Performance and emission characteristics analysis of a CI engine fueled with Distilled pyrolytic waste plastic oil /ethanol/diesel blends

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Existing environmental pollution due to higher fossil fuel consumption certainly bring attention of many researchers to identify a better alternative fuel with respect to engine efficiency and exhaust emission. Waste plastic oil (WPO) derived by thermo-catalytic pyrolysis is found a promising alternative fuel due to its similar fuel properties to diesel. WPO contains bulky long chained naphtha, which can be eliminated by fractional distillation resulting production of Distilled Waste Plastic oil (DPO). DPO is mixed with different proportion of ethanol in order to improve the combustion for better performances and lesser emissions. The current study focused on the preparation of homogenous fuel mixtures (DPO/Ethanol/Diesel) to evaluate its engine efficiency and exhaust emissions as compared to pure diesel and confirm that it owns the potential as alternate fuel to CI engine. Test engine trials were performed for determining potential engine characteristics for instance thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumptions and exhaust temperature by using various fuel mixtures (80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 60D20DPO20E, 50D25DPO25E) under different loading conditions of test engine. Major pollutants including unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides were measured by standard emission analyzer. The study concluded that fuel mixture of 60D20DPO20E showed best engine performance and reduced emissions as compared to diesel. pyrolysis waste plastic oil distilled plastic oil performance emissions Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Demand for crude oil and a petroleum-based product are enormously increasing over time and become more expensive. Conversely, the fuel economy and engine efficiency are consistently improving. On the other hand, current fuel demand for automobile industry and agriculture machineries becomes inadequate by the existing conventional fossil reservoirs (Pandian 2017). So, the rapid depletion of traditional fossil fuels and the additional bourdon owing to their higher environmental challenges necessitate comprehensive attentions in the direction of searching for sustainable alternate fuels (Ozcanli 2015 ).Many research findings reported bio-ethanol, biodiesel, and pyrolysis bio-oils as renewable alternate liquid fuels and used them as a partial replacement of the fossil fuel. The reasons behind the insignificant progress and unpopularity towards alternate fuel among the users may be due to its uncertainty in ensuring better engine performance and a reduced emission. Furthermore, effect of greenhouse gases and subsequently causing threat for global warming due to combustion of massive petro-fuels is one of the most important motivations to search for alternate fuels (Perera et al.2019 ; Pandey et al.2022). Due to higher dependency on diesel by major industries like transportation, agriculture, and energy sectors, for its better drivability, higher engine efficiency and comparable fuel economy, it becomes essential to investigate on alternate to diesel fuel ( Das et al.2020 ) [5]. Conversely, bulk generation of waste plastics because of massive production of components made of plastics causes a major challenge for their disposal and also incurred environmental pollutions. So, pyrolysis of waste plastics into oil is regarded as a most promising method both from technical and environmental point of views. Additionally, WPO obtained by pyrolysis has a very similar property with diesel in respect to its chemical, physical and thermal characteristics ( Das et al.2020). Many research investigations reported that this technique is very promising for oil production from waste plastics (Arjanggi 2020 ). However, make use of this oil directly in CI engine is hardly encouraging because of its high viscosity value resulting associated combustion problems such as improper fuel spray patterns, irregularities in injection, poor mixer preparation during engine operations (Kalargaris 2017). In addition, higher emissions were reported by the direct use of this fuel in engine (Pakiya 2019). Furthermore, a few research studies conducted on engines by using the purified WPO undergone distillation process and suggested that appropriate mixture of DPO with diesel can certainly show better outcomes both in engine performance and emissions (Arjharn et al. 2022 ). So, fractional distillation of the WPO in to distilled waste plastic oil (DPO) and its blend with diesel should certainly get better the engine performance. Similarly, inclusion of appropriate oxygenated fuel additives like ethanol to diesel could causes improvement in combustion behavior that results better performance and emission (Das et al. 2020 b).The presence of free oxygen in oxygenated fuels supports additional combustion and consequently improves quality of ignition and combustion efficiency (Knothe 2005). So, prioritizing DPO, as a better option for diesel, could mitigate the contemporary challenges for energy demand and emissions. In this context, attempts have been taken to investigate 4-stroke DI diesel engine performance and emission characteristics by using appropriate mixture of distilled waste plastic oil, diesel and ethanol as combustion improviser under different engine loads. Research Objectives The investigation on engine is focused on the subsequent outcomes; Distilled waste plastic oil characterization and analysis. Study the comparison between distilled pyrolytic oil (DPO) extracted from waste plastic oil and diesel. Comparative study of performance and emission by using different mixtures of Diesel /DPO/Ethanol and variable engine loads to that of pure diesel. Experimental Procedure 3.1 Preparation and Characterization of test fuel mixtures Medical plastic wastes mainly consists of discarded syringe and saline bottles, were undergone pyrolysis process by maintaining yield temperature of 500°C and taking Zeolite A as catalyst, to derive the waste plastic oil in the batch reactor. In our prior publication, we detailed the entire process for waste plastic oil extraction from medical waste plastics (Das et al 2020 ). The pyrolytic waste plastic oil obtained was further purified by fractional distillation process at 200°C. The distilled pyrolytic oil was then subjected for GC–MS analysis to identify its chemical composition as enumerated in Table 1 . Carbon chain ranges C9–C20 containing hydrocarbons, alcohols, nitriles, amines, and amides are found in the oil. The thermo-physical properties of the various test fuel mixtures are computed using ASTM protocols and shown in Table 2 . The test fuels are produced by preparing a homogenous mixture of distilled waste plastic oil and ethanol (95% purity) in different proportions with pure diesel. The fuel mixtures are designated as 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 60D20DPO20E and 50D25DPO25E, where as D, DPO, and E represents diesel, distilled plastic oil, and ethanol, in that order, where as the digit designates the additive concentration by volume. The test oils having density is determined marginally lower to that of diesel. Table 1 GC–MS of the Distilled waste plastic oil from Medical waste plastics Peak Number Area (%) Compound description Chemical Formula 1 3.55 Cyclohexene ,3,3,5 