Bloch Transistor for Cryogenic Quantum Electronics

preprint OA: closed
Full text JSON View at publisher

Abstract

Abstract We report on the development of a Bloch transistor (BT) for the emerging platform of cryogenic quantum electronics. The BT is a fully quantum non-dissipative device facilitating precise delivery of the quantised current to the circuit, I=2efn (where n is an integer, e is the charge of an electron, and f is the microwave frequency). It does not have an analogue in classical electronics, but it is required for quantum ones. The amplitude of the quantized current is adjustable through four controls: the gate or bias voltage and the frequency or amplitude of the microwave. The device features Josephson junctions operating in the regime of Bloch oscillations, an isolating electromagnetic circuit and microwave feeding leads. BT operates at a bias of ∼ 5 μV, and can deliver the quantized currents of up to 10 nA.
Full text 11,672 characters · extracted from preprint-html · click to expand
Bloch Transistor for Cryogenic Quantum Electronics | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Bloch Transistor for Cryogenic Quantum Electronics Vladimir Antonov, Ilya Antonov, Rais Shaikhaidarov, Kyung Kim, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5759200/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We report on the development of a Bloch transistor (BT) for the emerging platform of cryogenic quantum electronics. The BT is a fully quantum non-dissipative device facilitating precise delivery of the quantised current to the circuit, I=2efn (where n is an integer, e is the charge of an electron, and f is the microwave frequency). It does not have an analogue in classical electronics, but it is required for quantum ones. The amplitude of the quantized current is adjustable through four controls: the gate or bias voltage and the frequency or amplitude of the microwave. The device features Josephson junctions operating in the regime of Bloch oscillations, an isolating electromagnetic circuit and microwave feeding leads. BT operates at a bias of ∼ 5 μV, and can deliver the quantized currents of up to 10 nA. Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology/Nanoscale devices/Electronic devices Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology/Nanoscale devices/Quantum information Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5759200","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":401586528,"identity":"1adfaa30-a87d-4807-af28-dc8e87dc4e90","order_by":0,"name":"Vladimir Antonov","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAD9gY2BoYCMJOZsOoDIILnAFCLAUlaJBKI1GJwgPnZ4w8Vd+QMbr599pjHgEGev4HH2AC/FjZzgwNnnhkb3E43NwZqMZxxgMc4AZ8WyQYGM4mDbYcTZ85OY5MGamHcwMBjfAC/FvZvEC0zj4G12BPUws/AA7GlX4INrCURpAWvw/iZecokzpw5bMzPk8YmOcdAInnGYbZivN5nY2/fJlFRcViOjf0Ym8SbChvb/vbmzRL4tKDHgQRRETkKRsEoGAWjgAAAANZwOzpXlwjLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-5267","institution":"Royal Holloway University of London","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vladimir","middleName":"","lastName":"Antonov","suffix":""},{"id":401586529,"identity":"6bc821b8-56a2-453f-84d3-4a4fb72d268e","order_by":1,"name":"Ilya Antonov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Royal Holloway University of London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ilya","middleName":"","lastName":"Antonov","suffix":""},{"id":401586530,"identity":"1f5b64a4-410c-4e3c-9779-30d4a6c0e33c","order_by":2,"name":"Rais Shaikhaidarov","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6275-3652","institution":"Royal Holloway, University of London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rais","middleName":"","lastName":"Shaikhaidarov","suffix":""},{"id":401586531,"identity":"59950397-2ccf-49fb-beee-c1f2385545bf","order_by":3,"name":"Kyung Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Royal Holloway University of London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kyung","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":401586532,"identity":"0e4fb73e-8aa7-4378-ab35-81d76e30d8c6","order_by":4,"name":"Dmitry Golubev","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-8921","institution":"HQS Quantum Simulations","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dmitry","middleName":"","lastName":"Golubev","suffix":""},{"id":401586533,"identity":"a9434100-ce7b-4aa8-bc2c-4c3596477340","order_by":5,"name":"Sven Linzen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sven","middleName":"","lastName":"Linzen","suffix":""},{"id":401586534,"identity":"8813eba7-4750-4455-9313-5a195e43b79f","order_by":6,"name":"Evgeni Il'ichev","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Evgeni","middleName":"","lastName":"Il'ichev","suffix":""},{"id":401586535,"identity":"d4fb7e82-d318-4e42-8797-2dd5079c33d6","order_by":7,"name":"Oleg Astafiev","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oleg","middleName":"","lastName":"Astafiev","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-03 15:16:00","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5759200/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5759200/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67735-z","type":"published","date":"2026-02-02T05:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101839229,"identity":"36938325-b963-4efe-8a0a-993b9390cb6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-04 08:12:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2349504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"BlochTransistorforquantumelectronicsv6.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5759200/v1_covered_619dbcf2-8433-4aab-9e83-2e5f7e1caad6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eBloch Transistor for Cryogenic Quantum Electronics\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5759200/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5759200/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"We report on the development of a Bloch transistor (BT) for the emerging platform of cryogenic quantum electronics. The BT is a fully quantum non-dissipative device facilitating precise delivery of the quantised current to the circuit, I=2efn (where n is an integer, e is the charge of an electron, and f is the microwave frequency). It does not have an analogue in classical electronics, but it is required for quantum ones. The amplitude of the quantized current is adjustable through four controls: the gate or bias voltage and the frequency or amplitude of the microwave. The device features Josephson junctions operating in the regime of Bloch oscillations, an isolating electromagnetic circuit and microwave feeding leads. BT operates at a bias of ∼ 5 μV, and can deliver the quantized\r\ncurrents of up to 10 nA.","manuscriptTitle":"Bloch Transistor for Cryogenic Quantum Electronics","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-30 03:36:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5759200/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-communications","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"NCOMMS","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature Communications](http://www.nature.com/ncomms/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ncomms.nature.com/","title":"Nature Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature Communications","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8ea2f2b9-6ccc-46b6-bb29-6c213509a10f","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":43600619,"name":"Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology/Nanoscale devices/Electronic devices"},{"id":43600620,"name":"Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology/Nanoscale devices/Quantum information"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-04T08:12:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5759200","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67735-z","journal":{"identity":"nature-communications","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Nature Communications"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-02 05:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 2nd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-30 03:36:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41467-025-67735-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67735-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5759200","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5759200","identity":"rs-5759200","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}

Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below. Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy (via DOI) is the canonical version.

My notes (saved in your browser only)

Ask this paper AI returns verbatim quotes from the full text · source: preprint-html

Answers must be backed by verbatim quotes from this paper's full text. Hallucinated quotes are dropped automatically; if no verbatim passage answers the question, we say so. How this works

Citation neighborhood (no data yet)

We don't have any in-corpus citations linked to this paper yet. This is a recent paper (2025) — citers typically take a year or two to land, and the OpenAlex reference graph may still be filling in.

Source provenance

europepmc
last seen: 2026-05-20T01:45:00.602351+00:00