Racial Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty and Minority Stress among Syrian Refugees: Conditional Effects of Age and Length of Stay

Racial Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty and Minority Stress among Syrian Refugees: Conditional Effects of Age and Length of Stay | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Racial Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty and Minority Stress among Syrian Refugees: Conditional Effects of Age and Length of Stay Mustafa Özmen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6541121/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Refugees are often systematically exposed to racial microaggressions. It is important to understand to what extent and which psychosocial processes are affected by microaggressive experiences in the integration process with the local population. In addition, understanding the demographic structures that determine this process will facilitate the handling of the problem as a whole. Aim : To investigate the role of intolerance of uncertainty in the effect of racial microaggression on minority stress among Syrian Refugees and to examine the moderating effect of age and length of stay in this moderated mediation model. Design : Cross-sectional design suitable for quantitative study. Method : Data were collected between January and February 2024 for a sample of 395 Syrian asylum seekers, representative of the general population. The effect of moderation and mediation was tested with the PROCESS macro (Model 5) for SPSS 23.0 by Hayes using 5000 bootstrap samples. Results : Intolerance of uncertainty significantly mediated the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress at 95% confidence intervals, not including zero. Age moderated the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress, while length of stay did not have a significant moderating effect on the same relationship. Conclusion : Excessive exposure to racial microaggressions may increase Syrian asylum seekers' intolerance to uncertainty and minority stress, and such psychosocial problems are at higher risk in older asylum seekers. Racial Microaggression Intolerance of Uncertainty Minority Stress Age and Length of Stay Syrian Refugees Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction More than 100 million people around the world have been forced to flee their homes for forced reasons [1]. Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world [2]. According to data from the Presidency of Migration Management (PMM) [3] more than 3.3 million Syrian nationals are currently registered in Turkey. In Turkey, Syrian nationals constitute approximately 3.85% of the total population [3, 4]. Initially, it was thought that migration to Turkey was temporary and that migrants would return to their countries after a while. However, over time, an "acceptance" began to form in the local population that they could live with Syrians for a while longer [5]. This has led the Turkish public to consider Syrians as an important risk factor both economically and socioculturally [6]. The fact that Syrians have been in Turkey for more than 10 years has also triggered some racially-based local problems [7]. It has been observed that the negative perception towards Syrians has strengthened and the rate of those who support the return of Syrians to their home countries has systematically increased, reaching approximately 82% [8]. Previous studies also show that refugees differ negatively in terms of stress, depression and trauma compared to the general population [9]. However, the relationship between being a minority group member and mental disorders in Turkey is not well understood. In this context, there is a very limited number of studies in the field of microaggression, which is an important source in terms of mental disorders [10, 11, 12]. Microaggression is a pattern of verbal or nonverbal degrading behaviors that include daily humiliations and othering, either intentionally or unintentionally, towards minorities [13]. In a qualitative study examining racial microaggression in Turkey, it was revealed that foreign students were intensely exposed to microaggressive behaviors [11]. Awareness of the concept of microaggression in Turkey may provide resources to reduce unconscious, implicit or explicit devaluing and exclusionary attitudes and discourses [14]. Because in a study conducted two years apart, xenophobia (xenophobia) increased significantly [15]. In this framework, it is also important to understand what kind of effect microaggression, a very specific form of racism, has on certain psychological and social structures. As a matter of fact, the large number of Syrians in Turkey and the fact that they are considered as a source of a significant socio-political problem [7], it is possible that more victimization in terms of microaggression may occur in the case of Syrians compared to other racial structures. Explicit or implicit exclusionary and marginalizing attitudes towards racial minorities are directly related to many mental health problems [16, 17, 18]. For example, decreased self-esteem is more likely to lead to stress in Asian Americans in the US than in White Americans [19]. In studies conducted with Syrian refugees, it was found that they had high levels of clinical depression, fear and helplessness as well as significant mental disorders [20, 21]. Likewise, studies comparing local and refugee populations found significant differences in depression and social support resources between the two groups, to the detriment of refugees [22]. Previous studies on microaggression have pointed to a significant increase in traumatic stress symptoms due to racial microaggression in minority individuals [23]. In this context, although microaggression may initially appear harmless, its systemic and everyday nature leads to chronic psychological wounds in the medium and long term [24]. Microaggression has a wide range of effects from quality of life to physical health and negative self-design [25, 26]. Because, microaggression can lead to much more severe psychological consequences than overt and blatant racism in traditional patterns [27, 28]. This may be due to the fact that microaggression is a subtle and nuanced form of professional coercion [29], and that well-intentioned people may not be aware of the potential impact of their words [30]. There are studies showing that overt or covert discrimination causes similar levels of harm to psychological health and that strategic/artful racism should be considered at least as much as traditional racism [31]. Since racial microaggression represents a very specific form of racism, there is a limited number of studies that specifically address its relationship with intolerance of uncertainty [32]. The concept of intolerance of uncertainty is the habit of evaluating information negatively by inflating the perceived threat of an uncertain situation [33]. Intolerance of uncertainty has a reinforcing effect on the effect of microaggression on anxiety [32]. Because minority group members with low tolerance for uncertainty are much more vulnerable to some mental disorders [34]. Only a very limited number of people who migrate for compulsory reasons have a permanent and continuous living space [1]. Therefore, it is unlikely that migrants have a perception of a safe and comfortable future. Previous studies have positively associated perceived racial stress with intolerance of uncertainty [35]. In this study, it is hypothesized that whether Syrians consider Turkey as a permanent place and their hopes for the future have a causal relationship with the intolerance of uncertainty they experience and the resulting minority stress they experience. Therefore, Syrians' exposure to microaggression may increase their intolerance to uncertainty. According to Mahoney and [36] individuals with high intolerance to uncertainty may withdraw and remain completely inactive due to uncertainty, which may reduce activation and initiate a chronic isolation process. It is clear that this situation is also related to minority stress. Minority stress refers to the special stress that an individual experiences by identifying with his/her own group as a result of being stigmatized and exposed to exclusionary factors [37]. The possibility that Syrians in Turkey may gradually separate from the mainstream cultural structure and turn into a closed society [38] has revealed the need to address minority stress processes in an inclusive manner. As a result, Syrians residing in Turkey with "temporary protection" status are likely to experience uncertainty in a wide spectrum of issues ranging from education to economy, human rights to shelter, integration to marginalization. In fact, a study on unauthorized immigrant status in the US found that these people are extremely vulnerable in terms of their emotional state [39]. Considering the above studies, it seems plausible that intolerance of uncertainty has a mediating effect in the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress. Some moderator variables can be identified that influence the strength of the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress and that will allow the model to be examined from a holistic perspective. As the length of stay of Chinese students studying in the United States increased, there was a slight increase in microaggression. However, this did not indicate a significant effect in terms of prediction [40]. Depending on the time immigrants spend in a country, many mental health components such as acculturation stress and self-perception are negatively affected [41]. Similarly, perceived discrimination has a