“It's a job. It's a very hard job. And it makes you very angry”: Migrant Farmworkers' Perspectives on Stress, Coping, and their Relationship with Mental and Physical Health

“It's a job. It's a very hard job. And it makes you very angry”: Migrant Farmworkers' Perspectives on Stress, Coping, and their Relationship with Mental and Physical Health | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article “It's a job. It's a very hard job. And it makes you very angry”: Migrant Farmworkers' Perspectives on Stress, Coping, and their Relationship with Mental and Physical Health Christina Proctor, Noah Hopkins, Lorenzo Villa-Zapata, Carrie Keown, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7292554/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Migrant farmworkers are an essential component of the United States agricultural industry, and this population experiences high rates of poor mental health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore migrant and seasonal farmworkers’ perceptions of occupational stress, coping strategies, and how those coping strategies impacted their health and wellbeing. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 migrant farmworkers living in the state of Georgia. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and researchers coded interviews separately before thematic analysis was used to identify common themes across interview responses. Migrant farmworkers described four primary themes related to sources of stress: physical health, environmental factors, work-life balance, and disconnection and isolation. When discussing coping strategies, participants described both positive and negative approaches, including faith, small breaks, non-farming hobbies (e.g., recreational sports), and alcohol and substance use. Interviewees connected the use of negative coping strategies to poor work performance, interpersonal conflict, and worse mental health in their coworkers. The findings of this study indicate that migrant farmworkers experience a unique combination of stressors that are not shared by others working in agriculture and use a combination of positive and negative coping strategies to manage their stress, with negative coping strategies having direct impacts on farmworkers’ health and wellbeing. Trainings that emphasize stress management, such as the Community Resiliency Model (CRM), may be uniquely suited to addressing stress and coping in migrant farmworker populations because of its low barrier to entry and focus on community support. Introduction Seasonal and migrant farmworkers represent a substantial portion of the United States’ agricultural workforce with an estimated one and three million farmworkers in the United States at a given time [1, 2]. The vast majority of these hired farmworkers are Hispanic (77%), with roughly two-thirds originating from Mexico [3]. One region of the United States that relies heavily on foreign-born farmworkers is the Southeast, where recent estimates indicate that 61% of farmworkers were born outside of the country and 50% of farmworkers were born in Mexico [4]. The vast majority (88%) of farmworkers in this area are seasonal workers, or individuals that are temporarily employed but return to their primary residence each day. The remaining 12% of farmworkers in this region are classified as migrant farmworkers, who are similarly employed, but establish temporary housing away from their primary residence during their employment [1]. One state that relies heavily on the migrant and seasonal farmworker population is Georgia, which hosted an estimated 39,610 seasonal and migrant farmworkers in 2020 [4]. Prior research indicates migrant and seasonal farmworkers experience high rates of poor mental health outcomes. Multiple studies conducted in North Carolina have found high rates of depression, anxiety, and alcohol dependence in migrant farmworker populations working in the state, with roughly 40% of both samples meeting the criteria for depression, and 40% and 37.6% of each sample meeting the criteria for alcohol dependence [5, 6]. These numbers mirror findings from research in other states, with researchers in Nebraska finding that 45.8% of sampled migrant farmworkers met the criteria for depression [7]. A review of the literature found that between 25% and 55% of migrant farmworkers report experiencing clinically significant depressive symptoms in the last week, and that 17-39% report experiencing anxiety [8]. Agriculture is consistently ranked among the most dangerous occupations in the United States, and farmworkers’ proximity to machinery, bladed farm tools, livestock, and hazardous chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers, combined with low rates of insurance coverage and lack of familiarity with the United States healthcare system, may negatively impact migrant and seasonal farmworker’s mental health [9-11]. Risk and consequences of physical injury are exacerbated among migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Migrant farmworkers have little control over their work environment and may experience discrimination from their employers and coworkers but may refrain from reporting workplace hazards due to fear of job loss or deportation [12-14]. Research conducted among migrant farmworker populations observed an association between stressful working conditions and increased anxiety and depressive symptoms [6]. Beyond fear of occupational hazards and legal repercussions, many migrant and seasonal farmworkers have low educational attainment and limited English language proficiency, limiting the utility of workplace safety training or health promotion interventions for this population [15], and has been identified as a major stressor experienced by migrant and seasonal farmworkers [16]. Many migrant farmworkers are not accompanied by their families when they travel for work, and prior research conducted in this population found elevated depressive symptomatology at the beginning of the harvest season, speaking to emotional challenges associated with leaving friends and family for work [17]. This isolation is often compounded by the fact that migrant farmworkers must live in temporary communities located in rural areas, which has been shown to produce feelings of social isolation and dissatisfaction [18]. Farmworkers are at risk for experiencing harassment and are less likely to report unsafe work environments due to structural vulnerability and fear of deportation [12-14]. Structural vulnerability and high stress associated with farmwork increases risks for heavy and problematic alcohol consumption and substance use in migrant farmworkers [19-21]. There is a deficit of recently published studies that use qualitative methodologies to explore stressors and response in migrant farmworker populations. With recent changes in government policy and increased concern about infectious and zoonotic diseases, it is important to reexamine factors impacting the health and well-being of migrant farmworkers. Additionally, few studies include representation from migrant female farmworkers, who are at higher risk for depression due to gendered work experiences such as additional household work, child and elder care, job inequality, and stress from workplace harassment and discrimination [22]. A further flaw of existing research is the lack of exploration of farmworkers’ perceptions of how coping strategies impact physical health. This study identifies stressors experienced by migrant farmworkers, positive and negative coping strategies, perceptions of health issues associated with coping strategies, and socio-cultural factors impacting stress response and help-seeking behaviors in migrant farmworkers. Methods Data Collection & Measures This study collected data from 16 migrant farmworkers residing in nine geographically dispersed counties across the state of Georgia. Full-time farmworkers were recruited using a snowball sampling method to participate in 35-minute to 1-hour interviews. Researchers traveled to three farms to conduct four of the interviews, one interview was conducted online using Zoom, and the remaining 11 interviews were conducted in public spaces away from the farm (e.g., restaurants, parks). Researchers used a script to maintain consistency of interview procedures, and the same three researchers facilitated all interviews to keep methodology consistent. After providing verbal and written informed consent, participants were asked a series of questions on stressors, coping, and health outcomes. Respondents were asked a total of 20 questions including: “What are major stressors associated with farming?” and “ Have you seen any negative health effects in farmworkers because of their coping strategies?”. Prior to starting the interview, researchers informed participants that participation in this study was voluntary, and that they had the ability stop the interview at any time. Interviews were completed in either English or Spanish, depending on the participant’s preference and were translated into English by bilingual members of the research team prior to data analysis. Participants were compensated for their participation. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Data Analysis and Interpretation Interviews were recorded, transcribed, then cross-checked against the audio recordings to ensure that participant responses were accurately recorded, and that all identifying information was removed. After a preliminary review of the transcripts, researchers developed a coding dictionary that used quotes and keywords to represent topics covered in the interviews. Researchers then broke each transcript down question-by-question to identify thematic categories and highlight relevant interview responses, then developed a table that listed themes, subthemes, and direct quotes. Results Table 1 presents the characteristics of study participants. A total of 16 migrant farmworkers were interviewed in nine counties throughout the state. There was equal representation of male and female farmworkers in the sample with an average age of 37 years old. The majority of farmworkers were from Mexico (56%) and others were from El Salvador (19%), Argentina (13%), Cuba (6%), and Honduras (6%). All but one participant had a low acculturation score on the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics [ 23 ]. Table 1 Demographics Participant Gender Interview Language Commodity 1 Male English Organic Fruits & Vegetables 2 Male Spanish Blueberries 3 Male Spanish Fruits & Vegetables (Carrots, Lettuce, Tomatoes, Cilantro, Sweet Potato) 4 Male Spanish Fruits & Vegetables (Carrots, Lettuce, Tomatoes, Cilantro, Sweet Potato) 5 Male Spanish Fruits & Vegetables (Lettuce, Broccoli, Onion, Garlic, Tomatoes, Melons, Strawberry, Horseradish, Potatoes, Flowers, Sweet Potatoes) 6 Female English Melon, Pumpkins, Strawberries 7 Male Spanish Fruits & Vegetables 8 Female English Citrus, Pecans, Eggs 9 Female English & Spanish Vegetables & Pigs 10 Female Spanish Peaches & Blueberries 11 Male Spanish Peaches & Blueberries 12 Female Spanish Peaches & Blueberries 13 Female Spanish Poultry 14 Female English Poultry 15 Male Spanish Poultry 16 Female Spanish Poultry Major Stressors Four major themes emerged for stressors reported by migrant farmworkers: physical health, environmental factors, work-life balance, and disconnect/isolation (see Table 2 ). Participants identified stressors within their lives and those they believed their peers experienced. These stressors are similar to those identified by farmworkers in previous research [ 24 , 25 ]. Table 2 Major Stressors of Migrant Farmworkers Stressors Sub-Themes Quotes Physical Health • Development of repetitive stress injuries • Injuries during maintenance of farm structures or equipment • Unprotected exposure to chemicals and fertilizers • Lack of medical care to deal with physical injuries “Talking about having to do the physical work everyday. "Ok, to know that I'm going to do this tomorrow, the day after tomorrow again and every day. It's quite stressful." “The main factors could be tiredness or the amount of work. Sometimes you want to finish quickly” “It's a job. It's a very hard job. And it makes you very angry. Ok. That you want to have, uh, a quantity that they tell you every day. It makes you nervous that you can't finish that in one day. And that's a very important factor." Environmental • Weather (working in extreme cold/heat) • Hazardous working conditions "It's really hard to get up every day at 4 to 5am to go to work and then the heat, the cold everywhere." “For example, during winter, the hands get really cold. The feet or that we have to stand all the time. And those are one of the most important during the summer. It's the heat. It's the dust." "In the wintertime, you know, it gets very cold, and so our hands and our feet, they get very cold. And then in the summertime, it gets very, very hot out in the field, so trying to make sure that we stay hydrated and that, you know, we're keeping up on our health, as well as trying to stay quick to keep our jobs up." Isolation/Disconnection • Remote nature of work • Being in different country than support system/family • Language barriers • Negative personal interactions with employers "This is sometimes being far from a hospital. Sometimes away from civilization. That is, what it is to be far away most of all from. That is, the access, the easy access to, let's say, to having, say, a store, perhaps nearby. All of this does affect." "Sometimes being far away from the family. Because that's very sad. You talk to your children and that's very sad. Knowing that they are somewhere else and you cannot embrace them then." "The biggest stressor is being away from my family. It’s hard not to see them." "Yes, being in a different culture and language can make things more complicated. For example, going to the laundromat or stores can be stressful if someone asks you something and you don’t understand or know how to respond." Work/Life Balance • Long hours working on the farm • Little to no leisure/free time • Additional household duties • Lack of time with family "It can be the stress of being away from family." "So I take care of the house. Which includes my son. I do the clothes, cleaning. And as I said before, the house task. That is, to take care of everything" "The home where you know, I have a son. It's complicated for me because I have to arrive to pick him up and then come to give him his food, make food for me, for me and my husband." "Yeah, I think so, because you have to take care of the families. Well, and you have to spend more time like and for like working out and outside and working in the house life." Coping Strategies : Participants identified positive and negative coping strategies within their lives and those they believed their peers experienced (See Table 3 ). Major themes identified for positive coping strategies included: religion, non-farming hobbies, and small breaks away from farming operation. There was less variation in negative coping strategies and only two major themes emerged: alcohol and substance use. Table 3 Coping Strategies in Farmworkers Coping Strategies Negative Alcohol Use/Substance Use "For a couple months we were drinking every single day because you have the stress and you need to chill out but you don’t know how. Because- and the other thing is like (unintelligible) that thing, I will lose my profit and I don’t have money for pay my rent, and you end up very (unintelligible- maybe very bad?)." "Just like there are a lot of people who drink. Almost excessive. Like they're taking refuge, I think. Maybe because of stress, maybe because of the lack of your family. Things like that. Maybe they tend to take refuge in drinking." "They like drink beer and they stay stressed and so they drink beer.” " Some drink every weekend to forget sometimes the stress for the feelings they have.” “Well ladies I work with, I've only seen them smoke. Besides, we have limited time there. They only give us five or seven minutes to go to the bathroom.” "You know the men they like to settle down They like to drink a lot. There's a lot of- definitely a lot of drinking that goes on." " I drink beer or go jogging in the woods." Positive Church/Religion "Go to church. Go to church on Sundays." “I am God-fearing, fearful. I am evangelical. And well, I practically put everything in God's hands. Although my faith is great and I say that it is the will of God and that He is always working in my life and in me. My coworkers My boss, the harvest and everything.” "Well, you know the stressors. Most people, uh, do things to feel better. And examples. To the church. Going to church.” Non-farming Hobbies/Recreation “Do some kind of hobby. Help with children to do homework. Those are things that help us to keep going." Sports/recreation” "To play soccer, to play soccer and go out to the park. It's a way of disguising work stress." Small Breaks "As somebody who has immigrant parents and is first generation, all I can say is that I have to just try to remember where I'm at and just not have to stand out and what I'm not allowed to say. I just kind of have to take a breather. I walk away from the situation, and I come back to it." Health Outcomes Associated with Coping Farmworkers commonly reported high levels of alcohol consumption among their peers and mentioned alcohol more frequently than any other substance when discussing substance use as a coping strategy. Farmworkers connected physical health effects such as dehydration, headaches, poor sleep, exhaustion, nausea and illness, and low productivity to alcohol consumption. When discussing coworkers one participant said, "they just don’t get as much work done the next day. They look tired, dehydrated." Several other participants acknowledged physical signs of illness with one saying, "well yes. Some arrive as tired or as if dehydrated." And another farmworker echoed, "yes, some people drink a lot, and it affects their physical health. They feel sick the next day." Alcohol use was also linked to poor nutrition in farmworkers, leading to further illness and lower productivity. In several interviews, farmworkers reported peers consumed large amounts of junk food and caffeine in order to gain energy to perform job duties. For example, one farmworker acknowledged serious side effects from excessive alcohol