Export diversification in Africa's landlocked countries: governance vs geography

Export diversification in Africa's landlocked countries: governance vs geography | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Export diversification in Africa's landlocked countries: governance vs geography MORTONGAR NGARTORI Stephane, François Colins NKOA This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532440/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of governance and/or geography on export diversification in Africa's landlocked countries (ALDCs). To do so, we used panel data over the period 1996–2021. The Driscoll-Kraay (1998) method is used for the estimations. The results show that for governance, only the political stability variable has a significant effect on export diversification in the presence of the geography variables. However, with regard to the geographical variables, proximity to the large international market and population size have positive and significant effects on export diversification, whereas the remoteness of access to the sea variable and the natural resource rents variable have negative and significant effects on export diversification in the ALDCs in the presence of the governance variables. We can conclude that in the ALDCs, geography prevails over governance in line with the institutions versus geography debate, as it is the geographical variables that best explain export diversification compared to the governance variables. Africa's landlocked countries export diversification governance geography Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editor assigned by journal 15 Jun, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 05 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4532440","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":314840382,"identity":"4432fdcd-d0e5-4bdd-ab9b-5b0c32d5abf5","order_by":0,"name":"MORTONGAR NGARTORI Stephane","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADHhDBDCL4QURCAQH1B0Ba2KBaJBtAWgwIa2GAazEA8/BoMedf/Ozzh4p7MvLzm489Lqi5I2d8fnXihwcGDPL8YgewarGc8cx4xoEzxTwGx9jSjWcce2ZsduPtZgmgwwxnzk7AqsXgxgFjhoNtCTwGbDxm0jxshxO33Ti7AaQlweA2Li3HP4O1yLfxf5Pm+Xe4fvOMs5t/4NVyvgdiC8MxHjZp3rbDCQb8vdsI2MJTzHDmDNBhx9LMjXn7DhvOuMG7zSLBQAK3X84f38xQUZFgL998+Nljnm+H5fn7z26++aPCRp5fGrsWBgmEOBuyiAR25SDAfwBdC5LIKBgFo2AUjAIQAADryWIJRzSlMwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"PAUGHSS, Pan African University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"MORTONGAR","middleName":"NGARTORI","lastName":"Stephane","suffix":""},{"id":314840384,"identity":"38ab4b62-925a-42c7-96bd-3949d2a282ed","order_by":1,"name":"François Colins NKOA","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Yaoundé II/Soa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"François","middleName":"Colins","lastName":"NKOA","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-05 08:20:53","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532440/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532440/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59466939,"identity":"f999e10a-49d6-40a3-94b8-e3d8a69c5680","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-02 06:50:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":291465,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ProjetArticleanglaismodeleTayloretFrancisNGARTORI.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4532440/v1_covered_dbed0818-964f-4ec4-8575-a8077c3ff44f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Export diversification in Africa's landlocked countries: governance vs geography","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"economics-of-governance","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"eogo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Economics of Governance](http://link.springer.com/journal/10101)","snPcode":"10101","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10101/3","title":"Economics of Governance","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Africa's landlocked countries, export diversification, governance, geography","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532440/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532440/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of governance and/or geography on export diversification in Africa's landlocked countries (ALDCs). To do so, we used panel data over the period 1996\u0026ndash;2021. The Driscoll-Kraay (1998) method is used for the estimations. The results show that for governance, only the political stability variable has a significant effect on export diversification in the presence of the geography variables. However, with regard to the geographical variables, proximity to the large international market and population size have positive and significant effects on export diversification, whereas the remoteness of access to the sea variable and the natural resource rents variable have negative and significant effects on export diversification in the ALDCs in the presence of the governance variables. We can conclude that in the ALDCs, geography prevails over governance in line with the institutions versus geography debate, as it is the geographical variables that best explain export diversification compared to the governance variables.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Export diversification in Africa's landlocked countries: governance vs geography","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-02 06:42:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532440/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-06-15T15:22:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-06-06T07:41:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Economics of Governance","date":"2024-06-05T08:18:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"economics-of-governance","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"eogo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Economics of Governance](http://link.springer.com/journal/10101)","snPcode":"10101","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10101/3","title":"Economics of Governance","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"70f0fe60-1f9a-489a-9419-c11ca13fda26","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 2nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-02T06:42:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-02 06:42:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4532440","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4532440","identity":"rs-4532440","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}