trimethyl C 9 H 16 2 3.28 1-Octene, 2-methyl C 9 H 18 3 17.71 2-Pentanone,3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3,4-dimethyl-1 C 10 H 18 O 3 4 3.75 Isocitronellol C 10 H 20 O 5 19.96 Cyclohexane,(2-nitro-2-propenyl) C 9 H 15 NO 2 6 9.43 1,1’-Bicyclohexyl C 12 H 22 7 1.34 4-Undecene.7-methyl C 12 H 24 8 0.65 2-Butoxynapthalene C 14 H 16 O 9 1.49 1-Pentanol,3-methyl- C 6 H 14 O 10 0.31 Cyclobutane,1,1-dimethyl-2-octyl C 14 H 28 11 1.11 1-Butanol,2-ethyl C 6 H 14 O 12 0.80 Cyclopentane,1-methyl-3-(2-methyl-2-propenyl) C 10 H 18 13 21.32 1-Undecene, 7-methyl C 12 H 24 14 5.96 2-Decene, 4-methyl-,{Z} C 11 H 22 15 16.22 Nonane,2,6-dimethyl C11H24 16 12.98 Nonane,2,6-dimethyl C 11 H 24 17 2.89 2-Undecanethiol,2-methyl C 12 H 26 S 18 71.68 1-Decene,2,4-dimethyl C 12 H 24 19 20.48 2-Undecene,4,5-dimethyl C 13 H 26 20 8.73 Isotridecanol- C 13 H 28 O 21 3.84 Octadecane,1-(ethenyloxy) C 20 H 40 O FTIR (Fig. 1 ) analysis of distilled waste plastic pyrolysis oil is carried out to ascertain the detailed composition of the oil. The FTIR result indicates the presence 2855 cm − 1 and 2917 cm − 1 (C-Hstr), 1709 cm − 1 (C = Ostr), 1463 cm − 1 (-C-H bending ), 720 cm − 1 and 909 cm − 1 (= C-H bending ) which supports the presence of compounds analyzed through GC-MS. The major properties like fuel flash point, fire point and gross calorific value of the oils are reasonably similar to diesel. DPO and Ethanol are mixed thoroughly with diesel by 10, 15, 20 and 25% and become appropriate for engine trials. The properties of fuel including diesel and other fuel mixtures are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Composition and properties of test fuels Test engine Fuels Volumetric concentration, (%) Density @15 ο C (g/m 3 ) Flash point ( ο C) Fire point ( ο C) Calorific Value (MJ/kg) Kinematic Viscosity of fuels (cSt) @ 30 ο C Diesel DPO Ethanol Diesel 100 - - 835 52 57 45 2.15 80D10DPO10E 80 10 10 829.9 47.6 52.31 45.21 2.41 70D15DPO15E 70 15 15 816 39.5 43.66 42.92 2.24 60D20DPO20E 60 20 20 810 34.9 39.21 42.21 2.28 50D25DPO25E 50 25 25 803 30.6 34.74 41.52 2.31 2.2 Specifications of Test Engine Figure 2 illustrates the experimental set up which is consists of various components associated in the trial. The technological explanations of the experiment engine employed in the study are also exhibited in Table 3 . The experimental engine was primarily started under zero load condition, and following an average rpm of 1500, it was supplementary loaded using an AC dynamometer up to maximum values. In order to measure the flow rate of fuel and air are injected into the engine chamber, an air box and fuel meter are mounted to the engine. In the direction of measurement of the water inlet-outlet, ambient, and exhaust gas temperatures digitally, definite thermocouples were installed at several critical locations throughout the engine configuration. The concentrations of different exhaust gas pollutants, such as CO, NOx, and unburned HC, were measured by an emission gas analyzer (Diacom 4000). The observed data obtained from the testing engine was used to monitor and record the data produced during all experiments. Throughout the entire testing process, normal diesel was used as a pilot fuel to start the engine, and different mixtures of distilled pyrolytic waste plastic oil, synthesized ethanol and normal diesel were used by for necessary engine trials. For various loading conditions and blending ratios of DPO-Ethanol with diesel, performance indicators including brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature were assessed. Table 3 Experimental engine specifications Engine descriptions Condition Test Engine employed Kirloskar company Engine features Water Cooling system, 1-Cylinder Bore /Stroke (mm) 87.50/110.00 Engine speed (RPM) 1500 Rated Power (kW) 5.20 Combustion method 4 stroke direct injection Compression ratio 18:1 2.3 Experiment Error Analysis It is always recommended to carry out an uncertainty analysis with the purpose of ensuring any experimental accuracy [5]. The result of uncertainty analysis is a prediction of uncertainties during the test. Using Eq. ( 1 ), an error analysis can be evaluated. The calibration range, accuracy and % uncertainties of associated apparatus in the trial engine are enlisted in Table 4 . $$Y=\sqrt{{{X}_{1}}^{2}+{{X}_{2}}^{2}+{{X}_{3}}^{2}+{{X}_{4}}^{2}+{{X}_{5}}^{2}+{{X}_{6}}^{2}+{{X}_{7}}^{2}+{{X}_{8}}^{2}+{{X}_{9}}^{2} }$$ 1 $$Y=\sqrt{{1}^{2}+{\left(0.2\right)}^{2}+{\left(1\right)}^{2}+{\left(0.2\right)}^{2}+{\left(0.2\right)}^{2}+{\left(0.2\right)}^{2}+{\left(1\right)}^{2}+{\left(0.15\right)}^{2}+{\left(1\right)}^{2}}$$ $$Y=\pm 2.28\%$$ Table 4 Measurement instrument accuracy and uncertainty Sl. No Instruments Range Accuracy % Uncertainties 1 Exhaust Gas Analyzer CO: 0–10% HC: 0–10,000ppm NO x : 0-5000ppm \(\pm 0.02\) \(\pm 20 \text{p}\text{p}\text{m}\) \(\pm 10 \text{p}\text{p}\text{m}\) \(\pm 0.2\) \(\pm 0.2\) \(\pm 0.2\) 2 Exhaust gas Temperature indicator 0-1000 ο C \({\pm 1}^{^\circ } \text{C}\) \(\pm 0.15\) 3 RPM Meter 0-1000 rpm \(\pm 10 \text{r}\text{p}\text{m}\) \(\pm 0.1\) 4 Load indicator 0-100kg \(\pm 0.01 \text{k}\text{g}\) \(\pm 0.2\) 5 Fuel meter 0-100 cc \(\pm 0.01 \text{c}\text{c}\) \(\pm 1\) 6 Manometer 0-50mm \(\pm 1 \text{m}\text{m}\) \(\pm 1\) 7 Pressure transducer 0-110 bar \(\pm 0.01 \text{k}\text{g}\) \(\pm 0.2\) Experimental Results and Discussion 3.1 Performance parameters Analysis The engine performance can be evaluated through studying some of its indicative factors for instance BTE, BSFC and EGT, which contribute significantly. 3.1.1Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) Figure 3 illustrates the variation in brake thermal efficiency at different engine loads. The graph shows that for diesel, thermal efficiency at maximum engine load is 27.31% and for the fuel mixture of distilled waste plastic oil and Ethanol (60D20DPO20E), it is 27.93%. It also illustrates that 60D20DPO20E fuel combination performs superior compared to others, and this improvement in BTE is observed to be more evident under full load conditions. Better calorific value of DPO contributes to a higher increase in the fuel blends than the pure diesel. On the other hand, when the engine is run with other fuel mixtures of DPO/Ethanol/diesel, such as 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 50D25DPO25E, it gives the thermal efficiency of 27.58, 27.92, and 27.93%, respectively, at full load. Furthermore, DPO has a lower density and higher viscosity than diesel, which contributes poor atomization and vaporization resulting reduced BTE (Das et al. 2020 a). 3.1.2 Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) Consumption of fuel, particular to charge efficiency shows how efficiently an engine's charge is converted into work. Figure 4 illustrates the deviation in BSFC for different DPO/Ethanol/Diesel blends at various engine loads. The graph explains that, an increase in engine load causes the BSFC to drop for all fuels. In addition, it is noticeable that BSFC rather decreases when DPO concentration rises in DPO/Ethanol/Diesel blends. This might be occurred since DPO has a better fuel economy than diesel owing to its larger calorific value (Das et al. 2020 a). BSFC varies from 0.69 kg/kWh at minimum load to 0.301 kg/kWh at maximum load for diesel, and it varies from 0.66 to 0.30 kg/kWh, 0.64 to 0.28 kg/kWh, 0.61 to 0.25 kg/kWh and 0.71 to 0.34 kg/kWh for fuel mixture of 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 60D20DPO20E and 50D25DPO25E, at lowest load to highest load, respectively. 