An Outbreak of Newcastle Disease in a Commercial Poultry Farm in Jigjiga, Ethiopia: A Case Report

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Hassan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968293/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious and economically damaging viral disease that affects chickens worldwide. It is characterized by high mortality rates, reaching up to 100% in unvaccinated flocks. This case report describes Newcastle disease an outbreak at a small-scale poultry farm in Qordher, Jigjiga, Ethiopia. The farm initially housed 1500 chickens with no prior vaccination history. When the outbreak was reported, 120 chickens had died, and several exhibited clinical signs such as reduced feed intake, coughing, wing drooping, neck twisting, incoordination, greenish watery diarrhea, and depression. Post-mortem examinations revealed hemorrhages in the trachea, proventriculus, caecal tonsils, and intestinal wall. To manage the outbreak, Oxytetracycline HCl (200 mg/4.5 liters of drinking water for 5-7 days) was administered to control secondary bacterial infections, and Stresswin (100 g/200 liters of water for 3-5 days) was used as an immune stimulant. Additionally, the owner was advised to implement biosecurity measures, including isolating sick birds, improving ventilation, and reducing overcrowding. Veterinary Epidemiology Animal Science Biosecurity Newcastle disease Poultry Postmortem findings Vaccination Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Newcastle disease is a severe and extremely infectious viral infection that affects both domestic and wild birds worldwide[ 1 ]. It causes huge economic losses to the commercial poultry farmers round the world[ 2 ]. Newcastle disease (ND) is the most important cause of economic losses to poultry production in Ethiopia. The disease has different local names, but the most commonly used is “Yedoro Fengle”[ 3 ] Newcastle disease virus is also known as an avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1). It is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, subfamily Avulavirinae, genus Orthoavulavirus, and species Avian orthoavulavirus. The genome encodes six structural proteins: nucleocapsid protein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, fusion protein, haemagglutination-neuraminidase protein, and RNA polymerase protein[ 4 ]. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains have been classified into three 50 groups, based on their pathogenicity in infected chickens: high virulence (velogenic), moderate 51 virulence (mesogenic), and low virulence (lentogenic)[ 5 ] Newcastle disease is very contagious and is easily spread from one bird to another. The infection is usually transmitted by direct contact with sick birds or unaffected birds carrying the virus. Even vaccinated birds that are clinically healthy can excrete virulent virus after they have been exposed. Virus can also be transmitted indirectly by people, other animals, equipment, vehicles, contaminated poultry products, feed and water[ 6 ] Various clinical signs are present in NCD affected animal that depend on the virulence and tropism of the NCD virus involved, the species, age of host and the immune status of the host and environmental conditions. Initial clinical signs vary but include anorexia, lethargy, ruffled feathers, edema and injection of conjunctiva. As the disease progresses, birds may develop watery greenish or white diarrhea, and dyspnea. In later stages of the disease, neurologic signs including; wing/leg paresis or paralysis, tremors, spasms, torticollis and aberrant circling behavior are evident. In layers sharp egg drop abnormalities in egg can be seen[ 7 ] In Ethiopia, the first confirmed case of the disease was recorded in 1971, following the occurrence of an outbreak in Asmara, Eritrea. The disease is then gradually spread across the country by wild birds and other risk issues. It has grown endemic in the village and commercial poultry populations, and it recurs every year, resulting in significant financial losses[ 1 ] Therefore the objective of this case report is to show the clinical sign, postmortem examination and treatment approaches and the impact of those interventions towards New Castle outbreak in a small scale farm. Case history and Clinical observations A case was reported in the poultry farm a located at Qordher, Jigjiga city during the month of January, 2025 with a complaint history of having reduced feed intake, depression, gasping, coughing, wing drooping, greenish watery diarrhea, head tremors, torticollis, incoordination, wing and leg paralysis, The chief complaint was that among 1500 numbers of birds, 120 birds were found dead after showing the clinical signs. A visit to the farm revealed poor hygienic measures and inadequate ventilation. On further enquiry, the farmer added that no flock records and no vaccination history of Newcastle disease. Figure 2. Clinical signs of Bovans brown female chickens diseased with Newcastle disease. A: Chicken exhibiting neck twisting (torticollis), B: A chicken experiencing wing paralysis (wing drooping), C: Leg paralysis, D: Greenish watery diarrhea. Postmortem Examination At