Hibernation reduces GABA signaling in the brainstem to enhance motor activity of breathing at cool temperatures

Background Neural circuits produce reliable activity patterns despite disturbances in the environment. For this to occur, neurons elicit synaptic plasticity during perturbations. However, recent work suggests that plasticity not only regulates circuit activity during disturbances, but these modifications may also linger to stabilize circuits during future perturbations. The implementation of such a regulation scheme for real-life environmental challenges of animals remains unclear. Amphibians provide insight into this problem in a rather extreme way, as circuits that generate breathing are inactive for several months during underwater hibernation and use compensatory plasticity to promote ventilation upon emergence. Results Using ex vivo brainstem preparations and electrophysiology, we find that hibernation in American bullfrogs reduces GABA A receptor (GABA A R) inhibition in respiratory rhythm generating circuits and motor neurons, consistent with a compensatory response to chronic inactivity. Although GABA A Rs are normally critical for breathing, baseline network output at warm temperatures was not affected. However, when assessed across a range of temperatures, hibernators with reduced GABA A R signaling had greater activity at cooler temperatures, enhancing respiratory motor output under conditions that otherwise strongly depress breathing. Conclusions Hibernation reduces GABA A R signaling to promote robust respiratory output only at cooler temperatures. Although animals do not ventilate lungs during hibernation, we suggest this would be beneficial for stabilizing breathing when the animal passes through a large temperature range during emergence in the spring. More broadly, these results demonstrate that compensatory synaptic plasticity can increase the operating range of circuits in harsh environments, thereby promoting adaptive behavior in conditions that suppress activity.