3.1.3 Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) Figure 5 illustrates the deviation in the EGT at different engine loads and various blends of DPO and Ethanol with diesel. The end result points out that the EGT elevates with increment of DPO/Ethanol concentration in diesel blends and decreases beyond 20%, irrespective of loads. The highest temperature is obtained at 235 ℃ for 60D20DPO20E blend. Because of the higher HRR and longer ignition delay period, the EGT in the 60D20W20E has increased. The EGT rise describes the quantity of heat losses in exhaust gases, which may be encountered due to some portions of hydrocarbons that are not completely burned during combustion and prolonged combustions even in the afterburning phase of power stroke (Das et al. 2020 b). The maximum temperature is 229 ℃, 231 ℃, 232 ℃, and 229 ℃ for diesel, 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, and 50D25DPO25E, respectively at full load condition. The increase in exhaust gas temperature that happens with an increase in the fraction of DPO/Ethanol in diesel is caused due to substantially higher heating values of blended fuels. Because more fuel was needed to make the engine produce more power, exhaust gas temperature rises in relation to engine load (Pandey 2022). 3.2 Exhaust emissions Analysis 3.2.1 CO emission Improper fuel burning, due to lack of oxygen typically results higher carbon monoxide (CO) production inside the combustion chamber. Figure 5 shows a considerable reduction in CO emissions for the blend 60D20DPO20E with increased loads. The high availability of oxygen in DPO/Ethanol/Diesel blends may assist complete effective combustion in the engine cylinder and hence aid in reducing carbon monoxide generation (Pandey 2022). In the case of diesel, the concentration of CO emission varies from 0.08% at 25% load to 0.05% at full load. The CO emission fluctuates from 0.084 to 0.055% for 80D10DPO10E, 0.089 to 0.056% for 70D15DPO15E, 0.082 to 0.052% for 60D20DPO20E and 0.091 to 0.059% for 50D25DPO25E, at low load to full load respectively. The results show that CO declines with augmentation of engine load of every fuel mixtures to that of diesel. Furthermore, incomplete bulk gas reactions also contribute to greater CO emissions under low load conditions. It is possible that lower fuel consumption is the cause of the reduced CO emission at higher loads ( Das et al 2020 b). 3.2.2 HC emission One of the important factors to consider when analyzing the combustion inefficiency is generation of unburned hydrocarbon. Figure 7 displays how unburned hydrocarbon changes with load for the test fuels. With an increase in the percentage of DPO in the blend, the hydrocarbon emissions increase. The relationship between HC emission and engine load demonstrates that for all blends, it rises with increasing load. HC varies from 19 to 42 ppm at lowest to highest load for Diesel. It varies 21 to 45 ppm, 24 to 48 ppm, 28 to 49 ppm, 50D25DPO25E at lowest to highest load for 80D10DPO10E ,70D15DPO15E and, respectively. But the trend is reversed for 60D20DPO20E fuel mixture. HC varies 25 to 46 ppm and 24 to 48 ppm at lowest to highest load. This may be due to the availability of oxygen in Ethanol facilitating the improvement in combustion. The concentration of unburned hydrocarbon rises at higher load ranges due to excess supply of fuel admission. Moreover, a higher DPO-Ethanol blend with diesel limits homogenous propagation of flame front inside the combustion chamber and contributes to greater hydrocarbon deposits and a small amount of unburned fuels(Knothe et al.2005; Nagarajan et al. 2002 ). Also, the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons in DPO leads to increased emissions after combustion ( Das et al.2022; Panda et al.2016). 3.3.3 NO x emission Nitrogen oxide emissions are produced due to higher in-cylinder temperature and excess air present inside chamber during combustion (Das et al.2021; Osman 2020 ; Das et al.2022). The NOx formation in any location depends on the quantity of oxygen present and the peak temperature during the initial stage of combustion. Figure 7 shows the variation in concentrations of NOx emission under various engine load conditions. NOx varies from 37 to 201 ppm, 64 to 212 ppm, 66 to 218 ppm, 60 to 208 ppm,and 67 to 227 ppm at lowest to highest load for Diesel, 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 60D20DPO20E and 50D25DPO25E fuel mixtures, respectively. At high load and temperatures, NOx levels increase. Because of the existence of longer carbon chain compounds in DPO, it causes longer ignition delay resulting excess production of NOx as compared to diesel( Das et al.2020). Furthermore, experimental results disclose that addition of ethanol with diesel augment higher NOx emissions owing to occurrence of chemical reaction between excess oxygen present in fuels and the nitrogen from the air (Pandey et al.2022). Conclusion Using various fuel mixtures of distilled waste plastic oil, ethanol and diesel fueled at a rated speed and different loading states of the test engine, the performance and emission were observed. According to the results of this investigation, adding lower amount of DPO/Ethanol to diesel considerably improved the combustion properties of fuel mixtures. From the conducted tests, it was studied that the engine performed better up to 20% of each DPO/Ethanol blend with diesel. BTE was 3.7% higher and BSFC was 16.67% lesser for 60D20DPO20E mixture so as to diesel at full load. CO emission was found comparatively increasing at higher concentration and decreasing at higher loads. Compared to diesel, the NOx and HC emission were shown to be lower at low loads and increases at higher loads. Hence, 60D20DPO20E blended fuel mixture could be the better alternative for CI engines as per the performance and emission prospective. Abbreviations Abbreviations Descriptions DPO Distilled Waste plastic oil BTE Brake Thermal Efficiency BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption CI Compression Ignition CO Carbon Monoxide DI Direct Injection EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy GCMS Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry GCV Gross Calorific Value ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials HC Hydro Carbon NO x Nitrogen Oxide PID Proportional Integral Derivative Declarations Ethical Approval Not applicable -Consent to Participate Not applicable -Consent to Publish Subscription -Authors Contributions “All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Amar Kumar Das], [Siba Prasad Behera], [Swopneswar Mohanty], and [Nilakantha Behera]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Amar Kumar Das]and [Kirtiswarup Mohanty] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.” -Funding “The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.” -Competing Interests “The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.” -Availability of data and materials Not applicable References Arjanggi RD, Kansedo J (2020) Recent advancement and prospective of waste plastics as biodiesel additives: A review. J Energy Inst 93(3):934–952 Arjharn W, Liplap P, Maithomklang S, Thammakul K, Chuepeng S, Sukjit E (2022) Distilled waste plastic oil as fuel for a diesel engine: Fuel production, combustion characteristics, and exhaust gas emissions. ACS omega 7(11):9720–9729 Das AK, Hansdah D, Mohapatra AK, Panda AK (2020) Energy, exergy and emission analysis on a DI single cylinder diesel engine using pyrolytic waste plastic oil diesel blend. 