significant interaction with age [21]. It is possible to say that with the increasing awareness of discrimination in immigrants with age, individuals' mental health may become more fragile and they may be overwhelmed more under the accumulated burden [42, 43]. However, some studies show that the length of stay of minorities in the host society is not associated with adaptation processes such as paranoia and leaving the workplace, and there is no relationship between age and ethnic discrimination [44]. However, it has been observed that members of ethnic minority groups with increased length of stay in the US have increased suicidal tendencies [45]. Similarly, as the length of stay of Syrians in Turkey increased, the perception of threat against Syrians among the local population strengthened [7, 46]. However, it is necessary to examine how Syrians perceive this increasing threat in the context of the interaction of some specific psychological and demographic constructs. In this context, a study conducted in Izmir, Turkey found a significant positive correlation between age and Syrians' perception of threat to their beliefs and culture, but a significant negative correlation between the proportion of their life spent in Izmir and their perception of threat to their beliefs and culture [47]. As a result, empirical findings regarding the moderating effect of length of stay vary [41, 40]. The literature on whether individuals' age has a moderating effect is relatively more consistent [21, 42, 47]. Therefore, the interaction between social and psychological structures may differ in each ethnic and cultural structure [48]. The current study attempted to examine the mediating and moderating variables in the effect of microaggression on minority stress in the case of Syrians in Turkey (see Figure 1 for the conceptual model). With reference to the above theoretical and empirical framework, an indirect effect model was constructed in which the length of stay and age of Syrians in Turkey were defined as moderator variables and intolerance of uncertainty as mediator variable. According to Hypothesis 1, racial microaggression is associated with increased intolerance of uncertainty, which in turn is associated with higher minority stress. Furthermore, hypothesis 2 predicts that the length of stay of Syrians in Turkey and age will moderate the linear relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress. Methods Participants and Procedure The data of the study were collected in January-February 2024. After obtaining approval from the Scientific Ethics Review Board of the university, the participants were provided with scale forms that they could fill in 10-15 minutes. The study was conducted in accordance with the criteria set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. Total participants of the study consisted of 450 people. 55 people (12.2%) who responded incorrectly to the control item in the measurement tool ("Please mark '3' for this item.") were excluded from the analysis. Of the 395 participants, 191 (48.4%) were female and 204 (51.6%) were male. The age range of the participants was between 17 and 40 ( M = 22.10). The length of stay in Turkey ranged between 1 and 18 ( M = 7.90) years. The current sample was drawn from a large dataset residing in different regions of Turkey. The data were obtained using online infrastructure systems in which university students were involved and supported. Google Forms documents prepared by the researcher were delivered to the target audience via Whattsap groups and e-mail. Participants were not given any gifts or points for participating in the study. Measures Demographics questionnaire. It consists of demographic questions including age, gender, education level, region of residence and length of stay in Turkey. Racial Microaggression Scale (RMS). Developed by Mercer et al. [49] and adapted into Turkish by Özmen et al. [12], the Racial Microaggression Scale is a 14-item Likert-type self-report instrument scored from 0 ( This never happened ) to 4 ( This event happened and I was extremely upset ). The RMS was developed to determine the extent to which members of racial minority groups are exposed to microaggressions. Example item: " When I talked about difficulties related to my racial/ethnic background, someone told me that everyone can succeed if they work hard ". High scores indicate high levels of Racial Microaggression. Previous research shows that the IIMS provides sufficient evidence of its reliability [α = .87; 50]. The RMS also showed good reliability (α = .88) in the current study. Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). Developed by Carleton et al. [51] and adapted into Turkish by Sarıçam et al. [52], the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale is a 12-item Likert-type scale that is scored from 1 ( not at all suitable for me ) to 5 ( completely suitable for me ). The IUS consists of two sub-dimensions: prospective anxiety and inhibitory anxiety. In the present study, the 7-item prospective anxiety sub-dimension was used. Sample item: " I cannot tolerate being caught unprepared for a situation ". High scores indicate a high level of intolerance to uncertainty. In the adaptation study of the IUS, the prospective anxiety subscale provided sufficient evidence for its reliability [α = .84; 52]. In the current study, it was also found that the IUS had an acceptable reliability (α = .72) for the prospective anxiety sub-dimension. Minority Situation Stress Scale (MSSS). The Minority Stress Scale, developed by Smedley et al. [53], is a 33-item Likert-type self-report instrument scored from 1 ( not at all stressful ) to 5 ( extremely stressful ). The MSSS consists of 5 sub-dimensions: social climate stress, interracial stress, racism and discrimination stress, in-group stress, and achievement stress. In this study, the 7-item interracial stress sub-dimension was used. Example item: " Having to live mostly around Turkish ". High scores indicate high levels of minority stress. Previous research has provided sufficient evidence of the reliability of the MSSS [α = .80; 54]. In the present study, the MSSS was also found to have good reliability (α = .79). Results Data Analytic Strategy The hypothetical model with one mediating variable and two moderating variables was analyzed using PROCESS macro [ 55 ] model 5 with IBM SPSS 23 package program with 5000 bootstrapping resampling method. In the mediation and moderation analyses of this study, indirect effects were defined as significant if they did not sum to zero at 95% confidence interval [ 56 ]. Bias-corrected bootstrap analyses have been shown to be the most powerful mediation analyses [ 57 ]. Microaggression was defined as the dependent variable (X), minority stress as the independent variable (Y), intolerance of uncertainty as the mediating variable (M), and length of stay and age as moderating variables (W). Preliminary Analyses The study was conducted on a final sample of 395 data sets. Before testing the structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses, the skewness and kurtosis values of the study were analyzed. The data fulfilled the normality assumptions [ 58 ]. Table 1 Averages, Standard Deviation, Score Ranges, Internal Consistency Coefficients and Correlation Coefficients of Variables Variables 1 2 3 4 5 M SD Range α 1. Racial microaggression — 2.22 .83 1–5 .88 2. Intolerance of uncertainty .20 ** — 3.09 .83 1–5 .72 3. Minority stress .47 ** .30 ** — 2.47 .87 1–5 .79 4. Length of stay .05 − .01 − .03 — 7.90 2.70 5. Age − .03 − .05 .01 − .08 — 22.10 3.16 ** p < .01. Bivariate correlations and descriptive statistics are reported in Table 1 . Microaggression is positively correlated with intolerance of uncertainty ( r = .20, p < .001) and minority stress ( r = .47, p < .001). Intolerance of uncertainty is positively correlated with minority stress ( r = .30, p < .001). Racial microaggression scores ( M = 2.22; SD = .83) and minority stress scores ( M = 3.09; SD = .83) were at an average value, while intolerance of uncertainty scores ( M = 2.47; SD = .87) were slightly above average. In moderated moderation analyses, it is recommended to test moderator variables separately to determine whether they are statistically different from zero [ 59 ]. In this framework, in the first moderated moderation model, the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty, racial microaggression and minority stress was tested. We also separately tested whether length of stay and age moderated the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress. Table 2 Moderated Mediation Analysis for Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Length of Stay and Minority stress Variables B SE t Mediator— Intolerance of uncertainty Predictor: racial microaggressions .10 .02 4.01*** Outcome— minority stress Moderator: length of stay − .12 .10 -1.26 Mediator: intolerance of uncertainty .23 .05 5.03*** Predictor: racial microaggressions .22 .02 9.74*** Interaction: racial microaggression x length of stay − .01 .01 -1.87† Boot direct effect/index Boot SE 95% CI -1 SD .27 .03 .202, .333 Mean .22 .02 .180, .271 + 1 SD .18 .03 .122, .245 Note . CI = confidence interval; SE = standard error † p < .10. ** p < .01. *** p < .001. In the first moderated mediation model, the mediating effect of intolerance of uncertainty on the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress and the moderating effect of the length of stay of Syrians in Turkey on the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress were tested. As shown in Table 2 , racial microaggression is highly associated with intolerance of uncertainty. This in turn is strongly associated with