A Computed Tomography–Based Morphometric Analysis of Thoracic Pedicles in a European Population

A Computed Tomography–Based Morphometric Analysis of Thoracic Pedicles in a European Population | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Computed Tomography–Based Morphometric Analysis of Thoracic Pedicles in a European Population Alberto Alfieri Zellner, Christian Prangenberg, Jonas Roos, Soufian Ben Amar, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4707391/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: The goal of this retrospective study was to perform a CT imaging assessment of thoracic pedicles to provide a representative understanding of pedicle morphology for pedicle-based fixation systems commonly used in orthopedics, trauma and neurosurgery. This study aimed to better understand the morphology of the spine and therefore reduce the complication rate of surgical techniques such as spinal fusion, which rely on placing screws in the pedicles. Methods: In this study, we retrospectively measured the thoracic spine pedicles of a total of 16 males and 16 females, totaling in 768 individual pedicles. For the measurements, we used standardized planes in computed tomography imaging with a maximum slice thickness of 1 mm. Results: In brief, we identified significant differences in various measurements of male and female pedicle morphology. The medial cortical wall of the pedicles was significantly thicker than the lateral wall, and, in both sexes, vertebral body number four was the vertebra with the least amount of cortical bone in the pedicle. Conclusions: Surgeons performing operations involving pedicle screw placement should be aware of the sex-specific differences in thoracic spine pedicle morphology noted in this research. Spine surgery spine anatomy computed tomography imaging pedicle morphology Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The intricate nature of the thoracic spine presents unique challenges for orthopedic surgeons specializing in spinal interventions, particularly those involving pedicle screw fusion. As surgical techniques evolve and demand precision, a profound understanding of thoracic spine morphology becomes paramount for optimizing patient outcomes, minimizing complications, and advancing the field of spinal orthopedics. The anatomy, neighboring structures and gender specific morphology have previously been described in a plethora of studies [ 1 – 5 ]. It should be noted that it is well known that females have significantly smaller sized pedicle diameters compared to males, and that, on average, the medial pedicle wall is thicker and should therefore be used for orientation while inserting pedicle screws. To our knowledge, no studies have been published regarding European cohorts so far. Surgical intervention may be indicated after trauma or subsequent degenerative or deformity changes in the thoracic spine. The indications for surgical treatment include failed conservative treatment, vertebral instability, impaired sensory or motor functions, and tumors. A vast number of scores and classifications exist that can be collected preoperatively (for example “Bauer Score”, “Modified score for therapeutic decision making in OF”, “AO Spine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System and Treatment Algorithm”) to ease the decision-making process [ 6 – 9 ]. A common type of surgery performed in the thoracic spine is the spinal fusion (or temporary dorsal stabilization respectively), which works through screw placement in the pedicles and has been established for a long time [ 10 – 12 ]. The indications for this type of surgery are mostly deformities, fractures, and degenerative diseases of the spine. This kind of surgery aims to stabilize the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae together. In degenerative cases, this fusion aims to restore the physiological axis, rotation, and inclination of the spine and decrease motion and therefore pain in the affected segment. In fractures, the pedicle screws build the base for the fixateur interne that bridges the affected segment that allows it to heal. In either case, a fundamental understanding of pedicle morphology is crucial for obtaining optimal results. For these kinds of surgeries, long-term benefits are difficult to achieve. Screw placement is crucial for obtaining benefits and avoiding complications. Different screw placement techniques, such as the costotransverse screw technique, have been analyzed but seem to be inferior compared to the standard pedicle screw fixation [ 13 ]. Since the introduction of computed tomography (CT)-navigation systems for intraoperative use, screw placement has been shown to be more accurate [ 14 – 16 ]. Pitfalls during the use of CT-navigation include morphological changes in the anatomy and reference CT images, imprecise calibration of the system while using the wrong registration points and streak artifacts in the imaging (especially in patients with inlying metal implants). Complications include injury to neurovascular structures. CT navigation has helped to reduce complications created by pedicle perforation during screw fixation [ 17 ]. The rationale behind this study is rooted in the imperative to bridge the existing knowledge gap for a European cohort. We aimed to enhance the surgical decision-making process for this cohort. By meticulously characterizing the intricacies of thoracic spine morphology, we aspire to offer orthopedic surgeons a nuanced perspective that goes beyond traditional anatomical textbooks. Our findings aimed to elucidate the potential challenges and pitfalls encountered during pedicle screw fusion procedures, providing surgeons with the knowledge to navigate the complexities of the thoracic spine with heightened precision. By providing a better understanding of the morphology of the pedicles of the thoracic spine, we hope to minimize complications such as perforation of the pedicle with the screw and possible damage the neurovasculature and other surrounding structures. Furthermore, correct long-term screw placement is very important, since many of these operations are only reversible with considerable operative effort. Younger individuals who undergo these surgeries automatically imply individuals live with screws for a longer amount of time. Materials and Methods In this study, we retrospectively measured the thoracic spine of a total of 16 males and 16 females thoracic spines totaling in 768 individual pedicles. The patients were all of European ethnicity and were recruited retrospectively in the timeframe between August 2015 and August 2016. The CT slice thickness was a maximum of 1 mm in each scan used for the evaluation. None of the patients had health issues related to the measurement of the pedicles. This was guaranteed by looking at the indications for the CT images, reading the physician’s letters of the patients and finally by checking the CT images themselves. The exclusion criteria for the patients were a history of surgical intervention on the thoracic spine, a CT slice thickness of > 1 mm, pedicle fractures, vertebral body fractures, severe degenerative changes, neoplasms, severe osteoporosis, or osteoporotic fractures. Therefore, even if no records of previous surgeries were found and metallic objects were observed within any of the twelve thoracic vertebrae, the patient was immediately excluded from the study. This made finding enough patients a difficult task, since few patients undergo CT imaging of the entire thoracic spine without a past operation or health issues connected with the pedicles which would result in the patient being excluded. The patient pool was mostly filled with trauma patients who received imaging to exclude fractures of the spine. The scanner used at the institution during the time of the scans was an iCT Philips (Philips Medical Systems DMC GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) 256 slice detector (120 kV). This underlines the importance of morphometric understanding of the pedicles, since they are directly connected to the indication for CT imaging. Measurements were performed using Impax ™ software, version 6.3 (AGFA HealthCare, Mortsel Belgium). We used the reconstruction options in all planes, which provided a good understanding of the structures of the pedicles. The Figs. 1 – 4 show examples in measuring the abovementioned parameters. Measurements The following parameters were measured on each pedicle of each vertebra following a standardized method: The inner pedicle distance (IPDI), outer pedicle width (OPW), pedicle height (PH), pedicle axial length (PAL), inner and outer pedicle diameter (IPD/OPD), difference between the IPD and OPD (Diff), cortical thickness at different locations (CTcranial/CTmedial/lateral/CTcaudal/CTlateral/medial), maximal and minimal cortical thickness (CTmax/CTmin), pedicle sagittal and axial angle (PSA/PAA), and pedicle axial length (PAL) were measured. Cortical thickness was measured from the axial plane’s perspective at the cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral portions of the pedicle and is illustrated in Fig. 1 . CTmax and CTmin were either included in the first four measurements or measured separately and given a number representing the hand of a clock (for example 90° representing 3:00 o’clock). The axial plane, as shown in Fig. 2 , allowed measurement of the IPD and OPD. The axial plane was realigned for each pedicle, ensuring measurement