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Environ Res 172:55–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.016 Supplementary Files GA.png Graphical Abstract Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Nov, 2023 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revision 04 Oct, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Sep, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Sep, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 12 Sep, 2023 First submitted to journal 06 Sep, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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oil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/bf7c554ab9085b11095824b4.png"},{"id":43724950,"identity":"27821fd7-1785-437c-8da6-1cec56e30d8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-26 20:58:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":71546,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagram of experimental set up\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/67e8a10aa6a43bcfd521033a.png"},{"id":43725464,"identity":"aeec93dc-04cd-4998-a769-2a66eddbcf9d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-26 21:14:23","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42893,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariation of BTE with load\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/74ed4e97df9fa329e5e868e0.png"},{"id":43724947,"identity":"11b3d6fd-36ee-4cca-95ee-dca2499e8c97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-26 20:58:23","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40769,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariation of BSFC with load\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/5fb32a124f48aa81a9b5d5ee.png"},{"id":43725569,"identity":"728c73d5-615b-4147-8ef6-bc543a0a5301","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-26 21:22:23","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariation of EGT with load\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/9f303a39d39c147947180303.png"},{"id":43724948,"identity":"e227648d-65f6-415e-a4f2-ce27b1ef40b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-26 20:58:23","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34922,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariation of CO with load\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/845c9a1977221dc31938b863.png"},{"id":43724954,"identity":"7188f536-0007-40c9-8692-fa8cc377edc7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-26 20:58:23","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariation of unburned HC with load\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/276247a686d17b0dbab59fbd.png"},{"id":43725186,"identity":"1dcd67bc-0095-42e0-9ac5-1a930f323d33","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-26 21:06:23","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 7 Variation of NOx with load\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/039056cec93b5240682e3865.png"},{"id":47561622,"identity":"9c3b885c-4910-4538-ac57-aaef04de2f42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-12-04 15:12:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":696069,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/9b1ee0f1-734e-4606-9f59-b11caa8b5c50.pdf"},{"id":43725185,"identity":"49a0d81c-e3af-4296-9e1e-fcef0bcdc10c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-26 21:06:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":110156,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraphical Abstract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"GA.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3287773/v1/9039f555b0047dc0b15fb113.png"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Performance and emission characteristics analysis of a CI engine fueled with Distilled pyrolytic waste plastic oil /ethanol/diesel blends","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDemand for crude oil and a petroleum-based product are enormously increasing over time and become more expensive. Conversely, the fuel economy and engine efficiency are consistently improving. On the other hand, current fuel demand for automobile industry and agriculture machineries becomes inadequate by the existing conventional fossil reservoirs (Pandian 2017). So, the rapid depletion of traditional fossil fuels and the additional bourdon owing to their higher environmental challenges necessitate comprehensive attentions in the direction of searching for sustainable alternate fuels (Ozcanli \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).Many research findings reported bio-ethanol, biodiesel, and pyrolysis bio-oils as renewable alternate liquid fuels and used them as a partial replacement of the fossil fuel. The reasons behind the insignificant progress and unpopularity towards alternate fuel among the users may be due to its uncertainty in ensuring better engine performance and a reduced emission. Furthermore, effect of greenhouse gases and subsequently causing threat for global warming due to combustion of massive petro-fuels is one of the most important motivations to search for alternate fuels (Perera et al.2019 ; Pandey et al.2022). Due to higher dependency on diesel by major industries like transportation, agriculture, and energy sectors, for its better drivability, higher engine efficiency and comparable fuel economy, it becomes essential to investigate on alternate to diesel fuel ( Das et al.2020 ) [5]. Conversely, bulk generation of waste plastics because of massive production of components made of plastics causes a major challenge for their disposal and also incurred environmental pollutions. So, pyrolysis of waste plastics into oil is regarded as a most promising method both from technical and environmental point of views. Additionally, WPO obtained by pyrolysis has a very similar property with diesel in respect to its chemical, physical and thermal characteristics ( Das et al.2020). Many research investigations reported that this technique is very promising for oil production from waste plastics (Arjanggi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). However, make use of this oil directly in CI engine is hardly encouraging because of its high viscosity value resulting associated combustion problems such as improper fuel spray patterns, irregularities in injection, poor mixer preparation during engine operations (Kalargaris 2017). In addition, higher emissions were reported by the direct use of this fuel in engine (Pakiya 2019). Furthermore, a few research studies conducted on engines by using the purified WPO undergone distillation process and suggested that appropriate mixture of DPO with diesel can certainly show better outcomes both in engine performance and emissions (Arjharn et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). So, fractional distillation of the WPO in to distilled waste plastic oil (DPO) and its blend with diesel should certainly get better the engine performance. Similarly, inclusion of appropriate oxygenated fuel additives like ethanol to diesel could causes improvement in combustion behavior that results better performance and emission (Das et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003eb).The presence of free oxygen in oxygenated fuels supports additional combustion and consequently improves quality of ignition and combustion efficiency (Knothe 2005).