Beyond What Meets the Eye: The Effect of Childhood Trauma on Doomscrolling and Dating Violence

Beyond What Meets the Eye: The Effect of Childhood Trauma on Doomscrolling and Dating Violence | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Beyond What Meets the Eye: The Effect of Childhood Trauma on Doomscrolling and Dating Violence Vesile Adıgüzel, Anıl Eymur, Aslıhan Topçu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8584188/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Psychology → Version 1 posted 18 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine the effect of childhood trauma on catastrophizing and dating violence among university students. Methods This descriptive and correlational study was completed with 503 students between September 20 and November 20, 2025. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), the Dating Violence Scale (DVS), and the Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form (DS-TF). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) were used to summarize the data; group comparisons were conducted using ANOVA, and associations were examined using Pearson correlation and simple linear regression analyses. Ethical committee approval and institutional permissions were obtained prior to the study. Results Of the participants, 72.7% were female, and 34.9% were first-year students. The mean total scores were 43.66 ± 15.32 for the CTQ-28, 45.11 ± 18.28 for the DVS, and 33.94 ± 18.39 for the DS-TF. A statistically significant, positive correlation was found between CTQ-28 and DVS (r = 0.571, p < 0.05) and between CTQ-28 and DS-TF (r = 0.454, p < 0.05). A statistically significant, positive correlation was also observed between DVS and DS-TF (r = 0.478, p < 0.05). The model testing the effect of childhood trauma on dating violence was statistically significant (F = 241.325, p < 0.05) and explained 32.6% of the variance. The model testing the effect of dating violence on doomscrolling was statistically significant (F = 147.698, p < 0.05) and explained 22.8% of the variance. The model testing the effect of childhood trauma on doomscrolling was statistically significant (F = 129.861, p < 0.05) and explained 20.6% of the variance. Conclusions Our findings indicate that childhood trauma positively influences dating violence and doomscrolling behavior, and that the mediating role of dating violence in the association between childhood trauma and doomscrolling is statistically significant. Childhood trauma doomscrolling dating violence Figures Figure 1 Introduction Violence is a significant public health issue that endangers individuals' physical and mental well-being and has a profound impact on the overall health of societies [1]. The WHO (2002) defines violence as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, developmental disruption, deprivation, or restriction [1]. According to the WHO (2002) classification, violence is addressed under three main categories: self-directed violence, interpersonal violence, and collective violence. Interpersonal violence is further divided into two subcategories: family and intimate partner violence and community violence [1]. Dating violence, which is considered within the scope of interpersonal violence, refers to violent acts that occur between partners in a romantic relationship and has been reported to be prevalent across different societies and cultures [2,3]. Dating violence is a broad construct encompassing patterns of aggressive behaviors such as physical assault, sexual coercion, psychological abuse, controlling behaviors, threats, verbal harassment, and covert surveillance. In addition, dating violence is a form of violence that includes acts such as physical, sexual, psychological, economic, and digital/online violence within romantic relationships between individuals who are not married, as well as stalking [4]. It is emphasized that dating violence can emerge from the beginning of a relationship and should be considered a process that may recur across different stages of the relationship [4]. Research on dating violence indicates that variables such as individuals’ demographic characteristics, social position, family dynamics, socioeconomic status, and education may be associated with dating violence [5]. In addition, witnessing violence in the family environment in which one grows up, experiencing maltreatment during childhood, and having exposure to violent experiences in one’s surroundings are considered important risk domains that may shape patterns of aggression or victimization in later life [6]. Exposure to childhood maltreatment (abuse/neglect) and traumatic experiences has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of aggressive and violence-related behaviors in subsequent life stages [7,8]. In this context, exposure to violence/neglect in childhood or aggressive–oppressive family interactions is considered a risk factor that may increase vulnerability to both victimization and perpetration in dating violence through mechanisms such as the “normalization” of violence in close relationships and impairments in emotion regulation and conflict resolution skills [9-11]. Childhood maltreatment, encompassing physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect and negligent caregiving, is classified as a form of childhood trauma that jeopardizes a child's health, development, and overall well-being [12]. Early traumatic experiences have been shown to be associated not only with adverse outcomes during childhood but also with a range of mental health problems in adulthood, including depression, anxiety, and trauma-related symptoms [13,14]. It is also emphasized that these traumas may impair functioning in social relationships and constitute an important risk context for anxiety and depressive symptoms [14]. Individuals with a trauma history may experience difficulties in emotion regulation and heightened threat perception; with the triggering impact of negative content on platforms such as social media, negative thought patterns may be reinforced and catastrophizing cycles may be strengthened [15]. In this context, the concept referred to in the literature as “doomscrolling” is defined as persistently following negative news streams online and devoting excessive time to them despite the negative affect they generate [16, 17]. The emergence and maintenance of doomscrolling may vary according to individual factors such as coping with uncertainty, a need for control, personality characteristics, and a current mental state [16]. A limited number of studies indicate that doomscrolling is associated with psychological distress and problematic social media patterns; intolerance of uncertainty may increase this behavior, whereas psychological resilience may play a protective role [18-20]. Moreover, a history of childhood abuse/maltreatment may increase intolerance of uncertainty and psychological vulnerability, thereby heightening sensitivity to negative news [18-20]. The university period is an important component of the transition from adolescence to adulthood and has been conceptualized as “emerging adulthood” [21]. During this period, some students move to a different city for educational purposes, begin living apart from their families, and face the need to adapt to a new academic structure and social environment [22,23]. The requirement to adjust across multiple domains—such as new responsibilities, independent living skills, changing teaching/learning expectations, and new friendship networks—may lead to marked changes in patterns of education, interpersonal relationships, and social life compared with earlier experiences [23,24]. It has been reported that the academic and social adjustment demands during the transition to university may increase stress in some students, triggering maladaptive coping and problematic behavioral patterns [25]. In this context, it is emphasized that the risk of conflict and violence in romantic relationships may increase during the university years, when emotional relationships intensify, and that dating violence represents an important risk area among university students [5]. In addition, studies indicating that separation–individuation problems may be more pronounced among university students with adverse childhood experiences suggest that early experiences may harm university adjustment and relationship dynamics [26]. In summary, our literature review did not identify studies that simultaneously address childhood trauma, doomscrolling, and dating violence among university students. Therefore, we believe that our study will contribute to the literature by examining these variables within the same framework and may provide a foundation for future research. Research Questions - Is there an association between childhood trauma, doomscrolling, and dating violence among university students? - What are the levels of childhood trauma, doomscrolling, and dating violence among university students? Methods Study Design This study has a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational design. Sample and Participants This study was conducted at X University with students actively enrolled in the 2025–2026 academic year, between September 20 and November 20, 2025. X University was selected based on the researchers’ ability to access participants and the feasibility of collaboration. The study population comprised all students enrolled at X University. The sample size was calculated using the G*Power analysis tool. With a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error, the required sample size was calculated as 450 [27]. Accordingly, the study included 503 students who volunteered to participate and were aged 18 years or older, using purposive sampling. Data Collection The study data were collected during the study period through face-to-face interviews with students at the institution from which written permission had been obtained. Data were collected by the researchers (AE, AT). Each interview lasted approximately 15–20 minutes. In addition, 45 participants were excluded because they provided incomplete data despite meeting the inclusion criteria. Data Collection Instruments Study data were collected using a 21-item Personal Information Form, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), the Dating Violence Scale (DVS), and the Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form (DS-TF). Personal Information Form Developed by the researchers, this form consists of 21 items designed to obtain participants’ personal information such as age, sex, year of study, and smoking status [27]. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, developed by Bernstein and colleagues to assess experiences of abuse and neglect before the age of 20, was adapted into Turkish and evaluated for validity and reliability by Şar, Öztürk, and İkikardeş (2012) [28]. The CTQ-28 is a 28-item, five-point Likert-type scale that assesses childhood trauma across five subscales. Response options for each item range from “1” (never) to “5” (very often): 1 = never, 2 = rarely, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = very often. In the original Turkish validation study, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.93 [28]. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.97. Dating Violence Scale (DVS) The Dating Violence Scale, developed by Gökkaya (2022) to measure dating violence behaviors in Turkish culture, is a 28-item, five-point Likert-type scale with four subscales. Items are rated as follows: 1 = never, 2 = rarely, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = very often. Total scores range from 28 to 140, with higher scores indicating higher levels of violent behavior. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total scale was reported as 0.89 [29]. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.95. Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form (DS-TF) The original Doomscrolling Scale was developed by Sharma et al. (2022) to measure social media users’ doomscrolling behavior, and its validity and reliability in the Turkish population were established by Satıcı et al. (2022). The scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. It is a 15-item, one-dimensional, 7-point Likert-type scale (ranging from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”). There are no reverse-coded items. The scale yields a total score, and higher scores indicate higher levels of doomscrolling. In the reliability analysis, the internal consistency coefficient was reported as α = 0.938–0.944 [18]. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.94. Data Analysis Data were analyzed using the DataBeeg 1.0 software. Descriptive statistical methods (frequency, percentage, minimum–maximum values, mean, and standard deviation) were used to summarize the data. Hypotheses were tested using PROCESS Macro in line with the specified models. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine associations between numeric variables, and simple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Ethical Considerations The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of X University (27.11.2024/295), and written institutional permission was obtained from the study site (E-76051854-900-2600001801). Participants were informed about the study's aim and invited to participate. Participation was ensured on a voluntary basis using an informed consent form in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki principles, and both verbal and written informed consent were obtained from all students. Results Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Participants Variables n % Age ( X̄±SS, 20.87±2.86) Under 21 251 50.0 21 years and older 251 50.0 Gender Women 365 72.7 Men 137 27.3 Marital status Married 18 3.6 Single 484 96.4 Class Preparatory class 3 0.6 1. Class 175 34.9 2. Class 108 21.5 3. Class 134 26.7 4. Class 82 16.3 Place of residence Dormitory 353 70.3 Student house 64 12.7 My family 84 16.7 Relatives 1 0.2 Family type Nuclear family 391 77.9 Extended family 82 16.3 Divorced/broken family 29 5.8 Number of siblings No 22 4.4 1-3 320 63.7 4-6 120 23.9 7-9 34 6.8 10 and above 6 1.2 Mother's educational status Elementary School 192 38.2 Middle School 105 20.9 High School 147 29.3 University 54 10.8 Graduate/Doctorate 4 0.8 Father's educational status Elementary School 120 23.9 Middle School 104 20.7 High School 154 30.7 University 109 21.7 Graduate/Doctorate 15 3.0 The best-expressed attitude toward romantic relationships I'm currently in a relationship. 175 34.9 I don't have a relationship right now, but I have had one before. 205 40.8 I haven't had a relationship so far. 122 24.3 Internet usage time during the day 1 – 3 hours 85 16.9 4 – 6 hours 275 54.8 7 – 9 hours 114 22.7 10 – 12 hours 20 4.0 12 hours and over 8 1.6 Social media used Instagram Yes 428 85.3 No 74 14.7 YouTube Yes 296 59.0 No 206 41.0 Twitter Yes 148 29.5 No 354 70.5 Facebook Yes 17 3.4 No 485 96.6 Tik Tok Yes 173 34.5 No 329 65.5 Snapchat Yes 118 23.5 No 384 76.5 Other Yes 23 4.6 No 479 95.4 Smoking Yes 139 27.7 No 340 67.7 I quit 23 4.6 Alcohol consumption Yes 82 16.3 No 398 79.3 I quit 22 4.4 The presence of a recognized psychological disorder Yes 28 5.6 No 474 94.4 Current status of receiving psychotherapy services Yes 23 4.6 No 479 95.4 Total 502 100.0 The distribution of students according to their demographic characteristics is presented in Table 1. Of the students, 50.0% were younger than 21 years, 72.7% were female, and 96.4% were single. It was determined that 34.9% were first-year students, 34.9% lived in a dormitory, 77.9% lived in a nuclear family, and 63.7% had 1–3 siblings. Regarding parental education, 29.3% of mothers and 30.7% of fathers were high school graduates. With respect to romantic relationship status, 40.8% reported, “I do not currently have a relationship, but I have had one in the past.” When daily internet use was examined, 54.8% reported using the internet for 4–6 hours per day. In terms of social media platforms used, 85.3% reported using Instagram, 59.0% YouTube, 29.5% Twitter, 3.4% Facebook, 34.5% TikTok, 23.5% Snapchat, and 4.6% other platforms. Regarding smoking status, 67.7% reported not smoking. Regarding alcohol use, 79.3% reported no alcohol use. When the presence of a diagnosed psychological disorder was examined, 94.4% reported none. Finally, with respect to current psychotherapy use, 4.6% reported receiving psychotherapy, whereas 95.4% reported not receiving psychotherapy. Table 2. Mean Total Scores of the Scales Scales Min- Max Mean ± SD Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) 25.00-85.00 43.66±15.32 Dating Violence Scale (DVS) 28.00-109.00 45.11±18.28 Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form (DS-TF) 15.00-101.00 33.94±18.39 Min: Minimum; Max: Maksimum; SD: Standard Deviation The mean total CTQ-28 score of the participating students was 43.66±15.32, the mean total DVS score was 45.11±18.28, and the mean total DS-TF score was 33.94±18.39 (Table 2). Table 3. Correlations Among the Scales Scales 1 2 3 1- Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) r 1.000 0.571 0.454 p - 0.000* 0.000* 2- Dating Violence Scale (DVS) r 1.000 0.478 p - 0.000* 3- Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form (DS-TF) r 1.000 p - *p<0.05 Pearson korelasyon There were statistically significant, positive correlations between CTQ-28 and DVS (r=0.571, p<0.05) and between CTQ-28 and DS-TF (r=0.454, p<0.05). A statistically significant, positive correlation was also observed between DVS and DS-TF (r=0.478, p<0.05) (Table 3). Table 4. Regression Analysis Results β Standard Error Beta t p F p 1 Dating Violence Scale (DVS) Constant 15.385 2.028 - 7.587 0.000* 241.325 0.000* 0.326 Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) 0.681 0.044 0.571 15.535 0.000* 2 Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form (DS-TF) Constant 12.263 1.924 - 6.373 0.000* 147.698 0.000* 0.228 Dating Violence Scale (DVS) 0.481 0.040 0.478 12.153 0.000* 3 Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form (DS-TF) Constant 10.135 2.214 - 4.578 0.000* 129.861 0.000* 0.206 Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) 0.545 0.048 0.454 11.396 0.000* Table 4 presents the regression analysis results. The model established to test the effect of childhood trauma on dating violence was statistically significant (F=241.325, p<0.05). Childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on dating violence (β=0.681, p<0.05). The model explained 32.6% of the variance. The model established to test the effect of dating violence on doomscrolling was statistically significant (F=147.698, p<0.05). Dating violence had a statistically significant and positive effect on doomscrolling (β=0.481, p<0.05). The model explained 22.8% of the variance (Table 4). The model established to test the effect of childhood trauma on doomscrolling was statistically significant (F=129.861, p<0.05). Childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on doomscrolling (β=0.545, p<0.05). The model explained 20.6% of the variance (Table 4). Table 5. Mediation Analysis Results Etki β Standard Error t p Status Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) à Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form (DS-TF) 0.5453 0.0478 11.3956 0.0000* Accept Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) à Dating Violence Scale (DVS) à Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form (DS-TF) Direct Effect 0.3233 0.0557 5.8091 0.0000* Accept Indirect Effect 0.2219 Confidence Interval (0.1393, 0.3029) Meaningful *p<0.05 A mediation model was constructed to examine the mediating role of dating violence in the association between childhood trauma and doomscrolling. Before evaluating the full model, the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable was examined. Childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on doomscrolling (β=0.5453, p<0.05). The mediating effect of dating violence in the relationship between childhood trauma and doomscrolling was found to be significant (0.1393, 0.3029). After establishing the presence of mediation, the significance of the direct effect was examined to determine the type of mediation. The effect of childhood trauma on doomscrolling remained significant, but the coefficient decreased (β=0.3233, p<0.05). Therefore, dating violence was determined to have a partial mediating role (Table 5) (Figure 1). Discussion Early adverse experiences (e.g., neglect/abuse/domestic chaos) may contribute in later years to problematic attachment patterns in close relationships, difficulties in emotion regulation, heightened threat perception, and greater tolerance or normalization of violence. In our study, a statistically significant, positive correlation was identified between CTQ-28 and DVS (r = 0.571, p < 0.05). Previous research has shown a positive association, particularly between adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence victimization [ 30 , 11 ]. Similarly, Cho et al. (2024) reported that childhood maltreatment in youth is directly associated with dating violence victimization [ 9 ]. In