minority stress (Overall model R 2 = .27, p < .001). Racial microaggression x length of stay interaction term did not significantly moderate minority stress. After including all variables in the model, racial microaggression significantly predicted minority stress. The moderated mediation index ( p > .05 (0.628); [-.03, 01]) provided evidence suggesting that it was not statistically different from zero. However, 95% confidence intervals (95% confidence intervals) did not include zero at all levels (1 SD below the mean, at the mean, and 1 SD above the mean) of the direct effect. Figure 2 shows a graphical presentation of the moderator effect. In the moderated mediation analysis process described above, the effects of individuals' age as a moderator and intolerance of uncertainty as a mediating variable were examined. As seen in Table 3, racial microaggression has a significant relationship with intolerance of uncertainty. This relationship significantly predicts minority stress (overall model R 2 = .27, p < .001). The interactional effect of racial microaggression x age on minority stress is statistically significant. At 95% confidence intervals, all age ranges (1 SD below the mean, at the mean, and 1 SD above the mean) did not statistically cover zero. As seen in Table 3, the moderating effect of age is stronger in the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress in older individuals. As seen in the graphical representation of the moderating effect in Fig. 3, among individuals with high racial microaggression, those in older age groups were more likely to be associated with higher levels of minority stress compared to younger individuals. Discussion The main aim of this study was to examine a conditional effect model to examine the social and psychological effects of racial microaggression for Syrians. The model revealed that there is a mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty and a functioning of ethnic minimizations/humiliations that contribute to minority stress. Situations where these relationships may be exacerbated are also highlighted. The research hypothesis ( hypothesis 1 ), which emphasized that racial microaggression is associated with intolerance of uncertainty, which in turn may be significantly related to minority stress, was confirmed. The length of stay of Syrians in Turkey did not significantly moderate the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress. The moderating effect was significant at low, medium and high levels. However, since the interaction effect was not significant, it seems impossible to talk about the effect of length of stay on the effect of racial microaggression on minority stress. However, it was found that the age of Syrians had a moderating effect on the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress. In other words, the minority stress experienced by Syrians due to racial microaggression is largely dependent on their age. In this framework, hypothesis 2 was partially confirmed. These results are consistent with previous studies that infer that mental health problems due to microaggression are age-related [ 21 , 42 , 43 , 47 ]. However, no moderated mediation study was found to test the relationship between racial microaggression and Syrians' mental health. Moreover, the present study clearly demonstrated the result that emerged due to the interaction of psychological and social resources that lead to minority stress in terms of intolerance of uncertainty. Tablo 3 Moderated Mediation Analysis for Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Age and Minority stress Variables B SE t Mediator— Intolerance of uncertainty Predictor: racial microaggressions .10 .02 4.01*** Outcome— minority stress Moderator: age .09 .08 1.09 Mediator: intolerance of uncertainty .23 .05 5.08*** Predictor: racial microaggressions .21 .02 9.40*** Interaction: racial microaggression x age .02 .01 2.48* Boot direct effect/index Boot SE 95% CI -1 SD .16 .03 .098, .228 Mean .21 .02 .172, .262 + 1 SD .27 .03 .211, .331 Note . CI = confidence interval; SE = standard error * p < .05. *** p < .001. In line with the current study, there is a growing number of studies that clearly demonstrate the relationship between racial microaggression and intolerance of uncertainty [ 32 , 34 ]. The main findings of the study revealed that the impact of racial microaggression on psychological dynamics is not independent of the anxiety and fear that people feel about future uncertainty. Since racial microaggressive behavior patterns are strategic and subtle in nature, it is plausible that when a person is exposed to them on a regular basis and in a systemic manner, the boundaries of his/her tolerance for uncertainty narrow in the process. This is because the place where he/she is located is no longer a safe living space for him/herself and his/her immediate environment. This naturally contributes to the minority stress experienced by ethnic minority group members as a result of their identification with their subcultural group. The minority stress process experienced by Syrians may deepen the process of isolation and lead to chronic segregation. This is a harbinger of an unhealthy acculturation process. Because previous studies have shown that Syrians have not yet experienced a healthy integration process [ 38 ]. In conclusion, we found additional supporting evidence that higher racial microaggression is associated with higher intolerance of uncertainty and that this relationship is explained by increased minority stress processes. One of the findings of this study is the minority stress factor that individuals directly experience independently of intolerance of uncertainty due to racial microaggression. In other words, an increase in racial microaggression is directly related to the minority stress factor. However, in this study, the linear relationship between microaggression and minority stress was designed to depend on the age and length of stay of Syrians. Although the interaction effect of length of stay was insignificant with a small difference (.0628), it was found to have a significant effect at low, medium and high levels. In previous studies, the findings differ in terms of the results of length of stay on racial microaggression [ 40 , 41 , 47 ]. However, in the current study, findings suggest that Syrian asylum-seekers with a shorter length of stay are more vulnerable and fragile to the effects of microaggression. Somewhat in line with these results, a study conducted in Turkey found a negative correlation between the proportion of Syrians spending their lives in Izmir and the perception of threat to their own culture [ 47 ]. It was thought that the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress may differ depending on the age of Syrian refugees. In this study, it was observed that those who were older were more vulnerable to the negative effects of microaggression compared to those who were younger. In other words, an older Syrian individual was significantly more likely to experience minority stress after being exposed to microaggression. Previous studies have also emphasized that the negative effects of microaggression are felt more intensely with age [ 42 , 43 ]. In this context, a study conducted in Turkey found that the likelihood of local people perceiving foreign nationals as a cumulative threat to their own culture increases with age [ 47 ]. This can be attributed to the fact that older individuals feel the destructive effects of microaggression more deeply due to being more involved in business life and increasing the frequency of contact with local people. This may be related to the fact that with increasing age, a person becomes more psychologically and emotionally sophisticated, with increased insight into the strategic and skillful nature of microaggression. This may contribute to minority stress processes by exacerbating the psychosocial experiences of microaggression. An individual with a low length of stay and an older age group is much more vulnerable to the consequences of racial microaggression. Low length of stay may turn into a relationship practice in which prejudice is effective in the first contact with the local people. In other words, the individual may not be able to manage the cognitive and emotional consequences of microaggression by reading intentions in his/her contact with local people. People in the higher age group are at higher risk of the consequences of racial microaggression due to the dominant effect of established stereotypes and the reflex to protect their self-identity. In this context, being in the younger age group may turn into an important protective factor in terms of the negative psychological outcomes of microaggression. In light of the findings of this study, some limitations should also be addressed. First, this study, in which the moderating effect of age, which is a temporally important variable, was addressed in accordance with a cross-sectional design. In the future, longitudinal and experimental studies can be conducted to reveal the relationships in the model in a stronger causal way. Because social acceptance and instant reactionary processes may be involved in self-report tools. Second, based on the fact that the average age of Syrian nationals in Turkey is 22.2 [ 60 ], this study was conducted with a sample group with an average age of 22.10. However, in order to ensure that the hypothetical model examines Syrians from a holistic perspective and to produce more inclusive results, the target sample group with a heterogeneous distribution between the ages of 18–75 can be studied. Therefore, larger sample groups can be used to test whether the results of