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSo, prioritizing DPO, as a better option for diesel, could mitigate the contemporary challenges for energy demand and emissions. In this context, attempts have been taken to investigate 4-stroke DI diesel engine performance and emission characteristics by using appropriate mixture of distilled waste plastic oil, diesel and ethanol as combustion improviser under different engine loads.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Research Objectives","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe investigation on engine is focused on the subsequent outcomes;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistilled waste plastic oil characterization and analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy the comparison between distilled pyrolytic oil (DPO) extracted from waste plastic oil and diesel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative study of performance and emission by using different mixtures of Diesel /DPO/Ethanol and variable engine loads to that of pure diesel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental Procedure","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Preparation and Characterization of test fuel mixtures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical plastic wastes mainly consists of discarded syringe and saline bottles, were undergone pyrolysis process by maintaining yield temperature of 500\u0026deg;C and taking Zeolite A as catalyst, to derive the waste plastic oil in the batch reactor. In our prior publication, we detailed the entire process for waste plastic oil extraction from medical waste plastics (Das et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The pyrolytic waste plastic oil obtained was further purified by fractional distillation process at 200\u0026deg;C. The distilled pyrolytic oil was then subjected for GC\u0026ndash;MS analysis to identify its chemical composition as enumerated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Carbon chain ranges C9\u0026ndash;C20 containing hydrocarbons, alcohols, nitriles, amines, and amides are found in the oil. The thermo-physical properties of the various test fuel mixtures are computed using ASTM protocols and shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The test fuels are produced by preparing a homogenous mixture of distilled waste plastic oil and ethanol (95% purity) in different proportions with pure diesel. The fuel mixtures are designated as 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 60D20DPO20E and 50D25DPO25E, where as D, DPO, and E represents diesel, distilled plastic oil, and ethanol, in that order, where as the digit designates the additive concentration by volume. The test oils having density is determined marginally lower to that of diesel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC\u0026ndash;MS of the Distilled waste plastic oil from Medical waste plastics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompound description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Formula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexene ,3,3,5 trimethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Octene, 2-methyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Pentanone,3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3,4-dimethyl-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsocitronellol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclohexane,(2-nitro-2-propenyl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,1\u0026rsquo;-Bicyclohexyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-Undecene.7-methyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Butoxynapthalene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Pentanol,3-methyl-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclobutane,1,1-dimethyl-2-octyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Butanol,2-ethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyclopentane,1-methyl-3-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Undecene, 7-methyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Decene, 4-methyl-,{Z}\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonane,2,6-dimethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC11H24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonane,2,6-dimethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Undecanethiol,2-methyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Decene,2,4-dimethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Undecene,4,5-dimethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsotridecanol-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecane,1-(ethenyloxy)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFTIR (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) analysis of distilled waste plastic pyrolysis oil is carried out to ascertain the detailed composition of the oil. The FTIR result indicates the presence 2855 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2917 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e(C-Hstr), 1709 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Ostr), 1463 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e(-C-H\u003csub\u003ebending\u003c/sub\u003e), 720 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eand 909 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e(=\u0026thinsp;C-H\u003csub\u003ebending\u003c/sub\u003e) which supports the presence of compounds analyzed through GC-MS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe major properties like fuel flash point, fire point and gross calorific value of the oils are reasonably similar to diesel. DPO and Ethanol are mixed thoroughly with diesel by 10, 15, 20 and 25% and become appropriate for engine trials. The properties of fuel including diesel and other fuel mixtures are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition and properties of test fuels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest engine Fuels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolumetric concentration, (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e@15 \u003csup\u003eο\u003c/sup\u003e C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlash\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eο\u003c/sup\u003e C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFire\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003eο\u003c/sup\u003e C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalorific Value (MJ/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinematic Viscosity of fuels (cSt) @ 30 \u003csup\u003eο\u003c/sup\u003e C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiesel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDPO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiesel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80D10DPO10E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e829.