Gaps in long lasting insecticide-treated net coverage 2 years after a mass distribution campaign in central Côte d’Ivoire

Gaps in long lasting insecticide-treated net coverage 2 years after a mass distribution campaign in central Côte d’Ivoire | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Gaps in long lasting insecticide-treated net coverage 2 years after a mass distribution campaign in central Côte d’Ivoire Colette Sih, Serge Brice Assi, Benoit Talbot, Edouard Dangbenon, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4473800/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Malaria Journal → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background To reduce malaria burden in Côte d'Ivoire, the Ministry of Health aims for 90% of its population to possess one long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) for every two persons by 2025. Furthermore, some studies recommend measuring LLIN access within sleeping units to improve the accuracy of coverage indicators. This study evaluated LLIN coverage two years after a mass distribution in central Côte d'Ivoire. Methods A census was conducted in 43 villages. Data were collected on household geo-position, composition, number of sleeping units and LLINs owned. LLIN coverage was assessed using: 1/ ownership; proportion of household with at least one LLIN; 2/household access; households with sufficient nets for every two persons and for every sleeping unit; and 3/ population access; proportion of population with access to LLIN within households and sleeping units. Results 10,630 households (89.6% response rate) and 46,619 inhabitants were recruited. Household LLIN ownership was 63.8% (95%CI: 58.7–68.8). Household LLIN access was 37.6% (95%CI: 33.2–42.0) based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons and 37.1% (95%CI: 33.0-41.2) based on 1 net per sleeping unit. Population LLIN access based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons and 1 net per sleeping space was 53.3% (95%CI: 48.6–58.1) and 49.4% (95%CI: 45.1–53.6) respectively. Approximately 17% of households with access for every 2 persons did not have access by every sleeping unit and 9.7% of households with access by sleeping unit did not have access for every 2 persons. Households with adequate access by sleeping unit but not for every 2 persons tend to be larger with fewer sleeping units, and have children under five years old and female members. The largest households (> 7 members) and households with at least one under-five member had the lowest access (20.8% and 27.3% respectively). Conclusion LLIN access was low in this area of intense indoor malaria transmission, 2 years after the last mass distribution campaign. Strategies are needed to improve LLINs coverage. malaria vector control access coverage ownership sleeping units household indicators long-lasting insecticidal nets mass distribution Côte d'Ivoire Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Malaria is a life-threatening disease which causes unacceptably high levels of morbidity and mortality globally [ 1 ]. It is estimated that half of the global population remains at risk for malaria [ 2 ]. The entire population of Côte d'Ivoire is at-risk for malaria, with a prevalence of malaria infection estimated at 37% in children aged 6–59 months and an incidence of clinical malaria of 189.9 per 1,000 in the general population [ 3 – 5 ]. Between 2000 and 2015, it is estimated that insecticidal vector control interventions, specifically the widespread scale-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying, averted over three-quarters of clinical malaria cases [ 6 ]. LLINs are one of the most effective malaria prevention tools [ 7 ]. LLINs provide personal protection to the individual user (via a physical barrier reducing human-to-mosquito and mosquito-to-human transmission, and via the insecticide in the netting which can repel, kill and/or impact the fecundity of susceptible vectors) [ 2 ] and, at high levels of population coverage, community-level protection by reducing vector longevity and density [ 8 – 12 ]. Multiple studies have concluded that low LLIN access is the main driver of low LLIN usage [ 13 – 15 ]. Optimal coverage of LLINs can be achieved by providing sufficient access to LLINs alongside health promotion activities to maximize their use. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the distribution of one LLIN for every two persons for full coverage [ 16 ]. The National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of Côte d'Ivoire has the ambitious objective of having 90% of its population own one net for every two persons with at least 80% of those with LLINs using them by 2025 [ 4 , 5 ]. The Roll Back Malaria Monitoring & Evaluation Reference Group (RBM MERG) has put forth household survey indicators for evaluating coverage and access to LLINs. Household LLIN ownership is defined as the proportion of households with at least one LLIN. Household LLIN access is the proportion of households with at least one LLIN for every two people. This indicator can be used to calculate the gap in intra-household LLIN ownership from the proportion of households with sufficient LLIN amongst those with a minimum of one