Development of Dual-Parametric CSRR-Based MPA Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring

Development of Dual-Parametric CSRR-Based MPA Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Development of Dual-Parametric CSRR-Based MPA Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Md. Nahid Hasan Sifat, Md Jahirul Islam This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7711574/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Optical and Quantum Electronics → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A complementary split ring resonator (CSRR)-based microstrip patch sensor is presented for noninvasive estimation of blood glucose concentration. The device employs a triangular patch with a CSRR etched in the ground plane to realize two ISM bands: 2.42–2.62 GHz for wireless telemetry and 5.17–5.24 GHz for sensing, where the structure operates as a microwave resonator. Geometry and feed parameters were optimized to sharpen the S-parameter response and improve glucose-dependent sensitivity. A multilayer human-thumb phantom was constructed, and blood glucose level was swept from 100 to 300 mg/dL to quantify frequency-selective detection while complying with safety constraints. Changes in glucose level alter the tissue permittivity in the resonator-finger configuration, resulting in measurable shifts in resonant frequency and S 11 magnitude, which enables a dual-parameter readout. The prototype exhibits frequency sensitivity of 160 kHz/mg·dL⁻¹ and magnitude sensitivity of 0.0654 dB/mg·dL⁻¹. The sensor was fabricated using conventional PCB etching to validate the simulated design. The measured S-parameters closely follow simulations with minor deviations attributable to fabrication tolerances and tissue-model simplifications. Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis yields 0.397 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue, within commonly accepted IEEE exposure limits. The compact, low-cost, dual-band architecture and dual-parameter sensing indicate strong potential for real-time, noninvasive glucose monitoring and future integration into wearable systems. Non-invasive sensor Complementary Split Ring Resonator Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) Finger Phantom Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Optical and Quantum Electronics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7711574","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":532111998,"identity":"9a53843d-9aed-412a-ac63-70e6e33fd7db","order_by":0,"name":"Md. 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Monitoring","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer 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The device employs a triangular patch with a CSRR etched in the ground plane to realize two ISM bands: 2.42\u0026ndash;2.62 GHz for wireless telemetry and 5.17\u0026ndash;5.24 GHz for sensing, where the structure operates as a microwave resonator. Geometry and feed parameters were optimized to sharpen the S-parameter response and improve glucose-dependent sensitivity. A multilayer human-thumb phantom was constructed, and blood glucose level was swept from 100 to 300 mg/dL to quantify frequency-selective detection while complying with safety constraints. Changes in glucose level alter the tissue permittivity in the resonator-finger configuration, resulting in measurable shifts in resonant frequency and S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e magnitude, which enables a dual-parameter readout. The prototype exhibits frequency sensitivity of 160 kHz/mg\u0026middot;dL⁻\u0026sup1; and magnitude sensitivity of 0.0654 dB/mg\u0026middot;dL⁻\u0026sup1;. The sensor was fabricated using conventional PCB etching to validate the simulated design. The measured S-parameters closely follow simulations with minor deviations attributable to fabrication tolerances and tissue-model simplifications. Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis yields 0.397 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue, within commonly accepted IEEE exposure limits. The compact, low-cost, dual-band architecture and dual-parameter sensing indicate strong potential for real-time, noninvasive glucose monitoring and future integration into wearable systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Development of Dual-Parametric CSRR-Based MPA Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-22 21:47:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7711574/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-20T06:21:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-19T13:22:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"191101551059022572826341655129947283669","date":"2025-10-13T09:40:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-11T09:23:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"52697358945514409989074384210408210874","date":"2025-10-11T08:14:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T02:57:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T01:37:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-26T03:29:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","date":"2025-09-25T09:53:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"90f19c79-e90b-4897-a16f-b6cad5f0a1db","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T16:02:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7711574","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-025-08594-2","journal":{"identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-28 15:57:53","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 28th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-22 21:47:56","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11082-025-08594-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-025-08594-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7711574","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7711574","identity":"rs-7711574","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}