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70D15DPO15E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e816\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60D20DPO20E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50D25DPO25E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e803\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Specifications of Test Engine\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the experimental set up which is consists of various components associated in the trial. The technological explanations of the experiment engine employed in the study are also exhibited in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The experimental engine was primarily started under zero load condition, and following an average rpm of 1500, it was supplementary loaded using an AC dynamometer up to maximum values. In order to measure the flow rate of fuel and air are injected into the engine chamber, an air box and fuel meter are mounted to the engine. In the direction of measurement of the water inlet-outlet, ambient, and exhaust gas temperatures digitally, definite thermocouples were installed at several critical locations throughout the engine configuration. The concentrations of different exhaust gas pollutants, such as CO, NOx, and unburned HC, were measured by an emission gas analyzer (Diacom 4000). The observed data obtained from the testing engine was used to monitor and record the data produced during all experiments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThroughout the entire testing process, normal diesel was used as a pilot fuel to start the engine, and different mixtures of distilled pyrolytic waste plastic oil, synthesized ethanol and normal diesel were used by for necessary engine trials. For various loading conditions and blending ratios of DPO-Ethanol with diesel, performance indicators including brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature were assessed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental engine specifications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngine descriptions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCondition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest Engine employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKirloskar company\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngine features\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Cooling system, 1-Cylinder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBore /Stroke (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.50/110.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngine speed (RPM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRated Power (kW)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombustion method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 stroke direct injection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompression ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Experiment Error Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is always recommended to carry out an uncertainty analysis with the purpose of ensuring any experimental accuracy [5]. The result of uncertainty analysis is a prediction of uncertainties during the test. Using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), an error analysis can be evaluated. The calibration range, accuracy and % uncertainties of associated apparatus in the trial engine are enlisted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$Y=\\sqrt{{{X}_{1}}^{2}+{{X}_{2}}^{2}+{{X}_{3}}^{2}+{{X}_{4}}^{2}+{{X}_{5}}^{2}+{{X}_{6}}^{2}+{{X}_{7}}^{2}+{{X}_{8}}^{2}+{{X}_{9}}^{2} }$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$Y=\\sqrt{{1}^{2}+{\\left(0.2\\right)}^{2}+{\\left(1\\right)}^{2}+{\\left(0.2\\right)}^{2}+{\\left(0.2\\right)}^{2}+{\\left(0.2\\right)}^{2}+{\\left(1\\right)}^{2}+{\\left(0.15\\right)}^{2}+{\\left(1\\right)}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$Y=\\pm 2.28\\%$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement instrument accuracy and uncertainty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstruments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccuracy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Uncertainties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhaust Gas Analyzer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO: 0\u0026ndash;10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHC: 0\u0026ndash;10,000ppm\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e: 0-5000ppm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.02\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 20 \\text{p}\\text{p}\\text{m}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 10 \\text{p}\\text{p}\\text{m}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.2\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.2\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.2\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhaust gas Temperature indicator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-1000 \u003csup\u003eο\u003c/sup\u003e C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\pm 1}^{^\\circ } \\text{C}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.15\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRPM Meter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-1000 rpm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 10 \\text{r}\\text{p}\\text{m}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.1\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoad indicator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-100kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.01 \\text{k}\\text{g}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.2\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuel meter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-100 cc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.01 \\text{c}\\text{c}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 1\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManometer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-50mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 1 \\text{m}\\text{m}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 1\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure transducer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0-110 bar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.01 \\text{k}\\text{g}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\pm 0.2\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Performance parameters Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe engine performance can be evaluated through studying some of its indicative factors for instance BTE, BSFC and EGT, which contribute significantly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.1Brake thermal efficiency (BTE)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the variation in brake thermal efficiency at different engine loads. The graph shows that for diesel, thermal efficiency at maximum engine load is 27.31% and for the fuel mixture of distilled waste plastic oil and Ethanol (60D20DPO20E), it is 27.93%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt also illustrates that 60D20DPO20E fuel combination performs superior compared to others, and this improvement in BTE is observed to be more evident under full load conditions. Better calorific value of DPO contributes to a higher increase in the fuel blends than the pure diesel. On the other hand, when the engine is run with other fuel mixtures of DPO/Ethanol/diesel, such as 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 50D25DPO25E, it gives the thermal efficiency of 27.58, 27.92, and 27.93%, respectively, at full load. Furthermore, DPO has a lower density and higher viscosity than diesel, which contributes poor atomization and vaporization resulting reduced BTE (Das et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003ea).