LLIN. Finally, population LLIN access is the proportion of population with access to an LLIN within their household and it estimates the proportion of individuals who could potentially have slept under an LLIN, assuming one LLIN is used by two persons [ 17 ]. These RBM MERG indicators capture the fact that the mere presence of a LLIN in a household does not necessarily reflect individual access. Some studies recommend the consideration of sleeping units, as an addition to the aforementioned RBM MERG indicators, to improve the accuracy of access estimates [ 18 – 20 ]. A study conducted in Tanzania found that RBM MERG indicators under-estimated LLIN access especially in lower socio-economic households which tend to be overcrowded [ 21 ], whereas another study from Ethiopia found that the RBM MERG indicators over-estimated LLIN coverage because it did not take into account units where people actually slept [ 22 ]. The Ethiopian study suggested the following access indicators for sleeping units: 1) household LLIN access defined as the proportion of households with at least one LLIN for every sleeping unit within the household; 2) intra-sleeping space ownership gap defined as the proportion of households with insufficient LLINs for every sleeping unit amongst those reporting at least 1 LLIN and 3) population access defined as the proportion of population with access to LLIN within their households based on one LLIN per sleeping unit. Across several studies, some factors associated with higher LLIN ownership across some sub-Saharan African countries include an urban residence, having 2 or more sleeping units within a household, having an under-five or pregnant member in the household [ 23 – 25 ]. Lower LLIN ownership has been associated with increasing distance to nearest health center, postulated to be linked to difficulties in acquiring LLINs as a consequence of remoteness and poorer road infrastructure [ 25 – 27 ]. Factors that impact mosquito density may affect the perception of household occupants about malaria risk and the decision to acquire or use LLINs. Mosquito density is highly associated with humidity [ 28 – 34 ], and certain landscape elements, including altitude, distance to nearest lake, and vegetation cover, measured by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) [ 35 – 37 ]. However, there is huge variability across studies in factors examined and the reported results, and there have been no studies, to the best of our knowledge, in Côte d'Ivoire. Methods Study design and setting: This paper reports the census data collected in preparation for a cluster randomized trial evaluating next-generation bed nets [ 38 ]. The census took place in 43 of the 110 villages in the department of Tiebissou (Gbêkê region, Lacs District), central Côte d’Ivoire (see Fig. 1) from June 8 to 27, 2023. These villages were selected based on the following criteria: having a minimum of 100 households with a minimum of 100 children under the age of 10 years (based on data from the health districts), within a 2-hour drive from Tiebissou town, and the acceptance of the hamlet leader and population to participate in the study. After the census, 2 villages were excluded from the rest of the trial for reasons linked to accessibility to the villages. The remaining 41 villages were used to create 33 study clusters, with 1 study cluster consisting of 1 to 3 villages to ensure a minimum distance of 2km from other study clusters (thereby avoiding contamination) and at least 100 households. In 2021, the population of Tiebissou was estimated to be 116,321, spread over 2,410km 2 [ 39 ]. The main vector control activity was the distribution of LLINs once every 3 years through mass distribution campaigns, with continuous distribution through antenatal and infant-welfare clinics. The last mass distribution campaign took place from March 11th to May 05th 2021, with an allocation of one LLIN for every 2 persons (no maximum cap per household). Deltamethrin-only nets were distributed in Tiebissou during this campaign. Nets were distributed from central points within villages. Household LLIN ownership was estimated at 76% in this district during a 2021 survey [ 3 ]. The prevalence of malaria infection in children under five in the Lac district based on microscopy and RDT were 32% and 51% respectively in 2021 [ 3 ]. Figure 1: Map of study village boundaries, Tiebissou department, central Côte d’Ivoire, and inset map displaying the location of the study area in Africa. Map was created using QGIS 3.30.3 (Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using a basemap from ESRI (Redlands, CA, USA). Census process: A team of enumerators was trained in the consenting process, census procedures and electronic data capture. All housing structures (both inhabited and uninhabited) were visited in every village and geo-referenced using the Global Positioning System (GPS) function on a tablet. Written informed consent was obtained from an able adult. Data were collected using a questionnaire on the household member composition, number of LLINs, and number of sleeping units. Questionnaires were administered in French or Baoulé. Housing structures which looked inhabited but were vacant at the time of the