;) AND (\u0026quot;Canada\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;British Columbia\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Alberta\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Saskatchewan\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Manitoba\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Ontario\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Quebec\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Newfoundland\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Nova Scotia\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;New Brunswick\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Prince Edward Island\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Nunavut\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Yukon\u0026quot; OR \u0026quot;Northwest Territories\u0026quot;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGoogle Scholar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026quot;mining\u0026quot;) (\u0026quot;post closure\u0026quot;) (\u0026quot;climate change\u0026quot;) (adaptation OR resilience) (Canada)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGoogle Search Engine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 482px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u0026quot;mining\u0026quot;) (\u0026quot;closure\u0026quot;) (\u0026quot;climate change\u0026quot;) (adaptation OR resilience) (Canada)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Data extraction protocol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"661\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 661px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublication Information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical question\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation in text\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCodes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat is the name of the person/people, or institution(s), authoring this publication?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTitle Page\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYear\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn which year was the work published?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTitle Page\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTitle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat is the work titled?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTitle Page\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublication Type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat category of publication (e.g., journal, book, guideline, etc.) can this work be classified as?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlog\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBooks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment Reports\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGuidelines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJournal Articles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLegislation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMasters or Doctoral Thesis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMining Industry Reports\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNews Article\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWebsites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJournal Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf the work is published in a journal: what is the journal\u0026apos;s name?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTitle Page\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat institution does the primary author represent? (If the author is an institution, the response will be the same as above).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTitle Page\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganization Type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat category (e.g., academic, industry, government, NGO, etc.) can the institution be classified as?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnywhere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcademic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMining Industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNews Outlet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot-for-Profit/NGO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLegal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstitution Location\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn which province or territory is the institution centered in?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnywhere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlberta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBritish Columbia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManitoba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Brunswick\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewfoundland and Labrador\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorthwest Territories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNova Scotia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNunavut\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOntario\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrince Edward Island\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuebec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaskatchewan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYukon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Specified\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublication Scope\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf applicable: what province or territory is the subject of the publication?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnywhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlberta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBritish Columbia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManitoba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew Brunswick\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewfoundland and Labrador\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorthwest Territories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNova Scotia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNunavut\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOntario\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrince Edward Island\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuebec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaskatchewan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYukon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Specified\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDocument Purpose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat is the purpose/subject of the publication?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnywhere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCritical Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisseminating Research Findings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation or Capacity Building\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstablishing Laws\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMining Industry Activity Reporting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePromoting Public Awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProvincial Reporting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational Reporting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReporting on Current Events\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 661px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClimate Adaptation and Closure Content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical question\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClimate Count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat is the rate at which the terms \u0026quot;climate change\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;global warming\u0026quot;, or \u0026quot;extreme weather\u0026quot; are mentioned in the publication (i.e., mentions/words)?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResilience Count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat is the rate at which the terms \u0026quot;adapt\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;adaptation\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;resilience\u0026quot;, or \u0026quot;resiliency\u0026quot; are mentioned in the publication (i.e., mentions/words)?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMitigation Count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat is the rate at which the terms \u0026quot;mitigation\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;emissions reduction\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;decarbonization\u0026quot;, \u0026nbsp;or \u0026quot;greenhouse gas (GHG)\u0026quot; are mentioned in the publication (i.e., mentions/words)?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClimate Phenomena\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf any, which specific climate phenomena were referenced in the document?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrought\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtreme Winds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlooding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeat Waves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLandslides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermafrost Thaw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSea Level Rise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWildfire\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReason for Discussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat reasons does the document explicitly provide for climate resiliency being important to discuss in the context of mine post-closure planning?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompany Policy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorporate Social Responsibility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Quality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndigenous Considerations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Health and Safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegulatory Requirements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStakeholder Input\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWildlife and Biodiversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChallenge Identification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoes this document identify challenges to the incorporation of climate resiliency strategies in the long-term management of post-closure mines?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecific Challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf challenges are identified in the document, select the categories with which the challenges best align.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClimate Data Limitations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinancial Constraints\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInvestor Buy-In\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterdisciplinary Coordination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge/Capacity Gaps\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolicy Uncertainty/Unclear Expectations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTime Constraints\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 661px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReal World Application\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalytical question\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAction Taken\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoes the work describe a specific action in which climate adaptation was undertaken in the post-closure phase of mining?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding Activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf a climate resiliency action was taken, select the post-closure corresponding post-closure activities for which it was a part?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfrastructure Development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLong-Term Monitoring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-Mining Land Use Decisions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRemediation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevegetation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk Assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Specified\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAction Description\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf applicable: describe the action(s) taken.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGuidance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 312px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoes the document provide any specific guidance for standards or best-practices for incorporating climate resiliency strategies into long-term management of post-closure mining sites?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntire Document Excluding Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eComparison of climate, closure, resilience, and mitigation scores of publications based on the publication and organization type. Asterisks indicate scores which differ from the mean in a statistically significant way.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublication Type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClimate Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClosure Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResilience Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMitigation Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBook Chapter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.96*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.10*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.43*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndustry Newsletter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.16*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJournal Article\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Report\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThesis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.84*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganization Type\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClimate Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClosure Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResilience Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMitigation Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcademic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Government\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.60*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.67*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.75*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"climatic-change","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"clim","sideBox":"Learn more about [Climatic Change](https://www.springer.com/journal/10584)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/clim/default.aspx","title":"Climatic Change","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"climate change, resources extraction, mine closure, resilience, adaptive capacity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920264/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920264/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAs climate change increasingly threatens the long-term stability of closed and closing mine sites, integrating climate adaptation into mine closure planning has become a critical yet underdeveloped area of practice. This systematic literature review examines how climate change adaptation is currently conceptualized and operationalized in the post-closure phase of mining in Canada. Drawing on a sample of 53 multi-sectoral reports and studies published between 1998 and 2024, this review provides an in-depth exploration of authorship, geographic focus, thematic emphasis, and the extent to which adaptation practices are translated into applied guidance. Findings reveal that although attention to climate-related risk in post-closure contexts has grown markedly over the past decade, substantive guidance and documented implementation of adaptation measures remain limited. Recurring barriers include insufficient technical guidance, uncertainty in climate projections, financial and liability constraints, and gaps in institutional capacity. The review identifies a persistent disconnect between growing awareness of climate risks and the integration of climate-resilient strategies into long-term mine stewardship. These findings underscore the need for clearer regulatory direction, improved practical tools, and stronger cross-sector collaboration to support adaptive, long-term management of mine sites in a rapidly changing climate.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Adaptation Deficit in Post-Closure Mining: A Systematic Review of Climate Risk Governance in Canada","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-16 07:11:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920264/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-04-13T18:15:45+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-11T15:09:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-24T10:10:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Climatic Change","date":"2026-02-23T09:44:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"climatic-change","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"clim","sideBox":"Learn more about [Climatic Change](https://www.springer.com/journal/10584)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/clim/default.aspx","title":"Climatic Change","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"600ed7f0-a2bd-47ce-90cf-5adfad909332","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T07:11:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-16 07:11:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8920264","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8920264","identity":"rs-8920264","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}