at the thickest point and ensuring that the pedicle was perpendicular to the plane. The green and red lines mark the sagittal and transverse planes, respectively. For the measurements of the IPDI, OPW, PAL and the PAA, the sagittal line was aligned with the processus spinosus of each vertebra. After that, the transverse plane was relocated to the height at which the pedicles reached their maximum diameter, at which point the measurements began. An example of this is shown in Fig. 3 . The PAA was measured between the sagittal plane and the pedicles axis, after which PAL was measured considering the diameter of the screw that would be used on this vertebra. OPW was measured at an angle of approximately 90° to the PAL. Figure 4 shows the last measurement, taken from the perspective of the sagittal plane. Here you can identify a new, blue line representing the axial plane from which we were looking from earlier. The transverse plane was realigned each time with the base of the corpus vertebrae, starting from the median axis of the entire pedicle. The PSA was then measured in between the transverse plane and possible screw placement in the left and right pedicles. The PH can also be measured in this plane. All measurements were registered allowing calculations and highlighting of the arithmetic medium, maximum, and minimum values as well as the standard deviation. After checking for a normal distribution, an unpaired t test was performed to check for significant changes. A significance level of p < 0.05 was chosen. Results The age of the European patient cohort ranged from 41 to 92 years, with an average of 63.9 years ± 17.98 years (mean ± standard deviation, SD) when CT was performed. Outer and Inner Pedicle Diameters We analyzed the data to determine whether sex-specific differences could be observed. The absolute minimum value was observed at thoracic vertebra four (T4), with an OPD of 5.6 mm (± 1.2 mm). The first maximum value for the OPD was located at thoracic vertebra T1 with value 8.7 mm (± 3 mm), and the second maximum was at T11 with an equal value of 8.7 mm (± 1.7 mm) on average. The maximum IPD occurs at T11 with a value of 5.1 mm (± 1.4 mm) and the minimum occurs at T4 with a value of 2.7mm (± 0.9 mm). With an average Diff of 3,3 mm (± 0,7 mm) for males and Diff of 3,4 mm (± 0,9 mm) for females, p = 0,19 statistically significant results could not be detected. Diagram 2 graphically demonstrates when the IPD is subtracted from the OPD, resulting in differences in the outer and inner diameters (Diff) of each pedicle. This value was calculated to approximate how much cortical bone is in each pedicle. In this diagram, we can observe an absolute maximum at T1 with a value of 4,3 mm (± 0,8 mm), an absolute minimum at T4 with a value of 2,9 mm (± 0,7 mm) and then a steady growth of the curve toward T11 where another local maximum is found with a value of 3,7 mm (± 0,8 mm). At T12, the difference between the outer and inner circumferences and thus the amount of cortical bone decreased again. Although this is only a curve that was derived and not directly measured, it is displayed and highlights T4 once again. To gain some understanding of how the Diff (ri)/(le) corticalis thickness was located and distributed in each pedicle, Diagram 2 shows the cortical thickness of the right and left pedicles across the thoracic spine. Lateral and medial walls The average thickness of the lateral walls of the pedicle was 1.57 mm (± 0.52 mm). The absolute minimum cortical thickness was located at T4. The medial corticalis thickness is, on average, greater at 1,72 mm (± 0,42 mm). The smallest medial corticalis was located at T4, at 1.53 mm (± 0.33 mm). The smallest lateral corticalis was also located at T4, at 1,31 mm (± 0,31 mm). The lateral cortical bone was significantly thinner than the medial cortical bone (p < 0,001). An overview of the values for medial and lateral wall thickness can be seen in Table 1. Angle measurements of potential pedicle screws The PSA, as shown in Table 2, for the male population was 17.4° (± 4.6° SD), and it was 14.9° (± 3.9° SD) for the female patients. Significant differences were observed (p < 0,001). In contrast, no significant sex-specific differences (p = 0,21) were detected for PAA. Here, the male average PAA was 14.1° (± 7.3°), and the female average was 13.5° (± 5.5°). Finally, measurements of the PAL, representing the lengths of the screws used in surgery, showed significant sex-specific differences. The male population had an average PAL of 43.6 mm (± 6.4 mm), whereas the females had an average PAL of 39.6 mm (+- 6.5 mm) (p < 0.001). The PAL increased throughout the thoracic spine, with the smallest increase occurring at T1 (31.8 mm (± 3.5 mm)) and the greatest increase occurring at T12 (47.4 mm (± 4.8 mm)). The PAL is shown in Table 3. The average outer pedicle width (OPW) shown in Table 4 was 6.87 mm (± 1.65 mm) for males and 5.89 mm (± 1.52 mm) for females, with a significant difference between the two (p < 0.001). Similarly, the pedicle height (PH) shown in Table 5 was significantly greater for male patients (12.86 ± 2.46 mm) than for female patients (11.77 ± 2.46 mm), with a p value < 0.001. A summarized overview of the sex-specific differences in the thoracic spine is provided in Table 6. Discussion The results of the measurements show that the OPD and IPD change in a similar way throughout the thoracic spine, leaving the cortical bone with a constant thickness. Variability in the OPD and IPD therefore originates from an increase in the total amount of Substantia spongiosa, decreasing the stability of the pedicles because relatively more of the pedicle is made up of spongiosa rather than the more stable corticalis. As a tradeoff, here, larger pedicle screws could be used, and correct placement is not as difficult to achieve. On the other hand, more stable, smaller pedicles are prone to more screw misplacement and are therefore also at risk. The rate of screw misplacement for pedicles with an OPD smaller than 5 mm is 33% [ 18 ]. For screw placement, the greatest interest of this study was minimal corticalis thickness since pedicle screws are more likely to damage surrounding areas by perforating the pedicle when the corticalis is thinner. Moreover, the thinnest cortical wall portions of the pedicles were measured laterally, with an average of 1.57 mm (± 0.52 mm). This allows the following conclusion: when operating on a pedicle of the thoracic spine, the greatest risk for a screw to penetrate the wall of the pedicle and damage surrounding structures is in the lateral wall. The increasing spongiosa thickness in some parts of the thoracic spine pedicles does not protect against such perforation because the spongiosa is built to withstand pressure from on top and below and not the lateral forces a screw would impose when perforating the pedicle [ 19 ]. Structures that lie laterally from the pedicles of the thoracic spine include the spinal nerve, facet joints and a large blood vessel plexus [ 20 ]. Furthermore, the medial cortical wall was significantly thicker than the lateral portions by 1.72 mm (± 0.42 mm) on average. Although the corticalis on the medial portions was slightly thicker than that on the lateral portions, structures near the medial portion, such as the spinal canal in which the spinal cord is found of the pedicle, are more fragile and could have a more disastrous effect on the patient when damaged. Therefore, the risk of medial perforation by a pedicle screw should not be underestimated. Interestingly, in this study, both the medial and lateral walls of the pedicle were most vulnerable at T4, which could indicate that screw placement in this segment is especially demanding. Conclusion Finally, correct screw placement in pedicles is essential for minimizing intraoperative complications and achieving long-term benefits. This study aimed to improve the understanding of pedicle placement in the thoracic spine and recommended the use of 3D-reconstruction programs for each surgical measure that involves screw placement. Especially in segment T4, the screw length, diameter, and sagittal and axial angles must be corrected to reduce the risk for complications. Declarations Author´s Contributions: Conceptualization Alberto Alfieri Zellner; methodology Alberto Alfieri Zellner, Jonas Roos; software Christian Prangenberg; formal analysis Alberto Alfieri Zellner, Tamara Babasiz, Christopher Wahlers; investigation Alberto Alfieri Zellner, Christian Prangenberg; resources Peer Eysel, Johannes Oppermann; data curation Soufian Ben Amar, Tamara Babasiz, Christopher Wahlers; writing—original draft preparation Alberto Alfieri Zellner ; writing—review and editing Johannes Oppermann, Peer Eysel, Jonas Roos, Soufian Ben Amar; visualization Alberto Alfieri Zellner, Christian Prangenberg; supervision Johannes Oppermann; project administration Alberto Alfiieri Zellner; funding acquisition not applicable. Funding: This research received no external funding Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable in retrospective study design with anonymized data. Ethical Approval: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to the retrospective study design. The local ethics committee of the medical faculty of Cologne accepted this scientific study (17-063). For this type of study formal consent is not required. Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Availability of supporting data: Not applicable. Acknowledgements: Not applicable. References Tan, S.H., E.C. Teo, and H.C. Chua, Quantitative three-dimensional anatomy of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of Chinese Singaporeans. Eur Spine J, 2004. 13 (2): p. 137-46. Morita, K., et al., Thoracic and lumbar spine pedicle morphology in Japanese patients. Surg Radiol Anat, 2021. 43 (6): p. 833-842. 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Mitani, K., et al., Therapeutic Prediction of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture Using the AO Spine-DGOU Osteoporotic Fracture Classification and Classification-Based Score: A Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study. Neurospine, 2023. 20 (4): p. 1166-1176. Bianco, R.J., et al., Thoracic pedicle screw fixation under axial and perpendicular loadings: A comprehensive numerical analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2019. 68 : p. 190-196. Suk, S.-I., et al., Thoracic Pedicle Screw Fixation in Spinal Deformities: Are They Really Safe? Spine, 2001. 26 (18): p. 2049-2057. Eysel, P. and G. Meinig, Comparative study of different dorsal stabilization techniques in recent thoraco-lumbar spine fractures. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 1991. 109 (1-2): p. 12-9. Little, A.S., et al., Biomechanical comparison of costotransverse process screw fixation and pedicle screw fixation of the upper thoracic spine. Neurosurgery, 2010. 66 (3 Suppl Operative): p. 178-82; discussion 182. 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Tables Table 1: Cortical thickness of medial and lateral walls Vertebra Medial in mm ± SD Lateral in mm ± SD p - value T1 2.17 0.47 2.04 0.66 0.16 T2 1.88 0.40 1.60 0.40 < 0.001 T3 1.64 0.36 1.36 0.38 < 0.001 T4 1.53 0.33 1.31 0.31 0.001 T5 1.58 0.33 1.39 0.41 0.012 T6 1.57 0.36 1.51 0.44 0.260 T7 1.53 0.32 1.51 0.40 0.383 T8 1.59 0.35 1.51 0.37 0.191 T9 1.62 0.30 1.61 0.47 0.404 T10 1.72 0.38 1.76 0.62 0.363 T11 1.89 0.49 1.65 0.68 < 0.001 T12 1.92 0.43 1.55 0.56 < 0.001 Average 1.57 0.52 1.72 0.42 < 0.001 Table 2: Significant differences in PSA between male and female vertebrae Vertebra PSA Vertebra PSA Right ± SD Left ± SD Right ± SD Left ± SD T1 p < 0.001 T7 p < 0.001 Overall 12.13 3.90 12.66 3.39 Overall 19.24 4.87 19.05 4.39 Male 14.23 4.67 14.25 4.33 Male 21.98 6.19 21.01 5.28 Female 10.03 3.12 11.07 2.44 Female 16.49 3.55 17.08 3.49 T2 p = 0.006 T8 p = 0.009 Overall 16.95 3.53 15.96 2.92 Overall 17.21 4.55 17.26 4.24 Male 18.39 3.85 16.81 2.96 Male 18.74 5.16 18.71 4.86 Female 15.50 3.20 15.11 2.88 Female 15.68 3.94 15.80 3.61 T3 p = 0.083 T9 p = 0.383 Overall 16.64 4.51 15.84 3.88 Overall 15.86 3.66 16.11 3.92 Male 17.68 4.72 16.62 4.40 Male 15.93 3.61 16.86 4.31 Female 15.59 4.29 15.04 3.35 Female 15.78 3.71 15.35 3.53 T4 p = 0.083 T10 p = 0.147 Overall 16.64 4.51 15.84 3.88 Overall 15.46 3.19 15.89 3.46 Male 17.68 4.72 16.63 4.40 Male 15.89 5.53 16.66 3.29 Female 15.59 4.29 15.04 3.35 Female 15.02 2.84 15.11 3.63 T5 p = 0.035 T11 p = 0.001 Overall 16.93 4.35 16.99 3.96 Overall 14.17 3.36 14.61 3.57 Male 18.25 4.59 17.87 3.75 Male 15.71 3.33 16.10 3.68 Female 15.60 4.10 16.10 4.16 Female 12.63 3.38 13.11 3.46 T6 p = 0.001 T12 p = 0.073 Overall 18.22 3.91 18.49 3.48 Overall 13.04 4.14 13.42 4.43 Male 19.91 4.77 20.17 4.62 Male 15.01 3.43 15.76 4.18 Female 16.53 3.05 16.81 2.34 Female 11.07 4.85 11.07 4.68 Table 3: Significant differences in PAL between male and female vertebrae Vertebra PAL Vertebra PAL Right ± SD Left ± SD Right ± SD Left ± SD T1 p < 0.001 T7 p < 0.001 Overall 32.06 3.28 31.52 3.65 Overall 44.46 4.42 43.96 4.56 Male 33.55 3.21 32.93 3.06 Male 47.01 2.94 46.45 2.69 Female 30.57 2.67 30.10 3.73 Female 41.91 4.21 41.48 4.75 T2 p < 0.001 T8 p < 0.001 Overall 33.67 3.04 33.69 3.61 Overall 45.63 4.64 44.48 4.63 Male 34.69 2.71 35.58 3.02 Male 48.10 3.85 47.21 3.18 Female 32.64 3.09 31.81 3.19 Female 43.15 4.08 41.91 4.35 T3 p < 0.001 T9 p < 0.001 Overall 35.69 3.46 36.31 4.23 Overall 45.90 4.19 46.05 4.89 Male 37.34 3.33 38.61 3.64 Male 48.21 3.43 48.61 3.57 Female 34.04 2.80 34.02 3.55 Female 43.60 3.65 43.50 4.77 T4 p < 0.001 T10 p = 0.002 Overall 38.27 4.59 38.27 4.74 Overall 46.74 4.71 46.30 4.99 Male 40.44 4.21 40.96 3.34 Male 48.46 4.64 48.23 4.59 Female 36.11 3.96 35.58 4.45 Female 45.01 4.24 44.38 4.75 T5 p < 0.001 T11 p < 0.001 Overall 40.69 4.24 40.82 4.48 Overall 47.33 4.23 47.09 3.87 Male 43.31 2.92 43.49 3.27 Male 49.07 4.09 49.06 3.01 Female 38.08 3.76 38.14 3.93 Female 45.60 3.73 45.12 3.70 T6 p < 0.001 T12 p = 0.215 Overall 42.85 4.15 41.92 4.42 Overall 47.08 5.07 47.68 4.65 Male 45.10 2.47 44.36 2.08 Male 47.45 6.08 48.82 4.41 Female 40.45 4.28 39.31 4.82 Female 46.71 4.00 46.54 4.75 Table 4: Significant differences in the outer pedicle width (OPW) between male and female thoracic vertebrae Vertebra OPW Vertebra OPW Right ± SD Left ± SD Right ± SD Left ± SD T1 p = 0.008 T7 p = 0.002 Overall 8.26 1.29 8.52 1.38 Overall 5.58 1.14 5.52 1.01 Male 8.71 1.22 9.02 1.45 Male 6.01 1.17 5.93 0.98 Female 7.81 1.23 8.02 1.14 Female 5.16 0.95 5.11 0.88 T2 p < 0.001 T8 p = 0.001 Overall 6.99 1.12 6.93 1.20 Overall 5.91 1.00 5.68 1.10 Male 7.60 0.99 7.52 1.01 Male 6.32 0.95 6.18 0.83 Female 6.38 0.91 6.34 1.10 Female 5.50 0.91 5.22 1.14 T3 p = 0.027 T9 p = 0.002 Overall 5.61 0.73 5.73 1.14 Overall 6.23 1.21 6.18 1.14 Male 5.90 0.49 6.01 1.14 Male 6.74 1.17 6.61 0.87 Female 5.32 0.83 5.44 1.09 Female 5.71 1.04 5.74 1.24 T4 p = 0.038 T10 p = 0.003 Overall 5.15 0.95 5.31 0.96 Overall 6.93 1.32 6.90 1.53 Male 5.39 0.78 5.62 0.78 Male 7.47 1.23 7.44 1.54 Female 4.91 1.06 5.00 1.05 Female 6.39 1.21 6.36 1.35 T5 p = 0.032 T11 p = 0.006 Overall 5.21 1.24 5.15 0.98 Overall 7.51 1.88 7.51 1.76 Male 5.53 1.23 5.46 0.87 Male 8.34 1.67 7.99 1.59 Female 4.89 1.20 4.84 1.00 Female 6.67 1.73 7.03 1.84 T6 p = 0.001 T12 p < 0.001 Overall 5.33 1.11 5.48 0.90 Overall 7.87 2.11 7.64 2.03 Male 5.74 1.19 5.86 0.91 Male 9.11 1.48 8.38 1.65 Female 4.89 0.83 5.09 0.72 Female 6.62 1.93 6.89 2.15 Table 5: Significant differences in pedicle height (PH) between male and female thoracic vertebrae Vertebra OPW Vertebra OPW Right ± SD Left ± SD Right ± SD Left ± SD T1 p = 0.004 T7 p = 0.016 Overall 9.07 1.31 9.22 1.25 Overall 11.71 0,84 11,65 1,33 Male 9.46 1.52 9.73 1.45 Male 12.09 0,64 11,93 1,30 Female 8.67 0.96 8.71 0.77 Female 11.33 0,85 11,38 1,34 T2 p = 0.001 T8 p < 0.001 Overall 10.32 1.29 10.26 1.25 Overall 12.04 1,40 11,84 1,23 Male 10.82 1.40 10.78 1.16 Male 12.84 1,40 12,48 1,28 Female 9.82 0.96 9.74 1.15 Female 11.24 0,87 11,24 0,85 T3 p < 0.001 T9 p = 0.002 Overall 11.23 1.36 11.20 1.28 Overall 12.87 1,59 12,93 1,49 Male 11.94 1.38 11.74 1.12 Male 13.46 1,46 13,46 1,38 Female 10.51 0.91 10.67 1.23 Female 12.27 1,53 12,39 1,44 T4 p = 0.002 T10 p = 0.001 Overall 11.08 1.32 11.13 1.40 Overall 14.58 1,40 14,60 1,62 Male 11.58 1.37 11.68 1.27 Male 15.02 1,32 15,38 1,46 Female 10.59 1.08 10.59 1.34 Female 14.13 1,37 13,81 1,41 T5 p < 0.001 T11 p = 0.037 Overall 11.23 1.40 11.03 1.31 Overall 16.02 1,52 15,91 1,52 Male 11.89 1.38 11.93 0.77 Male 16.23 1,81 16,48 1,21 Female 10.58 1.10 10.14 1.12 Female 15.81 1,20 15,33 1,62 T6 p < 0.001 T12 p = 0.017 Overall 11.52 1.28 11.55 1.28 Overall 16.17 1,45 16,42 1,33 Male 12.17 1.08 12.14 0.99 Male 16.67 1,38 16,74 1,47 Female 10.83 1.12 10.93 1.28 Female 15.68 1,37 16,09 1,13 Table 6: Summarized sex-specific differences in vertebral anatomy M easurement M ale ± SD Female ± SD p - value Diff 3.3 mm 0.7 mm 3.4 mm 0.9 mm 0.19 PH 12.86 mm 2.46 mm 11.77 mm 2.46 mm < 0.001 OPW 6.87 mm 1.65 mm 5.89 mm 1.52 mm < 0.001 PAL 43.6 6.4 mm 39.6 mm 6.5 mm < 0.001 PSA 17.4 ° 4.6 ° 14.9 ° 3.9 ° < 0.001 PAA 14.1 ° 7.3 ° 13.5 ° 5.5 ° 0.21 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Oct, 2024 Reviews received at journal 03 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 09 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 08 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4707391","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":330985618,"identity":"f3b76cde-edc0-4bf7-a4c8-283a2dccde20","order_by":0,"name":"Alberto Alfieri Zellner","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdh4Yi7nxAJCUY+CBiDA24NLCDFKQAFED0mJMupbEBkJa+Jt5Dz6u/GHDIN/e2HC4oOJe+oYzZw8+LtzBINuPQ4vEYb5kwzMJaQyMPQcbDs84U5y74WxfsvHMMwzGM3FZc5jHTLIh4TADs0Riw2HetoTcDed5zKR52xgSNxzArkP+MI/5T5AWNvmHQC3/EtINYFr249BiALSFEaSFR4IRqKUhIcHgbA/UFhzuMgT6RbIhLY1HggfoMJ5jCYYzz5xLNuZtkzCegcMWueO9Bz822NjIybcfPviYpyZBnu9M7sHHvG02sv24vA8FPOgCEvjVj4JRMApGwSjACwCfkVpj8x24OQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universitätsklinikum Bonn","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alberto","middleName":"Alfieri","lastName":"Zellner","suffix":""},{"id":330985619,"identity":"953d83bf-8862-4bbf-932a-ffb8db184076","order_by":1,"name":"Christian Prangenberg","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitätsklinikum Bonn","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christian","middleName":"","lastName":"Prangenberg","suffix":""},{"id":330985620,"identity":"0daee34a-880c-48e3-bc33-5329d4421fab","order_by":2,"name":"Jonas Roos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uniklinik Köln","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jonas","middleName":"","lastName":"Roos","suffix":""},{"id":330985621,"identity":"e8fa25e1-8220-4701-805c-df04f38a8556","order_by":3,"name":"Soufian Ben Amar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitätsklinikum Bonn","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Soufian","middleName":"Ben","lastName":"Amar","suffix":""},{"id":330985622,"identity":"b4fb6f80-dc67-4a92-bdb1-25ed7b50d24a","order_by":4,"name":"Tamara Babasiz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uniklinik Köln","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tamara","middleName":"","lastName":"Babasiz","suffix":""},{"id":330985623,"identity":"19deacc7-d932-4f5a-bfa3-649e041c29f1","order_by":5,"name":"Christopher Wahlers","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uniklinik Köln","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christopher","middleName":"","lastName":"Wahlers","suffix":""},{"id":330985624,"identity":"3598e367-f374-4ed7-9634-e18065f57df2","order_by":6,"name":"Peer Eysel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uniklinik Köln","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peer","middleName":"","lastName":"Eysel","suffix":""},{"id":330985625,"identity":"23ab4365-dc16-4dab-90e9-1f1079eaa36a","order_by":7,"name":"Johannes Oppermann","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uniklinik Köln","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Johannes","middleName":"","lastName":"Oppermann","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-08 18:20:54","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4707391/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4707391/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-05171-3","type":"published","date":"2024-10-17T15:56:57+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":62158025,"identity":"cd0afab0-57de-4e2c-a985-2c1ebfaacce8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-09 21:29:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":186156,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeasurement of cortical thickness of the thoracic pedicle in the coronar plain.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4707391/v1/77c5ab255de8e055b29cb741.png"},{"id":62158970,"identity":"69b77a11-10ce-4676-97ca-f94397b83e99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-09 21:37:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":347531,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThoracic vertebra in the axial plane with measurement of the pedicles and possible screw placement. The measurements of IPDI, OPW, PAL, PTA, PAA, and PAL are shown.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4707391/v1/6516a12eaad14a63f7c25b36.png"},{"id":62158028,"identity":"d78e6100-15c5-4735-98af-3da0803848a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-09 21:29:16","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":251582,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInner and outer circumference of a pedicle in the coronary plain. Measurement of the IPD and OPD.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4707391/v1/44a7ad656163d61643b6b23e.png"},{"id":62158026,"identity":"da73d023-f79b-432f-82e1-874cbe88e1ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-09 21:29:16","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":328678,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePedicle measurements of the thoracic spine in the sagittal plane. The measurements of PSA and PH are shown.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4707391/v1/5a290a5d670b87987ca8b29a.png"},{"id":67148705,"identity":"aed4e5b7-14fc-43e2-b15e-37b60e8f4178","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 16:06:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2368351,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4707391/v1/4007d80b-ab03-4964-b602-f71cd274164a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Computed Tomography–Based Morphometric Analysis of Thoracic Pedicles in a European Population","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe intricate nature of the thoracic spine presents unique challenges for orthopedic surgeons specializing in spinal interventions, particularly those involving pedicle screw fusion. As surgical techniques evolve and demand precision, a profound understanding of thoracic spine morphology becomes paramount for optimizing patient outcomes, minimizing complications, and advancing the field of spinal orthopedics. The anatomy, neighboring structures and gender specific morphology have previously been described in a plethora of studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. It should be noted that it is well known that females have significantly smaller sized pedicle diameters compared to males, and that, on average, the medial pedicle wall is thicker and should therefore be used for orientation while inserting pedicle screws. To our knowledge, no studies have been published regarding European cohorts so far.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical intervention may be indicated after trauma or subsequent degenerative or deformity changes in the thoracic spine. The indications for surgical treatment include failed conservative treatment, vertebral instability, impaired sensory or motor functions, and tumors. A vast number of scores and classifications exist that can be collected preoperatively (for example \u0026ldquo;Bauer Score\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;Modified score for therapeutic decision making in OF\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;AO Spine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System and Treatment Algorithm\u0026rdquo;) to ease the decision-making process [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. A common type of surgery performed in the thoracic spine is the spinal fusion (or temporary dorsal stabilization respectively), which works through screw placement in the pedicles and has been established for a long time [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The indications for this type of surgery are mostly deformities, fractures, and degenerative diseases of the spine. This kind of surgery aims to stabilize the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae together. In degenerative cases, this fusion aims to restore the physiological axis, rotation, and inclination of the spine and decrease motion and therefore pain in the affected segment. In fractures, the pedicle screws build the base for the fixateur interne that bridges the affected segment that allows it to heal. In either case, a fundamental understanding of pedicle morphology is crucial for obtaining optimal results. For these kinds of surgeries, long-term benefits are difficult to achieve. Screw placement is crucial for obtaining benefits and avoiding complications. Different screw placement techniques, such as the costotransverse screw technique, have been analyzed but seem to be inferior compared to the standard pedicle screw fixation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Since the introduction of computed tomography (CT)-navigation systems for intraoperative use, screw placement has been shown to be more accurate [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Pitfalls during the use of CT-navigation include morphological changes in the anatomy and reference CT images, imprecise calibration of the system while using the wrong registration points and streak artifacts in the imaging (especially in patients with inlying metal implants). Complications include injury to neurovascular structures. CT navigation has helped to reduce complications created by pedicle perforation during screw fixation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rationale behind this study is rooted in the imperative to bridge the existing knowledge gap for a European cohort. We aimed to enhance the surgical decision-making process for this cohort. By meticulously characterizing the intricacies of thoracic spine morphology, we aspire to offer orthopedic surgeons a nuanced perspective that goes beyond traditional anatomical textbooks. Our findings aimed to elucidate the potential challenges and pitfalls encountered during pedicle screw fusion procedures, providing surgeons with the knowledge to navigate the complexities of the thoracic spine with heightened precision. By providing a better understanding of the morphology of the pedicles of the thoracic spine, we hope to minimize complications such as perforation of the pedicle with the screw and possible damage the neurovasculature and other surrounding structures. Furthermore, correct long-term screw placement is very important, since many of these operations are only reversible with considerable operative effort. Younger individuals who undergo these surgeries automatically imply individuals live with screws for a longer amount of time.