the study are confirmed or not. Thirdly, a qualitative study can be conducted with a focus group that differs significantly in age and length of stay through the criterion sampling method to examine the psychological processes experienced due to microaggression in depth. Finally, the data of this study were collected through online tools (whattsap, e-mail, etc.). During the data collection phase, it was observed that some of the Syrian asylum seekers were sensitive and distant to an academic study involving their integration with the local community in an online environment. In this framework, it was seen that it would be more appropriate to collect data face-to-face using paper and pencil after the necessary explanation was given to the individuals. The current findings revealed that racial microaggression is a source of significant psychological consequences for Syrian asylum-seekers and how microaggression functions in the light of some psychological and social structures. The moderated mediation model and the proposed structural model of racial microaggression and other psychosocial concepts in this study increased the existing knowledge in the field. Mental health professionals can determine an intervention program/strategy by considering the relationship of constructs such as minority stress and intolerance of uncertainty with a subtle and nuanced form of racism in minority group members and the effect of age and length of stay. In addition, it has been understood that microaggression and intolerance of uncertainty are one of the factors that can trigger marginalization and segregation in the process of acculturation of Syrians in terms of minority stress. In terms of social policy, we recommend the creation of action plans for structuring a supportive environment in the context of integration to mitigate the harmful effects of microaggression. Finally, for mental health professionals, helping Syrian asylum seekers to recognize that destructive external factors (i.e. microaggression) can contribute to minority stress can help them avoid blaming themselves when exploring the reasons why integration has not been fully achieved. Declarations Acknowledgements We are grateful to all Syrian participants in this study. Author contributions Not applicable (Single author). Funding This research received no funding. Data availability Data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Ethical approval and permission to participate This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or similar ethical standards. Ethical approval was obtained for all procedures and approved by Bingöl University Social Sciences Research Ethics Committees (Approval ID: 33117789/044/130741). At the beginning of the study, participants were asked to verify that they had read the consent form carefully and to confirm the form in a box on the online platform to ensure that informed consent was obtained. 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An investigation of microaggression frequency and stress among Chinese international university students and the impacts [Doctoral Dissertation, Iowa State University]. 2018. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2116572800?pqorigsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses . Accessed 10 May 2024. Finch BK, Frank R, Vega WA. Aculturation and acculturation stress: a social-epidemiologica approach to mexican migrant farmworkers’ health. Int Migr Rev. 2004;38(1):236–62. Harrell SP. A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2000;70(1):42–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087722 . Neblett EWJr, Shelton JN, Sellers RM. The Role of Racial Identity in Managing Daily Racial Hassles. In: Philogène G, editor. Racial identity in context: The legacy of Kenneth B. Clark. American Psychological Association; 2004. pp. 77–90. Kong DT. Ethnic minorities’ paranoia and self-preservative work behaviors in response to perceived ethnic discrimination, with collective self-esteem as a buffer. J Occup Health Psychol. 2016;21(3):334–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000013 . Wong YJ, Maffini CS, Shin M. The racial-cultural framework: A framework for addressing suicide-related outcomes in communities of color. Couns Psychol. 2014;42(1):13–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012470568 . Ekici H. Türk toplumunda Suriyelilere yönelik algılanan tehditler ve çözüm önerileri. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2019;19(44):695–730. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v19i49119.487325 . Konukoğlu K, Üsten E, Güngör D. Suriyeli mültecilerden algılanan tehditte kent kimliği ve değerlerin rolü: Yerli göçmen perspektifi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 2020;35:105–25. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpd1300443320201122x000041 . Berry JW. Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Int J Appl Psychol. 1997;46(1):5–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999497378467 . Mercer SH, Zeigler-Hill V, Wallace M, Hayes DM. Development and initial validation of the Inventory of Microaggressions Against Black Individuals. J Couns Psychol. 2011;58(4):457–69. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024937 . Cénat JM, Hajizadeh S, Dalexis RD, Ndengeyingoma A, Guerrier M, Kogan C. Prevalence and Effects of Daily and Major Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Microaggressions among Black Individuals in Canada. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(17–18):NP16750–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211023493 . Carleton RN, Norton MPJ, Asmundson GJ. Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(1):105–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014 . Sarıçam H, Erguvan FM, Akın A, Akça MŞ. Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği (BTÖ-12) Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Route Educational ve Social Sci J. 2014;1(3):148–57. Smedley BD, Myers HF, Harell SP. Minority-status stresses and the college adjustment of ethnic minority freshmen. J High Educ. 1993;64(4):434–52. Liang CTH, Li LC, Kim BSK. The Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory: Development, Factor Analysis, Reliability, and Validity. J Couns Psychol. 2004;51(1):103–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.103 . Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2013. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40(3):879–91. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879 . Fritz MS, MacKinnon DP. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychol Sci. 2007;18:233–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x . Weston R, Gore PA. A brief guide to structural equation modeling. Couns Psychol. 2006;34:719–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345 . Hayes AF. An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivar Behav Res. 2015;50:1–22. Refugees Association. Number of Syrians in Turkey. 2021. Retrieve from https://multeciler.org.tr/eng/number-of-syrians-in-turkey-december-2021/ Accessed 15 December 2023. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6541121","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":461265879,"identity":"e0d651cb-884f-4342-bc5c-7d2b4b4da58d","order_by":0,"name":"Mustafa Özmen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACmwQ2EPWAgYGxgUgtaRAtCWAtzERpOZzAQLQW3fb2pxs+7jifxyfdfvFBAoON7IYD/Mc+4NNiduZA2s2ZZ24Xs8mcKTZIYEgz3nCAmXkGXi03Eo7d5m27ndgmkZMmkcBwOBGkBa/DzG4ktt3+23YOpuU/MVqS2W4zth0Aakk/BtRygAgtZ46x3extSy5mk8hhNkgwSDaeeZjZGL+W4+3Pbvxss8uTn5H+8MGHCjvZvuONj/FqQQI8BgwMQERkTIIB+wPi1Y6CUTAKRsGIAgAWuk6jVcHoaAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Bingöl University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mustafa","middleName":"","lastName":"Özmen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-27 14:53:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6541121/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6541121/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83444782,"identity":"87464bb9-af9b-42b4-87c2-e948d6d509cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-26 10:51:15","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34360,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModerated mediation model. Coefficients are standardized regression coefficients.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6541121/v1/9213b622f60745fe080da1a9.png"},{"id":83444783,"identity":"699d3d6a-7729-4119-9674-4ec7b816ad5f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-26 10:51:15","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInteraction effect of racial microaggression and length of stay on minority stress.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6541121/v1/d6278e896c3d455a2b22f65a.png"},{"id":83444785,"identity":"a0b451f9-ce84-47aa-963f-935b6db62e68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-26 10:51:15","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInteraction effect of racial microaggression and age on minority stress.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6541121/v1/4a2b6b83316785cba143b920.png"},{"id":87931573,"identity":"5525c21c-02ab-42f8-aea0-b9c3d80d1613","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-30 13:39:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":786058,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6541121/v1/3fd6e0a5-0afd-43b9-872e-a1334a189009.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Racial Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty and Minority Stress among Syrian Refugees: Conditional Effects of Age and Length of Stay","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMore than 100 million people around the world have been forced to flee their homes for forced reasons [1]. Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world [2]. According to data from the Presidency of Migration Management (PMM) [3] more than 3.3 million Syrian nationals are currently registered in Turkey. In Turkey, Syrian nationals constitute approximately 3.85% of the total population [3, 4]. Initially, it was thought that migration to Turkey was temporary and that migrants would return to their countries after a while. However, over time, an \u0026quot;acceptance\u0026quot; began to form in the local population that they could live with Syrians for a while longer [5]. This has led the Turkish public to consider Syrians as an important risk factor both economically and socioculturally [6]. The fact that Syrians have been in Turkey for more than 10 years has also triggered some racially-based local problems [7]. It has been observed that the negative perception towards Syrians has strengthened and the rate of those who support the return of Syrians to their home countries has systematically increased, reaching approximately 82% [8]. Previous studies also show that refugees differ negatively in terms of stress, depression and trauma compared to the general population [9]. However, the relationship between being a minority group member and mental disorders in Turkey is not well understood. In this context, there is a very limited number of studies in the field of microaggression, which is an important source in terms of mental disorders [10, 11, 12].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicroaggression is a pattern of verbal or nonverbal degrading behaviors that include daily humiliations and othering, either intentionally or unintentionally, towards minorities [13]. In a qualitative study examining racial microaggression in Turkey, it was revealed that foreign students were intensely exposed to microaggressive behaviors [11]. Awareness of the concept of microaggression in Turkey may provide resources to reduce unconscious, implicit or explicit devaluing and exclusionary attitudes and discourses [14]. Because in a study conducted two years apart, xenophobia (xenophobia) increased significantly [15]. In this framework, it is also important to understand what kind of effect microaggression, a very specific form of racism, has on certain psychological and social structures. As a matter of fact, the large number of Syrians in Turkey and the fact that they are considered as a source of a significant socio-political problem [7], it is possible that more victimization in terms of microaggression may occur in the case of Syrians compared to other racial structures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplicit or implicit exclusionary and marginalizing attitudes towards racial minorities are directly related to many mental health problems [16, 17, 18]. For example, decreased self-esteem is more likely to lead to stress in Asian Americans in the US than in White Americans [19]. In studies conducted with Syrian refugees, it was found that they had high levels of clinical depression, fear and helplessness as well as significant mental disorders [20, 21]. Likewise, studies comparing local and refugee populations found significant differences in depression and social support resources between the two groups, to the detriment of refugees [22]. Previous studies on microaggression have pointed to a significant increase in traumatic stress symptoms due to racial microaggression in minority individuals [23]. \u0026nbsp;In this context, although microaggression may initially appear harmless, its systemic and everyday nature leads to chronic psychological wounds in the medium and long term [24]. Microaggression has a wide range of effects from quality of life to physical health and negative self-design [25, 26]. Because, microaggression can lead to much more severe psychological consequences than overt and blatant racism in traditional patterns [27, 28]. This may be due to the fact that microaggression is a subtle and nuanced form of professional coercion [29], and that well-intentioned people may not be aware of the potential impact of their words [30]. There are studies showing that overt or covert discrimination causes similar levels of harm to psychological health and that strategic/artful racism should be considered at least as much as traditional racism [31].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince racial microaggression represents a very specific form of racism, there is a limited number of studies that specifically address its relationship with intolerance of uncertainty [32]. The concept of intolerance of uncertainty is the habit of evaluating information negatively by inflating the perceived threat of an uncertain situation [33]. Intolerance of uncertainty has a reinforcing effect on the effect of microaggression on anxiety [32]. Because minority group members with low tolerance for uncertainty are much more vulnerable to some mental disorders [34]. Only a very limited number of people who migrate for compulsory reasons have a permanent and continuous living space [1]. Therefore, it is unlikely that migrants have a perception of a safe and comfortable future. Previous studies have positively associated perceived racial stress with intolerance of uncertainty [35]. In this study, it is hypothesized that whether Syrians consider Turkey as a permanent place and their hopes for the future have a causal relationship with the intolerance of uncertainty they experience and the resulting minority stress they experience. Therefore, Syrians\u0026apos; exposure to microaggression may increase their intolerance to uncertainty. According to Mahoney and [36] individuals with high intolerance to uncertainty may withdraw and remain completely inactive due to uncertainty, which may reduce activation and initiate a chronic isolation process. It is clear that this situation is also related to minority stress. Minority stress refers to the special stress that an individual experiences by identifying with his/her own group as a result of being stigmatized and exposed to exclusionary factors [37]. The possibility that Syrians in Turkey may gradually separate from the mainstream cultural structure and turn into a closed society [38] has revealed the need to address minority stress processes in an inclusive manner. As a result, Syrians residing in Turkey with \u0026quot;temporary protection\u0026quot; status are likely to experience uncertainty in a wide spectrum of issues ranging from education to economy, human rights to shelter, integration to marginalization. In fact, a study on unauthorized immigrant status in the US found that these people are extremely vulnerable in terms of their emotional state [39]. Considering the above studies, it seems plausible that intolerance of uncertainty has a mediating effect in the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome moderator variables can be identified that influence the strength of the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress and that will allow the model to be examined from a holistic perspective. As the length of stay of Chinese students studying in the United States increased, there was a slight increase in microaggression. However, this did not indicate a significant effect in terms of prediction [40]. Depending on the time immigrants spend in a country, many mental health components such as acculturation stress and self-perception are negatively affected [41]. Similarly, perceived discrimination has a significant interaction with age [21]. It is possible to say that with the increasing awareness of discrimination in immigrants with age, individuals\u0026apos; mental health may become more fragile and they may be overwhelmed more under the accumulated burden [42, 43]. However, some studies show that the length of stay of minorities in the host society is not associated with adaptation processes such as paranoia and leaving the workplace, and there is no relationship between age and ethnic discrimination [44]. However, it has been observed that members of ethnic minority groups with increased length of stay in the US have increased suicidal tendencies [45]. Similarly, as the length of stay of Syrians in Turkey increased, the perception of threat against Syrians among the local population strengthened [7, 46]. However, it is necessary to examine how Syrians perceive this increasing threat in the context of the interaction of some specific psychological and demographic constructs. In this context, a study conducted in Izmir, Turkey found a significant positive correlation between age and Syrians\u0026apos; perception of threat to their beliefs and culture, but a significant negative correlation between the proportion of their life spent in Izmir and their perception of threat to their beliefs and culture [47]. As a result, empirical findings regarding the moderating effect of length of stay vary [41, 40]. The literature on whether individuals\u0026apos; age has a moderating effect is relatively more consistent [21, 42, 47]. Therefore, the interaction between social and psychological structures may differ in each ethnic and cultural structure [48]. The current study attempted to examine the mediating and moderating variables in the effect of microaggression on minority stress in the case of Syrians in Turkey (see Figure 1 for the conceptual model).