Study on nurses' intention of medication safety behavior in a tertiary general hospital in Yinchuan City: A Cross-Sectional Study

Study on nurses' intention of medication safety behavior in a tertiary general hospital in Yinchuan City: A Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study on nurses' intention of medication safety behavior in a tertiary general hospital in Yinchuan City: A Cross-Sectional Study Huan Xing, Xiang Li, Xiaoli Yan, Ping Li, Yuan Yan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8312752/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Medication errors are common medical errors, which pose a serious threat to the safety of patients. Nurses are the main participants in medication errors. Although factors such as professional titles, systems, and regulations can affect the occurrence of medication errors among nurses. However, it is not clever that, Whether the potential profile of nurses' medication safety behavior intention can affect the outcome of safe medication outcome. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore and analyse the potential profile of nurses' medication safety behavior intention in the tertiary general hospital, and provide the basis for nurses to formulate targeted intervention programs for medication safety. Methods Using convenience sampling, 347 nurses from a tertiary general hospital in Yinchuan City were selected from October to December 2024 as research subjects. They were surveyed using a general information questionnaire and the Theory of Planned Behavior Medication Safety Questionnaire. Mplus 8.0 software was used to perform profile analysis on the scores of various dimensions of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions. Differences in general information and medication safety behavior intentions among nurses with different profiles were compared through univariate analysis and logistic regression. Results The findings revealed that nurses' medication safety behavior intention patterns were divided into two categories: low safety awareness type (282 cases) and high safety awareness type (65 cases). Factors such as education level, department, departmental medication safety guidelines, systems or process specifications, and whether they had received training on communication and cooperation with other medication-related personnel influenced the latent profiles of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The study highlights the importance of nurses' medication safety behavior intention model can be divided into two categories: low safety awareness and high safety awareness, indicating qualitatively different group differences. These are closely related to education level, department, departmental medication safety guidelines, systems or process specifications, and whether training on communication and cooperation with other medication-related personnel has been received. This suggests that managers should develop individualized interventions based on the characteristics of nurses in different profiles to improve the level of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions. Clinical trial number Not applicable. Nurses Patient Safety Medication safety Potential profile analysis Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Although medical technology is advancing with the times, medical errors still occur and pose a threat to patient safety. Medication errors are one of the most common medical errors [ 1 ], with statistics showing that 98,000 people die each year due to medical errors, of which 7,000 cases are entirely caused by medication errors. Medication errors can occur at various stages of the medication process [ 2 ]. Medication errors are defined as any preventable event that may lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm at any stage of the medication management process [ 3 ]. Medication errors are a major global concern, posing serious risks to patients, healthcare professionals, and society [ 4 ]. Studies estimate that about 1 in 10 hospitalized patients is affected by medication errors, and nearly of these errors result in patient death [ 5 ]. In the United States alone, approximately 400,000 medication errors are reported annually, causing at least one death per day and affecting over 1.3 million people each year [ 6 , 7 ]. Globally, these errors account for nearly of healthcare expenditures, estimated at 42 billion dollars. Medication use is a complex process that includes selection, acquisition, storage, prescribing, verification, preparation, dispensing, administration, and monitoring—essentially intricate and influenced by various factors within the healthcare system organization, making errors more likely [ 8 ]. The World Health Organization has called for the prevention of harm related to medication errors within the next five years 50% [ 9 ]. WHO has developed a global plan for 2021–2030 to avoid preventable harm, which means that patients/families and all healthcare providers must improve patient safety [ 10 ]. Nurses play a crucial role in the hospital environment, especially in managing patient safety during the medication process. Nurses are at the end of the medication management chain and are vital in preventing medication errors and ensuring patient safety [ 11 ]. They often serve as the last line of defense against medication errors during the administ ration phase. Research shows that about one-third of harmful medication errors occur during the preparation and administration stages, where nurses play a key role [ 12 ]. Medication administration is a critical nursing function[ 13 ], accounting for 54.9% [ 14 ] of medication errors and occupying 11.8% to 29.1% of nurses' time [ 15 , 16 ]. This indicates that nursing medication errors constitute a high proportion of total medication errors and consume a significant amount of nursing work time. Coelho [ 17 ] and others identified five categories of factors that may influence the occurrence of medication errors by nurses: organizational factors, knowledge and training factors, system factors, personal factors, and procedural factors. Li Nannan et al. [ 18 ] pointed out that professional title, system and supervision, equipment, and r- elated personnel are all factors influencing nurses' medication errors. Existing assessment tools evaluate nurses' knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding medication safety and consider controlling unsafe medication behaviors among nurses as an important measure to prevent medication errors and improve patient medication safety [ 19 , 20 ]. However, whether there are internal individual differences requires further exploration, and whether these individual differences affect intentions toward medication safety behavior needs further research and analysis. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study design and participants The research used convenience sampling, nurses from a tertiary general hospital in Yinchuan City were selected as the study subjects from October to December 2024. Inclusion criteria: (1) nurses who have been engaged in nursing work at the hospital for ≥ 1 years during the survey period; (2) nurses holding a valid Nurse Practitioner Certificate of the People's Republic of China with registration records; (3) informed consent and voluntary participation. Exclusion criteria: (1) nurses who were on study leave, sick leave, maternity leave, or otherwise absent during the survey period; (2) staff not officially employed by the surveyed hospital, such as nurses on training or standardized residency programs. 2.2 Sample size The sample size of this study calculation: based on a rough estimation method, the sample size can be 5~10 times the number of variables. This study estimated the sample size based on the Theory of Planned Behavior Medication Safety Questionnaire, which contains 50 items, resulting in a calculated sample size of 250~500 participants. Considering of 10% invalid questionnaires, the sample size was expanded to 275~500 participants. Ultimately, 347 cases were included in this study. 2.3 Ethical considerations Before participating, all participating nurses had written informed consent. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the people's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Approval No.: 2023-NZR-177). 2.4 Methodology 2.4.1 Research Tools (1) General Information Survey Form: includes age, gender, ethnicity, education level, years of nursing work experience, and department. (2) Theory of Planned Behavior Medication Safety Questionnaire (TPB-MSQ): Developed by Samuel Lapkin [20]and translated into Chinese by Liu Jianying [21], this questionnaire is used to study the medication safety practice intentions of healthcare professionals. The questionnaire contains 50 items across 4 dimensions, including 1 dependent variable dimension and 3 independent variable dimensions. The dependent variable is behavioral intention, while the independent variables are subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral attitude. Among the items, 46 are scored using a 7-point Likert scale, and 4 items are dichotomous. The TPB-MSQ is considered an effective tool for assessing medication safety-related behavioral intentions. The Chinese version of the questionnaire demonstrated a content consistency reliability of 0.797, with each dimension scoring 0.797-0.807, indicating good internal consistency. 