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we retrospectively measured the thoracic spine of a total of 16 males and 16 females thoracic spines totaling in 768 individual pedicles. The patients were all of European ethnicity and were recruited retrospectively in the timeframe between August 2015 and August 2016. The CT slice thickness was a maximum of 1 mm in each scan used for the evaluation. None of the patients had health issues related to the measurement of the pedicles. This was guaranteed by looking at the indications for the CT images, reading the physician\u0026rsquo;s letters of the patients and finally by checking the CT images themselves. The exclusion criteria for the patients were a history of surgical intervention on the thoracic spine, a CT slice thickness of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 mm, pedicle fractures, vertebral body fractures, severe degenerative changes, neoplasms, severe osteoporosis, or osteoporotic fractures. Therefore, even if no records of previous surgeries were found and metallic objects were observed within any of the twelve thoracic vertebrae, the patient was immediately excluded from the study. This made finding enough patients a difficult task, since few patients undergo CT imaging of the entire thoracic spine without a past operation or health issues connected with the pedicles which would result in the patient being excluded. The patient pool was mostly filled with trauma patients who received imaging to exclude fractures of the spine. The scanner used at the institution during the time of the scans was an iCT Philips (Philips Medical Systems DMC GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) 256 slice detector (120 kV). This underlines the importance of morphometric understanding of the pedicles, since they are directly connected to the indication for CT imaging. Measurements were performed using Impax\u003csup\u003e\u0026trade;\u003c/sup\u003e software, version 6.3 (AGFA HealthCare, Mortsel Belgium). We used the reconstruction options in all planes, which provided a good understanding of the structures of the pedicles. The Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e show examples in measuring the abovementioned parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following parameters were measured on each pedicle of each vertebra following a standardized method:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inner pedicle distance (IPDI), outer pedicle width (OPW), pedicle height (PH), pedicle axial length (PAL), inner and outer pedicle diameter (IPD/OPD), difference between the IPD and OPD (Diff), cortical thickness at different locations (CTcranial/CTmedial/lateral/CTcaudal/CTlateral/medial), maximal and minimal cortical thickness (CTmax/CTmin), pedicle sagittal and axial angle (PSA/PAA), and pedicle axial length (PAL) were measured.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCortical thickness was measured from the axial plane\u0026rsquo;s perspective at the cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral portions of the pedicle and is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. CTmax and CTmin were either included in the first four measurements or measured separately and given a number representing the hand of a clock (for example 90\u0026deg; representing 3:00 o\u0026rsquo;clock). The axial plane, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, allowed measurement of the IPD and OPD. The axial plane was realigned for each pedicle, ensuring measurement at the thickest point and ensuring that the pedicle was perpendicular to the plane. The green and red lines mark the sagittal and transverse planes, respectively. For the measurements of the IPDI, OPW, PAL and the PAA, the sagittal line was aligned with the processus spinosus of each vertebra. After that, the transverse plane was relocated to the height at which the pedicles reached their maximum diameter, at which point the measurements began. An example of this is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The PAA was measured between the sagittal plane and the pedicles axis, after which PAL was measured considering the diameter of the screw that would be used on this vertebra. OPW was measured at an angle of approximately 90\u0026deg; to the PAL. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the last measurement, taken from the perspective of the sagittal plane. Here you can identify a new, blue line representing the axial plane from which we were looking from earlier. The transverse plane was realigned each time with the base of the corpus vertebrae, starting from the median axis of the entire pedicle. The PSA was then measured in between the transverse plane and possible screw placement in the left and right pedicles. The PH can also be measured in this plane.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll measurements were registered allowing calculations and highlighting of the arithmetic medium, maximum, and minimum values as well as the standard deviation. After checking for a normal distribution, an unpaired t test was performed to check for significant changes. A significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was chosen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe age of the European patient cohort ranged from 41 to 92 years, with an average of 63.9 years \u0026plusmn; 17.98 years (mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation, SD) when CT was performed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOuter and Inner Pedicle Diameters\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe analyzed the data to determine whether sex-specific differences could be observed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe absolute minimum value was observed at thoracic vertebra four (T4), with an OPD of 5.6 mm (\u0026plusmn; 1.2 mm). The first maximum value for the OPD was located at thoracic vertebra T1 with value 8.7 mm (\u0026plusmn; 3 mm), and the second maximum was at T11 with an equal value of 8.7 mm (\u0026plusmn; 1.7 mm) on average. The maximum IPD occurs at T11 with a value of 5.1 mm (\u0026plusmn; 1.4 mm) and the minimum occurs at T4 with a value of 2.7mm (\u0026plusmn; 0.9 mm).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith an average Diff of 3,3 mm (\u0026plusmn; 0,7 mm) for\u0026nbsp;males\u0026nbsp;and Diff of 3,4 mm (\u0026plusmn; 0,9 mm) for females,\u0026nbsp;p = 0,19 statistically significant results could not be detected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiagram 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egraphically demonstrates when\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;IPD is subtracted from\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;OPD,\u0026nbsp;resulting in\u0026nbsp;differences in the\u0026nbsp;outer and inner\u0026nbsp;diameters\u0026nbsp;(Diff) of each pedicle. This value was calculated to approximate how much cortical bone is in each pedicle. In this diagram, we can observe an absolute maximum at T1 with a value of 4,3 mm (\u0026plusmn; 0,8 mm), an absolute minimum at T4 with a value of 2,9 mm (\u0026plusmn; 0,7 mm) and then a steady growth of the curve toward T11 where another local maximum is found with a value of 3,7 mm (\u0026plusmn; 0,8 mm). At T12,\u0026nbsp;the difference between the outer and inner\u0026nbsp;circumferences\u0026nbsp;and thus the amount of cortical bone\u0026nbsp;decreased\u0026nbsp;again. Although this is only a curve\u0026nbsp;that\u0026nbsp;was derived and not directly measured,\u0026nbsp;it\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;displayed\u0026nbsp;and highlights T4 once again.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo gain some understanding of how the Diff (ri)/(le) corticalis thickness was located and distributed in each pedicle, \u003cem\u003eDiagram 2\u003c/em\u003e shows the cortical thickness of the right and left pedicles across the thoracic spine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLateral and medial walls\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;average thickness of the\u0026nbsp;lateral walls of the pedicle\u0026nbsp;was 1.57 mm (\u0026plusmn; 0.52 mm). The absolute minimum cortical thickness\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;located at T4. The medial corticalis thickness is, on average,\u0026nbsp;greater\u0026nbsp;at 1,72 mm (\u0026plusmn; 0,42 mm). The smallest medial corticalis was located at T4,\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;1.53 mm (\u0026plusmn; 0.33 mm). The smallest lateral corticalis\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;also located at T4,\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;1,31 mm (\u0026plusmn; 0,31 mm). The lateral cortical bone was significantly thinner\u0026nbsp;than the\u0026nbsp;medial cortical bone (p \u0026lt; 0,001). An overview of the values for medial and lateral wall thickness can be seen in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAngle measurements of potential pedicle screws\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PSA, as shown in Table 2, for the male population was 17.4\u0026deg; (\u0026plusmn; 4.6\u0026deg; SD),\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;it was\u0026nbsp;14.9\u0026deg; (\u0026plusmn; 3.9\u0026deg; SD) for the female patients. Significant differences were observed (p \u0026lt; 0,001). In contrast, no significant\u0026nbsp;sex-specific differences (p = 0,21) were\u0026nbsp;detected\u0026nbsp;for PAA. Here, the male average PAA was 14.1\u0026deg; (\u0026plusmn; 7.3\u0026deg;),\u0026nbsp;and the female average was 13.5\u0026deg; (\u0026plusmn; 5.5\u0026deg;).