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith reference to the above theoretical and empirical framework, an indirect effect model was constructed in which the length of stay and age of Syrians in Turkey were defined as moderator variables and intolerance of uncertainty as mediator variable. According to Hypothesis 1, racial microaggression is associated with increased intolerance of uncertainty, which in turn is associated with higher minority stress. Furthermore, hypothesis 2 predicts that the length of stay of Syrians in Turkey and age will moderate the linear relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants and Procedure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data of the study were collected in January-February 2024. \u0026nbsp;After obtaining approval from the Scientific Ethics Review Board of the university, the participants were provided with scale forms that they could fill in 10-15 minutes. \u0026nbsp;The study was conducted in accordance with the criteria set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. Total participants of the study consisted of 450 people. 55 people (12.2%) who responded incorrectly to the control item in the measurement tool (\"Please mark '3' for this item.\") were excluded from the analysis. Of the 395 participants, 191 (48.4%) were female and 204 (51.6%) were male. The age range of the participants was between 17 and 40 (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 22.10). The length of stay in Turkey ranged between 1 and 18 (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 7.90) years. The current sample was drawn from a large dataset residing in different regions of Turkey. The data were obtained using online infrastructure systems in which university students were involved and supported. Google Forms documents prepared by the researcher were delivered to the target audience via Whattsap groups and e-mail. Participants were not given any gifts or points for participating in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographics questionnaire.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIt consists of demographic questions including age, gender, education level, region of residence and length of stay in Turkey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRacial Microaggression Scale (RMS).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDeveloped by Mercer et al. [49] and adapted into Turkish by Özmen et al. [12], the Racial Microaggression Scale is a 14-item Likert-type self-report instrument scored from 0 (\u003cem\u003eThis never happened\u003c/em\u003e) to 4 (\u003cem\u003eThis event happened and I was extremely upset\u003c/em\u003e). The RMS was developed to determine the extent to which members of racial minority groups are exposed to microaggressions. Example item: \"\u003cem\u003eWhen I talked about difficulties related to my racial/ethnic background, someone told me that everyone can succeed if they work hard\u003c/em\u003e\". High scores indicate high levels of Racial Microaggression. Previous research shows that the IIMS provides sufficient evidence of its reliability [α = .87; 50]. The RMS also showed good reliability (α = .88) in the current study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDeveloped by Carleton et al. [51] and adapted into Turkish by Sarıçam et al. [52], the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale is a 12-item Likert-type scale that is scored from 1 (\u003cem\u003enot at all suitable for me\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003ecompletely suitable for me\u003c/em\u003e). The IUS consists of two sub-dimensions: prospective anxiety and inhibitory anxiety. In the present study, the 7-item prospective anxiety sub-dimension was used. Sample item: \"\u003cem\u003eI cannot tolerate being caught unprepared for a situation\u003c/em\u003e\". High scores indicate a high level of intolerance to uncertainty. In the adaptation study of the IUS, the prospective anxiety subscale provided sufficient evidence for its reliability [α = .84; 52]. In the current study, it was also found that the IUS had an acceptable reliability (α = .72) for the prospective anxiety sub-dimension.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinority Situation Stress Scale (MSSS).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe Minority Stress Scale, developed by Smedley et al. [53], is a 33-item Likert-type self-report instrument scored from 1 (\u003cem\u003enot at all stressful\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003eextremely stressful\u003c/em\u003e). The MSSS consists of 5 sub-dimensions: social climate stress, interracial stress, racism and discrimination stress, in-group stress, and achievement stress. In this study, the 7-item interracial stress sub-dimension was used. Example item: \"\u003cem\u003eHaving to live mostly around Turkish\u003c/em\u003e\". High scores indicate high levels of minority stress. Previous research has provided sufficient evidence of the reliability of the MSSS [α = .80; 54]. In the present study, the MSSS was also found to have good reliability (α = .79).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analytic Strategy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hypothetical model with one mediating variable and two moderating variables was analyzed using PROCESS macro [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e] model 5 with IBM SPSS 23 package program with 5000 bootstrapping resampling method. In the mediation and moderation analyses of this study, indirect effects were defined as significant if they did not sum to zero at 95% confidence interval [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]. Bias-corrected bootstrap analyses have been shown to be the most powerful mediation analyses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]. Microaggression was defined as the dependent variable (X), minority stress as the independent variable (Y), intolerance of uncertainty as the mediating variable (M), and length of stay and age as moderating variables (W).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreliminary Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted on a final sample of 395 data sets. Before testing the structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses, the skewness and kurtosis values of the study were analyzed. The data fulfilled the normality assumptions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAverages, Standard Deviation, Score Ranges, Internal Consistency Coefficients and Correlation Coefficients of Variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Racial microaggression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Intolerance of uncertainty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.20\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Minority stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.47\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.30\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Length of stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e**\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate correlations and descriptive statistics are reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Microaggression is positively correlated with intolerance of uncertainty (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.20, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and minority stress (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.47, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Intolerance of uncertainty is positively correlated with minority stress (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.30, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Racial microaggression scores (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.22; \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.83) and minority stress scores (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.09; \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.83) were at an average value, while intolerance of uncertainty scores (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.47; \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.87) were slightly above average.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn moderated moderation analyses, it is recommended to test moderator variables separately to determine whether they are statistically different from zero [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]. In this framework, in the first moderated moderation model, the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty, racial microaggression and minority stress was tested. We also separately tested whether length of stay and age moderated the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModerated Mediation Analysis for Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Length of Stay and Minority stress\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMediator\u0026mdash; Intolerance of uncertainty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictor: racial microaggressions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u0026mdash; minority stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerator: length of stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMediator: intolerance of uncertainty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.03***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictor: racial microaggressions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.74***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction: racial microaggression x length of stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.87\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoot direct effect/index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoot SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.202, .333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.180, .271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;1 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.122, .245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence interval; SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard error\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.10. ** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01. *** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the first moderated mediation model, the mediating effect of intolerance of uncertainty on the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress and the moderating effect of the length of stay of Syrians in Turkey on the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress were tested. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, racial microaggression is highly associated with intolerance of uncertainty. This in turn is strongly associated with minority stress (Overall model \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.27, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Racial microaggression x length of stay interaction term did not significantly moderate minority stress. After including all variables in the model, racial microaggression significantly predicted minority stress. The moderated mediation index (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.05 (0.628); [-.03, 01]) provided evidence suggesting that it was not statistically different from zero. However, 95% confidence intervals (95% confidence intervals) did not include zero at all levels (1 SD below the mean, at the mean, and 1 SD above the mean) of the direct effect. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows a graphical presentation of the moderator effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the moderated mediation analysis process described above, the effects of individuals' age as a moderator and intolerance of uncertainty as a mediating variable were examined. As seen in Table\u0026nbsp;3, racial microaggression has a significant relationship with intolerance of uncertainty. This relationship significantly predicts minority stress (overall model \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.27, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). The interactional effect of racial microaggression x age on minority stress is statistically significant. At 95% confidence intervals, all age ranges (1 SD below the mean, at the mean, and 1 SD above the mean) did not statistically cover zero. As seen in Table\u0026nbsp;3, the moderating effect of age is stronger in the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress in older individuals. As seen in the graphical representation of the moderating effect in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3, among individuals with high racial microaggression, those in older age groups were more likely to be associated with higher levels of minority stress compared to younger individuals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe main aim of this study was to examine a conditional effect model to examine the social and psychological effects of racial microaggression for Syrians. The model revealed that there is a mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty and a functioning of ethnic minimizations/humiliations that contribute to minority stress. Situations where these relationships may be exacerbated are also highlighted. The research hypothesis (\u003cem\u003ehypothesis 1\u003c/em\u003e), which emphasized that racial microaggression is associated with intolerance of uncertainty, which in turn may be significantly related to minority stress, was confirmed. The length of stay of Syrians in Turkey did not significantly moderate the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress. The moderating effect was significant at low, medium and high levels. However, since the interaction effect was not significant, it seems impossible to talk about the effect of length of stay on the effect of racial microaggression on minority stress. However, it was found that the age of Syrians had a moderating effect on the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress. In other words, the minority stress experienced by Syrians due to racial microaggression is largely dependent on their age. In this framework, hypothesis 2 was partially confirmed. These results are consistent with previous studies that infer that mental health problems due to microaggression are age-related [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. However, no moderated mediation study was found to test the relationship between racial microaggression and Syrians\u0026apos; mental health. Moreover, the present study clearly demonstrated the result that emerged due to the interaction of psychological and social resources that lead to minority stress in terms of intolerance of uncertainty.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTablo 3 Moderated Mediation Analysis for Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Age and Minority stress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMediator\u0026mdash; Intolerance of uncertainty\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictor: racial microaggressions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.01***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u0026mdash; minority stress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerator: age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMediator: intolerance of uncertainty\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.08***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredictor: racial microaggressions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.40***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInteraction: racial microaggression x age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.48*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoot direct effect/index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoot SE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.098, .228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.172, .262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;1 \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.211, .331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;confidence interval; SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard error\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05. *** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn line with the current study, there is a growing number of studies that clearly demonstrate the relationship between racial microaggression and intolerance of uncertainty [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The main findings of the study revealed that the impact of racial microaggression on psychological dynamics is not independent of the anxiety and fear that people feel about future uncertainty. Since racial microaggressive behavior patterns are strategic and subtle in nature, it is plausible that when a person is exposed to them on a regular basis and in a systemic manner, the boundaries of his/her tolerance for uncertainty narrow in the process. This is because the place where he/she is located is no longer a safe living space for him/herself and his/her immediate environment. This naturally contributes to the minority stress experienced by ethnic minority group members as a result of their identification with their subcultural group. The minority stress process experienced by Syrians may deepen the process of isolation and lead to chronic segregation. This is a harbinger of an unhealthy acculturation process. Because previous studies have shown that Syrians have not yet experienced a healthy integration process [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. In conclusion, we found additional supporting evidence that higher racial microaggression is associated with higher intolerance of uncertainty and that this relationship is explained by increased minority stress processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the findings of this study is the minority stress factor that individuals directly experience independently of intolerance of uncertainty due to racial microaggression. In other words, an increase in racial microaggression is directly related to the minority stress factor. However, in this study, the linear relationship between microaggression and minority stress was designed to depend on the age and length of stay of Syrians. Although the interaction effect of length of stay was insignificant with a small difference (.0628), it was found to have a significant effect at low, medium and high levels. In previous studies, the findings differ in terms of the results of length of stay on racial microaggression [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. However, in the current study, findings suggest that Syrian asylum-seekers with a shorter length of stay are more vulnerable and fragile to the effects of microaggression. Somewhat in line with these results, a study conducted in Turkey found a negative correlation between the proportion of Syrians spending their lives in Izmir and the perception of threat to their own culture [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was thought that the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress may differ depending on the age of Syrian refugees. In this study, it was observed that those who were older were more vulnerable to the negative effects of microaggression compared to those who were younger. In other words, an older Syrian individual was significantly more likely to experience minority stress after being exposed to microaggression. Previous