Electronic properties and circuit applications of networks of electrochemically exfoliated 2D nanosheets

Electronic properties and circuit applications of networks of electrochemically exfoliated 2D nanosheets | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Electronic properties and circuit applications of networks of electrochemically exfoliated 2D nanosheets Jonathan Coleman, Tian Carey, Kevin Synnatschke, Goutam Ghosh, and 15 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5478844/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract High aspect-ratio 2D materials offer promise for solution-processed electronics. However, the factors controlling exfoliation are unclear while solution-processed networks have been electrically characterized for relatively few materials. This study combines theory and experimentation to show that electrochemical exfoliation of various layered crystals with sufficient stiffness-anisotropy (Ein/Eout>1.7) produces high aspect-ratio nanosheets with intrinsic mobilities of μNS=20–75 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ (MoS2, WS2, WSe2, MoSe2, PtSe2, MoWSe2, MoSe2:Nb and WSe2:Nb). Impedance spectroscopy indicates that solution-deposited networks of these nanosheets have a junction-to-nanosheet resistance ratio (RJ/RNS) as low as ~3 (MoS2). These networks display n-type (PtSe2, WS2, MoS2), p-type (InTe, GaTe, MoSe2:Nb, WSe2:Nb, Tellurene, Black Phosphorus), and ambipolar behaviour (WMoSe2, MoSe2, WSe2, MoTe2), with on/off ratios and mobilities up to 10⁵ and μNet=13 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ respectively. Network properties are consistent with theoretical predictions that μNS/μNet=RJ/RNS+1, suggesting that further reductions in RJ will increase μNet toward the nanosheet limit (μNS). High-performing 2D materials were used to create functional circuits (WMoSe2 and WS2) including inverters, buffers, a 4-bit digital-to-analog converter, and a circuit capable of encoding and decoding 7-bit ASCII messages. Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for devices/Electronic devices Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files CareyetalSItc.pdf Supplementary Info Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5478844","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":499428078,"identity":"19d4e01b-fd4a-4099-96ea-8040eefa7938","order_by":0,"name":"Jonathan 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However, the factors controlling exfoliation are unclear while solution-processed networks have been electrically characterized for relatively few materials. This study combines theory and experimentation to show that electrochemical exfoliation of various layered crystals with sufficient stiffness-anisotropy (Ein/Eout\u003e1.7) produces high aspect-ratio nanosheets with intrinsic mobilities of μNS=20–75 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ (MoS2, WS2, WSe2, MoSe2, PtSe2, MoWSe2, MoSe2:Nb and WSe2:Nb). Impedance spectroscopy indicates that solution-deposited networks of these nanosheets have a junction-to-nanosheet resistance ratio (RJ/RNS) as low as ~3 (MoS2). These networks display n-type (PtSe2, WS2, MoS2), p-type (InTe, GaTe, MoSe2:Nb, WSe2:Nb, Tellurene, Black Phosphorus), and ambipolar behaviour (WMoSe2, MoSe2, WSe2, MoTe2), with on/off ratios and mobilities up to 10⁵ and μNet=13 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹ respectively. Network properties are consistent with theoretical predictions that μNS/μNet=RJ/RNS+1, suggesting that further reductions in RJ will increase μNet toward the nanosheet limit (μNS). High-performing 2D materials were used to create functional circuits (WMoSe2 and WS2) including inverters, buffers, a 4-bit digital-to-analog converter, and a circuit capable of encoding and decoding 7-bit ASCII messages.","manuscriptTitle":"Electronic properties and circuit applications of networks of electrochemically exfoliated 2D nanosheets","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-13 06:56:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5478844/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-communications","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"NCOMMS","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature Communications](http://www.nature.com/ncomms/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ncomms.nature.com/","title":"Nature Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature Communications","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e5931ab1-4755-46b0-880d-c62d2d063135","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53049295,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for devices/Electronic devices"},{"id":53049296,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-11T07:08:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5478844","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64100-y","journal":{"identity":"nature-communications","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Nature Communications"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-10 04:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 10th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-13 06:56:13","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41467-025-64100-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-64100-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5478844","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5478844","identity":"rs-5478844","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}