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2 Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumption of fuel, particular to charge efficiency shows how efficiently an engine's charge is converted into work. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the deviation in BSFC for different DPO/Ethanol/Diesel blends at various engine loads.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe graph explains that, an increase in engine load causes the BSFC to drop for all fuels. In addition, it is noticeable that BSFC rather decreases when DPO concentration rises in DPO/Ethanol/Diesel blends. This might be occurred since DPO has a better fuel economy than diesel owing to its larger calorific value (Das et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003ea). BSFC varies from 0.69 kg/kWh at minimum load to 0.301 kg/kWh at maximum load for diesel, and it varies from 0.66 to 0.30 kg/kWh, 0.64 to 0.28 kg/kWh, 0.61 to 0.25 kg/kWh and 0.71 to 0.34 kg/kWh for fuel mixture of 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 60D20DPO20E and 50D25DPO25E, at lowest load to highest load, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.3 Exhaust gas temperature (EGT)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the deviation in the EGT at different engine loads and various blends of DPO and Ethanol with diesel. The end result points out that the EGT elevates with increment of DPO/Ethanol concentration in diesel blends and decreases beyond 20%, irrespective of loads. The highest temperature is obtained at 235 ℃ for 60D20DPO20E blend. Because of the higher HRR and longer ignition delay period, the EGT in the 60D20W20E has increased. The EGT rise describes the quantity of heat losses in exhaust gases, which may be encountered due to some portions of hydrocarbons that are not completely burned during combustion and prolonged combustions even in the afterburning phase of power stroke (Das et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003eb). The maximum temperature is 229 ℃, 231 ℃, 232 ℃, and 229 ℃ for diesel, 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, and 50D25DPO25E, respectively at full load condition. The increase in exhaust gas temperature that happens with an increase in the fraction of DPO/Ethanol in diesel is caused due to substantially higher heating values of blended fuels. Because more fuel was needed to make the engine produce more power, exhaust gas temperature rises in relation to engine load (Pandey 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Exhaust emissions Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 CO emission\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproper fuel burning, due to lack of oxygen typically results higher carbon monoxide (CO) production inside the combustion chamber. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows a considerable reduction in CO emissions for the blend 60D20DPO20E with increased loads.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high availability of oxygen in DPO/Ethanol/Diesel blends may assist complete effective combustion in the engine cylinder and hence aid in reducing carbon monoxide generation (Pandey 2022). In the case of diesel, the concentration of CO emission varies from 0.08% at 25% load to 0.05% at full load. The CO emission fluctuates from 0.084 to 0.055% for 80D10DPO10E, 0.089 to 0.056% for 70D15DPO15E, 0.082 to 0.052% for 60D20DPO20E and 0.091 to 0.059% for 50D25DPO25E, at low load to full load respectively. The results show that CO declines with augmentation of engine load of every fuel mixtures to that of diesel. Furthermore, incomplete bulk gas reactions also contribute to greater CO emissions under low load conditions. It is possible that lower fuel consumption is the cause of the reduced CO emission at higher loads ( Das et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e b).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 HC emission\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the important factors to consider when analyzing the combustion inefficiency is generation of unburned hydrocarbon. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e displays how unburned hydrocarbon changes with load for the test fuels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith an increase in the percentage of DPO in the blend, the hydrocarbon emissions increase. The relationship between HC emission and engine load demonstrates that for all blends, it rises with increasing load. HC varies from 19 to 42 ppm at lowest to highest load for Diesel. It varies 21 to 45 ppm, 24 to 48 ppm, 28 to 49 ppm, 50D25DPO25E at lowest to highest load for 80D10DPO10E ,70D15DPO15E and, respectively. But the trend is reversed for 60D20DPO20E fuel mixture. HC varies 25 to 46 ppm and 24 to 48 ppm at lowest to highest load. This may be due to the availability of oxygen in Ethanol facilitating the improvement in combustion. The concentration of unburned hydrocarbon rises at higher load ranges due to excess supply of fuel admission. Moreover, a higher DPO-Ethanol blend with diesel limits homogenous propagation of flame front inside the combustion chamber and contributes to greater hydrocarbon deposits and a small amount of unburned fuels(Knothe et al.2005; Nagarajan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Also, the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons in DPO leads to increased emissions after combustion ( Das et al.2022; Panda et al.2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.3 NO\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e emission\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen oxide emissions are produced due to higher in-cylinder temperature and excess air present inside chamber during combustion (Das et al.2021; Osman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Das et al.2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe NOx formation in any location depends on the quantity of oxygen present and the peak temperature during the initial stage of combustion. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the variation in concentrations of NOx emission under various engine load conditions. NOx varies from 37 to 201 ppm, 64 to 212 ppm, 66 to 218 ppm, 60 to 208 ppm,and 67 to 227 ppm at lowest to highest load for Diesel, 80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 60D20DPO20E and 50D25DPO25E fuel mixtures, respectively. At high load and temperatures, NOx levels increase. Because of the existence of longer carbon chain compounds in DPO, it causes longer ignition delay resulting excess production of NOx as compared to diesel( Das et al.2020). Furthermore, experimental results disclose that addition of ethanol with diesel augment higher NOx emissions owing to occurrence of chemical reaction between excess oxygen present in fuels and the nitrogen from the air (Pandey et al.2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsing various fuel mixtures of distilled waste plastic oil, ethanol and diesel fueled at a rated speed and different loading states of the test engine, the performance and emission were observed. According to the results of this investigation, adding lower amount of DPO/Ethanol to diesel considerably improved the combustion properties of fuel mixtures. From the conducted tests, it was studied that the engine performed better up to 20% of each DPO/Ethanol blend with diesel. BTE was 3.7% higher and BSFC was 16.67% lesser for 60D20DPO20E mixture so as to diesel at full load. CO emission was found comparatively increasing at higher concentration and decreasing at higher loads. Compared to diesel, the NOx and HC emission were shown to be lower at low loads and increases at higher loads. Hence, 60D20DPO20E blended fuel mixture could be the better alternative for CI engines as per the performance and emission prospective.