consumption and poor nutrition, "Well yes. One time a boy once was drinking on Sunday. No, sorry. Since Saturday, the takeover was Saturday when they gave us the check in the afternoon. He was starting to take and take everything. Sunday was spent drinking and drinking. And so he went to work on Monday and so he went to work and didn't eat breakfast and what came was to grab a Monster. He fell seriously, a helicopter had to bring him in, he started throwing foam through his mouth and then more substances were being consumed. [sic]” Sleep disturbances and nutrition issues were also discussed and acknowledged as problematic outcomes of negative coping strategies. For example, one farmworker said, "They do not eat well. Because he's thinking more about addiction than about eating. And someone who is not going to eat well, someone that they wake up all night is going to be drinking and sleeping all day long. And healthy people sleep at night to 8:00 a.m., nine full hours of replenishing their strength, and the next day they are in peace. The others are not sleeping and no, they are not feeding their body. So that already brings secondary problems and even more problems [sic]." Participants acknowledged addiction and withdrawal symptoms on the job site leading to both physical and mental health disturbances. One farmworker talked about witnessing the outcomes of alcohol and substance use, "physically, some experience withdrawal symptoms from smoking restrictions. Others consume excessive amounts of soda and instant food, leading to stomach problems. A few workers appear anxious when they cannot use substances." Mental health effects linked to negative coping strategies included depression, anxiety, agitation, and personality changes. Several farmworkers acknowledged personality changes in their peers who were using alcohol and other substances to cope with stress. For example, one farmworker said, “Sometimes they're like they're hungover, you know, so they're like very tired and just kind of sometimes grouchy and a little more attitude-y and you know, the job still gets done, but you know, there can be more accidents when they're not functioning properly and then, you know, the attitude sometimes then when they come in, you can just tell the difference, you know, they might not still be very happy and then just grumpy from- you know, not having enough sleep from drinking [sic]." Another farmer talked about conflict associated with sleep disturbances, personality changes, and disagreement between workers, “That already disturbs his sleep. Then it doesn't just become their problem anymore. It becomes the problem. That's why the group gets upset and that generates conflict, just as it does.” Depression and anxiety were also acknowledged in several interviews and linked to alcohol and substance use behaviors. For example, one farmworker stated, “they come here and maybe drinking leads them to make poor decisions, for example they're spending more money. Then, maybe they start to get depressed because of their bad decisions." Another farmer talked about anxiety resulting from poor coping strategies, "They're nervous. They're super stressed. With work. And they make you feel it. Which [puts them] in a hole. They have so much, so much in their head.” Participants also acknowledged the benefits of positive coping strategies such as faith, recreation, and family time. Respondents acknowledged the importance of tradition, culture, joy, and relaxation as a key element of successful coping strategies. For example, one farmworker linked faith to higher levels of relaxation, “Yes, I think it does affect, because to say that's also why I've noticed that there are people like who go to church. Perhaps you can tell that they [church going people] are more relaxed, that they lead their lives, perhaps more, more relaxed [sic].” This was compared to farmworkers who chose alcohol as a means to cope with stress, “On the other hand, what those who I think, like those who are going to drink, perhaps like that at that moment they take refuge in drinking and so on. But I think that those that drink may develop more stress and everything and they look like they are more tired [sic].” Recreation such as soccer and jogging were mentioned as a way to alleviate work stress. For example, one farmworker said, “To play soccer, to play soccer and go out to the park. It's a way of disguising work stress [sic]." Discussion Findings in this study are consistent with previous research identifying sociocultural, environmental, and occupational factors leading to increased stress in migrant farmworkers [ 6 , 16 , 24 ]. Social isolation, a mobile lifestyle, low job security, and long working hours were mentioned in most interviews, indicating structural vulnerability, which may increase risk of mental health and substance use issues in migrant farmworkers. Many farmworkers reported alcohol or substance use as a primary coping mechanism and also identified these poor coping strategies as additional sources of stress due to conflicts at work. This finding is consistent with previous research illustrating alcohol and drug use as a primary coping strategy that ultimately increases stress due to health and productivity problems in migrant farmworker populations [ 16 , 26 ]. Isolation and disconnection were identified as a major stressor and may be contributing to the proliferation of negative coping strategies, with many migrant farmworkers isolated from nearby towns and social support networks [ 27 ]. While previous research has connected alcohol use to increased stress in migrant farmworkers, this is one of the first published qualitative studies examining perceptions of how coping strategies impact physical and mental health. This research also provides insight into social and cultural factors that impact stress and coping responses in migrant farmworkers. Both machismo and marianismo beliefs emerged as factors influencing coping strategies and help-seeking behaviors. Marianismo, seen as a virtuous trait among Latina women, is commonly associated with acts of selflessness, caring, and sacrifice for their families, while Latino men have been shown to reinforce machismo through alcohol consumption [ 28 , 29 ]. Male farmworkers in this study were more likely to resort to alcohol and substance use as a means to cope whereas female farmworkers reinvested engery into work and engaged in activities like household chores as a means of distraction from depressive thoughts. These findings are consistent with previous research in migrant farmworkers finding high rates of alcohol use in male farmworkers and non-farm domestic work in female migrant farmworkers leading to increased stress [ 30 , 31 ]. In both instances, these cultural norms may be contributing to poor health outcomes in this population [ 32 – 34 ]. These traditional gender norms stigmatize help-seeking behavior and decrease healthcare utilization, compounding limited healthcare access in rural areas to reinforce poor health outcomes [ 35 , 36 ]. Positive coping strategies identified in this study primarily involved social support and community. Prior research with migrant farmworkers has found that a lack of social support system leads to increased levels of stress and may lead to depression and higher risk for drug and alcohol consumption [ 16 , 37 ]. Family and community isolation was consistently identified as a major stressor in this study, and many participants reported relying on religious beliefs and recreational sports as methods of reducing stress and building community. Participants’ use of faith as a coping strategy is consistent with prior research conducted among Hispanic immigrant populations that found religious belief was an important tool for managing stress associated with immigration and acculturation [ 28 ], and that sport is an effective tool for increasing community engagement and mitigating challenges associated with immigration to the United States [ 38 ]. While participation in faith-based groups and recreational sports may be a useful approach to improving community connectedness and reducing negative mental health outcomes in this population, domestic policy changes and concerns about deportation present barriers to the development of these groups. Participants in this study consistently reported physical and mental health issues, both in themselves and their coworkers, and described pharmacists as their primary touchpoint with the healthcare system. Healthcare providers working in rural areas should be educated on the impact of stress, social isolation, and working conditions on the health of this population, which will better position them to refer migrant farmworkers to appropriate resources to support their mental and physical health. Training such as Agrisafe’s FarmResponse should be provided in rural healthcare systems to improve practitioners’ cultural competence and ability to serve patients from an agricultural background. These trainings are particularly salient given the problems with isolation, invisibility, and lack of access to care in migrant farmworkers. Previous research has identified nurses as a potential outlet to increase visibility