necropsy, pinpoint haemorrhages on the tips of glands in the proventriculus, enlarged and haemorrhagic caecal tonsils, haemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal wall. marked congestion of trachea, often with haemorrhages, were evident. Figure 2. Post-mortem lesions of Bovans brown female chickens diseased with Newcastle disease. A: Pinpoint haemorrhages on the tips of glands in the proventriculus, B: Hemorrhage in the gut, C: Pinpoint haemorrhages on the intestinal wall, D: Gross haemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal wall. Case Management Based on history, visual observation of clinical signs and postmortem examination finding, the case was tentatively diagnosed as Newcastle disease. As a result, the treatment was targeted at reducing secondary bacterial complications, Oxytetracycline HCI B.P, 200 mg (Ashoxy,20%), 200–400 mg per 4.5 liters of drinking water (1–2 g per 4.5 liters of water) for 5–7 days was given, and to improves immunity to combat infectious diseases it was given Stresswin 100 g per 200 Litre drinking water for 3–5 days. The owner was further advised to isolate the sick and suspected birds from the flock, maintain proper ventilation, reduce overcrowding of birds and maintain strict biosecurity measures in and around the farm premises and minimizing travel on and off the facility. Results and Discussion Based on case history, clinical symptoms, gross lesions of postmortem findings, the case was tentatively diagnosed as Newcastle disease. In the present case, Symptoms such as depression, weakness, lying down, green diarrhoea, swelling of the face, and nervous signs may appear, ending in exhaustion and death. Other signs include twisting of the neck, paralysis of legs and arched position of the body. followed by complete stoppage of laying. These clinical signs are in line with the clinical signs listed by [ 8 ]. Haemorrhages on the tips of glands in the proventriculus, enlarged and haemorrhagic caecal tonsils, haemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal wall. marked congestion of trachea, often with haemorrhages. This is in agreement with the [ 9 ] As with almost all avian viruses, there is no cure for Newcastle disease. The best control measure remains prevention and is mainly based on vaccination. It considerably reduces mortality, protects the birds and allows farmers to increase their income through sales. In regions where the disease is endemic, especially in developing countries, the measures put in place revolve around the following actions: systematic vaccination programme and improved biosecurity in commercial farms[ 10 ] Declarations Participant Consent Statement: The legal guardian of the poultry farm involved in the outbreak of Newcastle Disease in Jigjiga, Ethiopia, provided informed consent for participation in this study. They also consented to the publication of clinical data, including details of the outbreak and associated findings, in the preprint. All data were collected in compliance with ethical guidelines and handled with the utmost confidentiality. Acknowledgments The author would like to acknowledge with special thanks to owner or manager of the poultry farms for his collaboration during the study period. Availability of data and materials The datasets during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. CONFLICT OF INTERESTS The author have not declared any conflict of interest. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Ethical approval This research was approved by Aaran Research Institute References Mossie, T. and D. Abera, A Compressive Review on Newcastle Disease Virus in Ethiopia. 2022. Ashraf, A. and M. Shah, Newcastle disease: present status and future challenges for developing countries. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2014. 8 (5): p. 411-416. Tulu, D., Newcastle disease and its different applicable control options in poultry in Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 2020. 8 (1): p. 43-56. Rajemison, F.M., et al., Pathogenicity of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Ethiopia. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 2024. 45 (3): p. 77-95. Zegeye, A., et al., Epidemiology of Newcastle disease in chickens of Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2022. 54 (5): p. 328. Abdisa, T. and T. Tagesu, Review on Newcastle disease of poultry and its public health importance. J. Vet. Sci. Technol, 2017. 8 (3): p. 441. Feyisa, A. and B. Befekadu, Newcastle Disease Outbreak and Intervention in a Chicken Flock with Unknown History: A Case Report. health, 2021. 1 : p. 2. Vegad, J., A colour atlas of poultry diseases: an aid to farmers and poultry professionals . 2007: International Book Distributing Company. Getabalew, M., et al., epidemiology, Diagnosis & Prevention of Newcastle disease in poultry. Am J Biomed Sci Res, 2019. 16 : p. 50-9. Dzogbema, K.F.-X., et al., Review on Newcastle disease in poultry. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2021. 15 (2): p. 773-789. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5968293","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Case Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":411731285,"identity":"c402eac2-7265-4f44-a53b-f06a2a9e215f","order_by":0,"name":"Yahia Y. Hassan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCCjY5EHXgAfFazvAZg7UkEK2DsU0usQHEIEqLwfEzZhIf2MzS54cdfgi0xU5Ot4GQljNpaZIzeNJyN95OMwBqSTY2O0BIy4HkY9I8EsdyN85OAGk5kLiNoJbzD9uk/xj8Tzecnf6BSC03gLYwJLAlyEvnEGmL5I1nyZY9B9gMN0jnFBxIMCDCL3zncwxv/PzHJi8/O33zhw8VdnIEtSgcYGCRALsQrNKAgHIQkG9gYP4AZYyCUTAKRsEowA4Ay3RJOEzuhxQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7003-7485","institution":"Aaran Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yahia","middleName":"Y.","lastName":"Hassan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-05 19:44:00","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968293/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968293/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75997341,"identity":"de598826-2ee6-4023-916f-deacf30e6ca4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-11 10:02:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1366796,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eClinical signs of Bovans brown female chickens diseased with Newcastle disease. A: Chicken exhibiting neck twisting (torticollis), B: A chicken experiencing wing paralysis (wing drooping), C: Leg paralysis, D: Greenish watery diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5968293/v1/8ba647f45af94d4a6ae816c5.png"},{"id":75996732,"identity":"78a93cd8-530a-4fdb-9748-ba34f67d4055","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-11 09:54:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":969974,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePost-mortem lesions of Bovans brown female chickens diseased with Newcastle disease. A: Pinpoint haemorrhages on the tips of glands in the proventriculus, B: Hemorrhage in the gut, C: Pinpoint haemorrhages on \u0026nbsp;the intestinal wall, \u0026nbsp;D: \u0026nbsp;Gross haemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal wall.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5968293/v1/ab15692ce5d150f79a2c2604.png"},{"id":75999330,"identity":"958c3304-394b-4822-b1e5-32e041ba9a71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-11 10:18:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2942036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5968293/v1/5650ec61-d1fb-4300-82e7-75429f02ac08.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAn Outbreak of Newcastle Disease in a Commercial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoultry Farm in Jigjiga, Ethiopia: A Case Report\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNewcastle disease is a severe and extremely infectious viral infection that affects both domestic and wild birds worldwide[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It causes huge economic losses to the commercial poultry farmers round the world[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Newcastle disease (ND) is the most important cause of economic losses to poultry production in Ethiopia. The disease has different local names, but the most commonly used is \u0026ldquo;Yedoro Fengle\u0026rdquo;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewcastle disease virus is also known as an avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1). It is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, subfamily Avulavirinae, genus Orthoavulavirus, and species Avian orthoavulavirus. The genome encodes six structural proteins: nucleocapsid protein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, fusion protein, haemagglutination-neuraminidase protein, and RNA polymerase protein[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains have been classified into three 50 groups, based on their pathogenicity in infected chickens: high virulence (velogenic), moderate 51 virulence (mesogenic), and low virulence (lentogenic)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewcastle disease is very contagious and is easily spread from one bird to another. The infection is usually transmitted by direct contact with sick birds or unaffected birds carrying the virus. Even vaccinated birds that are clinically healthy can excrete virulent virus after they have been exposed. Virus can also be transmitted indirectly by people, other animals, equipment, vehicles, contaminated poultry products, feed and water[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious clinical signs are present in NCD affected animal that depend on the virulence and tropism of the NCD virus involved, the species, age of host and the immune status of the host and environmental conditions. Initial clinical signs vary but include anorexia, lethargy, ruffled feathers, edema and injection of conjunctiva. As the disease progresses, birds may develop watery greenish or white diarrhea, and dyspnea. In later stages of the disease, neurologic signs including; wing/leg paresis or paralysis, tremors, spasms, torticollis and aberrant circling behavior are evident. In layers sharp egg drop abnormalities in egg can be seen[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia, the first confirmed case of the disease was recorded in 1971, following the occurrence of an outbreak in Asmara, Eritrea. The disease is then