visit were visited again 1 to 3 times to complete data collection. Data were cleaned and consistency checks were performed daily by a Data Manager. Operational definition of terms: A sleeping unit was defined in this study as an internal or external space (covered or uncovered) used temporarily or permanently for sleeping by one or more household members. A household was a basic socio-economic unit in which the various members (related or unrelated) lived in the same house or compound, brought together their resources and jointly met their essential food and other vital needs. A factory-treated net with insecticides, requiring no re-treatment and used for sleeping was considered as being a LLIN. The operational definitions used to determine access based on household indicators were from RBM MERG 2018 [ 17 ] whereas, the indicators adapted to sleeping units were adapted from an Ethiopian study, for easy comparability [ 22 ] and are summarized in Table 1 . Table 1 Coverage indicators and their calculation Indicator Definition Calculation Household LLIN ownership Proportion of households with at least one LLIN \(\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{h}\text{o}\text{u}\text{s}\text{e}\text{h}\text{o}\text{l}\text{d}\text{s} \text{r}\text{e}\text{p}\text{o}\text{r}\text{t}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g} \ge 1 \text{L}\text{L}\text{I}\text{N}}{Total number of households surveyed}\) Household LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons) Proportion of households with at least one LLIN for every 2 people \(\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{h}\text{o}\text{u}\text{s}\text{e}\text{h}\text{o}\text{l}\text{d}\text{s} \text{w}\text{i}\text{t}\text{h} \ge 1 \text{L}\text{L}\text{I}\text{N} \text{f}\text{o}\text{r} \text{e}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{y} 2 \text{p}\text{e}\text{r}\text{s}\text{o}\text{n}\text{s}}{Total number of households surveyed}\) Intra-household ownership gap Proportion of households with insufficient LLINs for every 2 persons amongst those with at least 1 LLIN \(1-\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{h}\text{o}\text{u}\text{s}\text{e}\text{h}\text{o}\text{l}\text{d}\text{s} \text{w}\text{i}\text{t}\text{h} \ge 1 \text{L}\text{L}\text{I}\text{N} \text{f}\text{o}\text{r} \text{e}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{y} 2 \text{p}\text{e}\text{r}\text{s}\text{o}\text{n}\text{s}}{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{h}\text{o}\text{u}\text{s}\text{e}\text{h}\text{o}\text{l}\text{d}\text{s} \text{r}\text{e}\text{p}\text{o}\text{r}\text{t}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g} \ge 1 \text{L}\text{L}\text{I}\text{N}}\) Population LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons) Proportion of persons with access to a LLIN in their household, assuming each LLIN can be used by 2 persons \(\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{p}\text{e}\text{r}\text{s}\text{o}\text{n}\text{s} \text{w}\text{h}\text{o} \text{c}\text{o}\text{u}\text{l}\text{d} \text{s}\text{l}\text{e}\text{e}\text{p} \text{u}\text{n}\text{d}\text{e}\text{r} \text{a}\text{n} \text{L}\text{L}\text{I}\text{N} \text{i}\text{f} \text{e}\text{a}\text{c}\text{h} \text{L}\text{L}\text{I}\text{N} \text{i}\text{s} \text{u}\text{s}\text{e}\text{d} \text{b}\text{y} 2 \text{p}\text{e}\text{r}\text{s}\text{o}\text{n}\text{s} \text{i}\text{n} \text{t}\text{h}\text{e} \text{h}\text{o}\text{u}\text{s}\text{e}\text{h}\text{o}\text{l}\text{d} }{Total number of persons who spent the previous night in surveyed households}\) Household LLIN access (based on 1 net per sleeping unit) Proportion of households with sufficient LLINs to cover every sleeping unit within the household \(\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{h}\text{o}\text{u}\text{s}\text{e}\text{h}\text{o}\text{l}\text{d}\text{s} \text{w}\text{i}\text{t}\text{h} \text{e}\text{n}\text{o}\text{u}\text{g}\text{h} \text{n}\text{e}\text{t}\text{s} \text{f}\text{o}\text{r} \text{e}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{y} \text{s}\text{l}\text{e}\text{e}\text{p}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g} \text{u}\text{n}\text{i}\text{t}}{Total number of households surveyed}\) Intra-sleeping unit ownership gap Proportion of households with insufficient LLINs for every sleeping unit amongst those reporting at least 1 LLIN \(1-\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{h}\text{o}\text{u}\text{s}\text{e}\text{h}\text{o}\text{l}\text{d}\text{s} \text{w}\text{i}\text{t}\text{h} \text{e}\text{n}\text{o}\text{u}\text{g}\text{h} \text{n}\text{e}\text{t}\text{s} \text{f}\text{o}\text{r} \text{e}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{y} \text{s}\text{l}\text{e}\text{e}\text{p}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g} \text{u}\text{n}\text{i}\text{t}}{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{h}\text{o}\text{u}\text{s}\text{e}\text{h}\text{o}\text{l}\text{d}\text{s} \text{r}\text{e}\text{p}\text{o}\text{r}\text{t}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g} \ge 1 \text{L}\text{L}\text{I}\text{N}}\) Population access (based on 1 LLIN per sleeping unit) Proportion of persons with access to