Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors

Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors Chunwen Jiang, Guojia Gong, Shan Xiao, Shengxiang Zhang, Diansheng Chen, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5543409/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 May, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Oral Health → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Osseointegration is considered a prerequisite for predicting implant success, and structure, biocompatibility, and properties of the implant are important parts of the factors that influence osseointegration. The focus of current research is on how to increase the strength of osseointegration on the implant and shorten the osseointegration time. Methods In this research, different porous scaffolds, including uniform, radial-gradient, and axial-gradient porous,were designed and fabricated. Their mechanical properties and biocompatibility were comprehensively evaluated through mechanical tests and in vitro cellular experiments. A porous scaffold exhibiting optimal properties was identified through preliminary experiments. Subsequently, three different sets of composite scaffolds were developed, consisting of the selected scaffold modified with chitosan microspheres loaded with Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (PDGF-BB), or a combination of both. The biological responses to the composite scaffolds were systematically examined through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results Finite element analysis indicated that the maximum equivalent stress of all three porous implants was lower than that of solid implants, while the maximum equivalent stress in the cortical bone of the porous group was higher than in the solid group. Compression tests confirmed that the elastic modulus of all three porous scaffold structures falls within the range of natural human bone. In vitro cell experiments showed that the radial gradient porous group scaffolds had the highest cell count and Alkaline phosphatase activity. The composite scaffolds exhibited superior wettability and water absorption properties compared to the non-coated scaffolds. Cell and animal experiments demonstrated that the titanium scaffolds co-modified with BMP-2 and PDGF-BB showed greater cell proliferation and new bone formation compared to scaffolds with single-factor coatings and uncoated scaffolds. Conclusions Radial-gradient porous scaffolds exhibit compatible elastic modulus, excellent cell compatibility, and osteogenic potential, making them promising candidates for bone tissue engineering applications in dentistry. Furthermore, the composite scaffolds incorporating BMP-2 and PDGF-BB-loaded chitosan microspheres demonstrated enhanced osteogenic differentiation compared to single-factor modified porous scaffolds, providing experimental evidence for the clinical application of novel implants. Graded porous titanium scaffolds 3D printing BMP-2 and PDGF-BB Mechanical properties Biological performance osteogenic-induced differentiation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryFile1DetailedPreparationStepsofChitosanMicrospheresandCharacterizationImages.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 May, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Oral Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 01 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 01 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5543409","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":437075647,"identity":"8433a95b-cd36-497e-acc1-c399791c4f5a","order_by":0,"name":"Chunwen Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chunwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":437075648,"identity":"131f4232-7782-43cd-a416-6410cc34c3d6","order_by":1,"name":"Guojia Gong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital 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Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Graded porous titanium scaffolds, 3D printing, BMP-2 and PDGF-BB, Mechanical properties, Biological performance, osteogenic-induced differentiation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5543409/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5543409/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsseointegration is considered a prerequisite for predicting implant success, and structure, biocompatibility, and properties of the implant are important parts of the factors that influence osseointegration. The focus of current research is on how to increase the strength of osseointegration on the implant and shorten the osseointegration time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this research, different porous scaffolds, including uniform, radial-gradient, and axial-gradient porous,were designed and fabricated. Their mechanical properties and biocompatibility were comprehensively evaluated through mechanical tests and in vitro cellular experiments. A porous scaffold exhibiting optimal properties was identified through preliminary experiments. Subsequently, three different sets of composite scaffolds were developed, consisting of the selected scaffold modified with chitosan microspheres loaded with Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (PDGF-BB), or a combination of both. The biological responses to the composite scaffolds were systematically examined through in vitro and in vivo experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinite element analysis indicated that the maximum equivalent stress of all three porous implants was lower than that of solid implants, while the maximum equivalent stress in the cortical bone of the porous group was higher than in the solid group. Compression tests confirmed that the elastic modulus of all three porous scaffold structures falls within the range of natural human bone. In vitro cell experiments showed that the radial gradient porous group scaffolds had the highest cell count and Alkaline phosphatase activity. The composite scaffolds exhibited superior wettability and water absorption properties compared to the non-coated scaffolds. Cell and animal experiments demonstrated that the titanium scaffolds co-modified with BMP-2 and PDGF-BB showed greater cell proliferation and new bone formation compared to scaffolds with single-factor coatings and uncoated scaffolds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadial-gradient porous scaffolds exhibit compatible elastic modulus, excellent cell compatibility, and osteogenic potential, making them promising candidates for bone tissue engineering applications in dentistry. Furthermore, the composite scaffolds incorporating BMP-2 and PDGF-BB-loaded chitosan microspheres demonstrated enhanced osteogenic differentiation compared to single-factor modified porous scaffolds, providing experimental evidence for the clinical application of novel implants.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed porous titanium scaffolds coated with composite growth factors","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-02 13:14:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5543409/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-11T04:35:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-09T12:30:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"111184001501140393683511113575551064970","date":"2025-04-03T18:38:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-02T00:21:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"315529859876815830464080359002166111649","date":"2025-04-02T00:06:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"209179643307850174112231189935720719240","date":"2025-04-01T20:56:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-01T15:51:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-01T12:41:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Oral Health","date":"2025-03-30T15:35:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cdcd6682-5fc3-4750-9275-1549a5bf5f65","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-02T16:04:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5543409","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06110-2","journal":{"identity":"bmc-oral-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Oral Health"},"publishedOn":"2025-05-27 15:57:59","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 27th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-02 13:14:11","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12903-025-06110-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06110-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5543409","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5543409","identity":"rs-5543409","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}