addition, it has been emphasized that childhood trauma may increase vulnerability to dating violence by weakening coping strategies and influencing decision-making processes [ 31 ]. “Doomscrolling” refers to a persistent and intensive pattern of exposure to and/or seeking negative or distressing content [ 18 ]. In addition, doomscrolling has been found to be positively associated with variables such as depression and future-oriented anxiety and negatively associated with psychological well-being and life satisfaction [ 32 ]. In our study, a statistically significant, positive correlation was observed between CTQ-28 and DS-TF (r = 0.454, p < 0.05). Accordingly, we can state that adverse life events experienced in early childhood increase doomscrolling behavior. Among individuals with a history of childhood trauma, cognitive–emotional processes such as hypervigilance, threat-related attentional/interpretive bias, and intolerance of uncertainty may become more pronounced; the accompanying motivation to reduce uncertainty and to “control the threat” may increase orientation toward negative news and threat-related content, thereby increasing vulnerability to doomscrolling behavior [ 18 , 20 , 33 – 37 ]. In one study examining the relationship between doomscrolling, intensive media exposure, and mental health, it was emphasized that childhood maltreatment may act as an effect modifier that can strengthen these associations [ 19 ]. Taken together, these findings suggest that individuals with a history of childhood trauma may be more likely to orient toward negative content and exhibit higher levels of doomscrolling. In our study, a statistically significant, positive correlation was also found between DVS and DS-TF (r = 0.478, p < 0.05). Accordingly, as DVS scores increase, DS-TF scores also increase. Our literature review did not identify any studies examining these two constructs together. In this context, further research addressing these constructs concurrently is needed. According to the regression analysis conducted in our study, childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on dating violence (β = 0.681, p < 0.05), and the model explained 32.6% of the variance. A study indicated that individuals with adverse childhood experiences exhibited elevated rates of exposure to dating violence in comparison to those without such trauma [ 38 ]. In a meta-analysis, childhood trauma was also shown to be associated with intimate partner violence [ 6 ]. Childhood trauma may heighten susceptibility to cycles of conflict and violence in romantic relationships via mechanisms including challenges in emotional regulation, issues with trust and boundary establishment, and intensified threat perception [ 11 ]. In our study, the regression model testing the effect of the DVS on the DS-TF was statistically significant, and the DVS had a positive effect on the DS-TF (β = 0.481, p < 0.05). The model explained 22.8% of the variance. Doomscrolling is a compulsive behavior where people keep scrolling through negative and depressing news on social media [ 18 ]. This means that people may do more doomscrolling, especially to avoid the mental pain that comes with dating violence [ 39 ]. According to the regression analysis conducted in our study, childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on doomscrolling (β = 0.545, p < 0.05), and the model explained 20.6% of the variance. Accordingly, we can state that students’ early childhood trauma experiences predispose them to doomscrolling behavior. Such behavior may be due to the reinforcement of negative thought patterns and the strengthening of catastrophizing cycles through negative content on platforms such as social media when emotion-regulation difficulties learned from past experiences are activated under increased stress [ 18 , 19 ]. Furthermore, we believe that conducting further research on this topic is crucial, especially considering the limited number of studies that address these two constructs together. In our study, the mean total CTQ-28 score of the participating students was at a moderate level. In a study conducted with university students, childhood trauma levels were found to be moderate [ 40 ]. In a study conducted among nursing students, participants reported experiencing low-to-moderate levels of childhood trauma [ 41 ]. Our findings are consistent with the literature. Childhood trauma may negatively affect university students’ academic achievement or peer relationships, and in this context, they may be more likely to use ineffective coping strategies. In our study, the mean total DVS score of the participating students was found to be low. In a study conducted with university students, physical violence was reported as 43.0% among women and 35.0% among men, whereas psychological violence was reported as 80.1% among women and 75.5% among men [ 42 ]. A study in China reported verbal dating violence as the most prevalent form within relationships [ 38 ]. Some people think that knowing how to resolve conflicts can help stop dating violence [ 43 ]. Based on our findings of low levels of dating violence, it can be stated that participants may have a certain level of awareness regarding healthy relationship dynamics and may prefer non-violent methods in conflict resolution. The mean total DS-TF score was also low. Although research on doomscrolling remains limited, existing findings indicate that doomscrolling is associated with psychological distress and patterns of problematic social media use; intolerance of uncertainty may increase this behavior, whereas psychological resilience may function as a potential protective factor [ 18 – 20 ]. In addition, a study conducted with adolescents reported that doomscrolling plays a mediating role in the effect of problematic social media use on psychological distress [ 44 ]. Limitations This study has several limitations. The inclusion of only students actively enrolled at a public university in X province limits the generalizability of the findings. Conclusion Our findings indicated positive associations between childhood trauma, dating violence, and doomscrolling. Dating violence was found to play a mediating role in the effect of childhood trauma on doomscrolling. The university years are recognized as the period when students take their first steps into young adulthood. In this process, the stress associated with adaptation may be related to childhood trauma experiences, and ineffective coping processes may also lead to adverse outcomes in close relationships. In addition, students’ doomscrolling behavior may represent a behavioral pattern used to avoid negative mood states. This pattern may also reflect the normalization of adverse events such as violence and an attempt to obtain relief by avoiding the burden associated with such experiences. Psychiatric nurses can identify at-risk groups early in campus mental health services (students with a history of childhood trauma and experiences of dating violence) and plan psychoeducation programs that strengthen awareness of digital media use, management of triggering content, emotion regulation, and stress-coping skills. Furthermore, it is important to provide preventive and protective training aimed at reducing the maintenance of avoidant coping patterns such as doomscrolling by structuring processes for developing safe relationship skills, recognizing violence and help-seeking behavior, and facilitating referral to appropriate counseling/psychosocial support services. Abbreviations CTQ-28: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire DVS: Dating Violence Scale DS-TF: Doomscrolling Scale–Turkish Form Min: Minimum Max: Maksimum SD: Standard Deviation WHO: World Health Organization CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Declarations Authors’ contributions: Conceptualization and design: VA, AE and AT; Data collection: VA, AE and AT; Data analyses: VA; Initial draft preparation; VA; Editing and review: VA, AE and AT. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: No institution supported this study. Data availability: The dataset used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of X University (27.11.2024/295), and written institutional permission was obtained from the study site (E-76051854-900-2600001801). Participants were informed about the aim of the study and invited to participate. Participation was ensured on a voluntary basis using an informed consent form in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki principles, and both verbal and written informed consent were obtained from all students. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests References World Health Organization. World report on violence and health: summary. 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Beyond the scroll: exploring how intolerance of uncertainty and psychological resilience explain the association between trait anxiety and doomscrolling. Pers Individ Dif. 2025;233:112919. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112919. Wider W, Fauzi MA, Gan SW, Yap CC, Khadri MWABAB, Maidin SS. A bibliometric analysis of emerging adulthood in the context of higher education institutions: a psychological perspectives. Heliyon. 2023;9(6):e16988. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16988. Lozano LA, Villalobos BT, Castro V, Hernandez Rodriguez J. What’s the right move? The relation between relocating and psychosocial outcomes among Latinx college students. J Hisp High Educ. 2024. doi:10.1177/15381927241228492. Epub ahead of print. Worsley JD, Harrison P, Corcoran R. Bridging the gap: exploring the unique transition from home, school or college into university. Front Public Health. 2021;9:634285. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.634285. Sundqvist AJE, Nyman-Kurkiala P, Ness O. The influence of educational transitions on loneliness and mental health from emerging adults’ perspectives. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2024;19(1):2422142. doi:10.1080/17482631.2024.2422142. Arterberry BJ, Peterson SJ, Patrick ME. First semester college experiences: associations with substance use and mental health. Addict Behav Rep. 2024;19:100552. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100552. Arslan Işık N. The effect of early negative childhood experiences on separation-individuation level and life satisfaction: the case of university students. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences. 2023;12(1):240-249. Inan Budak M, Akarsu Ö, Okanlı A, Adıgüzel V. Traumatic experiences, aggression and internet addiction in university students. Addiction Journal. 