a LLIN in their sleeping units, assuming each sleeping unit is covered by 1 LLIN \(\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r} \text{o}\text{f} \text{p}\text{e}\text{r}\text{s}\text{o}\text{n}\text{s} \text{w}\text{h}\text{o} \text{c}\text{o}\text{u}\text{l}\text{d} \text{s}\text{l}\text{e}\text{e}\text{p} \text{u}\text{n}\text{d}\text{e}\text{r} \text{a}\text{n} \text{L}\text{L}\text{I}\text{N} \text{i}\text{f} \text{e}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{y} \text{s}\text{l}\text{e}\text{e}\text{p}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g} \text{u}\text{n}\text{i}\text{t} \text{w}\text{a}\text{s} \text{c}\text{o}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{e}\text{d} \text{b}\text{y} 1 \text{L}\text{L}\text{I}\text{N} }{Total number of persons who spent the previous night in surveyed households}\) Data management and statistical analyses: Electronic data collection was performed using the Open Data Kit collect application installed on tablets. Data analyses was performed in STATA/SE version 18.0 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, TX). Households that did not consent either due to refusal or absence (in which case, only minimum information was requested from neighbors to prepare the net distribution list) were not included in this analysis. Binary and categorical variables were summarized using proportions. Continuous variables were summarized using means (and standard deviations [SD]) or medians (and interquartile ranges [IQR]) as appropriate. Variables were created for household LLIN ownership, household LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons and 1 LLIN per sleeping unit) and population access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons and 1 LLIN per sleeping unit). Details of all variables are shown in Table 2 . Each of the aforementioned indicators was calculated overall and for each village. The calculation of 95% confidence intervals (CI) for summary measures used svyset command to account for clustering by village. Variables pertaining to household composition were generated by summing within each household the number of individuals with the characteristic of interest, re-categorizing the discrete values obtained into binary variables and obtaining relevant ratios when necessary. Household net ownership and access was assessed for different household compositions. Table 2 Definition of variables Variable Description Age (in years) Data was categorized into three groups: 15 years. Altitude (in meters) Was categorized into 2 groups around the median: 148–209 (very low altitude) and 210–258 (low altitude) Household LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons) A new variable was generated which divided the total number of nets reported (regardless if used or not) in a household by total number of household inhabitants and re-categorized into a binary variable at a value of ≥ 0.5 (sufficient nets) Household LLIN access (based on 1 net per sleeping unit) A new variable was created by dividing the number of nets in a household by the total number of sleeping units in the household, and a binary variable created with households with a ratio of ≥ 1 tagged as having sufficient nets to cover each sleeping unit. Household LLIN ownership The discrete variable, number of nets (whether used or not), was re-categorized as a binary variable (no net reported and ≥ 1 LLIN reported). Household size Was categorized into 3 equal groups with the following cut-offs: 1–3, 4–7 and 8–19 members Nearest distance to a health facility (in km) Was categorized into 3 equal groups with the following cut-offs: 0.4–3.6, 3.7-8.0 and 8.1–13.5 Nearest distance to a lake (in km) Was categorized into 4 equal groups with the following cut-offs: <4.2, 4.3–7.7, 7.8–11.6 and 11.7–36.0 Normalized difference vegetation index Was categorized into 4 groups with the following cut-offs: low (71-5700), low-moderate (5701–7526), high-moderate (7527–8003) and high (8004–9078) vegetation cover Population access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons) The number of potential net users was calculated for each household by multiplying the number of nets by 2 and dividing it by the household size (with a maximum value of 1) and the mean obtained across the study population Population access (based on 1 LLIN per sleeping unit) A new variable was generated which divided the total number of nets by the number of sleeping units in a household (with a maximum value of this ratio being 1) and then multiplied by household size to obtain how many persons would have been potentially covered within the sleeping spaces. The sum of these potential users was obtained and divided by the sum of household sizes Population density (in persons/km 2 ) Was categorized into 2 groups around the median: 36–339 (very low) and 340–505 (low) Geographic coordinates (datum: WSG84) of the households and health facilities were uploaded into QGIS v3.30.3. We accessed Earth Explorer database from United States Geological Survey to obtain Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 [ 40 ] and the EROS Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite [ 41 ] raster files, which represent altitude and