of migrant farmworkers and their lived experiences [ 36 ], but there is a deficit of current research exploring rural healthcare providers’ interactions with migrant farmworkers. In light of participants’ awareness of the relationship between coping strategies, mental health, and work productivity, trainings like the Community Resiliency Model (CRM) that use psychoeducation to promote stress management skills may be uniquely suited to improving farmworkers’ mental health. While there are no published studies that have evaluated the impact of CRM training in migrant farmworker populations, the published literature that does exist indicates that CRM is an effective tool for improving mental health in groups experiencing both complex traumas [ 39 ], and high-stress work environments [ 40 , 41 ], both of which may apply to migrant farmworker populations living in the United States. Evidence from CRM training indicates that trainees not only retain skills and improvements in well-being post-training but also report high readiness to share the training with other community members [ 39 ]. Limitations While qualitative interviews allowed researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors influencing stress and coping strategies in migrant farmworkers, it limited the number of participants involved in the study due to the time required to collect data. Convenience sampling was used, and interviews took place in one Southeastern state. One further limitation is that researchers directly participated in both data collection and analysis, possibly introducing bias into the findings; however, our methodologic approach attempted to mitigate this risk. Declarations Author Contribution "C.P. and N.H. wrote the main manuscript text. C.P. prepared all tables. C.P., N.H., and J.C. conducted all interviews. All authors contributed to item and survey development and reviewed transcripts. L.Z. edited the final manuscript. C.K. helped with literature review and retrieval and edited final manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank UGA Archway Partnership and UGA Public Service and Outreach for helping to facilitate this research. References RHIH. Migrant and Seasonal Farmworker Health . 2024; Available from: https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/topics/migrant-health. USDA-ERS. Farm Labor . 2025; Available from: https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-labor#legalstatus. Ornelas, I., et al. 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Quiñones Mayo, Y. and R.P. Resnick, The Impact of Machismo on Hispanic Women. Affilia, 1996. 11 (3): p. 257-277. Chan, I. and J.A. Corvin, Chronic Disease and Depression Among Hispanic Americans: Reconceptualizing the Masculine Self. Am J Mens Health, 2016. 10 (6): p. Np11-np21. Bail, K.M., et al., The Impact of Invisibility on the Health of Migrant Farmworkers in the Southeastern United States: A Case Study from Georgia. Nursing Research and Practice, 2012. 2012 (1): p. 760418. Hansen, E. and M. Donohoe, Health issues of migrant and seasonal farmworkers. J Health Care Poor Underserved, 2003. 14 (2): p. 153-64. Alanis, M., et al., Using sport to promote the well-being among Latinx immigrants in the United States. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 0 (0): p. 10126902241290574. Freeman, K., et al., Exploring the Usability of a Community Resiliency Model Approach in a High Need/Low Resourced Traumatized Community. Community Mental Health Journal, 2022. 58 (4): p. 679-688. Grabbe, L., et al., Impact of a Resiliency Training to Support the Mental Well-being of Front-line Workers: Brief Report of a Quasi-experimental Study of the Community Resiliency Model. Med Care, 2021. 59 (7): p. 616-621. Duva, I.M., et al., Practical resiliency training for healthcare workers during COVID-19: results from a randomised controlled trial testing the Community Resiliency Model for well-being support. BMJ Open Qual, 2022. 11 (4). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7292554","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":503250544,"identity":"e65444b4-ae3d-427d-896a-f3849b5264ab","order_by":0,"name":"Christina Proctor","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADfgjFTKz6BAYGyQaStRgcIFYL/+zehw9+/rDJN76RfvEDQ4V1YgMhLRJ3jhsb9iSkWW67kVMswXAmnbAWA4k0NmmGhMMGZjdyEiQY2w6ToMV4Rk7yD8Z/pGgxkEg/JsHYQIQWiTvHmA170tIMJM68YbNIOJZuTFAL/+w2xgc/bGwM+NvTH9/4UGMtS1ALgwScxWMAih8iAEIL+wOiNIyCUTAKRsHIAwDpPTqOQAzQVAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Georgia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christina","middleName":"","lastName":"Proctor","suffix":""},{"id":503250545,"identity":"54320eac-cb8c-4156-8ba4-c48ccf1e6423","order_by":1,"name":"Noah Hopkins","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Georgia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noah","middleName":"","lastName":"Hopkins","suffix":""},{"id":503250546,"identity":"77826c3c-4413-4a1e-a7a7-6075a4222380","order_by":2,"name":"Lorenzo Villa-Zapata","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Georgia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lorenzo","middleName":"","lastName":"Villa-Zapata","suffix":""},{"id":503250547,"identity":"e71da47a-4d6b-4b75-bbed-232cf87c7521","order_by":3,"name":"Carrie Keown","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Georgia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carrie","middleName":"","lastName":"Keown","suffix":""},{"id":503250548,"identity":"1d5f832b-27d3-435b-919f-129315963d04","order_by":4,"name":"Joshua Caballero","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Georgia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joshua","middleName":"","lastName":"Caballero","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-04 15:08:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7292554/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7292554/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96605270,"identity":"1cf8fa1e-f7e1-4883-9212-0faed6a18115","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 09:21:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":614426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7292554/v1/54e5bba9-a421-4118-b60b-68f686650012.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"“It's a job. It's a very hard job. And it makes you very angry”: Migrant Farmworkers' Perspectives on Stress, Coping, and their Relationship with Mental and Physical Health","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSeasonal and migrant farmworkers represent a substantial portion of the United States\u0026rsquo; agricultural workforce with an estimated one and three million farmworkers in the United States at a given time [1, 2]. The vast majority of these hired farmworkers are Hispanic (77%), with roughly two-thirds originating from Mexico [3]. One region of the United States that relies heavily on foreign-born farmworkers is the Southeast, where recent estimates indicate that 61% of farmworkers were born outside of the country and 50% of farmworkers were born in Mexico [4]. The vast majority (88%) of farmworkers in this area are seasonal workers, or individuals that are temporarily employed but return to their primary residence each day. The remaining 12% of farmworkers in this region are classified as migrant farmworkers, who are similarly employed, but establish temporary housing away from their primary residence during their employment [1]. One state that relies heavily on the migrant and seasonal farmworker population is Georgia, which hosted an estimated 39,610 seasonal and migrant farmworkers in 2020 [4].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior research indicates migrant and seasonal farmworkers experience high rates of poor mental health outcomes. Multiple studies conducted in North Carolina have found high rates of depression, anxiety, and alcohol dependence in migrant farmworker populations working in the state, with roughly 40% of both samples meeting the criteria for depression, and 40% and 37.6% of each sample meeting the criteria for alcohol dependence [5, 6]. These numbers mirror findings from research in other states, with researchers in Nebraska finding that 45.8% of sampled migrant farmworkers met the criteria for depression [7]. A review of the literature found that between 25% and 55% of migrant farmworkers report experiencing clinically significant depressive symptoms in the last week, and that 17-39% report experiencing anxiety [8].