Impact of Pneumothorax on Mortality, Morbidity, and Hospital Resource Utilization in COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Matched Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database

Impact of Pneumothorax on Mortality, Morbidity, and Hospital Resource Utilization in COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Matched Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impact of Pneumothorax on Mortality, Morbidity, and Hospital Resource Utilization in COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Matched Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database Adeel Nasrullah, Mohammed A. Quazi, Shiza Virk, Sitara Niranjan, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3852176/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 Jul, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Pulmonary Medicine → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Spontaneous pneumothorax (PTX) is more prevalent among COVID-19 patients than other critically ill patients, but studies on this are limited. This study compared clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes among COVID-19 patients with concomitant PTX to provide insight into how PTX affects health care utilization and complications, which informs clinical decisions and healthcare resource allocation. Methods The 2020 Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used analyze patient demographics and outcomes, including age, race, sex, insurance status, median income, length of hospital stay, mortality rate, hospitalization costs, comorbidities, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support. Propensity score matching was employed for additional analysis. Results Among 1,572,815 COVID-19 patients, 1.41% had PTX. These patients incurred significantly higher hospitalization costs ( $ 435,508 vs. $ 96,668, p < 0.001) and longer stays (23.6 days vs. 8.6 days, p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was substantially elevated for PTX patients (65.8% vs. 14.4%, p < 0.001), with an adjusted odds ratio of 14.3 (95% CI 12.7–16.2). Additionally, these patients were more likely to require vasopressors (16.6% vs. 3.3%), mechanical circulatory support (3.5% vs. 0.3%), hemodialysis (16.6% vs. 5.6%), invasive mechanical ventilation (76.9% vs. 15.1%), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (19.1% vs. 5.8%), tracheostomy (13.3% vs. 1.1%), and chest tube placement (59.8% vs. 0.8%). Conclusions Our findings highlight the severe impact of PTX on COVID-19 patients, characterized by higher mortality, more complications, and increased resource utilization. Also, being Hispanic, male, or obese increased the risk of developing concomitant PTX with COVID-19. COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 pneumothorax complications mortality prevalence national inpatient sample Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increased morbidity and mortality rates up to 40% in critically ill patients, and to combat this, we must understand the disease's complications, especially those that are potentially life-threatening.( 1 , 2 ) One such complication is pneumothorax (PTX), a condition observed in both spontaneously breathing patients and those on mechanical ventilation.( 3 ) PTX is a potentially crippling complication of COVID-19, with an average reported incidence ranging from 1–10%, depending on clinical severity.( 4 , 5 ) There are few studies that address the impact of PTX on morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization among COVID-19 patients, highlighting a significant gap in our understanding. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, PTX was a common and potentially fatal complication in mechanically ventilated patients (MVPs) with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with an overall 30-day mortality rate of 40%.( 6 ) Mortality was largely attributed to air leaks and acute lung injury. The traditionally high ventilatory volumes and high airway pressure in the diseased lungs caused volutrauma and barotrauma, respectively.( 7 ) The overall incidence of PTX decreased from 55–17% after the implementation of protective lung strategies.( 8 ) Other factors related to the occurrence of PTX include history of chronic pulmonary disease, smoking, and ARDS.( 9 ) Research indicates a higher occurrence of PTX in COVID-19 patients independent of their mechanical ventilation status. COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation have higher rates of barotrauma and volutrauma progressing to PTX than patients with conventional ARDS or other viral pneumonias.( 10 ) ( 11 , 12 ) Spontaneous PTX is more prevalent among COVID-19 patients than other critically ill individuals, with incidence rates ranging from 0.3 to 23.8% in the COVID-19 positive population.( 4 , 5 , 13 , 14 ) There are also reports of patients with non-severe COVID-19 developing spontaneous PTX.( 15 – 17 ) We assessed the influence of PTX on COVID-19 patient mortality rates, morbidity, and healthcare resource utilization. A better understanding of the effect of PTX on COVID-19 patient prognosis will guide treatment of this high-risk cohort. The strategic implementation of preventative strategies may ultimately reduce hospital expenditures and improve outcomes in the COVID-19 positive population. Methods This was a retrospective study conducted using Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 2020. International classification of diseases 10th—clinical modification (ICD-10-CM) codes were used to retrieve patient samples with comorbid conditions, and ICD-10 procedure codes were used to identify inpatient procedures (Supplemental Table 1). All COVID-19 positive patients ≥ 18 years of age admitted to the hospital were included in this study. Variables were divided into patient-related, hospital-related, and indicators of illness severity. We collected patient age, race, sex, insurance status (Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, self-payment, no charge), median income based on patient’s zip code, and disposition. We also collected hospital location, teaching status, bed size, and region. Lastly, we collected data indicating illness severity, including length of stay (LOS), mortality, hospitalization cost, comorbidities, and treatment interventions. The primary outcome of our study was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcomes included intubation and mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis use, mechanical circulatory support use, vasopressor use, non-invasive ventilation, chest tube placement, tracheostomy, cardiovascular accident, cardiogenic shock, venous thromboembolism, acute liver failure, sudden cardiac arrest, LOS, the financial burden on healthcare, and resource utilization. Statistical Analysis For descriptive statistics, continuous variables were summarized as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and categorical data were expressed as numbers and percentages. We used univariate analyses for between-group comparisons, the Rao-Scott Chi-square test for categorical variables (e.g., sex and risk factors), and weighted simple linear regression for continuous variables (e.g., age). On the unmatched sample, univariate regression was done to identify independent variables (p ≤ 0.2), which were used to build a multivariate regression model. Because our control group (COVID-19 positive but PTX-negative) had a significantly higher sample than the test group (COVID-19 positive and PTX-positive), we conducted a secondary, propensity score matching analysis (PSM) to confirm results obtained by traditional multivariate analysis. Baseline demographics (age, race, sex, income status, insurance status) were matched using a 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity score with 0.05 caliper width. On matched cohorts, a secondary multivariate regression model was built as described above. All analyses were performed using Stata software version 17.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA), and p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Demographics and Patient Characteristics Our study included 1,572,815 individuals, with 22,230 (1.4%) in the PTX group and 1,550,585 (98.6%) in the non-PTX group (Table 1). The PTX group consisted of more Hispanic patients (31.8% vs. 21.3%) and fewer White patients (44.2% vs. 51.1%) than the non-PTX group (p < 0.001). The PTX group also had a higher proportion of males (65.8% vs. 51.6%, p < 0.001). Patient ages differed between both groups and sexes. There were more patients 50-69 years old in the PTX group (46.7% vs. 37.0%, p < 0.001). Additionally, the average age for females was slightly higher in the PTX group (65.9 years vs. 63.1 years), while it was almost identical for males across both groups. There was a small difference in patient income between the two groups and no difference in insurance. There were more individuals earning less than $49,999 a year in the PTX group than in the non-PTX group (36.4% vs. 34.1%, p = 0.004). However, there were no substantial differences in insurance status between the two groups (p = 0.113). There were differences in hospital division distribution, bed size, and teaching status between the two groups. The West South-Central hospital division saw a significantly higher percentage of PTX cases (18.1% vs. 14.2%, p < 0.001). There was also a higher proportion of PTX patients at large hospitals (50.4% vs. 46.6%, p < 0.001) and urban, teaching hospitals (76.3% vs. 71.5%, p < 0.001). Comorbidity profiles differed between the two groups. PTX patients were less likely to have coronary artery disease (15.0% vs. 17.9%, p < 0.001), myocardial infarction (3.1% vs. 4.2%, p < 0.001), hypertension (62.6% vs. 64.9%, p = 0.001), smoking history (19.6% vs. 25.6%, p < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (10.6% vs. 12.6%, p < 0.001), hypothyroidism (10.5% vs. 13.3%, p < 0.001), depression (7.6% vs. 11.0%, p < 0.001), and dementia (5.8% vs. 12.2%, p < 0.001). They were more likely to have Type 2 diabetes (41.6% vs. 40.1%, p = 0.032), cancer (5.0% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.010), and obesity (28.6% vs. 26.4%, p = 0.001). There were no significant differences in drug abuse, chronic pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, autoimmune disease, or AIDS prevalence. All demographics and patient characteristics from the multivariate analysis are in Table 1, with the PSM results in Table 3. In-Hospital Morbidity and Mortality In-hospital mortality between PTX and non-PTX COVID-19 patients differed significantly. Of the 1,550,585 non-PTX patients, 12.6% died in the hospital. This was markedly lower than the 65.8% mortality rate among the 22,230 PTX patients. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for in-hospital mortality was significantly high at 15.9 (95% CI 14.9–17.0), indicating a substantially higher risk of in-hospital death for PTX patients (Table 2). PSM of 44,460 COVID-19 patients (half with PTX, half without) revealed the in-hospital mortality rate was 14.4% for non-PTX patients but 65.8% for PTX patients. PTX patients experienced a significantly higher rate of in-hospital complications. For example, the AOR for acute liver failure and sudden cardiac arrest were 7.2 (95% CI 6.4–8.1) and 7.0 (95% CI 6.5–7.6), respectively. Additionally, these patients experienced acute kidney injury (AKI) (AOR 4.4, 95% CI 4.1–4.6), venous thromboembolism (AOR 3.5, 95% CI 3.2–3.8), cardiogenic shock (AOR 4.2, 95% CI 3.5–5.1), hemodialysis (AOR 4.0, 95% CI 3.6–4.3), cerebrovascular accident (AOR 2.9, 95% CI 2.5–3.3), and tracheostomy placement (AOR 14.1, 95% CI 12.8–15.5). PSM yielded similar results. PTX patients experienced a higher prevalence of acute liver failure (AOR 6.7, 95% CI 5.0–9.0), sudden cardiac arrest (AOR 7.4, 95% CI 6.0–9.2), and vasopressor use (AOR 7.5, 95% CI 6.2–9.1). PTX patients had greater incidences of cerebrovascular accidents (AOR 3.0, 95% CI 2.3–4.0) and an increased need for mechanical circulatory support (AOR 11.5, 95% CI 6.4–20.6). They also showed a greater incidence of AKI (AOR 4.1, 95% CI 3.7–4.5), venous thromboembolism (AOR 3.2, 95% CI 2.7–3.8), cardiogenic shock (AOR 5.1, 95% CI 3.3–7.9), and hemodialysis (AOR 3.7, 95% CI 3.2–4.4) (Table 4). Of note, the need for chest tube placement was remarkably higher among PTX patients at 59.8% compared to 0.6% in non-PTX patients, with an AOR of 244.9 (95% CI 226.3–265.1) (Table 2). Results from PSM showed increased rates of both tracheostomy placement (AOR 14.2, 95% CI 10.5–19.0) and chest tube placement (AOR 231.3, 95% CI 163.1–328.0) (Table 4). PSM showed similar trends for mechanical ventilation, with PTX patients having much higher rates of mechanical ventilation, even when separated into invasive (AOR of 23.1; 95% CI 20.4–26.2) and non-invasive (AOR 3.8; 95% CI 3.3–4.5) support (Table 4). In-Hospital Quality Measures The in-hospital quality measures of total charges for each patient and LOS were compared between the PTX and non-PTX cohorts. PTX patients required