NDVI, respectively. We accessed the WorldPop database to obtain population density data [ 42 ]. We accessed the ESRI database to obtain outline maps of lakes initially created by Messager et al. [ 43 ]. All coordinates were first projected to UTM30N. The ‘Distance to nearest hub’ tool was used to generate Euclidean distances in meters between each household and its nearest health facility and nearest lake, and the ‘Sample raster values’ was used to sample altitude, NDVI and population density at each household’s location. Results A total of 24,747 housing structures were identified with a total of 10,630 households (response rate of 89.6%) and 43,897 inhabitants. A flowchart of household inclusion for this analysis is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2: Flow chart of household inclusion Socio-demographic characteristics of the study population Slightly over half of the study population were males (n = 22,335; 50.9%). Under-fives, school-aged children (aged 5 to 15) and adults (> 15 years) made up 15.3%, 29.4% and 55.3% of the study population respectively. The median household size was 4 persons (interquartile range [IQR]: 2–6), with a median of 2 (IQR: 2–3) sleeping areas and 1 (IQR: 0–2) LLIN per household. The median distance from household to the closest health facility and the nearest lake were 3.65km (IQR: 0.36–8.16) and 7.78km (IQR: 4.06–11.34) respectively. The median altitude from sea level was 210m (IQR: 191–235). The median population density was 129 people/km 2 (IQR: 105–260). The socio-demographic and geo-spatial characteristics for each village are shown in Tables 3 and 4 respectively. Table 3 Socio-demographic characteristics of study population Village number Number of households, n(%) N = 10,630 Median household size (IQR) Number of males, n(%) N = 22,335 Number of females, n(%) N = 21,562 Under-fives, n(%) N = 6,697 School aged 5–15, n(%) N = 12,907 Adults > 15, n(%) N = 24,293 Median number of bed nets (IQR) Median number of sleeping units (IQR) 1 281 (2.6) 4 (2–5) 520 (48.8) 546 (51.2) 171 (16.0) 292 (27.4) 603 (56.6) 1 (1–2) 2 (2–3) 2 230 (2.2) 4 (3–6) 441 (45.6) 526 (54.4) 189 (19.5) 263 (27.2) 515 (53.3) 1 (0–2) 2 (1–3) 3 370 (3.5) 4 (2–5) 712 (45.7) 845 (54.3) 255 (16.4) 422 (27.1) 880 (56.5) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–3) 4 137 (1.3) 3 (2–5) 248 (51.2) 236 (48.8) 82 (16.9) 141 (29.1) 261 (53.9) 1 (0–2) 2 (1–3) 5 178 (1.7) 4 (3–5) 326 (47.4) 362 (52.6) 110 (16.0) 198 (28.8) 380 (55.2) 1 (1–2) 2 (2–3) 6 123 (1.2) 4 (2–6) 254 (47.2) 284 (52.8) 62 (11.5) 165 (30.7) 311 (57.8) 1 (1–3) 3 (2–4) 7 369 (3.5) 4 (2–6) 808 (50.3) 798 (49.7) 239 (14.9) 434 (27.0) 933 (58.1) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–4) 8 135 (1.3) 4 (2–6) 267 (48.6) 283 (51.5) 84 (15.3) 180 (32.7) 286 (52.0) 1 (0–2) 2 (1–3) 9 81 (0.8) 4 (3–6) 196 (49.5) 200 (50.5) 57 (14.4) 143 (36.1) 196 (49.5) 1 (1–2) 3 (2–3) 10 291 (2.7) 4 (2–6) 598 (50.1) 596 (49.9) 204 (17.1) 353 (29.6) 637 (53.4) 1 (0–2) 2 (1–3) 11 179 (1.7) 5 (3–7) 457 (51.6) 429 (48.4) 167 (18.9) 267 (30.1) 452 (51.0) 2 (1–3) 3 (2–4) 12 172 (1.6) 4 (2–6) 323 (46.8) 367 (53.2) 109 (15.8) 176 (25.5) 405 (58.7) 2 (1–3) 2 (1–4) 13 194 (1.8) 4 (3–6) 406 (48.7) 428 (51.3) 145 (17.4) 208 (24.9) 481 (57.7) 0 (0–1) 2 (2–3) 14 194 (1.8) 4 (3–6) 426 (48.1) 459 (51.9) 119 (13.5) 276 (31.2) 490 (55.4) 0 (0–1) 3 (2–4) 15 109 (1.0) 4 (2–5) 211 (50.5) 207 (49.5) 73 (17.5) 135 (32.3) 210 (50.2) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–3) 16 157 (1.5) 4 (3–5) 337 (52.7) 303 (47.3) 66 (10.3) 232 (36.3) 342 (53.4) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–3) 17 277 (2.6) 3 (1–4) 449 (51.5) 423 (48.5) 131 (15.0) 270 (31.0) 471 (54.0) 0 (0–1) 2 (1–3) 18 354 (3.3) 5 (3–6) 890 (51.7) 830 (48.3) 290 (16.9) 485 (28.2) 945 (54.9) 1 (0–2) 3 (2–4) 19 320 (3.0) 4 (3–5) 704 (52.6) 634 (47.4) 214 (16.0) 399 (29.8) 725 (54.2) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–3) 20 340 (3.2) 4 (2–5) 713 (49.5) 727 (50.5) 249 (17.3) 394 (27.4) 797 (55.4) 1 (0–2) 2 (1–3) 21 284 (2.7) 4 (3–5) 619 (53.5) 539 (46.6) 176 (15.2) 287 (24.8) 695 (60.0) 0 (0–1) 2 (2–3) 22 167 (1.6) 4 (2–6) 365 (47.7) 400 (52.3) 123 (16.1) 202 (26.4) 440 (57.5) 2 (1–3) 3 (2–4) 23 396 (3.7) 4 (2–6) 791 (49.2) 816 (50.8) 247 (15.4) 479 (29.8) 881 (54.8) 0 (0–1) 2 (1–3) 24 474 (4.5) 3 (2–4) 867 (51.3) 824 (48.7) 240 (14.2) 529 (31.3) 922 (54.5) 2 (1–2) 2 (2–3) 25 372 (3.5) 4 (2–5) 705 (49.0) 733 (51.0) 263 (18.3) 431 (30.0) 744 (51.7) 0 (0–1) 2 (1–3) 26 194 (1.8) 4 (3–6) 477 (53.7) 412 (46.3) 93 (10.5) 287 (32.3) 509 (57.5) 2 (1–3) 3 (2–4) 27 238 (2.2) 5 (3–6) 638 (56.7) 488 (43.3) 150 (13.3) 344 (30.6) 632 (56.1) 1 (0–2) 3 (2–4) 28 157 (1.5) 3 (2–6) 289 (47.5) 320 (52.6) 101 (16.6) 170 (27.9) 338 (55.5) 0 (0–1) 2 (1–3) 29 339 (3.2) 4 (3–6) 854 (57.4) 633 (42.6) 186 (12.5) 481 (32.4) 820 (55.1) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–3) 30 351 (3.3) 4 (2–5) 678 (51.0) 652 (49.0) 250 (18.8) 317 (23.8) 763 (57.4) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–3) 31 461 (4.3) 4 (2–5) 971 (54.6) 809 (45.5) 247 (13.9) 535 (30.1) 998 (56.1) 1 (0–2) 2 (1–3) 32 287 (2.7) 4 (2–5) 536 (51.6) 503 (48.4) 91 (8.8) 272 (26.2) 676 (65.1) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–3) 33 