gradually spread across the country by wild birds and other risk issues. It has grown endemic in the village and commercial poultry populations, and it recurs every year, resulting in significant financial losses[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore the objective of this case report is to show the clinical sign, postmortem examination and treatment approaches and the impact of those interventions towards New Castle outbreak in a small scale farm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCase history and Clinical observations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e A case was reported in the poultry farm a located at Qordher, Jigjiga city during the month of January, 2025 with a complaint history of having reduced feed intake, depression, gasping, coughing, wing drooping, greenish watery diarrhea, head tremors, torticollis, incoordination, wing and leg paralysis, The chief complaint was that among 1500 numbers of birds, 120 birds were found dead after showing the clinical signs. A visit to the farm revealed poor hygienic measures and inadequate ventilation. On further enquiry, the farmer added that no flock records and no vaccination history of Newcastle disease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 2.\u003c/b\u003e Clinical signs of Bovans brown female chickens diseased with Newcastle disease. A: Chicken exhibiting neck twisting (torticollis), B: A chicken experiencing wing paralysis (wing drooping), C: Leg paralysis, D: Greenish watery diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePostmortem Examination\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e At necropsy, pinpoint haemorrhages on the tips of glands in the proventriculus, enlarged and haemorrhagic caecal tonsils, haemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal wall. marked congestion of trachea, often with haemorrhages, were evident.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 2.\u003c/b\u003e Post-mortem lesions of Bovans brown female chickens diseased with Newcastle disease. A: Pinpoint haemorrhages on the tips of glands in the proventriculus, B: Hemorrhage in the gut, C: Pinpoint haemorrhages on the intestinal wall, D: Gross haemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal wall.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Case Management","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on history, visual observation of clinical signs and postmortem examination finding, the case was tentatively diagnosed as Newcastle disease. As a result, the treatment was targeted at reducing secondary bacterial complications, Oxytetracycline HCI B.P, 200 mg (Ashoxy,20%), 200\u0026ndash;400 mg per 4.5 liters of drinking water (1\u0026ndash;2 g per 4.5 liters of water) for 5\u0026ndash;7 days was given, and to improves immunity to combat infectious diseases it was given Stresswin 100 g per 200 Litre drinking water for 3\u0026ndash;5 days. The owner was further advised to isolate the sick and suspected birds from the flock, maintain proper ventilation, reduce overcrowding of birds and maintain strict biosecurity measures in and around the farm premises and minimizing travel on and off the facility.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on case history, clinical symptoms, gross lesions of postmortem findings, the case was tentatively diagnosed as Newcastle disease. In the present case, Symptoms such as depression, weakness, lying down, green diarrhoea, swelling of the face, and nervous signs may appear, ending in exhaustion and death. Other signs include twisting of the neck, paralysis of legs and arched position of the body. followed by complete stoppage of laying. These clinical signs are in line with the clinical signs listed by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Haemorrhages on the tips of glands in the proventriculus, enlarged and haemorrhagic caecal tonsils, haemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal wall. marked congestion of trachea, often with haemorrhages. This is in agreement with the [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs with almost all avian viruses, there is no cure for Newcastle disease. The best control measure remains prevention and is mainly based on vaccination. It considerably reduces mortality, protects the birds and allows farmers to increase their income through sales. In regions where the disease is endemic, especially in developing countries, the measures put in place revolve around the following actions: systematic vaccination programme and improved biosecurity in commercial farms[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eParticipant Consent Statement: The legal guardian of the poultry farm involved in the outbreak of Newcastle Disease in Jigjiga, Ethiopia, provided informed consent for participation in this study. They also consented to the publication of clinical data, including details of the outbreak and associated findings, in the preprint. All data were collected in compliance with ethical guidelines and handled with the utmost confidentiality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author would like to acknowledge with special thanks to owner or manager of the poultry farms for his collaboration during the study period.