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, measurements of the PAL, representing the lengths of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;screws used in surgery,\u0026nbsp;showed\u0026nbsp;significant\u0026nbsp;sex-specific differences. The male population\u0026nbsp;had\u0026nbsp;an average PAL of 43.6 mm (\u0026plusmn; 6.4 mm), whereas the females had an average PAL of 39.6 mm (+- 6.5 mm) (p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;PAL\u0026nbsp;increased\u0026nbsp;throughout the thoracic spine,\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;the smallest\u0026nbsp;increase occurring\u0026nbsp;at T1\u0026nbsp;(31.8 mm (\u0026plusmn; 3.5 mm))\u0026nbsp;and the\u0026nbsp;greatest increase occurring\u0026nbsp;at T12\u0026nbsp;(47.4 mm (\u0026plusmn; 4.8 mm)). The PAL is shown in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;average\u0026nbsp;outer pedicle width (OPW) shown in Table 4 was\u0026nbsp;6.87 mm (\u0026plusmn; 1.65 mm) for\u0026nbsp;males\u0026nbsp;and 5.89 mm (\u0026plusmn; 1.52 mm) for\u0026nbsp;females,\u0026nbsp;with a significant difference between the two (p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the pedicle height (PH) shown in Table 5 was significantly\u0026nbsp;greater\u0026nbsp;for male\u0026nbsp;patients\u0026nbsp;(12.86 \u0026plusmn; 2.46 mm) than\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;female\u0026nbsp;patients\u0026nbsp;(11.77 \u0026plusmn; 2.46 mm),\u0026nbsp;with a p value \u0026lt; 0.001.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA summarized overview of the sex-specific differences in the thoracic spine is provided in Table 6.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the measurements show that the OPD and IPD change in a similar way throughout the thoracic spine, leaving the cortical bone with a constant thickness. Variability in the OPD and IPD therefore originates from an increase in the total amount of Substantia spongiosa, decreasing the stability of the pedicles because relatively more of the pedicle is made up of spongiosa rather than the more stable corticalis. As a tradeoff, here, larger pedicle screws could be used, and correct placement is not as difficult to achieve. On the other hand, more stable, smaller pedicles are prone to more screw misplacement and are therefore also at risk. The rate of screw misplacement for pedicles with an OPD smaller than 5 mm is 33% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor screw placement, the greatest interest of this study was minimal corticalis thickness since pedicle screws are more likely to damage surrounding areas by perforating the pedicle when the corticalis is thinner.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the thinnest cortical wall portions of the pedicles were measured laterally, with an average of 1.57 mm (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52 mm). This allows the following conclusion: when operating on a pedicle of the thoracic spine, the greatest risk for a screw to penetrate the wall of the pedicle and damage surrounding structures is in the lateral wall. The increasing spongiosa thickness in some parts of the thoracic spine pedicles does not protect against such perforation because the spongiosa is built to withstand pressure from on top and below and not the lateral forces a screw would impose when perforating the pedicle [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Structures that lie laterally from the pedicles of the thoracic spine include the spinal nerve, facet joints and a large blood vessel plexus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the medial cortical wall was significantly thicker than the lateral portions by 1.72 mm (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42 mm) on average. Although the corticalis on the medial portions was slightly thicker than that on the lateral portions, structures near the medial portion, such as the spinal canal in which the spinal cord is found of the pedicle, are more fragile and could have a more disastrous effect on the patient when damaged. Therefore, the risk of medial perforation by a pedicle screw should not be underestimated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterestingly, in this study, both the medial and lateral walls of the pedicle were most vulnerable at T4, which could indicate that screw placement in this segment is especially demanding.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFinally, correct screw placement in pedicles is essential for minimizing intraoperative complications and achieving long-term benefits. This study aimed to improve the understanding of pedicle placement in the thoracic spine and recommended the use of 3D-reconstruction programs for each surgical measure that involves screw placement. Especially in segment T4, the screw length, diameter, and sagittal and axial angles must be corrected to reduce the risk for complications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026acute;s Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptualization\u003c/strong\u003e Alberto Alfieri Zellner; \u003cstrong\u003emethodology\u003c/strong\u003e Alberto Alfieri Zellner, Jonas Roos; \u003cstrong\u003esoftware\u003c/strong\u003e Christian Prangenberg; \u003cstrong\u003eformal analysis\u003c/strong\u003e Alberto Alfieri Zellner, Tamara Babasiz, Christopher Wahlers; \u003cstrong\u003einvestigation\u003c/strong\u003e Alberto Alfieri Zellner, Christian Prangenberg; \u003cstrong\u003eresources\u003c/strong\u003e Peer Eysel, Johannes Oppermann; \u003cstrong\u003edata curation\u003c/strong\u003e Soufian Ben Amar, Tamara Babasiz, Christopher Wahlers; \u003cstrong\u003ewriting\u0026mdash;original draft preparation\u003c/strong\u003e Alberto Alfieri Zellner ; \u003cstrong\u003ewriting\u0026mdash;review and editing\u003c/strong\u003e Johannes Oppermann, Peer Eysel, Jonas Roos, Soufian Ben Amar; \u003cstrong\u003evisualization\u003c/strong\u003e Alberto Alfieri Zellner, Christian Prangenberg; \u003cstrong\u003esupervision\u003c/strong\u003e Johannes Oppermann; \u003cstrong\u003eproject administration\u003c/strong\u003e Alberto Alfiieri Zellner; \u003cstrong\u003efunding acquisition\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable in retrospective study design with anonymized data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical review and approval were waived for this study due to the retrospective study design. The local ethics committee of the medical faculty of Cologne accepted this scientific study (17-063). For this type of study formal consent is not required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of supporting data:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTan, S.H., E.C. Teo, and H.C. Chua, \u003cem\u003eQuantitative three-dimensional anatomy of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae of Chinese Singaporeans.\u003c/em\u003e Eur Spine J, 2004. \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 137-46.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorita, K., et al., \u003cem\u003eThoracic and lumbar spine pedicle morphology in Japanese patients.\u003c/em\u003e Surg Radiol Anat, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e43\u003c/strong\u003e(6): p. 833-842.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhuang, Z., et al., \u003cem\u003eEvaluation of thoracic pedicle morphometry in a Chinese population using 3D reformatted CT.\u003c/em\u003e Clin Anat, 2012. \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 461-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohanty, S.P., et al., \u003cem\u003eMorphometry of the lower thoracic and lumbar pedicles and its relevance in pedicle fixation.\u003c/em\u003e Musculoskelet Surg, 2018. \u003cstrong\u003e102\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 299-305.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLien, S.B., N.H. Liou, and S.S. Wu, \u003cem\u003eAnalysis of anatomic morphometry of the pedicles and the safe zone for through-pedicle procedures in the thoracic and lumbar spine.\u003c/em\u003e Eur Spine J, 2007. \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(8): p. 1215-22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBauer, H.C. and R. Wedin, \u003cem\u003eSurvival after surgery for spinal and extremity metastases. Prognostication in 241 patients.\u003c/em\u003e Acta Orthop Scand, 1995. \u003cstrong\u003e66\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 143-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKepler, C.K., et al., \u003cem\u003eThe Thoracolumbar AOSpine Injury Score.\u003c/em\u003e Global Spine J, 2016. \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 329-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVaccaro, A.R., et al., \u003cem\u003eDescription and Reliability of the AOSpine Sacral Classification System.\u003c/em\u003e J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e102\u003c/strong\u003e(16): p. 1454-1463.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMitani, K., et al., \u003cem\u003eTherapeutic Prediction of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture Using the AO Spine-DGOU Osteoporotic Fracture Classification and Classification-Based Score: A Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study.\u003c/em\u003e Neurospine, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 1166-1176.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBianco, R.J., et al., \u003cem\u003eThoracic pedicle screw fixation under axial and perpendicular loadings: A comprehensive numerical analysis.\u003c/em\u003e Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2019. \u003cstrong\u003e68\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 190-196.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuk, S.-I., et al., \u003cem\u003eThoracic Pedicle Screw Fixation in Spinal Deformities: Are They Really Safe?\u003c/em\u003e Spine, 2001. \u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e(18): p. 2049-2057.