2022;23(4):502-510. doi:10.51982/bagimli.1093550. Şar V, Öztürk PE, İkikardeş E. Validity and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the childhood psychological trauma scale. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2012;32(4):1054-1063. doi:10.5336/medsci.2011-26947. Gökkaya SC. Development of the dating violence scale: validity and reliability study. Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences. 2022;20(1):197-222. doi:10.18026/cbayarsos.1032755. Cprek SE, Fisher BS, McDonald MJ, McDaniel HM, Williamson L, Williams CM. Adverse childhood experiences and interpersonal violence among college students: does a relationship exist? J Am Coll Health. 2021;69(8):913-920. doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1715413. Wolford-Clevenger C, Zapor H, Brasfield H, Febres J, Elmquist J, Brem M. An examination of the partner cyber abuse questionnaire in a college student sample. Psychol Violence. 2016;6(1):156-162. doi:10.1037/a0039442. Shabahang R, Hwang H, Thomas EF, Aruguete MS, McCutcheon LE, Orosz G, et al. Doomscrolling evokes existential anxiety and fosters pessimism about human nature? Evidence from Iran and the United States. Comput Hum Behav Rep. 2024;15:100438. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100438. Brodbeck J, Jacinto S, Stallmann L, Vetsch N, Marmet S, Neufeld SA. Perseverative thinking, threat interpretation bias, and emotional reactivity as mediators between adverse childhood experience domains and psychopathology: a longitudinal mediation study in a cohort of Swiss emerging adults. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2025;25:100654. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100654. Dirican AH, Kozak ED, Kavakcı Ö, Sönmez B. The association of child abuse experiences and intolerance of uncertainty in young adults. Psychiatry. 2023;86(3):214-228. doi:10.1080/00332747.2023.2205800. Buchanan K, Aknin LB, Lotun S, Sandstrom GM. Brief exposure to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: doom-scrolling has negative emotional consequences, but kindness-scrolling does not. PLoS One. 2021;16(10):e0257728. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257728. Hori H, Itoh M, Lin M, Yoshida F, Niwa M, Hakamata Y, et al. Childhood maltreatment history and attention bias variability in healthy adult women: role of inflammation and the BDNF Val66Met genotype. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:122. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01247-4. Tomoda A, Nishitani S, Takiguchi S, Fujisawa TX, Sugiyama T, Teicher MH. The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and attachment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024. doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01779-y. Epub ahead of print. Tian Z, Zhang N, Li Y, Wu Y, Wang L. Adverse childhood experiences and subsequent experiences of intimate partner violence in adulthood: a gender perspective. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2024;33:e75. doi:10.1017/S2045796024000775. Saini N, Smith SN, Wongpaiboon M, Crowther VB, Buxbaum S, Tawk R. The relationship between adolescent dating violence and risky health behavioral outcomes. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(15):1464. doi:10.3390/healthcare12151464. Peng L, Li H, Cui Y, Li J, Wang S. Childhood trauma and mental health status in general population: the mediating role of sleep quality. Front Psychiatry. 2022;12:782913. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.782913. Mechmet FC, Yalçın Gürsoy M. Childhood traumas among nursing students and associated factors. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2023;43:98-105. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2023.01.004. Toplu-Demirtaş E, Fincham FD. I don’t have power, and I want more: psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence perpetration among college students. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(13-14):NP11490-NP11519. Spencer CM, Toews ML, Anders KM, Emanuels SK. Risk markers for physical teen dating violence perpetration: a meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2021;22(3):619-631. Kaya B. Pay attention to what your fingers scroll: the roles of doomscrolling and psychological adjustment between adolescents’ problematic social media use and psychological distress. J Genet Psychol. 2025 Nov 7:1-17. doi:10.1080/00221325.2025.2584991. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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The WHO (2002) defines violence as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, developmental disruption, deprivation, or restriction [1]. According to the WHO (2002) classification, violence is addressed under three main categories: self-directed violence, interpersonal violence, and collective violence. Interpersonal violence is further divided into two subcategories: family and intimate partner violence and community violence [1]. Dating violence, which is considered within the scope of interpersonal violence, refers to violent acts that occur between partners in a romantic relationship and has been reported to be prevalent across different societies and cultures [2,3]. Dating violence is a broad construct encompassing patterns of aggressive behaviors such as physical assault, sexual coercion, psychological abuse, controlling behaviors, threats, verbal harassment, and covert surveillance. In addition, dating violence is a form of violence that includes acts such as physical, sexual, psychological, economic, and digital/online violence within romantic relationships between individuals who are not married, as well as stalking [4]. It is emphasized that dating violence can emerge from the beginning of a relationship and should be considered a process that may recur across different stages of the relationship [4]. Research on dating violence indicates that variables such as individuals\u0026rsquo; demographic characteristics, social position, family dynamics, socioeconomic status, and education may be associated with dating violence [5]. In addition, witnessing violence in the family environment in which one grows up, experiencing maltreatment during childhood, and having exposure to violent experiences in one\u0026rsquo;s surroundings are considered important risk domains that may shape patterns of aggression or victimization in later life [6]. Exposure to childhood maltreatment (abuse/neglect) and traumatic experiences has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of aggressive and violence-related behaviors in subsequent life stages [7,8]. In this context, exposure to violence/neglect in childhood or aggressive\u0026ndash;oppressive family interactions is considered a risk factor that may increase vulnerability to both victimization and perpetration in dating violence through mechanisms such as the \u0026ldquo;normalization\u0026rdquo; of violence in close relationships and impairments in emotion regulation and conflict resolution skills [9-11].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildhood maltreatment, encompassing physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect and negligent caregiving, is classified as a form of childhood trauma that jeopardizes a child\u0026apos;s health, development, and overall well-being [12]. Early traumatic experiences have been shown to be associated not only with adverse outcomes during childhood but also with a range of mental health problems in adulthood, including depression, anxiety, and trauma-related symptoms [13,14]. It is also emphasized that these traumas may impair functioning in social relationships and constitute an important risk context for anxiety and depressive symptoms [14]. Individuals with a trauma history may experience difficulties in emotion regulation and heightened threat perception; with the triggering impact of negative content on platforms such as social media, negative thought patterns may be reinforced and catastrophizing cycles may be strengthened [15]. In this context, the concept referred to in the literature as \u0026ldquo;doomscrolling\u0026rdquo; is defined as persistently following negative news streams online and devoting excessive time to them despite the negative affect they generate [16, 17]. The emergence and maintenance of doomscrolling may vary according to individual factors such as coping with uncertainty, a need for control, personality characteristics, and a current mental state [16]. A limited number of studies indicate that doomscrolling is associated with psychological distress and problematic social media patterns; intolerance of uncertainty may increase this behavior, whereas psychological resilience may play a protective role [18-20]. Moreover, a history of childhood abuse/maltreatment may increase intolerance of uncertainty and psychological vulnerability, thereby heightening sensitivity to negative news [18-20].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe university period is an important component of the transition from adolescence to adulthood and has been conceptualized as \u0026ldquo;emerging adulthood\u0026rdquo; [21]. During this period, some students move to a different city for educational purposes, begin living apart from their families, and face the need to adapt to a new academic structure and social environment [22,23]. The requirement to adjust across multiple domains\u0026mdash;such as new responsibilities, independent living skills, changing teaching/learning expectations, and new friendship networks\u0026mdash;may lead to marked changes in patterns of education, interpersonal relationships, and social life compared with earlier experiences [23,24]. It has been reported that the academic and social adjustment demands during the transition to university may increase stress in some students, triggering maladaptive coping and problematic behavioral patterns [25]. In this context, it is emphasized that the risk of conflict and violence in romantic relationships may increase during the university years, when emotional relationships intensify, and that dating violence represents an important risk area among university students [5]. In addition, studies indicating that separation\u0026ndash;individuation problems may be more pronounced among university students with adverse childhood experiences suggest that early experiences may harm university adjustment and relationship dynamics [26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, our literature review did not identify studies that simultaneously address childhood trauma, doomscrolling, and dating violence among university students. Therefore, we believe that our study will contribute to the literature by examining these variables within the same framework and may provide a foundation for future research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Questions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIs there an association between childhood trauma, doomscrolling, and dating violence among university students?