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgriculture is consistently ranked among the most dangerous occupations in the United States, and farmworkers\u0026rsquo; proximity to machinery, bladed farm tools, livestock, and hazardous chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers, combined with low rates of insurance coverage and lack of familiarity with the United States healthcare system, may negatively impact migrant and seasonal farmworker\u0026rsquo;s mental health [9-11]. Risk and consequences of physical injury are exacerbated among migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Migrant farmworkers have little control over their work environment and may experience discrimination from their employers and coworkers but may refrain from reporting workplace hazards due to fear of job loss or deportation [12-14]. Research conducted among migrant farmworker populations observed an association between stressful working conditions and increased anxiety and depressive symptoms [6]. Beyond fear of occupational hazards and legal repercussions, many migrant and seasonal farmworkers have low educational attainment and limited English language proficiency, limiting the \u0026nbsp;utility of workplace safety training or health promotion interventions for this population [15], and has been identified as a major stressor experienced by migrant and seasonal farmworkers [16].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Many migrant farmworkers are not accompanied by their families when they travel for work, and prior research conducted in this population found elevated depressive symptomatology at the beginning of the harvest season, speaking to emotional challenges associated with leaving friends and family for work [17]. This isolation is often compounded by the fact that migrant farmworkers must live in temporary communities located in rural areas, which has been shown to produce feelings of social isolation and dissatisfaction [18]. Farmworkers are at risk for experiencing harassment and are less likely to report unsafe work environments due to structural vulnerability and fear of deportation [12-14]. Structural vulnerability and high stress associated with farmwork increases risks\u0026nbsp;for heavy and problematic alcohol consumption and substance use in migrant farmworkers\u0026nbsp;[19-21].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is a deficit of recently published studies that use qualitative methodologies to explore stressors and response in migrant farmworker populations. With recent changes in government policy and increased concern about infectious and zoonotic diseases, it is important to reexamine factors impacting the health and well-being of migrant farmworkers. Additionally, few studies include representation from migrant female farmworkers, who are at higher risk for depression due to gendered work experiences such as additional household work, child and elder care, job inequality, and stress from workplace harassment and discrimination [22]. A further flaw of existing research is the lack of exploration of farmworkers\u0026rsquo; perceptions of how coping strategies impact physical health. This study identifies stressors experienced by migrant farmworkers, positive and negative coping strategies, perceptions of health issues associated with coping strategies, and socio-cultural factors impacting stress response and help-seeking behaviors in migrant farmworkers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Collection \u0026amp; Measures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study collected data from 16 migrant farmworkers residing in nine geographically dispersed counties across the state of Georgia. Full-time farmworkers were recruited using a snowball sampling method to participate in 35-minute to 1-hour interviews. Researchers traveled to three farms to conduct four of the interviews, one interview was conducted online using Zoom, and the remaining 11 interviews were conducted in public spaces away from the farm (e.g., restaurants, parks). Researchers used a script to maintain consistency of interview procedures, and the same three researchers facilitated all interviews to keep methodology consistent. After providing verbal and written informed consent, participants were asked a series of questions on stressors, coping, and health outcomes. Respondents were asked a total of 20 questions including: \u0026ldquo;What are major stressors associated with farming?\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo; Have you seen any negative health effects in farmworkers because of their coping strategies?\u0026rdquo;. Prior to starting the interview, researchers informed participants that participation in this study was voluntary, and that they had the ability stop the interview at any time. Interviews were completed in either English or Spanish, depending on the participant\u0026rsquo;s preference and were translated into English by bilingual members of the research team prior to data analysis. Participants were compensated for their participation. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Analysis and Interpretation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Interviews were recorded, transcribed, then cross-checked against the audio recordings to ensure that participant responses were accurately recorded, and that all identifying information was removed. After a preliminary review of the transcripts, researchers developed a coding dictionary that used quotes and keywords to represent topics covered in the interviews. Researchers then broke each transcript down question-by-question to identify thematic categories and highlight relevant interview responses, then developed a table that listed themes, subthemes, and direct quotes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the characteristics of study participants. A total of 16 migrant farmworkers were interviewed in nine counties throughout the state. There was equal representation of male and female farmworkers in the sample with an average age of 37 years old. The majority of farmworkers were from Mexico (56%) and others were from El Salvador (19%), Argentina (13%), Cuba (6%), and Honduras (6%). All but one participant had a low acculturation score on the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterview Language\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommodity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic Fruits \u0026amp; Vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlueberries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits \u0026amp; Vegetables (Carrots, Lettuce, Tomatoes, Cilantro, Sweet Potato)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits \u0026amp; Vegetables (Carrots, Lettuce, Tomatoes, Cilantro, Sweet Potato)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits \u0026amp; Vegetables (Lettuce, Broccoli, Onion, Garlic, Tomatoes, Melons, Strawberry, Horseradish, Potatoes, Flowers, Sweet Potatoes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMelon, Pumpkins, Strawberries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits \u0026amp; Vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitrus, Pecans, Eggs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish \u0026amp; Spanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVegetables \u0026amp; Pigs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeaches \u0026amp; Blueberries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeaches \u0026amp; Blueberries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeaches \u0026amp; Blueberries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoultry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnglish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoultry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoultry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoultry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMajor Stressors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFour major themes emerged for stressors reported by migrant farmworkers: physical health, environmental factors, work-life balance, and disconnect/isolation (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Participants identified stressors within their lives and those they believed their peers experienced. These stressors are similar to those identified by farmworkers in previous research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMajor Stressors of Migrant Farmworkers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStressors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSub-Themes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuotes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical Health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Development of repetitive stress injuries\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Injuries during maintenance of farm structures or equipment\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Unprotected exposure to chemicals and fertilizers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Lack of medical care to deal with physical injuries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Talking about having to do the physical work everyday. \"Ok, to know that I'm going to do this tomorrow, the day after tomorrow again and every day. It's quite stressful.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The main factors could be tiredness or the amount of work. Sometimes you want to finish quickly\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;It's a job. It's a very hard job. And it makes you very angry. Ok. That you want to have, uh, a quantity that they tell you every day. It makes you nervous that you can't finish that in one day. And that's a very important factor.