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEysel, P. and G. Meinig, \u003cem\u003eComparative study of different dorsal stabilization techniques in recent thoraco-lumbar spine fractures.\u003c/em\u003e Acta Neurochir (Wien), 1991. \u003cstrong\u003e109\u003c/strong\u003e(1-2): p. 12-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLittle, A.S., et al., \u003cem\u003eBiomechanical comparison of costotransverse process screw fixation and pedicle screw fixation of the upper thoracic spine.\u003c/em\u003e Neurosurgery, 2010. \u003cstrong\u003e66\u003c/strong\u003e(3 Suppl Operative): p. 178-82; discussion 182.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuther, N., et al., \u003cem\u003eComparison of navigated versus non-navigated pedicle screw placement in 260 patients and 1434 screws: screw accuracy, screw size, and the complexity of surgery.\u003c/em\u003e J Spinal Disord Tech, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. E298-303.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHabib, N., et al., \u003cem\u003eUse of Intraoperative CT Improves Accuracy of Spinal Navigation During Screw Fixation in Cervico-thoracic Region.\u003c/em\u003e Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e46\u003c/strong\u003e(8): p. 530-537.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVardiman, A.B., et al., \u003cem\u003eDecreasing the Pedicle Screw Misplacement Rate in the Thoracic Spine With Robot-guided Navigation.\u003c/em\u003e Clin Spine Surg, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e(10): p. 431-437.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShin, B.J., et al., \u003cem\u003ePedicle screw navigation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of perforation risk for computer-navigated versus freehand insertion.\u003c/em\u003e J Neurosurg Spine, 2012. \u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 113-22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGonzalvo, A., et al., \u003cem\u003eCorrelation between pedicle size and the rate of pedicle screw misplacement in the treatment of thoracic fractures: Can we predict how difficult the task will be?\u003c/em\u003e Br J Neurosurg, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 508-12.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL\u0026uuml;llmann-Rauch, R., \u003cem\u003eTaschenbuch Histologie 3. Auflage.\u003c/em\u003e Thieme, 2009. \u003cstrong\u003e3. Auflage\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 155.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbumi, K., et al., \u003cem\u003eComplications of pedicle screw fixation in reconstructive surgery of the cervical spine.\u003c/em\u003e Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2000. \u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e(8): p. 962-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Cortical thickness of medial and lateral walls\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVertebra\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ein mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLateral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ein mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep - value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.20580474934037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.094986807387862%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.844327176781004%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.401055408970976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.052770448548813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Significant differences in PSA between male and female\u0026nbsp;vertebrae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"603\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertebra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1109%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertebra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.7267%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.024282560706402%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.141280353200884%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.803532008830022%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.907284768211921%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.686534216335541%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 24.3381%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 21.7267%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 24.3381%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 21.7267%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 24.3381%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 21.7267%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 24.3381%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 21.7267%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 24.3381%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 21.7267%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 24.3381%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 21.7267%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 8.3564%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 7.5208%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.3871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.2673%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.1629%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 8.4609%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 6.7896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.5361%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 5.2228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.1782%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Significant differences in PAL between male and female\u0026nbsp;vertebrae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"603\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertebra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertebra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2703%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.024282560706402%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.141280353200884%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.803532008830022%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.907284768211921%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.686534216335541%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.7815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.7815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.7815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.7815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.7815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.7815%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.2042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.2144%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5786%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6814%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.401%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 4.42%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.8033%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9809%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Significant differences in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;outer pedicle width (OPW) between male and female thoracic\u0026nbsp;vertebrae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"603\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertebra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1.2031%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOPW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertebra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.8503%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOPW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.3864%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.024282560706402%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.141280353200884%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.803532008830022%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.907284768211921%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.686534216335541%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.5329%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.8503%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.5329%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.8503%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.5329%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.8503%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.5329%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.8503%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.5329%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.8503%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 28.5329%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 18.8503%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.1075%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 11.0218%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.0173%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.9015%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4165%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.6225%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 5.2534%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9872%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Significant differences in pedicle height (PH) between male and female