considerably more resources as reflected in total charges. The mean total hospitalization charge for PTX patients was notably higher than for non-PTX patients ($435,508 vs. $86,822), with a difference in adjusted total charge for PTX patients being $336,782 greater. The mean LOS was also extended for PTX patients at 23.6 days, compared to 7.8 days for non-PTX patients; the adjusted LOS was 15.3 days longer for PTX patients (Table 2). Data from PSM corroborated this trend: PTX patients had a significantly higher mean total hospitalization charge at $435,508 compared to $96,668 for non-PTX patients, which is an adjusted total charge of $320,978 more. Similarly, the mean LOS for PTX patients was 23.6 days, compared to 8.6 days for non-PTX patients, marking an adjusted LOS 14.9 days longer (Table 4). Disposition Hospital dispositions between the two groups differed significantly. More non-PTX patients left against medical advice (1.1% vs. 0.3%), were discharged to home health care (13.1% vs. 5.4%), were discharged routinely (51.5% vs. 7.6%), or were transferred to another care facility (18.6% vs. 16.4%). In contrast, more PTX patients were transferred to a short-term hospital (3.0% vs. 4.5%). PSM produced similar results in outcomes. For example, 0.9% of non-PTX patients left against medical advice compared to 0.3% of PTX patients. These differences, reflected in both AOR and PSM data, highlight the impact of PTX on the course of recovery in COVID-19 patients (Tables 2 and 4). Discussion We found that the average incidence of PTX in COVID-19 patients was 1.41% out of 1.5 million people affected in 2020, and patients who developed PTX had a significantly higher mortality rate, greater resource utilization, longer LOS, and higher costs of care. This cohort was more likely to be male, obese, and Hispanic, illuminating socioeconomic, racial, and gender disparities. Patients with PTX required more aggressive treatment interventions and had longer hospital stays, highlighting a need for COVID-19 prevention and treatment optimization to minimize the risks of developing PTX. COVID-19 positive individuals with PTX require more support, have longer hospital stays, have higher costs of care, and use more hospital resources. We found that this cohort was more likely to need mechanical circulatory support and interventions like chest tube placement, and were more likely to experience a long, complicated hospital stay that resulted in tracheostomies. Their mean LOS was nearly 15 days longer than the LOS of non-PTX patients. Previous studies have shown that critically ill patients with COVID-19 often require invasive procedures, including central venous access, that possess an additional risk of iatrogenic PTX.( 18 ) Wang et al. found that PTX was associated with high mortality, poor prognosis, and prolonged LOS.( 5 ) Costs of care are related to both the LOS and amount of support a patient requires; the PTX patients in our study had significantly higher costs of care than non-PTX patients, with an adjusted mean total hospitalization charge $ 320977.60 higher. We also compared mortality between the two cohorts. We found that hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients with PTX admitted in US hospitals between January–December 2020 was nearly 14 times higher than in patients without this complication. Geraci and colleagues reported similar outcomes of a 58% mortality rate in PTX patients and 63% in MVPs.( 12 ) Similarly, in another multicenter study, the odds of mortality in patients with COVID-19 related PTX was 7.15 compared to those who did not have PTX.( 19 ) PTX is closely correlated with a patient needing mechanical ventilation, and both are correlated with high mortality rates. The higher mortality rate in our study is associated with high rates of invasive mechanical ventilation (77% vs 15%). These results are validated by a large multicenter study of 842 critically ill patients (71% MVPs) that showed that PTX patients had a higher mortality rate (63% vs 49%, p = 0.04), with the odds of in-hospital death increased nearly two-fold.( 15 ) PTX patients often have more severe illness and spend more days on mechanical ventilation, placing them at higher risk of needing additional interventions, like tracheostomy and mechanical circulatory support.( 12 , 20 ) Invasive interventions increase the risk of multi-organ failure or organ damage, resulting in longer hospital stays and greater mortality.( 12 ) The extensive support needed by these patients highlights the value of understanding the causes of PTX so it can be prevented. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated PTX may help us understand why this progression is associated with such high mortality rates. Developing COVID-19-associated PTX can be attributed to pathophysiological changes associated with COVID-19 and disease progression. One of the proposed pathological mechanisms, along with a COVID-19 hyperinflammatory state, include viral tropism to peripheral lung pneumocytes with a predisposition to peripheral bronchoalveolar communication, consequently leading to PTX and pneumomediastinum, along with barotrauma associated with positive-pressure ventilation.( 21 ) Contrary to this, studies have shown that PTX tends to occur later in the disease course when the hyperinflammatory state has decreased, likely from the dysregulation of lung repair.( 22 ) COVID-19 specific therapies potentially reduce viral clearance and interrupt the innate remodeling and repair process that may help prevent PTX.( 10 ) Multiple factors are associated with developing PTX, including chronic pulmonary disease, smoking, previous history of lung disease, and prolonged intubation.( 14 , 22 ) Notably, both cohorts in our study had nearly identical rates of pre-existing comorbidities. However, contrary to most studies, there was a higher proportion of obese patients with COVID-19 and PTX. Obese patients are particularly at risk for developing COVID-ARDS and having poor outcomes.( 23 ) Although the association between body mass index (BMI) and PTX has not been established in patients with COVID-19, patients who develop spontaneous PTX tend to have a lower BMI.( 24 ) Similarly, a matched case-control study of 427 patients showed that PTX patients had a lower average BMI (22.4) than non-PTX patients (24.5), which falls under the lower range compared to our population.( 25 ) In contrast, a large study composed of 9800 COVID-19 patients, of which 67 developed PTX, two thirds of the affected patients had a BMI over 25.( 26 ) Due to the conflicting evidence, additional research is needed to thoroughly assess the association between COVID-19, PTX, and other comorbidities. However, it can be hypothesized that obesity, being a well-established risk factor for severe C-ARDS, may increase the risk of complications, including PTX. Determining a gender difference in the incidence of PTX associated with COVID-19 is complicated. The risk of primary spontaneous PTX is higher among males between the ages of 25–34 years, with risk increasing with patient height.( 27 ) In our study, males were nearly two times more likely to develop PTX than females. One reason for such differences could be the overall incidence and severity of COVID-19 being higher in the male population than the female population.( 28 ) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests the psychological, social, and behavioral differences in males may play an important role in overall exposure of SARS-COV-2, comorbidities (e.g., smoking), treatment initiation, compliance, and overall mortality.( 29 ) Smaller retrospective studies present similar findings.( 28 , 30 ) Records in NHS’s OpenSAFELY health analytics platform show being male is a risk factor for COVID-19-related deaths.( 31 ) There is preclinical evidence that sex is important in the genetic and hormonal modulation of immune responses. For example, biological sex influences the expression and regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the main receptor SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells.( 32 ) Ineffective anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, coupled with higher pre-existing comorbidities, could explain the increased mortality risk.( 33 ) Hence, it can be extrapolated that being male is a risk factor for developing severe COVID-19 and associated complications, including PTX. However, more studies are required to further evaluate and risk stratify the gender difference in incidence and outcomes associated with PTX. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted long-standing, broad, and pervasive inequities between racial and ethnic minorities. Although the White population overall was most affected, Hispanic patients who were affected by COVID-19 had higher rates of PTX compared to other ethnicities (32% vs 21%, p < 0.001). Racial and ethnic minorities often face barriers to healthcare, including socioeconomic factors, overcrowded living situations, high pre-existing comorbidities, systemic implicit bias, and vaccine disparities. These barriers can lead to high COVID-19 rates and thus, high ICU admission rates—shedding light on the rates of complicated COVID-19-ARDS in the Hispanic population.( 34 , 35 ) Further research is imperative to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the racial distribution of COVID-19. While existing studies have highlighted disparities in infection rates, severity of illness, and mortality among different racial and ethnic groups, there are still many unanswered questions and evolving dynamics, including vaccine equity and intersectionality. Limitations There are several limitations of our study to consider, including inherent limitations due to the retrospective nature of the study. One significant limitation is the inability to determine the exact timing of PTX in relation to the initiation of mechanical ventilation, owing to the constraints of the database used. Furthermore, the NIS database employed for this research is administrative in nature, which may not fully encapsulate the intricate details of a patient’s hospitalization, such as history, physical examination findings, laboratory values, and imaging/pathological investigation reports. Additionally, these inpatient outcomes may not accurately reflect outpatient trends. It is also crucial to emphasize that these results were compiled prior to the development and widespread administration of effective COVID-19 vaccines. As such, they may not accurately depict current hospitalization patterns in the era of COVID-19 vaccination. Conclusions In our comprehensive analysis of 1.5 million COVID-19 patients during the year 2020, a significant association was established between the presence of PTX and a multitude of adverse outcomes. Specifically, COVID-19 patients who developed PTX exhibited elevated rates of in-hospital mortality, increased reliance on mechanical ventilation, greater vasopressor use, heightened occurrence of AKI, venous thromboembolism, and cerebrovascular accidents, as well as elevated procedural intervention rates, causing increased resource utilization. Risk factors for COVID-19 patients developing PTX were being Hispanic, male, or obese. These findings collectively underscore the profound impact of PTX in the context of COVID-19, emphasizing the critical need for early recognition, preventative measures, and optimized management to mitigate the associated risks, reduce treatment costs, and improve patient outcomes. Abbreviations AKI acute kidney injury AOR adjusted odds ratio ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome BMI body mass index CI confidence interval COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019 ICD-10-CM international classification of diseases 10th—clinical modification LOS length of stay MVPs mechanically ventilated patients NIS Nationwide Inpatient Sample PSM propensity score matching analysis PTX pneumothorax SD standard deviation Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Per policy under the USC Office for the Protection of Research Subjects and Institutional Review Board, this study falls under the category of Non-Human Subjects Research (NHSR). A secondary analysis using de-identified data from the HCUP NIS clinical database does not require an IRB or ethics approval, nor does it require consent to participate. Access to the HCUP NIS clinical database was previously purchased by ABS. Data use agreements with the Healthcare Utilization Project was completed during the purchase. Consent for publication Per policy under the USC Office for the Protection of Research Subjects and Institutional Review Board, this study falls under the category of Non-Human Subjects Research (NHSR). As such, no consent is necessary for publication. Availability of data and materials: We queried our data from the 2020 edition of the national inpatient sample, part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization project. NIS is accessible to the public, interested researchers can retrieve the data directly via the HCUP website (https://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/tech_assist/centdist.jsp ) accessed on 01 January 2024). Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: This research received no external funding. Author Contributions: Conceptualization: A.N., BD., A.B.S. Data curation: M.A.Q., A.B.S. Formal analysis: M.A.Q. Methodology: M.A.Q Writing, original draft preparation: A.N., S.V., S.N., M.A.B., M.H.S. Writing, review and editing: A.H.S., T.M., M.I.B., M.H.S., A.B.S., T.C. Supervision: T.C., B.D., A.B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements: The authors thank Sarah Carey, MS, Jade Chang, and Jacalyn Newman, PhD, of Allegheny Health Network’s Health System Publication Support Office (HSPSO) for their assistance in editing and formatting the manuscript. The HSPSO is funded by Highmark Health (Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America) and all work was done in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines (http://www.ismpp.org/gpp3). References Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. Macedo A, Goncalves N, Febra C. COVID-19 fatality rates in hospitalized patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol. 2021;57:14-21. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. 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Patel JR, Amick BC, Vyas KS, Bircan E, Boothe D, Nembhard WN. Gender disparities in symptomology of COVID-19 among adults in Arkansas. Prev Med Rep. 2023;35:102290. Griffith DM, Sharma G, Holliday CS, Enyia OK, Valliere M, Semlow AR, et al. Men and COVID-19: A Biopsychosocial Approach to Understanding Sex Differences in Mortality and Recommendations for Practice and Policy Interventions. Prev Chronic Dis. 2020;17:E63. Jin JM, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu XF, Han DM, et al. Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality. Front Public Health. 2020;8:152. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430-6. Bienvenu LA, Noonan J, Wang X, Peter K. Higher mortality of COVID-19 in males: sex differences in immune response and cardiovascular comorbidities. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(14):2197-206. Vasa A, Kini M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Golestaneh L. Does comorbidity burden explain the higher COVID-19 mortality risk among men? A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of a well-defined cohort of patients in Bronx, New York. BMJ Open. 2022;12(9):e063862. Magesh S, John D, Li WT, Li Y, Mattingly-App A, Jain S, et al. Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(11):e2134147. Oh H, Trinh MP, Vang C, Becerra D. Addressing Barriers to Primary Care Access for Latinos in the U.S.: An Agent-Based Model. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research. 2020;11(2):165-84. Tables Table 1. Demographics and characteristics for patients with COVID-19 without pneumothorax and COVID-19 with pneumothorax. Characteristics COVID-19 with Pneumothorax COVID-19 without Pneumothorax P value N % N % N = 1,572,815 1,550,585 98.59 22,230 1.41 -- Gender (%) N % N % <0.001 Female 750250 48.38 7600 34.19 Male 800335 51.62 14630 65.81 Mean age (years) Mean SD Mean SD Female 63.08 18.90 65.91 14.01 Male 63.51 16.34 63.47 13.86 Age groups (%) N % N % =70 639710 41.26 8565 38.53 Race (%) N % N % <0.001 Asian or Pacific 50640 3.27 775 3.49 Black 296955 19.15 2855 12.84 Hispanic 330615 21.32 7060 31.76 Native American 14510 0.94 320 1.44 Other 65985 4.26 1390 6.25 White 791880 51.07 9830 44.22 Median household income (%) N % N % 0.004 =86k 257655 16.62 3400 15.29 Insurance status (%) N % N % 0.113 Medicaid 222135 14.33 3110 13.99 Medicare 789720 50.93 10925 49.15 No charge 4180 0.27 65 0.29 Other 67510 4.35 1040 4.68 Private Insurance 408925 26.37 6225 28.00 Self-pay 58115 3.75 865 3.89 Hospital region (%) N % N % <0.001 East North Central 243815 15.72 2795 12.57 East South Central 106065 6.84 1490 6.70 Middle Atlantic 231875 14.95 3565 16.04 Mountain 98080 6.33 1685 7.58 New England 59970 3.87 525 2.36 Pacific 175495 11.32 2750 12.37 South Atlantic 318425 20.54 4310 19.39 West North Central 95990 6.19 1085 4.88 West South Central 220870 14.24 4025 18.11 Hospital size (%) N % N % <0.001 Large 723110 46.63 11195 50.36 Medium 449575 28.99 6785 30.52 Small 377900 24.37 4250 19.12 Hospital teaching status (%) N % N % <0.001 Rural 148995 9.61 1270 5.71 Urban nonteaching 293305 18.92 4000 17.99 Urban teaching 1108285 71.48 16960 76.29 Comorbidities (%) N % N % CAD 277475 17.89 3340 15.02 <0.001 MI 65350 4.21 695 3.12 <0.001 HTN 1006520 64.91 13925 62.64 0.001 Diabetes 621075 40.05 9255 41.63 0.032 Cancer 64745 4.18 1100 4.95 0.010 Obesity 409610 26.42 6355 28.59 0.001 Drug Abuse 29180 1.88 405 1.82 0.769 Smoking 397205 25.62 4365 19.64 <0.001 Alcohol 35255 2.27 445 2.00 <0.001 Chronic Pulmonary Disease 335340 21.63 4780 21.50 0.841 Peripheral Vascular Disease 62805 4.05 915 4.11 0.825 CKD 196450 12.67 2365 10.64 <0.001 Hypothyroidism 205760 13.27 2330 10.48 <0.001 Autoimmune 48025 3.09 755 3.39 0.253 Depression 170000 10.96 1680 7.55 <0.001 Dementia 188460 12.15 1295 5.82 <0.001 AIDS 7735.00 0.49 95.00 0.42 0.501 CAD: coronary artery disease, MI: myocardial infarction, HTN: hypertension, CKD: Chronic kidney disease, AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome Table 2. In-hospital outcomes for patients with COVID-19 without pneumothorax and COVID-19 with pneumothorax. Characteristics COVID-19 with Pneumothorax COVID-19 without Pneumothorax P value N % N % N = 1,572,815 1,550,585 98.59 22,230 1.41 -- Disposition (%) N % N % <0.001 Against medical advice 17490 1.13 75 0.34 Died in Hospital 196015 12.64 14625 65.79 Discharged alive unknown destination 900 0.06 5 0.02 Home health care 203090 13.10 1190 5.35 Routine 798955 51.53 1685 7.58 Transfer other 288215 18.59 3650 16.42 Transfer to short-term hospital 45920 2.96 1000 4.50 Complications (%) N % N % In hospital mortality (N= 210,640) 196015 12.64 14625 65.78 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 15.89 (95% CI 14.86 – 17.00) Acute Liver Failure 14585 0.94 1640 7.37 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 7.21 (95% CI 6.39 – 8.13) Sudden Cardiac Arrest 38130 2.45 3620 16.28 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 7.02 (95% CI 6.45 – 7.64) Vasopressor use 37505 2.41 3685 16.57 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 7.15 (95% CI 6.57 – 7.79) Mechanical Circulatory Support 3450 0.22 780 3.50 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 13.99 (95% CI 11.62 – 16.82) AKI 436660 28.16 13480 60.63 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 4.35 (95% CI 4.09 – 4.64) VTE 69790 4.50 3300 14.84 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 3.50 (95% CI 3.21 – 3.81) Cardiogenic shock 8985 0.57 630 2.83 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 4.23 (95% CI 3.52 – 5.10) Hemodialysis 76340 4.92 3690 16.59 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 3.97 (95% CI 3.64 – 4.33) Invasive Mechanical Ventilation 180150 11.61 17105 76.94 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 24.49 (95% CI 22.78 – 26.32) Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation 85925 5.54 4235 19.05 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 3.78 (95% CI 3.49 – 4.08) CVA 25020 1.61 1060 4.76 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 2.89 (95% CI 2.50 – 3.33) Tracheostomy 14475 0.93 2960 13.31 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 14.06 (95% CI 12.76 – 15.49) Chest Tube Placement 9700 0.62 13285 59.76 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 244.93 (95% CI 226.31 – 265.07) Quality parameters Mean total hospitalization charge ($) $86,822.22 $435,507.54 <0.001 Adjusted total charge* = $336782.46 higher for Pneumothorax+ Mean length of stay (days) 7.79 23.59 <0.001 Adjusted length of stay* = 15.34 days higher for Pneumothorax+ AKI: Acute kidney injury, VTE: Venous Thromboembolism, CVA: Cerebrovascular Accident. Table 3. Propensity-matched analysis of demographics and patient characteristics. Characteristics COVID-19 with Pneumothorax COVID-19 without Pneumothorax P value N % N % N = 44,460 22,230 50.00 22,230 50.00 -- Gender (%) N % N % 0.575 Female 7475 33.62 7600 34.19 Male 14755 66.37 14630 65.81 Mean age (years) Mean SD Mean SD Female 65.74 14.95 65.91 14.01 Male 63.91 14.26 63.47 13.86 Age groups (years) N % N % 0.172 18-29 515 2.32 430 1.93 30-49 2825 12.70 2855 12.84 50-69 9950 44.75 10380 46.69 >=70 8940 40.21 8565 38.53 Race (%) N % N % 0.046 Asian or Pacific 730 3.28 775 3.49 Black 2800 12.60 2855 12.84 Hispanic 7175 32.28 7060 31.76 Native American 175 0.79 320 1.44 Other 1250 5.62 1390 6.25 White 10100 45.43 9830 44.22 Median household income (%) N % N % 0.626 =86k 3185 14.33 3400 15.29 Insurance status (%) N % N % 0.992 Medicaid 3110 13.99 3110 13.99 Medicare 11065 49.78 10925 49.15 No charge 60 0.27 65 0.29 Other 1040 4.68 1040 4.68 Private Insurance 6095 27.42 6225 28.00 Self-pay 860 3.87 865 3.89 Hospital Region (%) N % N % <0.001 East North Central 3570 16.06 2795 12.57 East South Central 445 2.00 1490 6.70 Middle Atlantic 7425 33.40 3565 16.04 Mountain 665 2.99 1685 7.58 New England 3600 16.19 525 2.36 Pacific 1250 5.62 2750 12.37 South Atlantic 2815 12.66 4310 19.39 West North Central 880 3.96 1085 4.88 West South Central 1580 7.11 4025 18.11 Hospital size (%) N % N % <0.001 Large 9845 44.29 11195 50.36 Medium 6355 28.59 6785 30.52 Small 6030 27.13 4250 19.12 Hospital teaching status (%) N % N % <0.001 Rural 1685 7.58 1270 5.71 Urban nonteaching 3030 13.63 4000 17.99 Urban teaching 17515 78.79 16960 76.29 Comorbidities (%) N % N % CAD 4130 15.57 3340 15.02 <0.001 MI 955 4.29 695 3.12 0.003 HTN 14120 63.51 13925 62.64 0.391 Diabetes 9270 41.70 9255 41.63 0.948 Cancer 935 4.20 1100 4.95 0.094 Obesity 6145 27.64 6355 28.59 0.321 Drug Abuse 250 1.12 405 1.82 0.006 Smoking 6005 27.01 4365 19.64 <0.001 Alcohol 390 1.75 445 2.00 0.390 Chronic Pulmonary Disease 4480 20.15 4780 21.50 0.117 Peripheral Vascular Disease 770 3.46 915 4.11 0.107 CKD 2705 12.16 2365 10.64 0.023 Hypothyroidism 2210 9.94 2330 10.48 0.400 Autoimmune 575 2.58 755 3.39 0.025 Depression 1555 6.99 1680 7.55 0.307 Dementia 1195 5.37 1295 5.82 0.356 AIDS 120 0.53 95.00 0.42 0.444 CAD: coronary artery disease, MI: myocardial infarction, HTN: hypertension, CKD: Chronic kidney disease, AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome Table 4. Propensity matched analysis of in-hospital outcomes. Characteristics COVID-19 with Pneumothorax COVID-19 without Pneumothorax P value N % N % N = 44,460 22,230 50.00 22,230 50.00 -- Disposition (%) N % N % <0.001 Against medical advice 195 0.88 75 0.34 Died in Hospital 3200 14.39 14625 65.79 Discharged alive unknown destination 20 0.09 5 0.02 Home health care 3205 14.42 1190 5.35 Routine 11150 50.16 1685 7.58 Transfer other 3610 16.24 3650 16.42 Transfer to short-term hospital 850 3.82 1000 4.50 Complications N % N % Acute Liver Failure 260 1.17 1640 7.37 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 6.70 (95% CI 4.98 – 9.02) Sudden Cardiac Arrest 585 2.63 3620 16.28 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 7.40 (95% CI 5.98 – 9.15) In hospital mortality (N= 17,825) 3200 14.39 14625 65.78 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 14.33 (95% CI 12.69 – 16.18) Vasopressor use 725 3.26 3685 16.57 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 7.48 (95% CI 6.15 – 9.10) Mechanical Circulatory Support 65 0.29 780 3.50 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 11.50 (95% CI 6.41 – 20.63) AKI 6675 30.02 13480 60.63 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 4.06 (95% CI 3.68 – 4.49) VTE 1165 5.24 3300 14.84 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 3.21 (95% CI 2.72 – 3.80) Cardiogenic shock 125 0.56 630 2.83 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 5.11 (95% CI 3.31 – 7.89) Hemodialysis 1250 5.62 3690 16.59 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 3.73 (95% CI 3.16 – 4.40) Invasive Mechanical Ventilation 3360 15.11 17105 76.94 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 23.12 (95% CI 20.39 – 26.21) Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation 1300 5.84 4235 19.05 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 3.84 (95% CI 3.28 – 4.50) CVA 365 1.64 1060 4.76 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 3.02 (95% CI 2.30 – 3.97) Tracheostomy 245 1.10 2960 13.31 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 14.15 (95% CI 10.52 – 19.04) Chest Tube Placement 170 0.76 13285 59.76 <0.001 Adjusted odds ratio* = 231.29 (95% CI 163.09 – 328.02) Quality parameters Mean total hospitalization charge ($) $96,667.97 $435,507.54 <0.001 Adjusted total charge* = $320977.60 higher for Pneumothorax+ Mean length of stay (days) 8.56 23.59 <0.001 Adjusted length of stay* = 14.94 days higher for Pneumothorax+ AKI: Acute kidney injury, VTE: Venous Thromboembolism, CVA: Cerebrovascular Accident. Supplemental Table Supplemental Table 1 is not available with this version Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 Jul, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Pulmonary Medicine → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 27 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Mar, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Feb, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 30 Jan, 2024 Editor invited by journal 17 Jan, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 10 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3852176","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":267576625,"identity":"1224eab3-8321-4dea-ab86-9eacb37f854a","order_by":0,"name":"Adeel Nasrullah","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+klEQVRIie3PIU/DQBTA8dcsqWqCrep9hWuW4Ahf5TUVM7eARAxSBWaAbTKxr9B5xFtesplm+kTFYU4XAyjCkaIIl4Ij4f7qnfjl3QMIhf5kCGCGKSIDlEH6E4KfIyHQ9PekqMbI0U25NQidEKtWEi662f3qluDp4dJL0taWEsHmzUE5srPzujtgVNu9f41WxykCR02SOBLzvNJKThLaeYXQZy+vjpyulx/kjWdijEitYnc+F1XrSHHNKAey8JK8tdMUJZdNG59Tccf5xpFtTeQl2b587PsLPlkvJxvTP7PItMpNT1f+84fvfXm7FTxCvmlsSygUCv2j3gGfVWVBL+jN8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Allegheny Health Network","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adeel","middleName":"","lastName":"Nasrullah","suffix":""},{"id":267576626,"identity":"fa616234-82d5-4f2d-952a-f69a359a661f","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammed A. 