2.4.2 Survey Method An online questionnaire was distributed via Questionnaire star, explaining to the nurses the purpose, significance, and instructions for completing the questionnaire, adhering to the principles of anonymity and voluntariness. 2.5 Statistical analysis LPA was performed using Mplus 8.0 software, and the best fitting model was comprehensively evaluated and selected based on criteria such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (aBIC), entropy index, Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test (LMRT), and Bootstrap likelihood ratio test (BLRT) [22]. Among these, smaller values of AIC, BIC, and aBIC indicate better model fit. The model is considered optimal when the entropy index is high and the average posterior probability is high. When the P-values of LMRT and BLRT are both less than 0.05, it indicates that the k-class model fits better than the (k-1)-class model [22]. SPSS 25.0 software was used for univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the latent profiles of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions and influencing factors. Qualitative data in the study were described using frequencies and percentages (%), intergroup comparisons were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression, and a P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 2.6 Quality control Each mobile phone can only respond once. The online questionnaire is set with time monitoring; responses completed in less than 5 minutes or with all answers identical are considered invalid. 2.7 Research Questions • Research question: What are the differences in the TPB-MSQ among nurses in relation to selected demographical ? Is there internal heterogeneity present? • Descriptive hypothesis: There are statistically significant differences in the TPB-MSQ that are influenced by selected demographical. 3. Results 3.1 General Information of the Survey Subjects A total of 347 nurses from a tertiary general hospital were aged 22~55 years, with an average age of (35.44±5.78 ) years; 25 were male (7.2% ), and 322 were female (92.8% ). See Table 1 for details. Table 1 General Information of the Survey Subjects Project Number of cases[n(%)] sexes male 25 (7.2) female 322(92.8) nation Han dynasty 262 (75.5) the rest 85 (24.5) Length of service (years) 1~2 18 (6.4) >2 37 (10.7) >5 53 (15.3) >10 239 (68.9) educational background three-year college 18 (5.2) undergraduate (adjective) 326 (93.9) Master's degree or above 3(0.9) Professional title Nurse 28 (8.1) Primary nurse 116 (33.4) Supervisor nurse 183 (52.7) Deputy Chief Nurse 15 (4.3) Chief Nurse 5(1.4) Department Internal medicine 180 (51.9) Surgery 70 (20.2) gynaecology 21 (6.1) Pediatrics 9(2.6) ICU 30 (8.6) Emergency 22 (6.3) Outpatient Service 8 (2.3) Operating Room 7 (2.0) The department has medication safety guidelines, systems, or process specifications Yes 331 (95.4) No 16 (4.6) Trained in medication safety Yes 323 (93.1) No 24 (6.9) Have been trained to communicate and cooperate with other medication related personnel Yes 262 (75.5) No 85 (24.5) Has there been any medication error since the practice Yes 124 (35.7) No 223 (64.3) 3.2 Latent profile analysis results of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions Based on the scores of the four dimensions of the Nurse Medication Safety Behavior Intention Questionnaire, 1 to 6 latent profile models were classified (fit indices are shown in Table 2). When the Entropy score was 0.917, both LMRT and BLRT were significant, and the classification probabilities for each category were greater than the overall 5%. Considering all model indicators comprehensively, the best fitting model was finally determined to be Model 2. Table 2 Latent Profile Fit Results of Nurses' Medication Safety Behavior Intentions Category AIC BIC aBIC LMRT BLRT Entropy Categorical probability ( P -value) ( P -value) 1 3146.17 3176.97 3151.59 1.000 2 2756.41 2806.45 2765.21 <0.001 <0.001 0.917 0.81/0.19 3 2654.44 2723.72 2666.62 <0.001 <0.001 0.929 0.05/ 0.77/0.18 4 2568.68 2657.21 2584.25 <0.001 <0.001 0.893 0.68/ 0.07/0.06/0.20 5 2531.94 2639.72 2550.90 <0.05 0.05 <0.001 0.785 0.03/0.27/0.30/0.21/0.13/0.06 3.3 Latent Profile Analysis of Nurses' Medication Safety Behavioral Intentions Based on Model 2, the scores of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions across four dimensions were analyzed. Nurses in Profile 1 scored slightly lower on all four dimensions, indicating that their level of medication safety behavior intention was relatively low and they were still in a state of insufficient cognition and low safety awareness. Therefore, this profile was named "Low Safety Awareness Type," comprising 282 cases ( 81.3%). ( Profile 2 scored slightly higher in all four dimensions, indicating that this type of nurse has a stronger awareness of medication safety risks, so it was named "High Safety Awareness Type," with 65 cases (18.7%), Figure 1 shows the score trend of nurses in different profile in each dimension. Among them, the difference in perceived behavioral control scores among nurses in different profiles was the largest, while the difference in behavioral intention scores was the smallest. See Table 3. Table 3 Scores of Medication Safety Behavior Intentions among Nurses with Different Latent Profiles ( ) Groups Number of cases Behavioural intention Behavioural attitude Subjective norm Perceived behavioural control Low Safety Awareness Type 282 5.05± 0.36 5.33± 0.44 5.18± 0.49 4.65± 0.52 High Safety Awareness Type 65 6.25± 0.41 6.30± 0.43 6.43± 0.44 6.03± 0.60 3.4 Comparison of Demographic Characteristics of Different Latent Profiles of Nurses' Medication Safety Behavior Intentions The univariate analysis of nurses' demographic data showed that whether they had received training in communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel was a factor influencing the two latent profiles of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions, with the difference being statistically significant ( P <0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in whether medication errors had occurred since employment, whether they had received medication safety training, whether the department had medication safety guidelines, systems, or process regulations, ethnicity, years of service, education level, professional title, or department ( P <0.05). See Table 4. Table 4 Comparison of demographic characteristics of different latent profiles of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions (N=347) Project Low Safety Awareness Type[n(%)] High Safety Awareness Type[n(%)] χ 2 /Fisher P Gender* male 19 (5.5) 6 (1.7) 0.436 female 263 (75.8) 59 (17.0) Ethnicity Han ethnicity 216 (62.2) 46 (13.3) 0.970 0.325 others 66 (19.0) 19 (5.5) Years of service 1~2 18 (5.2) 0 (0.0) 5.562 0.129 >2 31 (8.9) 6 (1.7) >5 44 (12.7) 9 (2.6) >10 189 (54.5) 50 (14.4) Education level College diploma 12 (3.5) 6 (1.7) 2.824 0.201 Bachelor's degree 267 (76.9) 59 (17.0) Master's degree or above 3(0.9) 0 (0.0) Professional title Nurse 25 (7.2) 3 (0.9) 4.770 0.290 Nurse Practitioner 98 (28.2) 18 (5.2) Charge Nurse 143 (41.2) 40 (11.5) Deputy Chief Nurse 13 (3.7) 2 (0.6) Chief Nurse 3(0.9) 2 (0.6) Department Internal medicine 147 (42.4) 33 (9.5) 8.846 0.225 Surgery 57 (16.4) 13 (3.7) gynaecology 18 (5.2) 3 (0.9) Pediatrics 8 (2.3) 1(0.3) ICU 26 (7.5) 4(1.2) Emergency Department 14 (4.0) 8 (2.3) Outpatient 8 (2.3) 0 (0.0) Operating Room 4 (1.2) 3 (0.9) The department has medication safety guidelines, regulations, or procedural standards* Yes 271 (78.1) 60 (17.3) 0.194 No 11 (3.2) 5 (1.4) Received training in medication safety* Yes 260 (74.9) 63 (18.2) 0.276 No 22 (6.3) 2 (0.6) Have received training in communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel Yes 205 (59.1) 57 (16.4) 6.424 0.011 No 77 (22.2) 8 (2.3) Have you ever made a medication error since starting your career? Yes 103 (29.7) 21 (6.0) 0.409 0.522 No 179 (51.6) 44 (12.7) Note: Variables marked with * were calculated using the exact probability method to obtain the value 3.5 Influencing Factors of Different Latent Profiles of Nurses' Medication Safety Behavior Intentions Using the two latent profiles of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions as the dependent variable (low safety awareness type=0 , high safety awareness type=1 ), the above demographic-related data were used as independent variables. Dummy variables were set for years of service, professional title, and department. Among them, years of service 1~2 with zero cases in the high safety awareness type, master's degree or above with zero cases in