379 (3.6) 4 (2–5) 684 (49.4) 700 (50.6) 140 (10.1) 365 (26.4) 879 (63.5) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–3) 34 203 (1.9) 3 (1–4) 302 (50.2) 300 (49.8) 105 (17.4) 174 (28.9) 323 (53.7) 0 (0–1) 2 (1–3) 35 349 (3.3) 3 (2–5) 652 (50.0) 652 (50.0) 237 (18.2) 413 (31.7) 654 (50.2) 1 (1–2) 2 (1–3) 36 38 (0.4) 3 (1–5) 75 (55.6) 60 (44.4) 23 (17.0) 50 (37.0) 62 (45.9) 1 (0–2) 2 (1–3) 37 129 (1.2) 4 (3–6) 323 (53.1) 285 (46.9) 99 (16.3) 197 (32.4) 312 (51.3) 0 (0–1) 3 (2–4) 38 83 (0.8) 3 (2–5) 156 (53.8) 134 (46.2) 38 (13.1) 120 (41.4) 132 (45.5) 0 (0–2) 2 (1–3) 39 276 (2.6) 5 (3–7) 750 (53.2) 659 (46.8) 229 (16.3) 425 (30.2) 755 (53.6) 1 (1–2) 3 (2–4) 40 497 (4.7) 5 (3–6) 1,304 (52.3) 1,190 (47.7) 382 (15.3) 769 (30.8) 1,343 (53.9) 1 (0–2) 3 (2–3) 41 70 (0.7) 5 (3–7) 184 (48.9) 192 (51.1) 61 (16.2) 134 (35.6) 181 (48.1) 1 (0–3) 3 (2–4) 42 97 (0.9) 5 (3–6) 245 (49.8) 247 (50.2) 82 (16.7) 151 (30.7) 259 (52.6) 1 (0–2) 3 (2–5) 43 298 (2.8) 3 (2–5) 584 (52.4) 531 (47.6) 118 (10.6) 342 (30.7) 655 (58.7) 1 (0–2) 2 (2–3) Table 4 Study geo-spatial characteristics Village number Median distance from nearest health facility in km (IQR) Median distance to the nearest lake in km (IQR) Median altitude in metres (IQR) Median population density in people/km 2 (IQR) Median normalized difference vegetation index (IQR) 1 4.5 (4.4–4.6) 10.3 (10.2–10.4) 222 (222–224) 222 (222–243) 7818 (7818–7818) 2 7.6 (7.5–7.7) 12.6 (12.6–12.7) 236 (231–237) 245 (245–245) 8592 (7325–8592) 3 0.3 (0.2–0.4) 7.6 (7.5–7.8) 250 (250–253) 405 (405–405) 5602 (5602–5602) 4 5.2 (5.1–5.3) 13.0 (12.9–13.1) 201 (201–204) 69 (69–69) 7426 (7426–7426) 5 3.5 (3.5–3.5) 9.6 (9.5–9.6) 252 (251–252) 97 (97–97) 7765 (7765–7765) 6 3.3 (3.2–3.4) 9.6 (9.5–9.6) 247 (247–251) 97 (97–97) 7765 (7765–7765) 7 0.2 (0.1–0.3) 4.1 (4.0-4.2) 186 (185–189) 333 (238–333) 8073 (8073–8073) 8 0.4 (0.3–0.4) 6.4 (6.4–6.5) 183 (182–184) 93 (93–93) 6788 (6788–6788) 9 0.8 (0.8–0.9) 5.8 (5.7–5.9) 178 (178–178) 105 (105–105) 7260 (7260–7260 10 8.2 (8.0-8.3) 12.5 (12.4–12.6) 180 (177–183) 118 (101–118) 6100 (6100–7886) 11 4.5 (4.5–4.6) 11.4 (11.3–11.5) 153 (153–157) 359 (359–359) 7766 (7766–7766) 12 4.0 (3.3–4.1) 3.4 (2.7–3.5) 192 (190–199) 46 (40–46) 6430 (6430–7571) 13 11.5 (11.3–11.6) 14.1 (14.0-14.1) 242 (229–242) 56 (56–56) 8170 (8170–8170) 14 0.2 (0.2–0.4) 0.5(0.5–0.6) 169 (162–177) 88 (88–88) 6944 (6944–8891) 15 10.3 (10.3–10.3) 6.2 (6.1–6.2) 246 (24–246) 119 (119–119) 574 (574–574) 16 8.8 (8.6-9.0) 3.8 (3.6-4.0) 243 (242–245) 120 (119–120) 6329 (6329–6329) 17 5.4 (5.3–5.4) 7.9 (7.8–7.9) 207 (204–207) 167 (167–195) 8962 (5165–8962) 18 13.1 (13.0-13.2) 7.9 (7.8–8.2) 201 (194–203) 105 (105–105) 7928 (7867–7928) 19 12.4 (12.3–12.5) 5.0 (4.9–5.1) 187 (184–187) 417 (417–417) 7588 (7588–7588) 20 3.7 (3.7–3.8) 2.9 (2.8–2.9) 228 (228–228) 191 (191–191) 6464 (6464–7035) 21 3.5 (3.4–3.6) 8.7 (8.6–8.7) 234 (234–235) 160 (122–160) 184 (184–184) 22 0.2 (0.2–0.3) 4.9 (4.8-5.0) 222 (218–224) 171 (171–171) 5701 (5369–5701) 23 0.2 (0.1–0.2) 7.3 (7.2–7.4) 191 (190–194) 369 (369–369) 8004 (8004–8004) 24 12.4 (12.3–12.6) 26.4 (26.3–26.6) 246 (238–246) 111 (111–111) 7705 (7705–7705) 25 0.4 (0.2–0.5) 8.8 (8.7-9.0) 191 (191–196) 111 (111–111) 6487 (6487–6487) 26 0.4 (0.4–0.5) 7.5 (7.4–7.5) 223 (222–223) 96 (96–123) 7572 (7572–7572) 27 2.4 (2.3–2.5) 35.6 (35.5–35.7) 256 (252–256) 383 (383–383) 8442 (8442–8442) 28 3.7 (3.6–3.8) 3.5 (3.4–3.6) 231 (230–234) 96 (96–96) 111 (111–111) 29 0.1 (0.0-0.2) 6.9 (6.8-7.0) 210 (208–210) 467 (401–467) 4741 (4741–4741) 30 6.3 (6.3–6.4) 2.6 (2.5–2.7) 192 (190–193) 144 (144–144) 8176 (8176–8176) 31 0.3 (0.2–0.4) 8.1 (8.0-8.2) 209 (209–211) 302 (302–307) 5070 (5070–5070) 32 9.6 (9.4–9.7) 3.3 (3.2–3.5) 204 (201–204) 107 (107–107) 8426 (8426–8426) 33 8.6 (8.5–8.7) 2.9 (2.8-3.0) 214 (208–215) 129 (129–129) 8257 (8257–8257) 34 4.4 (4.3–4.6) 3.5 (3.3–3.6) 197 (190–199) 83 (67–83) 7454 (5893–7454) 35 0.3 (0.2–0.4) 8.0 (7.9–8.1) 163 (163–166) 236 (236–260) 7026 (4195–7026) 36 12.9 (12.8–12.9) 29.5 (29.4–29.6) 225 (225–226) 99 (99–99) 8252 (7233–8252) 37 12.9 (12.8–13.0) 5.0 (4.9–5.2) 225 (223–226) 71 (65–99) 6860 (6860–7233) 38 12.7 (12.6–12.8) 29.6 (29.5–29.7) 225 (223–225) 99 (99–99) 8252 (8252–8252) 39 4.5 (4.4–4.6) 34.2 (34.1–34.3) 240 (234–241) 505 (505–505) 8350 (8350–8350) 40 0.4 (0.3–0.5) 34.8 (34.7–35.1) 245 (244–245) 118 (118–122) 149 (149–151) 41 4.2 (4.1–4.2) 34.4 (34.4–34.5) 237 (230–237) 505 (505–505) 8350 (8350–8350) 42 0.5 (0.4–0.5) 7.2 (7.2–7.3) 222 (222–222 123 ( 96–123) 8487 (5349–8487) 43 0.4 (0.3–0.6) 0.8 (0.7–1.2) 165 (165–169) 88 (76–88) 6944 (6357–6944) LLIN coverage by household survey metrics The results of LLIN coverage using household survey metrics for each village is shown in Fig. 3 and supplementary Table 1. Overall, household LLIN ownership was 63.8% (95% CI: 58.7–68.8), with a range of 28.5–95.9% by village. Household LLIN access was 37.6% (95%CI: 33.2–42.0) with values varying from 18.0–65.0% by village. The intra-household ownership gap was 41.0% (95%CI: 37.1–45.0), with a range of 20.3%-66.1%. Population LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons) was 53.3% (95%CI: 48.6–58.1), with a range from 26.4–83.1% by village. Figure 3: Map of LLIN coverage showing A) Household LLIN ownership