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Network","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Ali","lastName":"Butt","suffix":""},{"id":267576630,"identity":"aa42b6bd-452f-423d-9076-ae2ef0f680ee","order_by":5,"name":"Muhammad Hassan Shakir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Hassan","lastName":"Shakir","suffix":""},{"id":267576631,"identity":"618bbffd-66c6-46b9-909e-a47f810bfa06","order_by":6,"name":"Amir Humza Sohail","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amir","middleName":"Humza","lastName":"Sohail","suffix":""},{"id":267576632,"identity":"8e527d00-a968-4ff8-96ae-54eb79ef16a3","order_by":7,"name":"Muhammad Ibraiz Bilal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Allegheny Health Network","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Ibraiz","lastName":"Bilal","suffix":""},{"id":267576633,"identity":"57a7d88f-e385-4bfc-8ae9-85c54f6c3e4f","order_by":8,"name":"Taimur Muzammil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Allegheny Health Network","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taimur","middleName":"","lastName":"Muzammil","suffix":""},{"id":267576634,"identity":"d8fbc847-021e-4409-8048-3d25f3fb8203","order_by":9,"name":"Briana DiSilvio","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Allegheny Health Network","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Briana","middleName":"","lastName":"DiSilvio","suffix":""},{"id":267576635,"identity":"a35e003b-2656-41ef-9ebb-36597555fa75","order_by":10,"name":"Abu Baker Sheikh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abu","middleName":"Baker","lastName":"Sheikh","suffix":""},{"id":267576636,"identity":"2d852e04-278f-4861-8b81-37b6670b742d","order_by":11,"name":"Tariq Cheema","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Allegheny Health Network","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tariq","middleName":"","lastName":"Cheema","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-11 03:44:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3852176/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3852176/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-024-03161-z","type":"published","date":"2024-07-31T15:56:50+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61793224,"identity":"80ac69fa-3765-49c9-939d-c24d52432865","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-05 16:02:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1200680,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3852176/v1/75846fbb-3b83-404a-b23c-0323f4035304.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impact of Pneumothorax on Mortality, Morbidity, and Hospital Resource Utilization in COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Matched Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increased morbidity and mortality rates up to 40% in critically ill patients, and to combat this, we must understand the disease's complications, especially those that are potentially life-threatening.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) One such complication is pneumothorax (PTX), a condition observed in both spontaneously breathing patients and those on mechanical ventilation.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) PTX is a potentially crippling complication of COVID-19, with an average reported incidence ranging from 1\u0026ndash;10%, depending on clinical severity.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) There are few studies that address the impact of PTX on morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization among COVID-19 patients, highlighting a significant gap in our understanding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore the COVID-19 pandemic, PTX was a common and potentially fatal complication in mechanically ventilated patients (MVPs) with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with an overall 30-day mortality rate of 40%.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) Mortality was largely attributed to air leaks and acute lung injury. The traditionally high ventilatory volumes and high airway pressure in the diseased lungs caused volutrauma and barotrauma, respectively.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) The overall incidence of PTX decreased from 55\u0026ndash;17% after the implementation of protective lung strategies.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) Other factors related to the occurrence of PTX include history of chronic pulmonary disease, smoking, and ARDS.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch indicates a higher occurrence of PTX in COVID-19 patients independent of their mechanical ventilation status. COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation have higher rates of barotrauma and volutrauma progressing to PTX than patients with conventional ARDS or other viral pneumonias.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) Spontaneous PTX is more prevalent among COVID-19 patients than other critically ill individuals, with incidence rates ranging from 0.3 to 23.8% in the COVID-19 positive population.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e) There are also reports of patients with non-severe COVID-19 developing spontaneous PTX.(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe assessed the influence of PTX on COVID-19 patient mortality rates, morbidity, and healthcare resource utilization. A better understanding of the effect of PTX on COVID-19 patient prognosis will guide treatment of this high-risk cohort. The strategic implementation of preventative strategies may ultimately reduce hospital expenditures and improve outcomes in the COVID-19 positive population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis was a retrospective study conducted using Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 2020. International classification of diseases 10th\u0026mdash;clinical modification (ICD-10-CM) codes were used to retrieve patient samples with comorbid conditions, and ICD-10 procedure codes were used to identify inpatient procedures (Supplemental Table\u0026nbsp;1). All COVID-19 positive patients\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18 years of age admitted to the hospital were included in this study. Variables were divided into patient-related, hospital-related, and indicators of illness severity. We collected patient age, race, sex, insurance status (Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, self-payment, no charge), median income based on patient\u0026rsquo;s zip code, and disposition. We also collected hospital location, teaching status, bed size, and region. Lastly, we collected data indicating illness severity, including length of stay (LOS), mortality, hospitalization cost, comorbidities, and treatment interventions. The primary outcome of our study was in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcomes included intubation and mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis use, mechanical circulatory support use, vasopressor use, non-invasive ventilation, chest tube placement, tracheostomy, cardiovascular accident, cardiogenic shock, venous thromboembolism, acute liver failure, sudden cardiac arrest, LOS, the financial burden on healthcare, and resource utilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor descriptive statistics, continuous variables were summarized as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD), and categorical data were expressed as numbers and percentages. We used univariate analyses for between-group comparisons, the Rao-Scott Chi-square test for categorical variables (e.g., sex and risk factors), and weighted simple linear regression for continuous variables (e.g., age). On the unmatched sample, univariate regression was done to identify independent variables (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.2), which were used to build a multivariate regression model. Because our control group (COVID-19 positive but PTX-negative) had a significantly higher sample than the test group (COVID-19 positive and PTX-positive), we conducted a secondary, propensity score matching analysis (PSM) to confirm results obtained by traditional multivariate analysis. Baseline demographics (age, race, sex, income status, insurance status) were matched using a 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity score with 0.05 caliper width. On matched cohorts, a secondary multivariate regression model was built as described above. All analyses were performed using Stata software version 17.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA), and p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographics and Patient Characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study included 1,572,815 individuals, with 22,230 (1.4%) in the PTX group and 1,550,585 (98.6%) in the non-PTX group (Table 1). The PTX group consisted of more Hispanic patients (31.8% vs. 21.3%) and fewer White patients (44.2% vs. 51.1%) than the non-PTX group (p \u0026lt; 0.001). The PTX group also had a higher proportion of males (65.8% vs. 51.6%, p \u0026lt; 0.001). Patient ages differed between both groups and sexes. There were more patients 50-69 years old in the PTX group (46.7% vs. 37.0%, p \u0026lt; 0.001). Additionally, the average age for females was slightly higher in the PTX group (65.9 years vs. 63.1 years), while it was almost identical for males across both groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a small difference in patient income between the two groups and no difference in insurance. There were more individuals earning less than $49,999 a year in the PTX group than in the non-PTX group (36.4% vs. 34.1%, p = 0.004). However, there were no substantial differences in insurance status between the two groups (p = 0.113).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were differences in hospital division distribution, bed size, and teaching status between the two groups. The West South-Central hospital division saw a significantly higher percentage of PTX cases (18.1% vs. 14.2%, p \u0026lt; 0.001). There was also a higher proportion of PTX patients at large hospitals (50.4% vs. 46.6%, p \u0026lt; 0.001) and urban, teaching hospitals (76.3% vs. 71.5%, p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComorbidity profiles differed between the two groups. PTX patients were less likely to have coronary artery disease (15.0% vs. 17.9%, p \u0026lt; 0.001), myocardial infarction (3.1% vs. 4.2%, p \u0026lt; 0.001), hypertension (62.6% vs. 64.9%, p = 0.001), smoking history (19.6% vs. 25.6%, p \u0026lt; 0.001), chronic kidney disease (10.6% vs. 12.6%, p \u0026lt; 0.001), hypothyroidism (10.5% vs. 13.3%, p \u0026lt; 0.001), depression (7.6% vs. 11.0%, p \u0026lt; 0.001), and dementia (5.8% vs. 12.2%, p \u0026lt; 0.001). They were more likely to have Type 2 diabetes (41.6% vs. 40.1%, p = 0.032), cancer (5.0% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.010), and obesity (28.6% vs. 26.4%, p = 0.001). There were no significant differences in drug abuse, chronic pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, autoimmune disease, or AIDS prevalence. All demographics and patient characteristics from the multivariate analysis are in Table 1, with the PSM results in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn-Hospital Morbidity and Mortality\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn-hospital mortality between PTX and non-PTX COVID-19 patients differed significantly. Of the 1,550,585 non-PTX patients, 12.6% died in the hospital. This was markedly lower than the 65.8% mortality rate among the 22,230 PTX patients. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for in-hospital mortality was significantly high at 15.9 (95% CI 14.9\u0026ndash;17.0), indicating a substantially higher risk of in-hospital death for PTX patients (Table 2). PSM of 44,460 COVID-19 patients (half with PTX, half without) revealed the in-hospital mortality rate was 14.4% for non-PTX patients but 65.8% for PTX patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePTX patients experienced a significantly higher rate of in-hospital complications. For example, the AOR for acute liver failure and sudden cardiac arrest were 7.2 (95% CI 6.4\u0026ndash;8.1) and 7.0 (95% CI 6.5\u0026ndash;7.6), respectively. Additionally, these patients experienced acute kidney injury (AKI) (AOR 4.4, 95% CI 4.1\u0026ndash;4.6), venous thromboembolism (AOR 3.5, 95% CI 3.2\u0026ndash;3.8), cardiogenic shock (AOR 4.2, 95% CI 3.5\u0026ndash;5.1), hemodialysis (AOR 4.0, 95% CI 3.6\u0026ndash;4.3), cerebrovascular accident (AOR 2.9, 95% CI 2.5\u0026ndash;3.3), and tracheostomy placement (AOR 14.1, 95% CI 12.8\u0026ndash;15.5). PSM yielded similar results. PTX patients experienced a higher prevalence of acute liver failure (AOR 6.7, 95% CI 5.0\u0026ndash;9.0), sudden cardiac arrest (AOR 7.4, 95% CI 6.0\u0026ndash;9.2), and vasopressor use (AOR 7.5, 95% CI 6.2\u0026ndash;9.1). PTX patients had greater incidences of cerebrovascular accidents (AOR 3.0, 95% CI 2.3\u0026ndash;4.0) and an increased need for mechanical circulatory support (AOR 11.5, 95% CI 6.4\u0026ndash;20.6). They also showed a greater incidence of AKI (AOR 4.1, 95% CI 3.7\u0026ndash;4.5), venous thromboembolism (AOR 3.2, 95% CI 2.7\u0026ndash;3.8), cardiogenic shock (AOR 5.1, 95% CI 3.3\u0026ndash;7.9), and hemodialysis (AOR 3.7, 95% CI 3.2\u0026ndash;4.4) (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf note, the need for chest tube placement was remarkably higher among PTX patients at 59.8% compared to 0.6% in non-PTX patients, with an AOR of 244.9 (95% CI 226.3\u0026ndash;265.1) (Table 2). Results from PSM showed increased rates of both tracheostomy placement (AOR 14.2, 95% CI 10.5\u0026ndash;19.0) and chest tube placement (AOR 231.3, 95% CI 163.1\u0026ndash;328.0) (Table 4). PSM showed similar trends for mechanical ventilation, with PTX patients having much higher rates of mechanical ventilation, even when separated into invasive (AOR of 23.1; 95% CI 20.4\u0026ndash;26.2) and non-invasive (AOR 3.8; 95% CI 3.3\u0026ndash;4.5) support (Table 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn-Hospital Quality Measures\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe in-hospital quality measures of total charges for each patient and LOS were compared between the PTX and non-PTX cohorts. PTX patients required considerably more resources as reflected in total charges. The mean total hospitalization charge for PTX patients was notably higher than for non-PTX patients ($435,508 vs. $86,822), with a difference in adjusted total charge for PTX patients being $336,782 greater. The mean LOS was also extended for PTX patients at 23.6 days, compared to 7.8 days for non-PTX patients; the adjusted LOS was 15.3 days longer for PTX patients (Table 2). Data from PSM corroborated this trend: PTX patients had a significantly higher mean total hospitalization charge at $435,508 compared to $96,668 for non-PTX patients, which is an adjusted total charge of $320,978 more. Similarly, the mean LOS for PTX patients was 23.6 days, compared to 8.6 days for non-PTX patients, marking an adjusted LOS 14.9 days longer (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDisposition\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHospital dispositions between the two groups differed significantly. More non-PTX patients left against medical advice (1.1% vs. 0.3%), were discharged to home health care (13.1% vs. 5.4%), were discharged routinely (51.5% vs. 7.6%), or were transferred to another care facility (18.6% vs. 16.4%). In contrast, more PTX patients were transferred to a short-term hospital (3.0% vs. 4.5%). PSM produced similar results in outcomes. For example, 0.9% of non-PTX patients left against medical advice compared to 0.3% of PTX patients. These differences, reflected in both AOR and PSM data, highlight the impact of PTX on the course of recovery in COVID-19 patients (Tables 2 and 4).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe found that the average incidence of PTX in COVID-19 patients was 1.41% out of 1.5\u0026nbsp;million people affected in 2020, and patients who developed PTX had a significantly higher mortality rate, greater resource utilization, longer LOS, and higher costs of care. This cohort was more likely to be male, obese, and Hispanic, illuminating socioeconomic, racial, and gender disparities. Patients with PTX required more aggressive treatment interventions and had longer hospital stays, highlighting a need for COVID-19 prevention and treatment optimization to minimize the risks of developing PTX.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 positive individuals with PTX require more support, have longer hospital stays, have higher costs of care, and use more hospital resources. We found that this cohort was more likely to need mechanical circulatory support and interventions like chest tube placement, and were more likely to experience a long, complicated hospital stay that resulted in tracheostomies. Their mean LOS was nearly 15 days longer than the LOS of non-PTX patients. Previous studies have shown that critically ill patients with COVID-19 often require invasive procedures, including central venous access, that possess an additional risk of iatrogenic PTX.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e) Wang et al. found that PTX was associated with high mortality, poor prognosis, and prolonged LOS.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) Costs of care are related to both the LOS and amount of support a patient requires; the PTX patients in our study had significantly higher costs of care than non-PTX patients, with an adjusted mean total hospitalization charge \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e320977.60 higher.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe also compared mortality between the two cohorts. We found that hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients with PTX admitted in US hospitals between January\u0026ndash;December 2020 was nearly 14 times higher than in patients without this complication. Geraci and colleagues reported similar outcomes of a 58% mortality rate in PTX patients and 63% in MVPs.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) Similarly, in another multicenter study, the odds of mortality in patients with COVID-19 related PTX was 7.15 compared to those who did not have PTX.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePTX is closely correlated with a patient needing mechanical ventilation, and both are correlated with high mortality rates. The higher mortality rate in our study is associated with high rates of invasive mechanical ventilation (77% vs 15%). These results are validated by a large multicenter study of 842 critically ill patients (71% MVPs) that showed that PTX patients had a higher mortality rate (63% vs 49%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04), with the odds of in-hospital death increased nearly two-fold.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) PTX patients often have more severe illness and spend more days on mechanical ventilation, placing them at higher risk of needing additional interventions, like tracheostomy and mechanical circulatory support.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) Invasive interventions increase the risk of multi-organ failure or organ damage, resulting in longer hospital stays and greater mortality.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) The extensive support needed by these patients highlights the value of understanding the causes of PTX so it can be prevented.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated PTX may help us understand why this progression is associated with such high mortality rates. Developing COVID-19-associated PTX can be attributed to pathophysiological changes associated with COVID-19 and disease progression. One of the proposed pathological mechanisms, along with a COVID-19 hyperinflammatory state, include viral tropism to peripheral lung pneumocytes with a predisposition to peripheral bronchoalveolar communication, consequently leading to PTX and pneumomediastinum, along with barotrauma associated with positive-pressure ventilation.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) Contrary to this, studies have shown that PTX tends to occur later in the disease course when the hyperinflammatory state has decreased, likely from the dysregulation of lung repair.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) COVID-19 specific therapies potentially reduce viral clearance and interrupt the innate remodeling and repair process that may help prevent PTX.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple factors are associated with developing PTX, including chronic pulmonary disease, smoking, previous history of lung disease, and prolonged intubation.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) Notably, both cohorts in our study had nearly identical rates of pre-existing comorbidities. However, contrary to most studies, there was a higher proportion of obese patients with COVID-19 and PTX. Obese patients are particularly at risk for developing COVID-ARDS and having poor outcomes.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e) Although the association between body mass index (BMI) and PTX has not been established in patients with COVID-19, patients who develop spontaneous PTX tend to have a lower BMI.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) Similarly, a matched case-control study of 427 patients showed that PTX patients had a lower average BMI (22.4) than non-PTX patients (24.5), which falls under the lower range compared to our population.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e) In contrast, a large study composed of 9800 COVID-19 patients, of which 67 developed PTX, two thirds of the affected patients had a BMI over 25.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) Due to the conflicting evidence, additional research is needed to thoroughly assess the association between COVID-19, PTX, and other comorbidities. However, it can be hypothesized that obesity, being a well-established risk factor for severe C-ARDS, may increase the risk of complications, including PTX.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermining a gender difference in the incidence of PTX associated with COVID-19 is complicated. The risk of primary spontaneous PTX is higher among males between the ages of 25\u0026ndash;34 years, with risk increasing with patient height.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e) In our study, males were nearly two times more likely to develop PTX than females. One reason for such differences could be the overall incidence and severity of COVID-19 being higher in the male population than the female population.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests the psychological, social, and behavioral differences in males may play an important role in overall exposure of SARS-COV-2, comorbidities (e.g., smoking), treatment initiation, compliance, and overall mortality.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e) Smaller retrospective studies present similar findings.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e) Records in NHS\u0026rsquo;s OpenSAFELY health analytics platform show being male is a risk factor for COVID-19-related deaths.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e) There is preclinical evidence that sex is important in the genetic and hormonal modulation of immune responses. For example, biological sex influences the expression and regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the main receptor SARS-CoV-2 uses to enter cells.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e) Ineffective anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, coupled with higher pre-existing comorbidities, could explain the increased mortality risk.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e) Hence, it can be extrapolated that being male is a risk factor for developing severe COVID-19 and associated complications, including PTX. However, more studies are required to further evaluate and risk stratify the gender difference in incidence and outcomes associated with PTX.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted long-standing, broad, and pervasive inequities between racial and ethnic minorities. Although the White population overall was most affected, Hispanic patients who were affected by COVID-19 had higher rates of PTX compared to other ethnicities (32% vs 21%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Racial and ethnic minorities often face barriers to healthcare, including socioeconomic factors, overcrowded living situations, high pre-existing comorbidities, systemic implicit bias, and vaccine disparities. These barriers can lead to high COVID-19 rates and thus, high ICU admission rates\u0026mdash;shedding light on the rates of complicated COVID-19-ARDS in the Hispanic population.