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Weather (working in extreme cold/heat)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Hazardous working conditions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"It's really hard to get up every day at 4 to 5am to go to work and then the heat, the cold everywhere.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;For example, during winter, the hands get really cold. The feet or that we have to stand all the time. And those are one of the most important during the summer. It's the heat. It's the dust.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"In the wintertime, you know, it gets very cold, and so our hands and our feet, they get very cold. And then in the summertime, it gets very, very hot out in the field, so trying to make sure that we stay hydrated and that, you know, we're keeping up on our health, as well as trying to stay quick to keep our jobs up.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIsolation/Disconnection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Remote nature of work\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Being in different country than support system/family\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Language barriers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Negative personal interactions with employers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"This is sometimes being far from a hospital. Sometimes away from civilization. That is, what it is to be far away most of all from. That is, the access, the easy access to, let's say, to having, say, a store, perhaps nearby. All of this does affect.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Sometimes being far away from the family. Because that's very sad. You talk to your children and that's very sad. Knowing that they are somewhere else and you cannot embrace them then.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"The biggest stressor is being away from my family. It\u0026rsquo;s hard not to see them.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Yes, being in a different culture and language can make things more complicated. For example, going to the laundromat or stores can be stressful if someone asks you something and you don\u0026rsquo;t understand or know how to respond.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWork/Life Balance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Long hours working on the farm\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Little to no leisure/free time\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Additional household duties\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Lack of time with family\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"It can be the stress of being away from family.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"So I take care of the house. Which includes my son. I do the clothes, cleaning. And as I said before, the house task. That is, to take care of everything\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"The home where you know,\u0026nbsp;I have a son. It's complicated for me because I have to arrive to pick him up and then come to give him his food, make food for me, for me and my husband.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Yeah, I think so, because you have to take care of the families. Well, and you have to spend more time like and for like working out and outside and working in the house life.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCoping Strategies\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants identified positive and negative coping strategies within their lives and those they believed their peers experienced (See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Major themes identified for positive coping strategies included: religion, non-farming hobbies, and small breaks away from farming operation. There was less variation in negative coping strategies and only two major themes emerged: alcohol and substance use.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoping Strategies in Farmworkers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoping Strategies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol Use/Substance Use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"For a couple months we were drinking every single day because you have the stress and you need to chill out but you don\u0026rsquo;t know how. Because- and the other thing is like (unintelligible) that thing, I will lose my profit and I don\u0026rsquo;t have money for pay my rent, and you end up very (unintelligible- maybe very bad?).\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Just like there are a lot of people who drink. Almost excessive.\u0026nbsp; Like they're taking refuge, I think. Maybe because of stress, maybe because of the lack of your family. Things like that. Maybe they tend to take refuge in drinking.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"They like drink beer and they stay stressed and so they drink beer.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\" Some drink every weekend to forget sometimes the stress for the feelings they have.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Well ladies I work with, I've only seen them smoke. Besides, we have limited time there. They only give us five or seven minutes to go to the bathroom.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"You know the men they like to settle down They like to drink a lot. There's a lot of- definitely a lot of drinking that goes on.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\" I drink beer or go jogging in the woods.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePositive\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChurch/Religion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Go to church. Go to church on Sundays.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;I am God-fearing, fearful. I am evangelical. And well, I practically put everything in God's hands. Although my faith is great and I say that it is the will of God and that He is always working in my life and in me. My coworkers My boss,\u0026nbsp;the harvest and everything.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Well, you know the stressors. Most people, uh, do things to feel better. And examples. To the church. Going to church.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-farming Hobbies/Recreation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Do some kind of hobby. Help with children to do homework. Those are things that help us to keep going.\" Sports/recreation\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"To play soccer, to play soccer and go out to the park. It's a way of disguising work stress.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmall Breaks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"As somebody who has immigrant parents and is first generation, all I can say is that I have to just try to remember where I'm at and just not have to stand out and what I'm not allowed to say. I just kind of have to take a breather. I walk away from the situation, and I come back to it.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealth Outcomes Associated with Coping\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmworkers commonly reported high levels of alcohol consumption among their peers and mentioned alcohol more frequently than any other substance when discussing substance use as a coping strategy. Farmworkers connected physical health effects such as dehydration, headaches, poor sleep, exhaustion, nausea and illness, and low productivity to alcohol consumption. When discussing coworkers one participant said, \"they just don\u0026rsquo;t get as much work done the next day. They look tired, dehydrated.\" Several other participants acknowledged physical signs of illness with one saying, \"well yes. Some arrive as tired or as if dehydrated.\" And another farmworker echoed, \"yes, some people drink a lot, and it affects their physical health. They feel sick the next day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol use was also linked to poor nutrition in farmworkers, leading to further illness and lower productivity. In several interviews, farmworkers reported peers consumed large amounts of junk food and caffeine in order to gain energy to perform job duties. For example, one farmworker acknowledged serious side effects from excessive alcohol consumption and poor nutrition,\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Well yes. One time a boy once was drinking on Sunday. No, sorry. Since Saturday, the takeover was Saturday when they gave us the check in the afternoon. He was starting to take and take everything. Sunday was spent drinking and drinking. And so he went to work on Monday and so he went to work and didn't eat breakfast and what came was to grab a Monster. He fell seriously, a helicopter had to bring him in, he started throwing foam through his mouth and then more substances were being consumed. [sic]\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSleep disturbances and nutrition issues were also discussed and acknowledged as problematic outcomes of negative coping strategies. For example, one farmworker said,\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"They do not eat well. Because he's thinking more about addiction than about eating. And someone who is not going to eat well, someone that they wake up all night is going to be drinking and sleeping all day long. And healthy people sleep at night to 8:00 a.m., nine full hours of replenishing their strength, and the next day they are in peace. The others are not sleeping and no, they are not feeding their body. So that already brings secondary problems and even more problems [sic].