the high safety awareness group, and outpatient department with zero cases in the high safety awareness type were all combined into others. Years of service greater than 2 years were used as the reference, education level was referenced to College diploma, and Department was referenced to Internal medicine to construct a multivariate logistic regression model. Before performing binary logistic regression, it is necessary to check for multicollinearity among independent variables. If tolerance is less than 0.1 or variance inflation factor (VIF) is greater than 10, it indicates the presence of multicollinearity [23]. The regression analysis showed that the tolerance in this study was much greater than 0.1, and all VIFs were less than 10, so there was no multicollinearity. Finally, the resulting logistic model was statistically significant. This model could correctly classify of the study subjects. The results showed that education level, department, medication safety guidelines in the department, systems or process specifications, and training received on communication and cooperation with other medication-related personnel all had an impact on the latent profiles of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions (all P <0.05 ), see Table 5. Table 5 Logistic Regression Analysis of Different Latent Profiles of Nurses' Medication Safety Behavior Intention(N=347) Project Regression coefficient standard error Waldχ 2 value P OR value 95 percent CI constant term 5.905 2.549 5.365 0.021 - - Educational level -1.426 0.582 6.000 0.014 0.240 [0.077,0.752] Department Surgery -2.269 0.989 5.261 0.022 0.103 [0.015,0.719] Gynaecology -2.220 1.007 4.865 0.027 0.109 [0.015,0.781] Pediatrics -2.472 1.136 4.735 0.030 0.084 [0.009,0.782] ICU -3.328 1.497 4.941 0.026 0.036 [0.002,0.675] Outpatient and Emergency departments -2.863 1.151 6.185 0.013 0.057 [0.006,0.547] The department has medication safety guidelines, regulations, or procedural standards -3.205 1.097 8.534 0.003 0.041 [0.005,0.348] Have received training in communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel 1.824 0.606 9.070 0.003 6.194 [1.890,20.294] 4. Discussion 4.1 Current Status of Nurses' Medication Safety Behavior Intentions The results of this study show that the scores of medication safety behavior intentions among 347 nurses were all at a moderate level. Among them, the "low safety awareness" group accounted for 81.3%, and the "high safety awareness" group accounted for 18.7%, indicating that the proportion of nurses with a high level of medication safety behavior intention is relatively low. The average score of medication safety behavior intention among nursing staff was 5.65. Liu Jianyong [ 21 ] used this questionnaire to assess the medication safety behavior intention of 160 nurses, with an average score of 5.56; in Australia,[ 20 ] the questionnaire was used to assess 65 undergraduate students in pharmacy, nursing, and medicine, with an average score of 5.00; both are slightly lower than the results of this study. The reason may be related to the larger sample size selected in this study compared to the other two studies, and the nurses surveyed in this study had more work experience than those in the other two surveys. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) [ 24 ] holds that Behavioral intention is the direct antecedent of behavior and can serve as a proxy for measuring actual behavior. The medication safety behavior intention scores of nurses in this survey were at a moderately high level, indicating room for improvement. Managers can take relevant measures to enhance nurses' medication safety behavior intentions, thereby ensuring the medication safety of hospitalized patients. 4.2 Analysis of Latent Profiles and Influencing Factors of Nurses' Medication Safety Behavior Intentions This study used LPA to classify nurses' medication safety behavior intentions into two categories, exploring group heterogeneity and indicating an association between levels of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions. Compared to variables centered on nurses' medication safety behavior intentions, LPA has greater advantages in classifying the levels of these intentions. The results show that nurses' medication safety behavior intentions can be divided into "high safety awareness type" and "low safety awareness type." The scores of all dimensions of medication safety intention of the "high safety awareness type" are higher than those in the "low safety awareness type," possibly because nurses in this profile have a strong safety awareness, can independently think and solve common clinical problems, and can rationally analyze and handle related issues, resulting in higher levels of medication safety intentions. Therefore, characterizing and classifying the levels of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions can distinguish different types of intentions and further identify the participation characteristics of different types of nurses across various dimensions. Managers should adopt precise stratified management for different types of nurses; for example, cognitive restructuring training and behavior standardization interventions can be considered for low safety awareness nurses, while appropriate authorization, such as serving as safety coaches, can be considered for high safety awareness nurses. At the same time, optimizing collaboration tools and deploying AI-assisted communication systems should be considered, such as implementing human-machine double checks during understaffed night shifts, regularly monitoring intention levels with TPB-MSQ, and tracking nurse behavior compliance with intelligent trackers. Ultimately, this will form a medication safety system where safety intentions are measurable, risky behaviors are traceable, and risk alerts and interceptions are in place. From the univariate analysis results of the distribution of two types of medication safety behavior intentions, the "low safety awareness type" had significantly higher proportions of people in terms of years of service, education level, professional title, and department compared to the "high safety awareness type." Multivariate analysis results suggest that education level, department, medication safety guidelines, systems, or process specifications in the department, and training involving communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel influence nurses' medication safety behavior intention patterns. Notably, training involving communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel can increase the likelihood of being in the high safety awareness group by six times, whereas medication safety guidelines, systems, or process specifications in the department actually reduce the probability of being in the high safety awareness group (OR = 0.041 ). This result indicates that simply establishing medication safety guidelines, systems, or process specifications may be ineffective; contextualized training and other methods are needed for nurses to truly understand their essence. Gender, ethnicity, years of service, professional title, and whether medication errors have occurred since starting work were not included in the model. The study found that nurses with more than 10 years of service accounted for 68.9%, but medication safety intention was unrelated to years of service, suggesting that nurses need to be wary of cognitive rigidity caused by experience. Other demographic data, such as gender and ethnicity, had a higher proportion in the "low safety awareness" group than in the "high safety awareness" group, but the differences were not statistically significant. This may be related to the higher number of female participants in the study and the lack of consideration of family support factors for professional women, such as childbirth status and mother-in-law relationships. 4.3 Research limitations and Prospects Nurses' medication safety behavior intentions are the fundamental focus for improving medication safety among nurses. This study used Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to analyze the medication safety behavior intention patterns of nurses in one hospital, providing a basis for promoting the formation of long-term positive medication safety behavior intentions among nurses. However, there are certain limitations. First, all data in the study were obtained through self-administered questionnaires, which may involve method bias. Future research should design more scientific survey tools to comprehensively include factors that may influence nurses' medication safety behavior intentions. Second, the study was a single-center study, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research should conduct large-sample, multi-center surveys to comprehensively consider the characteristics of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions and provide effective evidence for developing nurse medication safety behavior management programs. 