\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWhat are the levels of childhood trauma, doomscrolling, and dating violence among university students?\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample and Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted at X University with students actively enrolled in the 2025\u0026ndash;2026 academic year, between September 20 and November 20, 2025. X University was selected based on the researchers\u0026rsquo; ability to access participants and the feasibility of collaboration. The study population comprised all students enrolled at X University. The sample size was calculated using the G*Power analysis tool. With a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error, the required sample size was calculated as 450 [27]. Accordingly, the study included 503 students who volunteered to participate and were aged 18 years or older, using purposive sampling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study data were collected during the study period through face-to-face interviews with students at the institution from which written permission had been obtained. Data were collected by the researchers (AE, AT). Each interview lasted approximately 15\u0026ndash;20 minutes. In addition, 45 participants were excluded because they provided incomplete data despite meeting the inclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection Instruments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy data were collected using a 21-item Personal Information Form, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), the Dating Violence Scale (DVS), and the Doomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form (DS-TF).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal Information Form\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by the researchers, this form consists of 21 items designed to obtain participants\u0026rsquo; personal information such as age, sex, year of study, and smoking status [27].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, developed by Bernstein and colleagues to assess experiences of abuse and neglect before the age of 20, was adapted into Turkish and evaluated for validity and reliability by Şar, \u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk, and İkikardeş (2012) [28]. The CTQ-28 is a 28-item, five-point Likert-type scale that assesses childhood trauma across five subscales. Response options for each item range from \u0026ldquo;1\u0026rdquo; (never) to \u0026ldquo;5\u0026rdquo; (very often): 1 = never, 2 = rarely, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = very often. In the original Turkish validation study, the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient was 0.93 [28]. In the present study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.97.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDating Violence Scale (DVS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Dating Violence Scale, developed by G\u0026ouml;kkaya (2022) to measure dating violence behaviors in Turkish culture, is a 28-item, five-point Likert-type scale with four subscales. Items are rated as follows: 1 = never, 2 = rarely, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often, and 5 = very often. Total scores range from 28 to 140, with higher scores indicating higher levels of violent behavior. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient for the total scale was reported as 0.89 [29]. In the present study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.95.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDoomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form (DS-TF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe original Doomscrolling Scale was developed by Sharma et al. (2022) to measure social media users\u0026rsquo; doomscrolling behavior, and its validity and reliability in the Turkish population were established by Satıcı et al. (2022). The scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. It is a 15-item, one-dimensional, 7-point Likert-type scale (ranging from \u0026ldquo;Strongly Disagree\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;Strongly Agree\u0026rdquo;). There are no reverse-coded items. The scale yields a total score, and higher scores indicate higher levels of doomscrolling. In the reliability analysis, the internal consistency coefficient was reported as \u0026alpha; = 0.938\u0026ndash;0.944 [18]. In the present study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.94.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using the DataBeeg 1.0 software. Descriptive statistical methods (frequency, percentage, minimum\u0026ndash;maximum values, mean, and standard deviation) were used to summarize the data. Hypotheses were tested using PROCESS Macro in line with the specified models. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine associations between numeric variables, and simple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of X University (27.11.2024/295), and written institutional permission was obtained from the study site (E-76051854-900-2600001801). Participants were informed about the study\u0026apos;s aim and invited to participate. Participation was ensured on a voluntary basis using an informed consent form in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki principles, and both verbal and written informed consent were obtained from all students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 415px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e( X̄\u0026plusmn;SS, 20.87\u0026plusmn;2.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnder 21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 years and older\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreparatory class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDormitory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent house\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMy family\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelatives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNuclear family\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtended family\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced/broken family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of siblings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother\u0026apos;s educational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle School\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGraduate/Doctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFather\u0026apos;s educational status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary School\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle School\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGraduate/Doctorate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe best-expressed attitude toward romantic relationships\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u0026apos;m currently in a relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u0026nbsp;don\u0026apos;t have\u0026nbsp;a relationship\u0026nbsp;right now,\u0026nbsp;but I\u0026nbsp;have had\u0026nbsp;one\u0026nbsp;before.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI haven\u0026apos;t had a relationship so far.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternet usage time during the day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 \u0026ndash; 3 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 \u0026ndash; 6 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 \u0026ndash; 9 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 \u0026ndash; 12 hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 hours and over\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"14\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial media used\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInstagram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYouTube\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwitter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFacebook\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e485\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTik Tok\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSnapchat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI quit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI quit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe presence of a recognized psychological disorder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent status of receiving psychotherapy services\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 247px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 415px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e502\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of students according to their demographic characteristics is presented in Table 1. Of the students, 50.0% were younger than 21 years, 72.7% were female, and 96.4% were single. It was determined that 34.9% were first-year students, 34.9% lived in a dormitory, 77.9% lived in a nuclear family, and 63.7% had 1\u0026ndash;3 siblings. Regarding parental education, 29.3% of mothers and 30.7% of fathers were high school graduates. With respect to romantic relationship status, 40.8% reported, \u0026ldquo;I do not currently have a relationship, but I have had one in the past.\u0026rdquo; When daily internet use was examined, 54.8% reported using the internet for 4\u0026ndash;6 hours per day. In terms of social media platforms used, 85.3% reported using Instagram, 59.0% YouTube, 29.5% Twitter, 3.4% Facebook, 34.5% TikTok, 23.5% Snapchat, and 4.6% other platforms. Regarding smoking status, 67.7% reported not smoking. Regarding alcohol use, 79.3% reported no alcohol use. When the presence of a diagnosed psychological disorder was examined, 94.4% reported none. Finally, with respect to current psychotherapy use, 4.6% reported receiving psychotherapy, whereas 95.4% reported not receiving psychotherapy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Mean Total Scores of the Scales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"604\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 255px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin- Max\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 255px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00-85.