studies have also emphasized that the negative effects of microaggression are felt more intensely with age [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. In this context, a study conducted in Turkey found that the likelihood of local people perceiving foreign nationals as a cumulative threat to their own culture increases with age [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. This can be attributed to the fact that older individuals feel the destructive effects of microaggression more deeply due to being more involved in business life and increasing the frequency of contact with local people. This may be related to the fact that with increasing age, a person becomes more psychologically and emotionally sophisticated, with increased insight into the strategic and skillful nature of microaggression. This may contribute to minority stress processes by exacerbating the psychosocial experiences of microaggression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn individual with a low length of stay and an older age group is much more vulnerable to the consequences of racial microaggression. Low length of stay may turn into a relationship practice in which prejudice is effective in the first contact with the local people. In other words, the individual may not be able to manage the cognitive and emotional consequences of microaggression by reading intentions in his/her contact with local people. People in the higher age group are at higher risk of the consequences of racial microaggression due to the dominant effect of established stereotypes and the reflex to protect their self-identity. In this context, being in the younger age group may turn into an important protective factor in terms of the negative psychological outcomes of microaggression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn light of the findings of this study, some limitations should also be addressed. First, this study, in which the moderating effect of age, which is a temporally important variable, was addressed in accordance with a cross-sectional design. In the future, longitudinal and experimental studies can be conducted to reveal the relationships in the model in a stronger causal way. Because social acceptance and instant reactionary processes may be involved in self-report tools. Second, based on the fact that the average age of Syrian nationals in Turkey is 22.2 [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e], this study was conducted with a sample group with an average age of 22.10. However, in order to ensure that the hypothetical model examines Syrians from a holistic perspective and to produce more inclusive results, the target sample group with a heterogeneous distribution between the ages of 18\u0026ndash;75 can be studied. Therefore, larger sample groups can be used to test whether the results of the study are confirmed or not. Thirdly, a qualitative study can be conducted with a focus group that differs significantly in age and length of stay through the criterion sampling method to examine the psychological processes experienced due to microaggression in depth. Finally, the data of this study were collected through online tools (whattsap, e-mail, etc.). During the data collection phase, it was observed that some of the Syrian asylum seekers were sensitive and distant to an academic study involving their integration with the local community in an online environment. In this framework, it was seen that it would be more appropriate to collect data face-to-face using paper and pencil after the necessary explanation was given to the individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current findings revealed that racial microaggression is a source of significant psychological consequences for Syrian asylum-seekers and how microaggression functions in the light of some psychological and social structures. The moderated mediation model and the proposed structural model of racial microaggression and other psychosocial concepts in this study increased the existing knowledge in the field. Mental health professionals can determine an intervention program/strategy by considering the relationship of constructs such as minority stress and intolerance of uncertainty with a subtle and nuanced form of racism in minority group members and the effect of age and length of stay. In addition, it has been understood that microaggression and intolerance of uncertainty are one of the factors that can trigger marginalization and segregation in the process of acculturation of Syrians in terms of minority stress. In terms of social policy, we recommend the creation of action plans for structuring a supportive environment in the context of integration to mitigate the harmful effects of microaggression. Finally, for mental health professionals, helping Syrian asylum seekers to recognize that destructive external factors (i.e. microaggression) can contribute to minority stress can help them avoid blaming themselves when exploring the reasons why integration has not been fully achieved.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to all Syrian participants in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable (Single author).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and permission to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or similar ethical standards. Ethical approval was obtained for all procedures and approved by Bing\u0026ouml;l University Social Sciences Research Ethics Committees (Approval ID: 33117789/044/130741). At the beginning of the study, participants were asked to verify that they had read the consent form carefully and to confirm the form in a box on the online platform to ensure that informed consent was obtained. The questionnaire was completed voluntarily by all participants and they were promised that they could withdraw from the study at any stage. Data anonymisation was performed to protect the confidentiality of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable (Single author).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUNCHR. Global Trends Forced Dısplacement In 2021. 2021. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.unhcr.org/62a9d1494/global-trends-report-2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.unhcr.org/62a9d1494/global-trends-report-2021\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Accessed 15 May 2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUNHCR. 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Retrieve from \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://multeciler.org.tr/eng/number-of-syrians-in-turkey-december-2021/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://multeciler.org.tr/eng/number-of-syrians-in-turkey-december-2021/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Accessed 15 December 2023.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Racial Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Minority Stress, Age and Length of Stay, Syrian Refugees","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6541121/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6541121/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Refugees are often systematically exposed to racial microaggressions. It is important to understand to what extent and which psychosocial processes are affected by microaggressive experiences in the integration process with the local population. In addition, understanding the demographic structures that determine this process will facilitate the handling of the problem as a whole.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim\u003c/strong\u003e: To investigate the role of intolerance of uncertainty in the effect of racial microaggression on minority stress among Syrian Refugees and to examine the moderating effect of age and length of stay in this moderated mediation model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign\u003c/strong\u003e: Cross-sectional design suitable for quantitative study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod\u003c/strong\u003e: Data were collected between January and February 2024 for a sample of 395 Syrian asylum seekers, representative of the general population. The effect of moderation and mediation was tested with the PROCESS macro (Model 5) for SPSS 23.0 by Hayes using 5000 bootstrap samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: Intolerance of uncertainty significantly mediated the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress at 95% confidence intervals, not including zero. Age moderated the relationship between racial microaggression and minority stress, while length of stay did not have a significant moderating effect on the same relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: Excessive exposure to racial microaggressions may increase Syrian asylum seekers' intolerance to uncertainty and minority stress, and such psychosocial problems are at higher risk in older asylum seekers.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Racial Microaggression, Intolerance of Uncertainty and Minority Stress among Syrian Refugees: Conditional Effects of Age and Length of Stay","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-26 10:51:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6541121/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b38f9a26-e57d-4996-a41b-dc477c2628a1","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-30T13:39:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-26 10:51:10","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6541121","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6541121","identity":"rs-6541121","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}