5. Conclusion This study used LPA analysis to classify nurses' medication safety behavior intentions into "low safety awareness type" and "high safety awareness type," indicating qualitative group differences in nurses' medication safety behavior intentions. Future research should focus on education level, department, medication safety guidelines in the department, systems or process regulations, and training received in communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel. Targeted management plans should be developed based on different category characteristics to promote nurses in forming long-term good medication safety behavior intentions. Declarations Funding This Research is supported by Ningxia Natural Science Foundation (No: 2024AAC03497) Author Contributions Huan Xing: Research and Design, Manuscript writing, Software, Resources, Data management, Analysis,Writing - manuscript, Writing - review and edit. Xiang Li: Writing - review and editing, Survey. Xiaoli Yan: Writing - review and editing, Supervision. Ping Li: Investigation and data collation. YuanYan: Investigation and data collation. Data availability statement The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due [The research data is a part of our research project, and the project has not been completed yet] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declaration of competing interest The authors say that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that might have appeared to inuence the work described in this paper. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for their support, and to all the nurses at the hospital who participated in this survey. ORCID iD Huan Xing https://orcid.org/my-orcid?orcid=0009-0000-7468-9515 References Di Simone E, Fabbian F, Giannetta N, et al. Risk of medication errors and nurses' quality of sleep: a national cross-sectional web survey study. 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Modern Business,2021,(19):22-26. https://doi:10.14097/j.cnki.5392/2021.19.007. Ajzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process.1991, 50, 179-211. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 28 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 18 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 17 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 08 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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13:14:57","extension":"html","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8312752/v1/82119d361b9ba55afca3c9e4.html"},{"id":100412496,"identity":"2db2c541-3dc0-4a51-82db-731d24b0ec5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:14:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eshows the score trend of nurses in different profile in each dimension\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8312752/v1/d1bdd84c476f5725cc448c4a.png"},{"id":100416439,"identity":"13407ed7-f134-4902-aacb-193f047aae9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:23:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1059269,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8312752/v1/637e93a5-9aac-4e88-be0f-2829eb6d5d5b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Study on nurses' intention of medication safety behavior in a tertiary general hospital in Yinchuan City: A Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough medical technology is advancing with the times, medical errors still occur and pose a threat to patient safety. Medication errors are one of the most common medical errors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], with statistics showing that 98,000 people die each year due to medical errors, of which 7,000 cases are entirely caused by medication errors. Medication errors can occur at various stages of the medication process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Medication errors are defined as any preventable event that may lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm at any stage of the medication management process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Medication errors are a major global concern, posing serious risks to patients, healthcare professionals, and society [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies estimate that about 1 in 10 hospitalized patients is affected by medication errors, and nearly of these errors result in patient death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In the United States alone, approximately 400,000 medication errors are reported annually, causing at least one death per day and affecting over 1.3\u0026nbsp;million people each year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Globally, these errors account for nearly of healthcare expenditures, estimated at 42\u0026nbsp;billion dollars.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication use is a complex process that includes selection, acquisition, storage, prescribing, verification, preparation, dispensing, administration, and monitoring\u0026mdash;essentially intricate and influenced by various factors within the healthcare system organization, making errors more likely [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The World Health Organization has called for the prevention of harm related to medication errors within the next five years 50% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. WHO has developed a global plan for 2021\u0026ndash;2030 to avoid preventable harm, which means that patients/families and all healthcare providers must improve patient safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses play a crucial role in the hospital environment, especially in managing patient safety during the medication process. Nurses are at the end of the medication management chain and are vital in preventing medication errors and ensuring patient safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. They often serve as the last line of defense against medication errors during the administ ration phase. Research shows that about one-third of harmful medication errors occur during the preparation and administration stages, where nurses play a key role [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Medication administration is a critical nursing function[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], accounting for 54.9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] of medication errors and occupying 11.8% to 29.1% of nurses' time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This indicates that nursing medication errors constitute a high proportion of total medication errors and consume a significant amount of nursing work time. Coelho [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and others identified five categories of factors that may influence the occurrence of medication errors by nurses: organizational factors, knowledge and training factors, system factors, personal factors, and procedural factors. Li Nannan et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] pointed out that professional title, system and supervision, equipment, and r- elated personnel are all factors influencing nurses' medication errors. Existing assessment tools evaluate nurses' knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding medication safety and consider controlling unsafe medication behaviors among nurses as an important measure to prevent medication errors and improve patient medication safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. However, whether there are internal individual differences requires further exploration, and whether these individual differences affect intentions toward medication safety behavior needs further research and analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Study design and participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research used convenience sampling, nurses from a tertiary general hospital in Yinchuan City were selected as the study subjects from October to December 2024. Inclusion criteria: (1) nurses who have been engaged in nursing work at the hospital for\u0026nbsp;≥\u0026nbsp;1 years during the survey period; (2) nurses holding a valid Nurse Practitioner Certificate of the People's Republic of China with registration records; (3) informed consent and voluntary participation. Exclusion criteria: (1) nurses who were on study leave, sick leave, maternity leave, or otherwise absent during the survey period; (2) staff not officially employed by the surveyed hospital, such as nurses on training or standardized residency programs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Sample size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size of this study calculation: based on a rough estimation method, the sample size can be 5~10 times the number of variables. This study estimated the sample size based on the Theory of Planned Behavior Medication Safety Questionnaire, which contains 50 items, resulting in a calculated sample size of 250~500 participants. Considering of 10% invalid questionnaires, the sample size was expanded to 275~500 participants. Ultimately, 347 cases were included in this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Ethical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore participating, all participating nurses had written informed consent. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the people's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Approval No.: 2023-NZR-177).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Methodology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4.1 Research Tools\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) General Information Survey Form: includes age, gender, ethnicity, education level, years of nursing work experience, and department.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) Theory of Planned Behavior Medication Safety Questionnaire (TPB-MSQ): Developed by Samuel Lapkin [20]and translated into Chinese by Liu Jianying\u0026nbsp;[21],\u0026nbsp;this questionnaire is used to study the medication safety practice intentions of healthcare professionals. The questionnaire contains 50 items across 4 dimensions, including 1 dependent variable dimension and 3 independent variable dimensions. The dependent variable is behavioral intention, while the independent variables are subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral attitude. Among the items, 46 are scored using a 7-point Likert scale, and 4 items are dichotomous. The TPB-MSQ is considered an effective tool for assessing medication safety-related behavioral intentions. The Chinese version of the questionnaire demonstrated a content consistency reliability of 0.797, with each dimension scoring 0.797-0.807, indicating good internal consistency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurvey Method\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn online questionnaire was distributed via Questionnaire star, explaining to the nurses the purpose, significance, and instructions for completing the questionnaire, adhering to the principles of anonymity and voluntariness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Statistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPA was performed using Mplus 8.0 software, and the best fitting model was comprehensively evaluated and selected based on criteria such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (aBIC), entropy index, Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test (LMRT), and Bootstrap likelihood ratio test (BLRT) [22].\u0026nbsp;Among these, smaller values of AIC, BIC, and aBIC indicate better model fit. The model is considered optimal when the entropy index is high and the average posterior probability is high. When the P-values of LMRT and BLRT are both less than 0.05, it indicates that the k-class model fits better than the (k-1)-class model\u0026nbsp;[22].\u0026nbsp;SPSS 25.0 software was used for univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the latent profiles of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions and influencing factors. Qualitative data in the study were described using frequencies and percentages (%), intergroup comparisons were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression, and a P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6 Quality control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach mobile phone can only respond once. The online questionnaire is set with time monitoring; responses completed in less than 5 minutes or with all answers identical are considered invalid.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7 Research Questions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e• Research question: What are the differences in the TPB-MSQ among nurses in relation to selected demographical ? Is there internal heterogeneity present?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e• Descriptive hypothesis: There are statistically significant differences in the TPB-MSQ that are influenced by selected demographical.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 General Information of the Survey Subjects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 347 nurses from a tertiary general hospital were aged 22~55 years, with an average age of (35.44\u0026plusmn;5.78 ) years; 25 were male (7.2% ), and 322 were female (92.8% ). See Table 1 for details.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 General Information of the Survey Subjects\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"502\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProject\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of cases[n(%)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esexes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e322(92.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Han dynasty\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e262 (75.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ethe rest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of service (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1~2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239 (68.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eeducational background\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ethree-year college\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eundergraduate (adjective)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326 (93.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaster\u0026apos;s degree or above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional title\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary nurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (33.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupervisor nurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183 (52.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeputy Chief Nurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChief Nurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternal medicine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (51.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (20.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egynaecology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmergency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutpatient Service\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOperating Room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe department has medication safety guidelines, systems, or process specifications\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331 (95.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrained in medication safety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323 (93.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave been trained to communicate and cooperate with other medication related personnel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e262 (75.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHas there been any medication error since the practice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 317px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223 (64.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Latent profile analysis results of nurses\u0026apos; medication safety behavior intentions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the scores of the four dimensions of the Nurse Medication Safety Behavior Intention Questionnaire, 1 to 6 latent profile models were classified (fit indices are shown in Table 2). When the Entropy score was 0.917, both LMRT and BLRT were significant, and the classification probabilities for each category were greater than the overall 5%. Considering all model indicators comprehensively, the best fitting model was finally determined to be Model 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 \u0026nbsp;Latent Profile Fit Results of Nurses\u0026apos; Medication Safety Behavior Intentions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"713\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAIC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBIC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaBIC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMRT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBLRT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEntropy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 205px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategorical probability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e-value)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3146.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3176.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3151.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2756.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2806.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2765.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81/0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2654.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2723.