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.66\u0026plusmn;15.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 255px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDating Violence Scale (DVS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.00-109.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.11\u0026plusmn;18.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 255px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDoomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form (DS-TF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.00-101.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.94\u0026plusmn;18.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMin: Minimum; Max: Maksimum; SD: Standard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean total CTQ-28 score of the participating students was 43.66\u0026plusmn;15.32, the mean total DVS score was 45.11\u0026plusmn;18.28, and the mean total DS-TF score was 33.94\u0026plusmn;18.39 (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Correlations Among the Scales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1- Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2- Dating Violence Scale (DVS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3- Doomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form (DS-TF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*p\u0026lt;0.05 Pearson korelasyon\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were statistically significant, positive correlations between CTQ-28 and DVS (r=0.571, p\u0026lt;0.05) and between CTQ-28 and DS-TF (r=0.454, p\u0026lt;0.05). A statistically significant, positive correlation was also observed between DVS and DS-TF (r=0.478, p\u0026lt;0.05) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Regression Analysis Results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Error\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBeta\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1770057793.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"37\" height=\"42\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDating Violence Scale (DVS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.587\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.535\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDoomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form (DS-TF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDating Violence Scale (DVS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDoomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form (DS-TF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.861\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 presents the regression analysis results. The model established to test the effect of childhood trauma on dating violence was statistically significant (F=241.325, p\u0026lt;0.05). Childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on dating violence (\u0026beta;=0.681, p\u0026lt;0.05). The model explained 32.6% of the variance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe model established to test the effect of dating violence on doomscrolling was statistically significant (F=147.698, p\u0026lt;0.05). Dating violence had a statistically significant and positive effect on doomscrolling (\u0026beta;=0.481, p\u0026lt;0.05). The model explained 22.8% of the variance (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe model established to test the effect of childhood trauma on doomscrolling was statistically significant (F=129.861, p\u0026lt;0.05). Childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on doomscrolling (\u0026beta;=0.545, p\u0026lt;0.05). The model explained 20.6% of the variance (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Mediation Analysis Results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 223px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEtki\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Error\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 223px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026agrave;\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eDoomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form (DS-TF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5453\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 145px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026agrave;\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eDating Violence Scale (DVS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026agrave;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Doomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form (DS-TF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Direct Effect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.0000*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccept\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndirect Effect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.1393, 0.3029)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeaningful\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*p\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA mediation model was constructed to examine the mediating role of dating violence in the association between childhood trauma and doomscrolling. Before evaluating the full model, the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable was examined. Childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on doomscrolling (\u0026beta;=0.5453, p\u0026lt;0.05). The mediating effect of dating violence in the relationship between childhood trauma and doomscrolling was found to be significant (0.1393, 0.3029). After establishing the presence of mediation, the significance of the direct effect was examined to determine the type of mediation. The effect of childhood trauma on doomscrolling remained significant, but the coefficient decreased (\u0026beta;=0.3233, p\u0026lt;0.05). Therefore, dating violence was determined to have a partial mediating role (Table 5) (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEarly adverse experiences (e.g., neglect/abuse/domestic chaos) may contribute in later years to problematic attachment patterns in close relationships, difficulties in emotion regulation, heightened threat perception, and greater tolerance or normalization of violence. In our study, a statistically significant, positive correlation was identified between CTQ-28 and DVS (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.571, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Previous research has shown a positive association, particularly between adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence victimization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, Cho et al. (2024) reported that childhood maltreatment in youth is directly associated with dating violence victimization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, it has been emphasized that childhood trauma may increase vulnerability to dating violence by weakening coping strategies and influencing decision-making processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Doomscrolling\u0026rdquo; refers to a persistent and intensive pattern of exposure to and/or seeking negative or distressing content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, doomscrolling has been found to be positively associated with variables such as depression and future-oriented anxiety and negatively associated with psychological well-being and life satisfaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, a statistically significant, positive correlation was observed between CTQ-28 and DS-TF (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.454, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Accordingly, we can state that adverse life events experienced in early childhood increase doomscrolling behavior. Among individuals with a history of childhood trauma, cognitive\u0026ndash;emotional processes such as hypervigilance, threat-related attentional/interpretive bias, and intolerance of uncertainty may become more pronounced; the accompanying motivation to reduce uncertainty and to \u0026ldquo;control the threat\u0026rdquo; may increase orientation toward negative news and threat-related content, thereby increasing vulnerability to doomscrolling behavior [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34 CR35 CR36\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. In one study examining the relationship between doomscrolling, intensive media exposure, and mental health, it was emphasized that childhood maltreatment may act as an effect modifier that can strengthen these associations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Taken together, these findings suggest that individuals with a history of childhood trauma may be more likely to orient toward negative content and exhibit higher levels of doomscrolling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, a statistically significant, positive correlation was also found between DVS and DS-TF (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.478, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Accordingly, as DVS scores increase, DS-TF scores also increase. Our literature review did not identify any studies examining these two constructs together. In this context, further research addressing these constructs concurrently is needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the regression analysis conducted in our study, childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on dating violence (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.681, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and the model explained 32.6% of the variance. A study indicated that individuals with adverse childhood experiences exhibited elevated rates of exposure to dating violence in comparison to those without such trauma [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. In a meta-analysis, childhood trauma was also shown to be associated with intimate partner violence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Childhood trauma may heighten susceptibility to cycles of conflict and violence in romantic relationships via mechanisms including challenges in emotional regulation, issues