\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants acknowledged addiction and withdrawal symptoms on the job site leading to both physical and mental health disturbances. One farmworker talked about witnessing the outcomes of alcohol and substance use, \"physically, some experience withdrawal symptoms from smoking restrictions. Others consume excessive amounts of soda and instant food, leading to stomach problems. A few workers appear anxious when they cannot use substances.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMental health effects linked to negative coping strategies included depression, anxiety, agitation, and personality changes. Several farmworkers acknowledged personality changes in their peers who were using alcohol and other substances to cope with stress. For example, one farmworker said,\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Sometimes they're like they're hungover, you know, so they're like very tired and just kind of sometimes grouchy and a little more attitude-y and you know, the job still gets done, but you know, there can be more accidents when they're not functioning properly and then, you know, the attitude sometimes then when they come in, you can just tell the difference, you know, they might not still be very happy and then just grumpy from- you know, not having enough sleep from drinking [sic].\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother farmer talked about conflict associated with sleep disturbances, personality changes, and disagreement between workers, \u0026ldquo;That already disturbs his sleep. Then it doesn't just become their problem anymore. It becomes the problem. That's why the group gets upset and that generates conflict, just as it does.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDepression and anxiety were also acknowledged in several interviews and linked to alcohol and substance use behaviors. For example, one farmworker stated, \u0026ldquo;they come here and maybe drinking leads them to make poor decisions, for example they're spending more money. Then, maybe they start to get depressed because of their bad decisions.\" Another farmer talked about anxiety resulting from poor coping strategies, \"They're nervous. They're super stressed. With work. And they make you feel it. Which [puts them] in a hole. They have so much, so much in their head.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants also acknowledged the benefits of positive coping strategies such as faith, recreation, and family time. Respondents acknowledged the importance of tradition, culture, joy, and relaxation as a key element of successful coping strategies. For example, one farmworker linked faith to higher levels of relaxation, \u0026ldquo;Yes, I think it does affect, because to say that's also why I've noticed that there are people like who go to church. Perhaps you can tell that they [church going people] are more relaxed, that they lead their lives, perhaps more, more relaxed [sic].\u0026rdquo; This was compared to farmworkers who chose alcohol as a means to cope with stress, \u0026ldquo;On the other hand, what those who I think, like those who are going to drink, perhaps like that at that moment they take refuge in drinking and so on. But I think that those that drink may develop more stress and everything and they look like they are more tired [sic].\u0026rdquo; Recreation such as soccer and jogging were mentioned as a way to alleviate work stress. For example, one farmworker said, \u0026ldquo;To play soccer, to play soccer and go out to the park. It's a way of disguising work stress [sic].\"\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFindings in this study are consistent with previous research identifying sociocultural, environmental, and occupational factors leading to increased stress in migrant farmworkers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Social isolation, a mobile lifestyle, low job security, and long working hours were mentioned in most interviews, indicating structural vulnerability, which may increase risk of mental health and substance use issues in migrant farmworkers. Many farmworkers reported alcohol or substance use as a primary coping mechanism and also identified these poor coping strategies as additional sources of stress due to conflicts at work. This finding is consistent with previous research illustrating alcohol and drug use as a primary coping strategy that ultimately increases stress due to health and productivity problems in migrant farmworker populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Isolation and disconnection were identified as a major stressor and may be contributing to the proliferation of negative coping strategies, with many migrant farmworkers isolated from nearby towns and social support networks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. While previous research has connected alcohol use to increased stress in migrant farmworkers, this is one of the first published qualitative studies examining perceptions of how coping strategies impact physical and mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research also provides insight into social and cultural factors that impact stress and coping responses in migrant farmworkers. Both machismo and marianismo beliefs emerged as factors influencing coping strategies and help-seeking behaviors. Marianismo, seen as a virtuous trait among Latina women, is commonly associated with acts of selflessness, caring, and sacrifice for their families, while Latino men have been shown to reinforce machismo through alcohol consumption [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Male farmworkers in this study were more likely to resort to alcohol and substance use as a means to cope whereas female farmworkers reinvested engery into work and engaged in activities like household chores as a means of distraction from depressive thoughts. These findings are consistent with previous research in migrant farmworkers finding high rates of alcohol use in male farmworkers and non-farm domestic work in female migrant farmworkers leading to increased stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. In both instances, these cultural norms may be contributing to poor health outcomes in this population [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR33\" citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. These traditional gender norms stigmatize help-seeking behavior and decrease healthcare utilization, compounding limited healthcare access in rural areas to reinforce poor health outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive coping strategies identified in this study primarily involved social support and community. Prior research with migrant farmworkers has found that a lack of social support system leads to increased levels of stress and may lead to depression and higher risk for drug and alcohol consumption [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Family and community isolation was consistently identified as a major stressor in this study, and many participants reported relying on religious beliefs and recreational sports as methods of reducing stress and building community. Participants\u0026rsquo; use of faith as a coping strategy is consistent with prior research conducted among Hispanic immigrant populations that found religious belief was an important tool for managing stress associated with immigration and acculturation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], and that sport is an effective tool for increasing community engagement and mitigating challenges associated with immigration to the United States [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. While participation in faith-based groups and recreational sports may be a useful approach to improving community connectedness and reducing negative mental health outcomes in this population, domestic policy changes and concerns about deportation present barriers to the development of these groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants in this study consistently reported physical and mental health issues, both in themselves and their coworkers, and described pharmacists as their primary touchpoint with the healthcare system. Healthcare providers working in rural areas should be educated on the impact of stress, social isolation, and working conditions on the health of this population, which will better position them to refer migrant farmworkers to appropriate resources to support their mental and physical health. Training such as