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e) Further research is imperative to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the racial distribution of COVID-19. While existing studies have highlighted disparities in infection rates, severity of illness, and mortality among different racial and ethnic groups, there are still many unanswered questions and evolving dynamics, including vaccine equity and intersectionality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLimitations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are several limitations of our study to consider, including inherent limitations due to the retrospective nature of the study. One significant limitation is the inability to determine the exact timing of PTX in relation to the initiation of mechanical ventilation, owing to the constraints of the database used. Furthermore, the NIS database employed for this research is administrative in nature, which may not fully encapsulate the intricate details of a patient\u0026rsquo;s hospitalization, such as history, physical examination findings, laboratory values, and imaging/pathological investigation reports. Additionally, these inpatient outcomes may not accurately reflect outpatient trends. It is also crucial to emphasize that these results were compiled prior to the development and widespread administration of effective COVID-19 vaccines. As such, they may not accurately depict current hospitalization patterns in the era of COVID-19 vaccination.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our comprehensive analysis of 1.5\u0026nbsp;million COVID-19 patients during the year 2020, a significant association was established between the presence of PTX and a multitude of adverse outcomes. Specifically, COVID-19 patients who developed PTX exhibited elevated rates of in-hospital mortality, increased reliance on mechanical ventilation, greater vasopressor use, heightened occurrence of AKI, venous thromboembolism, and cerebrovascular accidents, as well as elevated procedural intervention rates, causing increased resource utilization. Risk factors for COVID-19 patients developing PTX were being Hispanic, male, or obese. These findings collectively underscore the profound impact of PTX in the context of COVID-19, emphasizing the critical need for early recognition, preventative measures, and optimized management to mitigate the associated risks, reduce treatment costs, and improve patient outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAKI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eacute kidney injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eadjusted odds ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eARDS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eacute respiratory distress syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBMI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebody mass index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econfidence interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCOVID-19\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoronavirus Disease 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eICD-10-CM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einternational classification of diseases 10th\u0026mdash;clinical modification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLOS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elength of stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMVPs\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emechanically ventilated patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNIS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNationwide Inpatient Sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePSM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epropensity score matching analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePTX\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epneumothorax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePer policy under the USC Office for the Protection of Research Subjects and Institutional Review Board, this study falls under the category of Non-Human Subjects Research (NHSR). A secondary analysis using de-identified data from the HCUP NIS clinical database does not require an IRB or ethics approval, nor does it require consent to participate. Access to the HCUP NIS clinical database was previously purchased by ABS. Data use agreements with the Healthcare Utilization Project was completed during the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePer policy under the USC Office for the Protection of Research Subjects and Institutional Review Board, this study falls under the category of Non-Human Subjects Research (NHSR). As such, no consent is necessary for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eWe queried our data from the 2020 edition of the national inpatient sample, part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization project. NIS is accessible to the public, interested researchers can retrieve the data directly via the HCUP website (https://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/tech_assist/centdist.jsp ) accessed on 01 January 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThis research received no external funding. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: A.N., BD., A.B.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData curation: M.A.Q., A.B.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFormal analysis: M.A.Q. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethodology: M.A.Q\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting, original draft preparation: A.N., S.V., S.N., M.A.B., M.H.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWriting, review and editing: A.H.S., T.M., M.I.B., M.H.S., A.B.S., T.C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupervision: T.C., B.D., A.B.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors thank Sarah Carey, MS, Jade Chang, and Jacalyn Newman, PhD, of Allegheny Health Network’s Health System Publication Support Office (HSPSO) for their assistance in editing and formatting the manuscript. The HSPSO is funded by Highmark Health (Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America) and all work was done in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines (http://www.ismpp.org/gpp3). \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHuang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMacedo A, Goncalves N, Febra C. COVID-19 fatality rates in hospitalized patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol. 2021;57:14-21.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGuan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWang XH, Duan J, Han X, Liu X, Zhou J, Wang X, et al. High incidence and mortality of pneumothorax in critically Ill patients with COVID-19. Heart Lung. 2021;50(1):37-43.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWeg JG, Anzueto A, Balk RA, Wiedemann HP, Pattishall EN, Schork MA, Wagner LA. The relation of pneumothorax and other air leaks to mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(6):341-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHsu CW, Sun SF. Iatrogenic pneumothorax related to mechanical ventilation. World J Crit Care Med. 2014;3(1):8-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMiller MP, Sagy M. Pressure characteristics of mechanical ventilation and incidence of pneumothorax before and after the implementation of protective lung strategies in the management of pediatric patients with severe ARDS. Chest. 2008;134(5):969-73.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTerzi E, Zarogoulidis K, Kougioumtzi I, Dryllis G, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumothorax. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(Suppl 4):S435-42.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZantah M, Dominguez Castillo E, Townsend R, Dikengil F, Criner GJ. Pneumothorax in COVID-19 disease- incidence and clinical characteristics. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):236.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdusumilli S, Bhargava A, Franco R, editors. 251. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19. Open Forum Infectious Diseases; 2022: Oxford University Press US.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGeraci TC, Williams D, Chen S, Grossi E, Chang S, Cerfolio RJ, et al. Incidence, Management, and Outcomes of Patients With COVID-19 and Pneumothorax. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;114(2):401-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBelletti A, Palumbo D, Zangrillo A, Fominskiy EV, Franchini S, Dell\u0026apos;Acqua A, et al. Predictors of Pneumothorax/Pneumomediastinum in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021;35(12):3642-51.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChong WH, Saha BK, Hu K, Chopra A. The incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of pneumothorax in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A systematic review. Heart Lung. 2021;50(5):599-608.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChopra A, Al-Tarbsheh AH, Shah NJ, Yaqoob H, Hu K, Feustel PJ, et al. Pneumothorax in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection: Incidence, clinical characteristics and outcomes in a case control multicenter study. Respir Med. 2021;184:106464.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLemmers DHL, Abu Hilal M, Bna C, Prezioso C, Cavallo E, Nencini N, et al. Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19: barotrauma or lung frailty? ERJ Open Res. 2020;6(4).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEkanem E, Podder S, Donthi N, Bakhshi H, Stodghill J, Khandhar S, et al. Spontaneous pneumothorax: An emerging complication of COVID-19 pneumonia. Heart Lung. 2021;50(3):437-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSelvaraj V, Dapaah-Afriyie K. Iatrogenic Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum in a Patient with COVID-19. R I Med J (2013). 2020;103(10):32-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkram J, Yousaf Z, Alabbas Y, Almoyaaf MIA, Ibrahim ASS, Kharma N. Epidemiological and outcome analysis of COVID-19-associated pneumothorax: multicentre retrospective critical care experience from Qatar. BMJ Open. 2022;12(2):e053398.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePiazza C, Filauro M, Dikkers FG, Nouraei SAR, Sandu K, Sittel C, et al. Long-term intubation and high rate of tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients might determine an unprecedented increase of airway stenoses: a call to action from the European Laryngological Society. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(1):1-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJamil AK, Alam A, Youssef RM, Felius J, van Zyl JS, Gottlieb RL. Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 Suggest a Pneumocystic Pathology. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021;5(5):827-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTaha M, Elahi M, Wahby K, Samavati L. Incidence and risk factors of COVID-19 associated pneumothorax. PLoS One. 2022;17(8):e0271964.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMemtsoudis SG, Ivascu NS, Pryor KO, Goldstein PA. Obesity as a risk factor for poor outcome in COVID-19-induced lung injury: the potential role of undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea. Br J Anaesth. 2020;125(2):e262-e3.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTan J, Yang Y, Zhong J, Zuo C, Tang H, Zhao H, et al. Association Between BMI and Recurrence of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax. World J Surg. 2017;41(5):1274-80.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLee SJ, Kim J, Lee KH, Lee JA, Kim CH, Lee SH, et al. Risk factors of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in COVID-19: a matched case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):137.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eErshadi R, Rafieian S, Salehi M, Kazemizadeh H, Amini H, Sohrabi M, et al. COVID-19 and spontaneous pneumothorax: a survival analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2023;18(1):211.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMelton LJ, 3rd, Hepper NG, Offord KP. Influence of height on the risk of spontaneous pneumothorax. Mayo Clin Proc. 1981;56(11):678-82.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePatel JR, Amick BC, Vyas KS, Bircan E, Boothe D, Nembhard WN. Gender disparities in symptomology of COVID-19 among adults in Arkansas. Prev Med Rep. 2023;35:102290.