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2666.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05/ 0.77/0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2568.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2657.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2584.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.893\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68/ 0.07/0.06/0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2531.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2639.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2550.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03/0.27/0.49/0.15/0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2507.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2634.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2530.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 205px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03/0.27/0.30/0.21/0.13/0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Latent Profile Analysis of Nurses\u0026apos; Medication Safety Behavioral Intentions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on Model 2, the scores of nurses\u0026apos; medication safety behavior intentions across four dimensions were analyzed. Nurses in Profile 1 scored slightly lower on all four dimensions, indicating that their level of medication safety behavior intention was relatively low and they were still in a state of insufficient cognition and low safety awareness. Therefore, this profile was named \u0026quot;Low Safety Awareness Type,\u0026quot; comprising 282 cases ( 81.3%). ( Profile 2 scored slightly higher in all four dimensions, indicating that this type of nurse has a stronger awareness of medication safety risks, so it was named \u0026quot;High Safety Awareness Type,\u0026quot; with 65 cases (18.7%), Figure 1 shows the score trend of nurses in different profile in each dimension. Among them, the difference in perceived behavioral control scores among nurses in different profiles was the largest, while the difference in behavioral intention scores was the smallest. See Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 \u0026nbsp;Scores of Medication Safety Behavior Intentions among Nurses with Different Latent Profiles (\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg width=\"34\" height=\"22\" src=\"data:image/wmf;base64,R0lGODlhIgAWAHcAMSH+GlNvZnR3YXJlOiBNaWNyb3NvZnQgT2ZmaWNlACH5BAEAAAAALAIABAAdAA4AhQAAAAAAAAAAHR0AHR0AAB0dNAAAMwAdMgAcSB0dSAAzWgA0SB1GbDMAADIdADMeRzVbbjNbgEgcAEceM1ozAFszM1s1SFtIHUhuW11/f0huf2xGHW5GM39/XX9uSGaIiIBbM4iIZgECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwECAwZUQEBgSAwAjsikcslsOp/QqHRKTU6q2OzyGpUEBICGQKMsEpWOYRIR5So3yAjSK88WmAOoe5lQPgAGWBZIDEhuClUSEAAUiAB0AAQBbElmakcNlwBBADs=\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"725\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBehavioural intention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBehavioural attitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubjective norm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerceived behavioural control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow Safety Awareness Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05\u0026plusmn; 0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.33\u0026plusmn; 0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.18\u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u0026plusmn; 0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 199px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh Safety Awareness Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u0026plusmn; 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.30\u0026plusmn; 0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.43\u0026plusmn; 0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.03\u0026plusmn; 0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Comparison of Demographic Characteristics of Different Latent Profiles of Nurses\u0026apos; Medication Safety Behavior Intentions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe univariate analysis of nurses\u0026apos; demographic data showed that whether they had received training in communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel was a factor influencing the two latent profiles of nurses\u0026apos; medication safety behavior intentions, with the difference being statistically significant ( \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in whether medication errors had occurred since employment, whether they had received medication safety training, whether the department had medication safety guidelines, systems, or process regulations, ethnicity, years of service, education level, professional title, or department ( \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). See Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 Comparison of demographic characteristics of different latent profiles of nurses\u0026apos; medication safety behavior intentions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;(N=347)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"690\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProject\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow Safety Awareness Type[n(%)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh Safety Awareness Type[n(%)]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003e/Fisher\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e263 (75.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (17.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Han\u0026nbsp;ethnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216 (62.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eothers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of service\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1~2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (14.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege diploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u0026apos;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267 (76.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (17.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaster\u0026apos;s degree or above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional title\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse Practitioner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (28.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharge Nurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (41.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeputy\u0026nbsp;Chief Nurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChief Nurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternal medicine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (42.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egynaecology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmergency Department\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutpatient\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOperating Room\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe department has medication safety guidelines, regulations, or procedural standards*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271 (78.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceived training in medication safety*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260 (74.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave received training in communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205 (59.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave you ever made a medication error since starting your career?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.409\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179 (51.