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbreviations \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Descriptions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDPO\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Distilled Waste plastic oil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBTE\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Brake Thermal Efficiency\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBSFC\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Brake Specific Fuel Consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Compression Ignition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCO\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Carbon Monoxide\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Direct Injection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEGT\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Exhaust Gas Temperature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFTIR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGCMS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGCV \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Gross Calorific Value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eASTM\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;American Society for Testing and Materials\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHC\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Hydro Carbon\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNO\u003csub\u003ex\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eNitrogen Oxide\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePID \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Proportional Integral Derivative\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNot applicable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Consent to Participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNot applicable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Consent to Publish\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSubscription\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Authors Contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e“All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Amar Kumar Das], [Siba Prasad Behera], [Swopneswar Mohanty], and [Nilakantha Behera]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Amar Kumar Das]and [Kirtiswarup Mohanty] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e“The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Competing Interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e“The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Availability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNot applicable\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArjanggi RD, Kansedo J (2020) Recent advancement and prospective of waste plastics as biodiesel additives: A review. 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Environmental Science and Pollution Research, pp 1\u0026ndash;14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePerera F, Ashrafi A, Kinney P, Mills D (2019) Towards a fuller assessment of benefits to children's health of reducing air pollution and mitigating climate change due to fossil fuel combustion. Environ Res 172:55\u0026ndash;72. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.016\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.016\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"pyrolysis waste plastic oil, distilled plastic oil, performance, emissions","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3287773/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3287773/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo meet the current demand of energy for agriculture, industry and transportation, the prevailing liquid petro fuels are found insufficient due to their higher depletion rate and inflation in international market. Existing environmental pollution due to higher fossil fuel consumption certainly bring attention of \u0026nbsp;many researchers to identify a better alternative fuel with respect to engine efficiency and exhaust emission. Waste plastic oil (WPO) derived by thermo-catalytic pyrolysis is found a promising alternative fuel due to its similar fuel properties to diesel. WPO contains bulky long chained naphtha, which can be eliminated by fractional distillation resulting production of Distilled Waste Plastic oil (DPO). DPO is mixed with different proportion of ethanol in order to improve the combustion for better performances and lesser emissions. The current study focused on the preparation of homogenous fuel mixtures (DPO/Ethanol/Diesel) to evaluate its engine efficiency and exhaust emissions as compared to pure diesel and confirm that it owns the potential as alternate fuel to CI engine. Test engine trials were performed for determining potential engine characteristics for instance thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumptions and exhaust temperature by using various fuel mixtures (80D10DPO10E, 70D15DPO15E, 60D20DPO20E, 50D25DPO25E) under different loading conditions of test engine. Major pollutants including unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides were measured by standard emission analyzer. The study concluded that fuel mixture of 60D20DPO20E showed best engine performance and reduced emissions as compared to diesel.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Performance and emission characteristics analysis of a CI engine fueled with Distilled pyrolytic waste plastic oil /ethanol/diesel blends","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-09-26 20:58:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3287773/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revision","date":"2023-10-04T10:46:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2023-09-20T05:28:03+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-09-19T12:56:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-09-12T04:42:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2023-09-06T12:18:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f5289bbe-4054-416e-9877-1a1ace0881de","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 26th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-12-04T15:11:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3287773","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31091-6","journal":{"identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},"publishedOn":"2023-11-27 15:02:05","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 27th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-09-26 20:58:18","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11356-023-31091-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31091-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3287773","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3287773","identity":"rs-3287773","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}