thoracic\u0026nbsp;vertebrae\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"603\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertebra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOPW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertebra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOPW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.2747%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.024282560706402%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.141280353200884%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.803532008830022%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.907284768211921%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.686534216335541%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.479028697571744%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 30.0364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 17.3841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 30.0364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 17.3841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 30.0364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 17.3841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 30.0364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 17.3841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13,81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 30.0364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 17.3841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16,48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.14759535655058%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 30.0364%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.97678275290215%\" colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 17.3841%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16,42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16,74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.106135986733001%\" style=\"width: 7.0976%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.11608623548922%\" style=\"width: 12.138%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.291873963515755%\" style=\"width: 4.6289%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.12106135986733%\" style=\"width: 6.5833%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.618573797678275%\" style=\"width: 6.6862%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.769485903814262%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.447761194029852%\" style=\"width: 7.4062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 3.1888%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.281923714759536%\" style=\"width: 3.806%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16,09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.623548922056385%\" style=\"width: 2.9831%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6: Summarized\u0026nbsp;sex-specific differences in\u0026nbsp;vertebral\u0026nbsp;anatomy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"491\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.341463414634145%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eeasurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.040650406504065%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep - value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.341463414634145%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiff\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.040650406504065%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.341463414634145%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.86 mm\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.040650406504065%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.77 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.341463414634145%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOPW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.87 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.040650406504065%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;1.65 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.89 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.341463414634145%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.040650406504065%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.6 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5 mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.341463414634145%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.4 \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.040650406504065%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6 \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.9 \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9 \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.341463414634145%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1 \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.040650406504065%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3 \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.276422764227643%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5 \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5 \u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-orthopaedic-surgery-and-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"josr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research](http://josr-online.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"13018","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13018/3","title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research","twitterHandle":"@MSKmedBMC","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Spine surgery, spine anatomy, computed tomography imaging, pedicle morphology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4707391/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4707391/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe goal of this retrospective study was to perform a CT imaging assessment of thoracic pedicles to provide a representative understanding of pedicle morphology for pedicle-based fixation systems commonly used in orthopedics, trauma and neurosurgery. This study aimed to better understand the morphology of the spine and therefore reduce the complication rate of surgical techniques such as spinal fusion, which rely on placing screws in the pedicles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we retrospectively measured the thoracic spine pedicles of a total of 16 males and 16 females, totaling in 768 individual pedicles. For the measurements, we used standardized planes in computed tomography imaging with a maximum slice thickness of 1 mm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn brief, we identified significant differences in various measurements of male and female pedicle morphology. The medial cortical wall of the pedicles was significantly thicker than the lateral wall, and, in both sexes, vertebral body number four was the vertebra with the least amount of cortical bone in the pedicle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgeons performing operations involving pedicle screw placement should be aware of the sex-specific differences in thoracic spine pedicle morphology noted in this research.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Computed Tomography–Based Morphometric Analysis of Thoracic Pedicles in a European Population","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-09 21:29:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4707391/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-08T21:33:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-03T15:21:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"229369151658577379404583199862584953226","date":"2024-08-14T21:48:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"135548710465484942053079180259818524446","date":"2024-07-10T03:35:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-09T21:22:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-09T08:26:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-09T08:04:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research","date":"2024-07-08T18:19:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-orthopaedic-surgery-and-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"josr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research](http://josr-online.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"13018","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13018/3","title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research","twitterHandle":"@MSKmedBMC","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2bf91269-0d34-460a-aa8e-2b21c9be9d6c","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-21T15:58:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4707391","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-05171-3","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-orthopaedic-surgery-and-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research"},"publishedOn":"2024-10-17 15:56:57","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 17th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-09 21:29:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13018-024-05171-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-05171-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4707391","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4707391","identity":"rs-4707391","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}