with trust and boundary establishment, and intensified threat perception [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the regression model testing the effect of the DVS on the DS-TF was statistically significant, and the DVS had a positive effect on the DS-TF (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.481, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The model explained 22.8% of the variance. Doomscrolling is a compulsive behavior where people keep scrolling through negative and depressing news on social media [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. This means that people may do more doomscrolling, especially to avoid the mental pain that comes with dating violence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the regression analysis conducted in our study, childhood trauma had a statistically significant and positive effect on doomscrolling (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.545, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and the model explained 20.6% of the variance. Accordingly, we can state that students\u0026rsquo; early childhood trauma experiences predispose them to doomscrolling behavior. Such behavior may be due to the reinforcement of negative thought patterns and the strengthening of catastrophizing cycles through negative content on platforms such as social media when emotion-regulation difficulties learned from past experiences are activated under increased stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, we believe that conducting further research on this topic is crucial, especially considering the limited number of studies that address these two constructs together.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the mean total CTQ-28 score of the participating students was at a moderate level. In a study conducted with university students, childhood trauma levels were found to be moderate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. In a study conducted among nursing students, participants reported experiencing low-to-moderate levels of childhood trauma [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Our findings are consistent with the literature. Childhood trauma may negatively affect university students\u0026rsquo; academic achievement or peer relationships, and in this context, they may be more likely to use ineffective coping strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the mean total DVS score of the participating students was found to be low. In a study conducted with university students, physical violence was reported as 43.0% among women and 35.0% among men, whereas psychological violence was reported as 80.1% among women and 75.5% among men [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. A study in China reported verbal dating violence as the most prevalent form within relationships [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Some people think that knowing how to resolve conflicts can help stop dating violence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on our findings of low levels of dating violence, it can be stated that participants may have a certain level of awareness regarding healthy relationship dynamics and may prefer non-violent methods in conflict resolution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean total DS-TF score was also low. Although research on doomscrolling remains limited, existing findings indicate that doomscrolling is associated with psychological distress and patterns of problematic social media use; intolerance of uncertainty may increase this behavior, whereas psychological resilience may function as a potential protective factor [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, a study conducted with adolescents reported that doomscrolling plays a mediating role in the effect of problematic social media use on psychological distress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. The inclusion of only students actively enrolled at a public university in X province limits the generalizability of the findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur findings indicated positive associations between childhood trauma, dating violence, and doomscrolling. Dating violence was found to play a mediating role in the effect of childhood trauma on doomscrolling. The university years are recognized as the period when students take their first steps into young adulthood. In this process, the stress associated with adaptation may be related to childhood trauma experiences, and ineffective coping processes may also lead to adverse outcomes in close relationships. In addition, students\u0026rsquo; doomscrolling behavior may represent a behavioral pattern used to avoid negative mood states. This pattern may also reflect the normalization of adverse events such as violence and an attempt to obtain relief by avoiding the burden associated with such experiences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychiatric nurses can identify at-risk groups early in campus mental health services (students with a history of childhood trauma and experiences of dating violence) and plan psychoeducation programs that strengthen awareness of digital media use, management of triggering content, emotion regulation, and stress-coping skills. Furthermore, it is important to provide preventive and protective training aimed at reducing the maintenance of avoidant coping patterns such as doomscrolling by structuring processes for developing safe relationship skills, recognizing violence and help-seeking behavior, and facilitating referral to appropriate counseling/psychosocial support services.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCTQ-28: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVS: Dating Violence Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDS-TF: Doomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMin: Minimum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMax: Maksimum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD: Standard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization and design: VA, AE and AT; Data collection: VA, AE and AT; Data analyses: VA; Initial draft preparation; VA; Editing and review: VA, AE and AT. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo institution supported this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Non-Interventional Research Ethics Committee of X University (27.11.2024/295), and written institutional permission was obtained from the study site (E-76051854-900-2600001801). Participants were informed about the aim of the study and invited to participate. Participation was ensured on a voluntary basis using an informed consent form in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki principles, and both verbal and written informed consent were obtained from all students.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. World report on violence and health: summary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkcan G. Dating violence: a psychopathological evaluation. Bartın University Faculty of Literature Journal. 2020;5(2):72-87.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eT\u0026uuml;rk B, Hamzaoğlu N, Yayak A. A review on dating violence. 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Appl Res Qual Life. 2023;18(2):833-847.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePrice M, Legrand AC, Brier ZMF, van Stolk-Cooke K, Peck K, Dodds PS, et al. Doomscrolling during COVID-19: the negative association between daily social and traditional media consumption and mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Trauma. 2022;14(8):1338-1346. doi:10.1037/tra0001202.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eT\u0026uuml;rk-Kurt\u0026ccedil;a T, Kocat\u0026uuml;rk M. Beyond the scroll: exploring how intolerance of uncertainty and psychological resilience explain the association between trait anxiety and doomscrolling. Pers Individ Dif. 2025;233:112919. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112919.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWider W, Fauzi MA, Gan SW, Yap CC, Khadri MWABAB, Maidin SS. A bibliometric analysis of emerging adulthood in the context of higher education institutions: a psychological perspectives. Heliyon. 2023;9(6):e16988. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16988.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLozano LA, Villalobos BT, Castro V, Hernandez Rodriguez J. What\u0026rsquo;s the right move? The relation between relocating and psychosocial outcomes among Latinx college students. J Hisp High Educ. 2024. doi:10.1177/15381927241228492. Epub ahead of print.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorsley JD, Harrison P, Corcoran R. Bridging the gap: exploring the unique transition from home, school or college into university. Front Public Health. 2021;9:634285. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.634285.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSundqvist AJE, Nyman-Kurkiala P, Ness O. The influence of educational transitions on loneliness and mental health from emerging adults\u0026rsquo; perspectives. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2024;19(1):2422142. doi:10.1080/17482631.2024.2422142.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eArterberry BJ, Peterson SJ, Patrick ME. First semester college experiences: associations with substance use and mental health. Addict Behav Rep. 2024;19:100552. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100552.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eArslan Işık N. The effect of early negative childhood experiences on separation-individuation level and life satisfaction: the case of university students. G\u0026uuml;m\u0026uuml;şhane University Journal of Health Sciences. 2023;12(1):240-249.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInan Budak M, Akarsu \u0026Ouml;, Okanlı A, Adıg\u0026uuml;zel V. Traumatic experiences, aggression and internet addiction in university students. Addiction Journal. 2022;23(4):502-510. doi:10.51982/bagimli.1093550.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eŞar V, \u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk PE, İkikardeş E. Validity and reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the childhood psychological trauma scale. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2012;32(4):1054-1063. doi:10.5336/medsci.2011-26947.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eG\u0026ouml;kkaya SC. Development of the dating violence scale: validity and reliability study. Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences. 2022;20(1):197-222. doi:10.18026/cbayarsos.1032755.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCprek SE, Fisher BS, McDonald MJ, McDaniel HM, Williamson L, Williams CM. Adverse childhood experiences and interpersonal violence among college students: does a relationship exist? J Am Coll Health. 2021;69(8):913-920. doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1715413.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWolford-Clevenger C, Zapor H, Brasfield H, Febres J, Elmquist J, Brem M. An examination of the partner cyber abuse questionnaire in a college student sample. Psychol Violence. 2016;6(1):156-162. doi:10.1037/a0039442.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShabahang R, Hwang H, Thomas EF, Aruguete MS, McCutcheon LE, Orosz G, et al. Doomscrolling evokes existential anxiety and fosters pessimism about human nature? Evidence from Iran and the United States. Comput Hum Behav Rep. 2024;15:100438. doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100438.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBrodbeck J, Jacinto S, Stallmann L, Vetsch N, Marmet S, Neufeld SA. Perseverative thinking, threat interpretation bias, and emotional reactivity as mediators between adverse childhood experience domains and psychopathology: a longitudinal mediation study in a cohort of Swiss emerging adults. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2025;25:100654. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100654.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDirican AH, Kozak ED, Kavakcı \u0026Ouml;, S\u0026ouml;nmez B. The association of child abuse experiences and intolerance of uncertainty in young adults. Psychiatry. 2023;86(3):214-228. doi:10.1080/00332747.2023.2205800.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBuchanan K, Aknin LB, Lotun S, Sandstrom GM. Brief exposure to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: doom-scrolling has negative emotional consequences, but kindness-scrolling does not. PLoS One. 2021;16(10):e0257728. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257728.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHori H, Itoh M, Lin M, Yoshida F, Niwa M, Hakamata Y, et al. Childhood maltreatment history and attention bias variability in healthy adult women: role of inflammation and the BDNF Val66Met genotype. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:122. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01247-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTomoda A, Nishitani S, Takiguchi S, Fujisawa TX, Sugiyama T, Teicher MH. The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and attachment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024. doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01779-y. Epub ahead of print.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTian Z, Zhang N, Li Y, Wu Y, Wang L. Adverse childhood experiences and subsequent experiences of intimate partner violence in adulthood: a gender perspective. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2024;33:e75. doi:10.1017/S2045796024000775.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSaini N, Smith SN, Wongpaiboon M, Crowther VB, Buxbaum S, Tawk R. The relationship between adolescent dating violence and risky health behavioral outcomes. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(15):1464. doi:10.3390/healthcare12151464.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePeng L, Li H, Cui Y, Li J, Wang S. Childhood trauma and mental health status in general population: the mediating role of sleep quality. Front Psychiatry. 2022;12:782913. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.782913.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMechmet FC, Yal\u0026ccedil;ın G\u0026uuml;rsoy M. Childhood traumas among nursing students and associated factors. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2023;43:98-105. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2023.01.004.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eToplu-Demirtaş E, Fincham FD. I don\u0026rsquo;t have power, and I want more: psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence perpetration among college students. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(13-14):NP11490-NP11519.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSpencer CM, Toews ML, Anders KM, Emanuels SK. Risk markers for physical teen dating violence perpetration: a meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2021;22(3):619-631.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKaya B. Pay attention to what your fingers scroll: the roles of doomscrolling and psychological adjustment between adolescents\u0026rsquo; problematic social media use and psychological distress. J Genet Psychol. 2025 Nov 7:1-17. doi:10.1080/00221325.2025.2584991.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Childhood trauma, doomscrolling, dating violence","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8584188/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8584188/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of childhood trauma on catastrophizing and dating violence among university students.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis descriptive and correlational study was completed with 503 students between September 20 and November 20, 2025. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28), the Dating Violence Scale (DVS), and the Doomscrolling Scale\u0026ndash;Turkish Form (DS-TF). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) were used to summarize the data; group comparisons were conducted using ANOVA, and associations were examined using Pearson correlation and simple linear regression analyses. Ethical committee approval and institutional permissions were obtained prior to the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the participants, 72.7% were female, and 34.9% were first-year students. The mean total scores were 43.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.32 for the CTQ-28, 45.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.28 for the DVS, and 33.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.39 for the DS-TF. A statistically significant, positive correlation was found between CTQ-28 and DVS (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.571, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and between CTQ-28 and DS-TF (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.454, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). A statistically significant, positive correlation was also observed between DVS and DS-TF (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.478, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The model testing the effect of childhood trauma on dating violence was statistically significant (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;241.325, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and explained 32.6% of the variance. The model testing the effect of dating violence on doomscrolling was statistically significant (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;147.698, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and explained 22.8% of the variance. The model testing the effect of childhood trauma on doomscrolling was statistically significant (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;129.861, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and explained 20.6% of the variance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings indicate that childhood trauma positively influences dating violence and doomscrolling behavior, and that the mediating role of dating violence in the association between childhood trauma and doomscrolling is statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Beyond What Meets the Eye: The Effect of Childhood Trauma on Doomscrolling and Dating Violence","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-03 15:38:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8584188/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-10T14:26:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-08T19:14:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"331380164683626682431922266991497596579","date":"2026-02-24T09:33:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"268225895166524780402655587573607076794","date":"2026-02-23T20:35:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-23T08:44:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-22T09:03:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"236194897125544060406864592404761451682","date":"2026-02-21T14:43:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"33914855676427723565904718186807283268","date":"2026-02-20T19:29:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-19T11:59:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"6219864312241971901411336245942970148","date":"2026-02-19T08:03:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"124927147350232014712555940178483961924","date":"2026-02-19T08:01:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-15T06:36:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"325059392680801990357719719203875840378","date":"2026-02-14T04:50:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-29T08:11:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-14T11:29:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-14T10:56:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-14T10:51:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2026-01-12T16:59:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"da589afe-1922-4749-82ca-7ea1a5c79368","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 3rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-20T16:08:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8584188","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04555-w","journal":{"identity":"bmc-psychology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Psychology"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-15 15:59:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 15th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-03 15:38:45","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40359-026-04555-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04555-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8584188","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8584188","identity":"rs-8584188","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}