B) Household LLIN access (based on one LLIN per 2 persons) C) Intra-household ownership gap D) Population LLIN access (based on one LLIN per 2 persons) within the 42 study villages. Map was created using QGIS 3.30.3 (Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using a basemap from ESRI (Redlands, CA, USA). Legend: LLIN coverage by sleeping units The results of LLIN coverage by metrics adapted to sleeping units for each village is shown in Fig. 4 and in supplementary Table 1. Household LLIN access was 37.1% (95% CI: 33.0-41.2), with a range of 14.0–68.6%. The intra-sleeping unit ownership gap was 41.8% (95%CI: 38.2–45.5), with a range of 18.2–64.1% by village. Population LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per sleeping unit) was 49.4% (95%CI: 45.1–53.6), with a range from 24.6–75.9% by village. Figure 4: Map of LLIN coverage showing A) Household LLIN access (based on one LLIN per sleeping unit) B) Intra-sleeping unit ownership gap C) Population LLIN access (based on one LLIN per sleeping unit) within the 42 study villages. Map was created using QGIS 3.30.3 (Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using a basemap from ESRI (Redlands, CA, USA). Legend: Household LLIN access based on one LLIN for every 2 persons compared to one LLIN per sleeping unit Figure 5 shows that most households (n = 5,991) had neither sufficient nets per 2 persons nor for every sleeping unit within the household. A total of 3,300 households had sufficient nets per 2 persons and for every sleeping unit. Furthermore, 17.4% (n = 696) of households with sufficient nets for every 2 persons did not have sufficient nets for every sleeping unit and 9.7% (n = 643) of households with sufficient nets for every sleeping unit did not have sufficient nets for every 2 persons. As shown in Table 5 , households that have sufficient LLIN access by sleeping unit but not for every 2 persons tend to be larger and have fewer sleeping units, while households with LLIN access per 2 persons but not by sleeping unit tend to have more households with no children under the age of five and no females. Figure 5: Scatterplot of the ratio of the number of LLINs to the household size to the ratio of the number of LLINs to the number of sleeping units for each household Footnote The y-axis reference line is the line of sufficiency of LLINs for every 2 persons at a ratio of 0.5 whereas the x-axis reference line is at 1 for sufficient LLINs for every sleeping unit. Table 5 Characteristics of households with household LLIN access discordance by sleeping unit and for every 2 persons Adequate access per 2 persons but not by sleeping unit N = 696 Adequate access by sleeping unit but not per 2 persons N = 643 Mean household size (standard deviation) 4.4 (2.2) 5.1 (2.07) Mean number of sleeping units 3.8 (1.7) 1.9 (0.9) Households with no female member 11.2% 1.7% Households with no under-five member 66.0% 22.6% Household composition and LLIN coverage Table 6 shows that while LLIN ownership was similar for different household compositions, there was more variation in LLIN access. Larger households (≥ 8 members) and households with at least one member aged under five years had the lowest household LLIN access at 20.8% and 27.3% respectively. Table 6 Household composition, geo-spatial metrics and LLIN coverage Categories Number of households with at least one LLIN present in household, n(%) Number of households with one LLIN for every 2 persons in household, n(%) Households with at least one member aged under five Yes 3,069 (67.2) 1,246 (27.3) No 3,709 (61.2) 2,750 (45.4) Households with at least one school-aged member (5–15 years) Yes 3,996 (65.3) 2,243 (34.6) No 2,782 (61.6) 2,574 (51.8) Households with adults only Yes 8 (61.5) 8 (57.1) No 6,770 (63.8) 4,809 (42.1) Ratio of children to adults in a household < 1 3,446 (61.8) 2,382 (42.7) ≥ 1 3,324 (65.9) 1,607 (31.9) Households with at least one male member Yes 6,050 (64.1) 4,104 (40.4) No 728 (61.4) 713 (55.2) Households with at least one female member Yes 5,904 (64.7) 3,197 (35.0) No 874 (58.0) 799 (53.0) Ratio of females to males in a household < 1 2,884 (63.2) 1,630 (35.7) ≥ 1 3,166 (64.8) 1,759 (36.0) Household size 1–3 2,913 (61.6) 2,294 (48.5) 4–7 3,284 (65.1) 1,526 (30.2) 8–19 580 (68.4) 176 (20.8) Closest distance between household and health facility (in km) < 0.4 1,647 (61.9) 943 (35.5) 0.4–3.6 1,753 (65.1) 1,003 (37.3) 3.7-8.0 1,647 (64.5) 936 (36.6) 8.1–13.5 1,724 (63.7) 1,107 (40.9) Nearest distance to a lake (in km) < 4.2 1,748 (61.5) 1,097 (38.6) 4.3–7.7 1,575 (63.3) 929 (37.4) 7.8–11.6 1,778 (64.8) 1,000 (36.4) 11.7–36.0 1,670 (65.8) 963 (37.9) Altitude (in metres) (< 500m is low altitude) < 210 3,248 (62.7) 1,969 (38.0) ≥ 210 3,523 (64.8) 2,020 (37.2) Population density (in persons/km 2 ) < 340 (very low) 5,558 (64.3) 3,328 (38.5) ≥ 340 (low) 1,213 (61.6) 661 (33.6) Normalized difference vegetation index 71-5700 (low) 1,593 (62.1) 853 (33.4) 5701–7526 (low-moderate) 1,725 (62.6) 1,024 (37.2) 7527–8003 (high-moderate) 1,786 (76.9) 1,128 (48.6) 8004–9078 (high) 1,667 (56.2) 979 (33.0) Geo-spatial metrics and LLIN coverage LLIN coverage did not vary either by shortest distance intervals from households to health facilities and