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGriffith DM, Sharma G, Holliday CS, Enyia OK, Valliere M, Semlow AR, et al. Men and COVID-19: A Biopsychosocial Approach to Understanding Sex Differences in Mortality and Recommendations for Practice and Policy Interventions. Prev Chronic Dis. 2020;17:E63.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJin JM, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu XF, Han DM, et al. Gender Differences in Patients With COVID-19: Focus on Severity and Mortality. Front Public Health. 2020;8:152.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWilliamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBienvenu LA, Noonan J, Wang X, Peter K. Higher mortality of COVID-19 in males: sex differences in immune response and cardiovascular comorbidities. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(14):2197-206.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVasa A, Kini M, Neugarten J, Bellin E, Golestaneh L. Does comorbidity burden explain the higher COVID-19 mortality risk among men? A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of a well-defined cohort of patients in Bronx, New York. BMJ Open. 2022;12(9):e063862.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMagesh S, John D, Li WT, Li Y, Mattingly-App A, Jain S, et al. Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(11):e2134147.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOh H, Trinh MP, Vang C, Becerra D. Addressing Barriers to Primary Care Access for Latinos in the U.S.: An Agent-Based Model. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research. 2020;11(2):165-84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDemographics and characteristics for patients with COVID-19 without pneumothorax and COVID-19 with pneumothorax.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.08130081300813%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 with Pneumothorax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.056910569105693%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 without Pneumothorax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN = 1,572,815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,550,585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e750250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean age (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge groups (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e572960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e639710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsian or Pacific\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e296955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHispanic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNative American\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14510\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e791880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian household income (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;= 49,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e528455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50k-64,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65k-85,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e344215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=86k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsurance status (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedicaid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedicare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e789720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo charge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67510\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Insurance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e408925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-pay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital region (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEast North Central\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEast South Central\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle Atlantic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew England\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePacific\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Atlantic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWest North Central\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWest South Central\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital size (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e723110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e449575\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e377900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital teaching status (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban nonteaching\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban teaching\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1108285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComorbidities (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCAD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e695\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHTN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1006520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e621075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCancer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e409610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrug Abuse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic Pulmonary Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeripheral Vascular Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e915\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.825\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCKD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypothyroidism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAutoimmune\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.130081300813007%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAIDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7735.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.121951219512194%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.447154471544716%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.731707317073171%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCAD: coronary artery disease, MI: myocardial infarction, HTN: hypertension, CKD: Chronic kidney disease, AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIn-hospital outcomes for patients with COVID-19 without pneumothorax and COVID-19 with pneumothorax.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.01282051282051%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.044871794871796%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 with Pneumothorax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.884615384615383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 without Pneumothorax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.057692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN = 1,572,815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,550,585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisposition (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgainst medical advice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDied in Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDischarged alive unknown destination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome health care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoutine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e798955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransfer other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3650\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransfer to short-term hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplications (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn hospital mortality (N= 210,640)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 15.89 (95% CI 14.86 \u0026ndash; 17.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcute Liver Failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 7.21 (95% CI 6.39 \u0026ndash; 8.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSudden Cardiac Arrest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 7.02 (95% CI 6.45 \u0026ndash; 7.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVasopressor use\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 7.15 (95% CI 6.57 \u0026ndash; 7.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMechanical Circulatory Support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 13.99 (95% CI 11.62 \u0026ndash; 16.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAKI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e436660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 4.35 (95% CI 4.09 \u0026ndash; 4.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVTE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 3.50 (95% CI 3.21 \u0026ndash; 3.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiogenic shock\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 4.23 (95% CI 3.52 \u0026ndash; 5.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHemodialysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 3.97 (95% CI 3.64 \u0026ndash; 4.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInvasive Mechanical Ventilation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 24.49 (95% CI 22.78 \u0026ndash; 26.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 3.78 (95% CI 3.49 \u0026ndash; 4.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCVA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 2.89 (95% CI 2.50 \u0026ndash; 3.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTracheostomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 14.06 (95% CI 12.76 \u0026ndash; 15.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.06581059390048%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChest Tube Placement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.964686998394864%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.075441412520064%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 244.93 (95% CI 226.31 \u0026ndash; 265.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.01282051282051%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.044871794871796%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.884615384615383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.057692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.01282051282051%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuality parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.044871794871796%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.884615384615383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.057692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.01282051282051%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean total hospitalization charge ($)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.044871794871796%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e$86,822.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.884615384615383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e$435,507.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.057692307692308%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted total charge* = $336782.46 higher for Pneumothorax+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.01282051282051%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean length of stay (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.044871794871796%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.884615384615383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.057692307692308%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted length of stay* = 15.34 days higher for Pneumothorax+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAKI: Acute kidney injury, VTE: Venous Thromboembolism, CVA: Cerebrovascular Accident.