Agrisafe\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eFarmResponse\u003c/em\u003e should be provided in rural healthcare systems to improve practitioners\u0026rsquo; cultural competence and ability to serve patients from an agricultural background. These trainings are particularly salient given the problems with isolation, invisibility, and lack of access to care in migrant farmworkers. Previous research has identified nurses as a potential outlet to increase visibility of migrant farmworkers and their lived experiences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], but there is a deficit of current research exploring rural healthcare providers\u0026rsquo; interactions with migrant farmworkers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn light of participants\u0026rsquo; awareness of the relationship between coping strategies, mental health, and work productivity, trainings like the Community Resiliency Model (CRM) that use psychoeducation to promote stress management skills may be uniquely suited to improving farmworkers\u0026rsquo; mental health. While there are no published studies that have evaluated the impact of CRM training in migrant farmworker populations, the published literature that does exist indicates that CRM is an effective tool for improving mental health in groups experiencing both complex traumas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], and high-stress work environments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], both of which may apply to migrant farmworker populations living in the United States. Evidence from CRM training indicates that trainees not only retain skills and improvements in well-being post-training but also report high readiness to share the training with other community members [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLimitations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile qualitative interviews allowed researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors influencing stress and coping strategies in migrant farmworkers, it limited the number of participants involved in the study due to the time required to collect data. Convenience sampling was used, and interviews took place in one Southeastern state. One further limitation is that researchers directly participated in both data collection and analysis, possibly introducing bias into the findings; however, our methodologic approach attempted to mitigate this risk.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"C.P. and N.H. wrote the main manuscript text. C.P. prepared all tables. C.P., N.H., and J.C. conducted all interviews. All authors contributed to item and survey development and reviewed transcripts. L.Z. edited the final manuscript. C.K. helped with literature review and retrieval and edited final manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank UGA Archway Partnership and UGA Public Service and Outreach for helping to facilitate this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRHIH. \u003cem\u003eMigrant and Seasonal Farmworker Health\u003c/em\u003e. 2024; Available from: https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/topics/migrant-health.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUSDA-ERS. \u003cem\u003eFarm Labor\u003c/em\u003e. 2025; Available from: https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-labor#legalstatus.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrnelas, I., et al. \u003cem\u003eFindings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) 2017-2018: A Demographic Employment Profile of United States Farmworkers\u003c/em\u003e. 2021; Available from: https://www.dol.gov/resource-library/findings-national-agricultural-workers-survey-naws-2017-2018-demographic-and#:~:text=At%20the%20time%20of%20interview%2C%2023%20percent%20of%20farmworkers\n%20were,an%20hourly%20wage%20(84%25).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalker, A., et al., \u003cem\u003eGeorgia Farmworker Health Program - Health Services Needs Assessment\u003c/em\u003e. 2022, Georgia Southern University.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrzywacz, J.G., et al., \u003cem\u003eLeaving family for work: ambivalence and mental health among Mexican migrant farmworker men.\u003c/em\u003e J Immigr Minor Health, 2006. \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 85-97.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHiott, A.E., et al., \u003cem\u003eMigrant farmworker stress: mental health implications.\u003c/em\u003e J Rural Health, 2008. \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 32-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamos, A.K., et al., \u003cem\u003eStress, Depression, and Occupational Injury among Migrant Farmworkers in Nebraska.\u003c/em\u003e Safety, 2016. \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWinkelman, S.B., E.H. 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Donohoe, \u003cem\u003eHealth issues of migrant and seasonal farmworkers.\u003c/em\u003e J Health Care Poor Underserved, 2003. \u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 153-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlanis, M., et al., \u003cem\u003eUsing sport to promote the well-being among Latinx immigrants in the United States.\u003c/em\u003e International Review for the Sociology of Sport. \u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e(0): p. 10126902241290574.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreeman, K., et al., \u003cem\u003eExploring the Usability of a Community Resiliency Model Approach in a High Need/Low Resourced Traumatized Community.\u003c/em\u003e Community Mental Health Journal, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e58\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 679-688.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrabbe, L., et al., \u003cem\u003eImpact of a Resiliency Training to Support the Mental Well-being of Front-line Workers: Brief Report of a Quasi-experimental Study of the Community Resiliency Model.\u003c/em\u003e Med Care, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e59\u003c/strong\u003e(7): p. 616-621.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuva, I.M., et al., \u003cem\u003ePractical resiliency training for healthcare workers during COVID-19: results from a randomised controlled trial testing the Community Resiliency Model for well-being support.\u003c/em\u003e BMJ Open Qual, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e(4).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7292554/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7292554/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMigrant farmworkers are an essential component of the United States agricultural industry, and this population experiences high rates of poor mental health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore migrant and seasonal farmworkers’ perceptions of occupational stress, coping strategies, and how those coping strategies impacted their health and wellbeing. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 migrant farmworkers living in the state of Georgia. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and researchers coded interviews separately before thematic analysis was used to identify common themes across interview responses. Migrant farmworkers described four primary themes related to sources of stress: physical health, environmental factors, work-life balance, and disconnection and isolation. When discussing coping strategies, participants described both positive and negative approaches, including faith, small breaks, non-farming hobbies (e.g., recreational sports), and alcohol and substance use. Interviewees connected the use of negative coping strategies to poor work performance, interpersonal conflict, and worse mental health in their coworkers. The findings of this study indicate that migrant farmworkers experience a unique combination of stressors that are not shared by others working in agriculture and use a combination of positive and negative coping strategies to manage their stress, with negative coping strategies having direct impacts on farmworkers’ health and wellbeing. Trainings that emphasize stress management, such as the Community Resiliency Model (CRM), may be uniquely suited to addressing stress and coping in migrant farmworker populations because of its low barrier to entry and focus on community support.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"“It's a job. It's a very hard job. And it makes you very angry”: Migrant Farmworkers' Perspectives on Stress, Coping, and their Relationship with Mental and Physical Health","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-22 21:56:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7292554/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e9b350e5-c31a-4b2f-a7d6-c599993fede7","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-14T09:23:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-22 21:56:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7292554","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7292554","identity":"rs-7292554","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}