ICT Specialists in Europe

ICT Specialists in Europe | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article ICT Specialists in Europe Angelo Leogrande, Nicola Magaletti, Gabriele Cosoli, Vito Giardinelli, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1419464/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The following article estimates the value of ICT Specialists in Europe between 2016 and 2021 for 28 European countries. The data were analyzed using the following econometric techniques, namely: Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, WLS and Pooled OLS. The results show that the value of ICT Specialists in Europe is positively associated with the following variables: " Desi Index ", " SMEs with at least a basic level of digital intensity ", " At least 100 Mbps fixed BB take-up " and negatively associated with the following variables: " 4G Coverage "," 5G Coverage ", " 5G Readiness ", " Fixed broadband coverag e", " e-Government ", " At least Basic Digital Skills ", " Fixed broadband take-up ", " Broadband price index ", " Integration of Digital Technology ". Subsequently, two European clusters were found by value of "ICTG Specialists" using the k-Means clustering algorithm optimized by using the Silhouette coefficient. Finally, eight different machine learning algorithms were compared to predict the value of " ICT Specialists " in Europe. The results show that the best prediction algorithm is ANN-Artificial Neural Network with an estimated growth value of 12.53%. Finally, " augmented data " were obtained through the use of the ANN-Artificial Neural Network, through which a new prediction was made which estimated a growing value of the estimated variable equal to 3.18%. Macroeconomics Microeconomics Innovation and Invention Processes and Incentives Management of Technological Innovation and R&D Diffusion Processes Open Innovation Full Text Declarations competing interests: the authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1419464","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":88311089,"identity":"2c07950b-bf85-4a96-80f8-c3e92070694f","order_by":0,"name":"Angelo Leogrande","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPijN2AAiH4AI9mYQWwKnFjYULQkJQILnIFgLTj1YtEgkgtm4tbA3H35dUXNHtp+B+ZlE4g+bfH7Jh21SNxgs6nBq4TmWZnnm2DPjmQ1sZhIJCWmWM2cntknn4HOYRI6ZYQPb4cQNB3jYgFoOGxjcJqRF/g1Qy7/DifthWuxvHiRkC4/xw8Y2oC0MMFskGAlo4UlLY2zsO2w84zCbsUVCWpqBxJnEZuscAwnJBhxa+NkPH/7Y8O2wbH9788MbH2xsDPjbDx+8nVNRx4/LFrDbwBQziqABHg1AtR/wSo+CUTAKRsEoAABg1U/Q4kxZZwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"LUM UNIVERSITY GIUSEPPE DEGENNARO","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Angelo","middleName":"","lastName":"Leogrande","suffix":""},{"id":88311090,"identity":"1963465c-f054-42b4-bdb8-82419483f599","order_by":1,"name":"Nicola Magaletti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LUM ENTERPRISE S.R.L.","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nicola","middleName":"","lastName":"Magaletti","suffix":""},{"id":88311091,"identity":"132c47a9-bcad-4697-b95c-a820622583b7","order_by":2,"name":"Gabriele Cosoli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LUM ENTERPRISE S.R.L.","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gabriele","middleName":"","lastName":"Cosoli","suffix":""},{"id":88311092,"identity":"2631a236-89af-4da7-a814-78253420a091","order_by":3,"name":"Vito Giardinelli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LUM ENTERPRISE S.R.L.","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vito","middleName":"","lastName":"Giardinelli","suffix":""},{"id":88311093,"identity":"689cd1db-fb9f-4491-8e7d-cae8157420cf","order_by":4,"name":"Alessandro Massaro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LUM ENTERPRISE S.R.L.","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alessandro","middleName":"","lastName":"Massaro","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-03-04 14:23:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1419464/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1419464/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":19054628,"identity":"89e2f911-270d-44fe-9c6a-9e5252beb0da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-09 22:22:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3421092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"03032022ICTSpecialistsinEurope.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1419464/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eICT Specialists in Europe\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-1419464/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."},{"header":"Declarations","content":"competing interests: the authors declare no competing interests."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Innovation, and Invention, Processes and Incentives, Management of Technological Innovation and R\u0026D, Diffusion Processes, Open Innovation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1419464/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1419464/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe following article estimates the value of ICT Specialists in Europe between 2016 and 2021 for 28 European countries. The data were analyzed using the following econometric techniques, namely: Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Panel Data with Random Effects, WLS and Pooled OLS. The results show that the value of ICT Specialists in Europe is positively associated with the following variables: \"\u003cem\u003eDesi Index\u003c/em\u003e\", \"\u003cem\u003eSMEs with at least a basic level of digital intensity\u003c/em\u003e\", \"\u003cem\u003eAt least 100 Mbps fixed BB take-up\u003c/em\u003e\" and negatively associated with the following variables: \"\u003cem\u003e4G Coverage\u003c/em\u003e\",\"\u003cem\u003e5G Coverage\u003c/em\u003e\", \"\u003cem\u003e5G Readiness\u003c/em\u003e\", \"\u003cem\u003eFixed broadband coverag\u003c/em\u003ee\", \"\u003cem\u003ee-Government\u003c/em\u003e\", \"\u003cem\u003eAt least Basic Digital Skills\u003c/em\u003e\", \"\u003cem\u003eFixed broadband take-up\u003c/em\u003e\", \"\u003cem\u003eBroadband price index\u003c/em\u003e\", \"\u003cem\u003eIntegration of Digital Technology\u003c/em\u003e\". Subsequently, two European clusters were found by value of \"ICTG Specialists\" using the k-Means clustering algorithm optimized by using the Silhouette coefficient. Finally, eight different machine learning algorithms were compared to predict the value of \"\u003cem\u003eICT Specialists\u003c/em\u003e\" in Europe. The results show that the best prediction algorithm is ANN-Artificial Neural Network with an estimated growth value of 12.53%. Finally, \"\u003cem\u003eaugmented data\u003c/em\u003e\" were obtained through the use of the ANN-Artificial Neural Network, through which a new prediction was made which estimated a growing value of the estimated variable equal to 3.18%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"ICT Specialists in Europe","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-03-09 22:21:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1419464/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8bd783af-4ef0-42e0-823a-b1317eec47b0","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 9th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":10843728,"name":"Macroeconomics"},{"id":10843729,"name":"Microeconomics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-03-09T22:21:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-03-09 22:21:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1419464","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1419464","identity":"rs-1419464","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}