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Variables marked with * were calculated using the exact probability method to obtain the value\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 Influencing Factors of Different Latent Profiles of Nurses\u0026apos; Medication Safety Behavior Intentions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the two latent profiles of nurses\u0026apos; medication safety behavior intentions as the dependent variable (low safety awareness type=0 , high safety awareness type=1 ), the above demographic-related data were used as independent variables. Dummy variables were set for years of service, professional title, and department. Among them, years of service 1~2 \u0026nbsp;with zero cases in the high safety awareness type, master\u0026apos;s degree or above with zero cases in the high safety awareness group, and outpatient department with zero cases in the high safety awareness type were all combined into others. Years of service greater than 2 years were used as the reference, education level was referenced to College diploma, and Department was referenced to Internal medicine to construct a multivariate logistic regression model. Before performing binary logistic regression, it is necessary to check for multicollinearity among independent variables. If tolerance is less than 0.1 or variance inflation factor (VIF) is greater than 10, it indicates the presence of multicollinearity\u0026nbsp;[23]. The regression analysis showed that the tolerance in this study was much greater than 0.1, and all VIFs were less than 10, so there was no multicollinearity. Finally, the resulting logistic model was statistically significant. This model could correctly classify of the study subjects. The results showed that education level, department, medication safety guidelines in the department, systems or process specifications, and training received on communication and cooperation with other medication-related personnel all had an impact on the latent profiles of nurses\u0026apos; medication safety behavior intentions (all \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05 ), see Table 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 \u0026nbsp;Logistic Regression Analysis of Different Latent Profiles of Nurses\u0026apos; Medication Safety Behavior Intention(N=347)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"719\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProject\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estandard error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 percent CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econstant term\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.426\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.077,0.752]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.015,0.719]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGynaecology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.015,0.781]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.009,0.782]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.941\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.002,0.675]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutpatient and Emergency departments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.863\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.006,0.547]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe department has medication safety guidelines, regulations, or procedural standards\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.534\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.005,0.348]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 251px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave received training in communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.606\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1.890,20.294]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Current Status of Nurses' Medication Safety Behavior Intentions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study show that the scores of medication safety behavior intentions among 347 nurses were all at a moderate level. Among them, the \"low safety awareness\" group accounted for 81.3%, and the \"high safety awareness\" group accounted for 18.7%, indicating that the proportion of nurses with a high level of medication safety behavior intention is relatively low. The average score of medication safety behavior intention among nursing staff was 5.65. Liu Jianyong [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] used this questionnaire to assess the medication safety behavior intention of 160 nurses, with an average score of 5.56; in Australia,[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] the questionnaire was used to assess 65 undergraduate students in pharmacy, nursing, and medicine, with an average score of 5.00; both are slightly lower than the results of this study. The reason may be related to the larger sample size selected in this study compared to the other two studies, and the nurses surveyed in this study had more work experience than those in the other two surveys. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] holds that Behavioral intention is the direct antecedent of behavior and can serve as a proxy for measuring actual behavior. The medication safety behavior intention scores of nurses in this survey were at a moderately high level, indicating room for improvement. Managers can take relevant measures to enhance nurses' medication safety behavior intentions, thereby ensuring the medication safety of hospitalized patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Analysis of Latent Profiles and Influencing Factors of Nurses' Medication Safety Behavior Intentions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study used LPA to classify nurses' medication safety behavior intentions into two categories, exploring group heterogeneity and indicating an association between levels of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions. Compared to variables centered on nurses' medication safety behavior intentions, LPA has greater advantages in classifying the levels of these intentions. The results show that nurses' medication safety behavior intentions can be divided into \"high safety awareness type\" and \"low safety awareness type.\" The scores of all dimensions of medication safety intention of the \"high safety awareness type\" are higher than those in the \"low safety awareness type,\" possibly because nurses in this profile have a strong safety awareness, can independently think and solve common clinical problems, and can rationally analyze and handle related issues, resulting in higher levels of medication safety intentions. Therefore, characterizing and classifying the levels of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions can distinguish different types of intentions and further identify the participation characteristics of different types of nurses across various dimensions. Managers should adopt precise stratified management for different types of nurses; for example, cognitive restructuring training and behavior standardization interventions can be considered for low safety awareness nurses, while appropriate authorization, such as serving as safety coaches, can be considered for high safety awareness nurses. At the same time, optimizing collaboration tools and deploying AI-assisted communication systems should be considered, such as implementing human-machine double checks during understaffed night shifts, regularly monitoring intention levels with TPB-MSQ, and tracking nurse behavior compliance with intelligent trackers. Ultimately, this will form a medication safety system where safety intentions are measurable, risky behaviors are traceable, and risk alerts and interceptions are in place.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the univariate analysis results of the distribution of two types of medication safety behavior intentions, the \"low safety awareness type\" had significantly higher proportions of people in terms of years of service, education level, professional title, and department compared to the \"high safety awareness type.\" Multivariate analysis results suggest that education level, department, medication safety guidelines, systems, or process specifications in the department, and training involving communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel influence nurses' medication safety behavior intention patterns. Notably, training involving communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel can increase the likelihood of being in the high safety awareness group by six times, whereas medication safety guidelines, systems, or process specifications in the department actually reduce the probability of being in the high safety awareness group (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.041 ). This result indicates that simply establishing medication safety guidelines, systems, or process specifications may be ineffective; contextualized training and other methods are needed for nurses to truly understand their essence. Gender, ethnicity, years of service, professional title, and whether medication errors have occurred since starting work were not included in the model. The study found that nurses with more than 10 years of service accounted for 68.9%, but medication safety intention was unrelated to years of service, suggesting that nurses need to be wary of cognitive rigidity caused by experience. Other demographic data, such as gender and ethnicity, had a higher proportion in the \"low safety awareness\" group than in the \"high safety awareness\" group, but the differences were not statistically significant. This may be related to the higher number of female participants in the study and the lack of consideration of family support factors for professional women, such as childbirth status and mother-in-law relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Research limitations and Prospects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurses' medication safety behavior intentions are the fundamental focus for improving medication safety among nurses. This