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePropensity-matched analysis of demographics and patient characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.903225806451612%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.838709677419356%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 with Pneumothorax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.967741935483872%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 without Pneumothorax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.290322580645162%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN = 44,460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.575\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean age (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge groups (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2825\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8940\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRace (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsian or Pacific\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHispanic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNative American\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian household income (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;= 49,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50k-64,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65k-85,999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=86k\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsurance status (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedicaid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedicare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo charge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate Insurance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-pay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital Region (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEast North Central\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEast South Central\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle Atlantic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNew England\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePacific\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Atlantic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWest North Central\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWest South Central\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital size (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital teaching status (%) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban nonteaching\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban teaching\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComorbidities (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCAD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e695\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHTN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.948\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCancer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrug Abuse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic Pulmonary Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeripheral Vascular Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e915\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCKD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypothyroidism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAutoimmune\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e575\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDementia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.85829307568438%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAIDS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.97584541062802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.458937198067632%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.272141706924316%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCAD: coronary artery disease, MI: myocardial infarction, HTN: hypertension, CKD: Chronic kidney disease, AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePropensity matched analysis of in-hospital outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.306688417618272%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.179445350734095%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 with Pneumothorax\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.88907014681892%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 without Pneumothorax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.624796084828711%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN = 44,460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisposition (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgainst medical advice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDied in Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDischarged alive unknown destination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome health care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoutine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransfer other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3650\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransfer to short-term hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComplications\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcute Liver Failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 6.70 (95% CI 4.98 \u0026ndash; 9.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSudden Cardiac Arrest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 7.40 (95% CI 5.98 \u0026ndash; 9.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn hospital mortality (N= 17,825)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 14.33 (95% CI 12.69 \u0026ndash; 16.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVasopressor use\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 7.48 (95% CI 6.15 \u0026ndash; 9.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMechanical Circulatory Support\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 11.50 (95% CI 6.41 \u0026ndash; 20.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAKI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6675\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 4.06 (95% CI 3.68 \u0026ndash; 4.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVTE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 3.21 (95% CI 2.72 \u0026ndash; 3.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiogenic shock\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 5.11 (95% CI 3.31 \u0026ndash; 7.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHemodialysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 3.73 (95% CI 3.16 \u0026ndash; 4.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInvasive Mechanical Ventilation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 23.12 (95% CI 20.39 \u0026ndash; 26.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 3.84 (95% CI 3.28 \u0026ndash; 4.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCVA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 3.02 (95% CI 2.30 \u0026ndash; 3.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTracheostomy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 14.15 (95% CI 10.52 \u0026ndash; 19.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChest Tube Placement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted odds ratio* = 231.29 (95% CI 163.09 \u0026ndash; 328.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.267100977198698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuality parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.146579804560261%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.91530944625407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.609120521172638%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.306688417618272%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean total hospitalization charge ($)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.179445350734095%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e$96,667.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.88907014681892%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e$435,507.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.624796084828711%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted total charge* = $320977.60 higher for Pneumothorax+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.306688417618272%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean length of stay (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.179445350734095%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.88907014681892%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.624796084828711%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted length of stay* = 14.94 days higher for Pneumothorax+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;AKI: Acute kidney injury, VTE: Venous Thromboembolism, CVA: Cerebrovascular Accident.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Supplemental Table","content":"\u003cp\u003eSupplemental Table 1 is not available with this version\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pulmonary-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pulm","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pulmonary Medicine](http://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pulm/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pneumothorax, complications, mortality, prevalence, national inpatient sample","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3852176/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3852176/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpontaneous pneumothorax (PTX) is more prevalent among COVID-19 patients than other critically ill patients, but studies on this are limited. This study compared clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes among COVID-19 patients with concomitant PTX to provide insight into how PTX affects health care utilization and complications, which informs clinical decisions and healthcare resource allocation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 2020 Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used analyze patient demographics and outcomes, including age, race, sex, insurance status, median income, length of hospital stay, mortality rate, hospitalization costs, comorbidities, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support. Propensity score matching was employed for additional analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Among 1,572,815 COVID-19 patients, 1.41% had PTX. These patients incurred significantly higher hospitalization costs (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e435,508 vs. \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e96,668, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and longer stays (23.6 days vs. 8.6 days, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). In-hospital mortality was substantially elevated for PTX patients (65.8% vs. 14.4%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with an adjusted odds ratio of 14.3 (95% CI 12.7\u0026ndash;16.2). Additionally, these patients were more likely to require vasopressors (16.6% vs. 3.3%), mechanical circulatory support (3.5% vs. 0.3%), hemodialysis (16.6% vs. 5.6%), invasive mechanical ventilation (76.9% vs. 15.1%), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (19.1% vs. 5.8%), tracheostomy (13.3% vs. 1.1%), and chest tube placement (59.8% vs. 0.8%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings highlight the severe impact of PTX on COVID-19 patients, characterized by higher mortality, more complications, and increased resource utilization. Also, being Hispanic, male, or obese increased the risk of developing concomitant PTX with COVID-19.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Pneumothorax on Mortality, Morbidity, and Hospital Resource Utilization in COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Matched Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-18 15:45:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3852176/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-05-06T05:58:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-27T15:41:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"78a7cc8b-afdb-4161-9ac8-91d238f97b5a","date":"2024-03-20T15:28:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-02-10T23:16:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"5256cf53-b3bd-4cf3-8332-2e0f65e06dcb","date":"2024-02-04T15:34:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-01-30T12:08:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-01-30T12:05:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-01-17T06:46:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-01-17T06:44:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","date":"2024-01-11T03:29:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pulmonary-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pulm","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pulmonary Medicine](http://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pulm/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"297831a9-2e13-4b38-b34c-8a3ac43e3187","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-05T15:58:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3852176","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-024-03161-z","journal":{"identity":"bmc-pulmonary-medicine","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Pulmonary Medicine"},"publishedOn":"2024-07-31 15:56:50","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 31st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-18 15:45:29","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12890-024-03161-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-024-03161-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3852176","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3852176","identity":"rs-3852176","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}