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eCONFLICT OF INTERESTS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author have not declared any conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was approved by Aaran Research Institute\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMossie, T. and D. Abera, \u003cem\u003eA Compressive Review on Newcastle Disease Virus in Ethiopia.\u003c/em\u003e 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAshraf, A. and M. Shah, \u003cem\u003eNewcastle disease: present status and future challenges for developing countries.\u003c/em\u003e African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2014. \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 411-416.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTulu, D., \u003cem\u003eNewcastle disease and its different applicable control options in poultry in Ethiopia.\u003c/em\u003e International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 43-56.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRajemison, F.M., et al., \u003cem\u003ePathogenicity of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Ethiopia.\u003c/em\u003e Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e45\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 77-95.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZegeye, A., et al., \u003cem\u003eEpidemiology of Newcastle disease in chickens of Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\u003c/em\u003e Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 328.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbdisa, T. and T. Tagesu, \u003cem\u003eReview on Newcastle disease of poultry and its public health importance.\u003c/em\u003e J. Vet. Sci. Technol, 2017. \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 441.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFeyisa, A. and B. Befekadu, \u003cem\u003eNewcastle Disease Outbreak and Intervention in a Chicken Flock with Unknown History: A Case Report.\u003c/em\u003e health, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 2.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVegad, J., \u003cem\u003eA colour atlas of poultry diseases: an aid to farmers and poultry professionals\u003c/em\u003e. 2007: International Book Distributing Company.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGetabalew, M., et al., \u003cem\u003eepidemiology, Diagnosis \u0026amp; Prevention of Newcastle disease in poultry.\u003c/em\u003e Am J Biomed Sci Res, 2019. \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 50-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDzogbema, K.F.-X., et al., \u003cem\u003eReview on Newcastle disease in poultry.\u003c/em\u003e International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 773-789.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Aaran Research Institute","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biosecurity, Newcastle disease, Poultry, Postmortem findings, Vaccination","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968293/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968293/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNewcastle Disease is a highly contagious and economically damaging viral disease that affects chickens worldwide. It is characterized by high mortality rates, reaching up to 100% in unvaccinated flocks. This case report describes Newcastle disease an outbreak at a small-scale poultry farm in Qordher, Jigjiga, Ethiopia. The farm initially housed 1500 chickens with no prior vaccination history. When the outbreak was reported, 120 chickens had died, and several exhibited clinical signs such as reduced feed intake, coughing, wing drooping, neck twisting, incoordination, greenish watery diarrhea, and depression. Post-mortem examinations revealed hemorrhages in the trachea, proventriculus, caecal tonsils, and intestinal wall. To manage the outbreak, Oxytetracycline HCl (200 mg/4.5 liters of drinking water for 5-7 days) was administered to control secondary bacterial infections, and Stresswin (100 g/200 liters of water for 3-5 days) was used as an immune stimulant. Additionally, the owner was advised to implement biosecurity measures, including isolating sick birds, improving ventilation, and reducing overcrowding.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An Outbreak of Newcastle Disease in a Commercial\nPoultry Farm in Jigjiga, Ethiopia: A Case Report","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-11 09:53:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968293/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1076d524-4a84-4fb5-983a-ee05cc739a8e","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":43905011,"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology"},{"id":43905012,"name":"Animal Science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-11T09:53:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-11 09:53:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5968293","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5968293","identity":"rs-5968293","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}