study used Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to analyze the medication safety behavior intention patterns of nurses in one hospital, providing a basis for promoting the formation of long-term positive medication safety behavior intentions among nurses. However, there are certain limitations. First, all data in the study were obtained through self-administered questionnaires, which may involve method bias. Future research should design more scientific survey tools to comprehensively include factors that may influence nurses' medication safety behavior intentions. Second, the study was a single-center study, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research should conduct large-sample, multi-center surveys to comprehensively consider the characteristics of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions and provide effective evidence for developing nurse medication safety behavior management programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study used LPA analysis to classify nurses' medication safety behavior intentions into \"low safety awareness type\" and \"high safety awareness type,\" indicating qualitative group differences in nurses' medication safety behavior intentions. Future research should focus on education level, department, medication safety guidelines in the department, systems or process regulations, and training received in communication and collaboration with other medication-related personnel. Targeted management plans should be developed based on different category characteristics to promote nurses in forming long-term good medication safety behavior intentions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis Research is supported by Ningxia Natural Science Foundation (No: 2024AAC03497)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuan Xing: Research and Design, Manuscript writing, Software, Resources, Data management, Analysis,Writing - manuscript, Writing - review and edit. Xiang Li: Writing - review and editing, Survey. Xiaoli Yan: Writing - review and editing, Supervision. Ping Li: Investigation and data collation. YuanYan: Investigation and data collation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estatement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due [The research data is a part of our research project, and the project has not been completed yet] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors say that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that might have appeared to inuence the work described in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for their support, and to all the nurses at the hospital who participated in this survey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eORCID iD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuan Xing https://orcid.org/my-orcid?orcid=0009-0000-7468-9515\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDi Simone E, Fabbian F, Giannetta N, et al. 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J Clin Nurs. 2023 Jan;32(1-2):208-220. https://doi: 10.1111/jocn.16215. Epub 2022 Jan 23.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organisation (WHO). (2020). The third WHO global patient safety challenge: medication without harm. Available at https://www. who.int/patientsafety/medication-safety/en/.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorld health organisation (WHO).\u0026nbsp;(2021). Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021-2030: Towards eliminating avoidable harm in health care. Geneva, Switzerland: W-orld Health Available: https://www. who. int/publications/item/9789240032705.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHines S, Kynoch K, Khalil H. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent medication errors: an umbrella systematic review protocol. jbi Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2018 Feb;16(2):291-296. https://doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003481.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSmeulers M, Verweij L, Maaskant JM, et al. 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Analysis of Factors Influencing the Satisfaction of Stall Vendors with the Government\u0026apos;s Standardised Management from the Perspective of \u0026quot;Internal Circulation\u0026quot;--Taking Hunan Province as an Example[J]. Modern Business,2021,(19):22-26. https://doi:10.14097/j.cnki.5392/2021.19.007.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAjzen, I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process.1991, 50, 179-211.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nurses, Patient Safety, Medication safety, Potential profile analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8312752/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8312752/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedication errors are common medical errors, which pose a serious threat to the safety of patients. Nurses are the main participants in medication errors. Although factors such as professional titles, systems, and regulations can affect the occurrence of medication errors among nurses. However, it is not clever that, Whether the potential profile of nurses' medication safety behavior intention can affect the outcome of safe medication outcome.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study is to explore and analyse the potential profile of nurses' medication safety behavior intention in the tertiary general hospital, and provide the basis for nurses to formulate targeted intervention programs for medication safety.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing convenience sampling, 347 nurses from a tertiary general hospital in Yinchuan City were selected from October to December 2024 as research subjects. They were surveyed using a general information questionnaire and the Theory of Planned Behavior Medication Safety Questionnaire. Mplus 8.0 software was used to perform profile analysis on the scores of various dimensions of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions. Differences in general information and medication safety behavior intentions among nurses with different profiles were compared through univariate analysis and logistic regression.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings revealed that nurses' medication safety behavior intention patterns were divided into two categories: low safety awareness type (282 cases) and high safety awareness type (65 cases). Factors such as education level, department, departmental medication safety guidelines, systems or process specifications, and whether they had received training on communication and cooperation with other medication-related personnel influenced the latent profiles of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions (all \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study highlights the importance of nurses' medication safety behavior intention model can be divided into two categories: low safety awareness and high safety awareness, indicating qualitatively different group differences. These are closely related to education level, department, departmental medication safety guidelines, systems or process specifications, and whether training on communication and cooperation with other medication-related personnel has been received. This suggests that managers should develop individualized interventions based on the characteristics of nurses in different profiles to improve the level of nurses' medication safety behavior intentions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study on nurses' intention of medication safety behavior in a tertiary general hospital in Yinchuan City: A Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-16 11:26:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8312752/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-18T07:38:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-02T10:58:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-28T08:19:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"124772414008406698616087431659061204567","date":"2026-01-27T07:17:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"252220048519156991006314556380936874078","date":"2026-01-25T01:58:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-13T14:05:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-19T04:14:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-17T12:15:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-17T12:14:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nursing","date":"2025-12-09T03:49:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c40ab3f7-c8a8-48f8-b06e-cfdbbbe01b7f","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-17T02:08:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-16 11:26:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8312752","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8312752","identity":"rs-8312752","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}