lakes, altitude or population density. Household LLIN ownership and access was higher at a high-moderate range of vegetation cover (Table 6 ). Also, variability in LLIN coverage indicators by village was not explained by village size, shortest distance intervals from households to health facilities and lakes, altitude, population density or vegetation cover. Discussion This study reports coverage of LLINs in an area of central Côte d’Ivoire with intense indoor malaria transmission using RBM MERG indicators and indicators adapted to sleeping units. Two years post-distribution, household LLIN ownership was moderate at 63.8%, while household LLIN access (based on 1 net per 2 persons) was low at 37.6%, and 53.3% of the population had access to LLINs. Household access based on sleeping units was similar (37.1%), while population access was slightly lower (49.4%). Close to one-tenth (9.7%) of households with access by sleeping unit did not have access for every 2 persons and two-fifths (17.4%) of households with access for every 2 persons did not have access by sleeping unit. Households with access by sleeping unit but not for every 2 persons tend to be larger with fewer sleeping units, and have more female and under-five members. Access was lower as the number of household members increased and in households that had younger children. LLIN coverage did not vary either by shortest distance intervals from households to health facilities and lakes, altitude or population density, but access was higher at a high-moderate range of vegetation cover. In this study, household LLIN ownership (64%) was lower than during the 2021 Demographic Health Survey (DHS), which reported 76% household LLIN ownership in the Lac District [ 3 ]. This difference was not unexpected as the DHS survey was done 6 months following the mass LLIN distribution campaign, while the present study was done 24 months after. Other studies done between 1 to 4 years post mass distribution campaigns had various household LLIN ownership; Tanzania (74.5%) [ 44 ], Nigeria (56%) [ 45 ], Burkina Faso (33%) [ 46 ] and Guinea (44%) [ 47 ], Benin (95.8%) [ 48 ], Ethiopia (92.6%) [ 22 ] and Cameroon (73%) [ 49 ]. These differences could be explained by differences in proximity of coverage surveys to mass distributions, the frequencies of and strategies used for mass net distribution across countries (central point versus door-to-door distribution), the use of school-based top-up campaigns (not implemented in Cote d’Ivoire), as well as differences in LLIN durability. Household and population LLIN access based on 1 net per 2 persons was 37.6% and 59.3% respectively. Household and population access in other countries 1 to 4 years after a mass distribution campaign were within range of those found in our study; Nigeria (25% and 43% respectively) [ 45 ], Benin (55.9% and 79.5% respectively) [ 48 ], Ethiopia (50.3% and 78.6% respectively) [ 22 ], Cameroon (41% and 59% respectively) [ 49 ] and Tanzania (41% household LLIN access) [ 53 ]. It is worth noting that during the 2021 DHS survey in Côte d’Ivoire, household LLIN access was 51% [ 3 ]. This reduction in access 2 years after the LLIN distribution campaign could be attributed to issues with LLIN durability. According to the World Health Organization, LLINs are expected to be in serviceable conditions within households for at least 3 years [ 50 ]. A study in Tanzania found that after permethrin-only LLINs had been used for 20 months in households, 100% of nets had at least 1 hole and only 63% of LLINs were in serviceable conditions [ 51 ]. Another study from Benin found that the number of serviceable deltamethrin-only nets dropped to 29–33% of nets after 3 years of field use [ 52 ]. In this study, household LLIN ownership was moderate and did not vary much by household composition, meanwhile access was considerably lower. This could suggest that household access may be a better indicator for LLIN coverage than ownership because which does not seem to change much with time after a mass distribution campaign. Also, having one LLIN does not necessarily translate into every household member having access to an LLIN. Household access (based on 1 net per 2 persons) was particularly low in households with at least one under-five member and in larger households. It was observed that larger households tend to have children and females (of any age). Adult women and children might be easier to reach with at least 1 net through continuous distribution channels. Also, LLINs may degrade faster in larger households, especially where there are children, as net care may not be as diligent and children might be more likely to sleep on mats rather than beds, which could result in greater damage to the nets. On the flip side, larger households also tend to have fewer sleeping units and hence may be more likely covered with fewer nets within the sleeping units due to overcrowding, though not covered sufficiently for every 2 persons. Even though in this study wide variability in LLIN coverage indicators by village was not explained by village size, shortest distance intervals from households to health facilities and lakes, altitude, population density or vegetation cover, investigating the reasons for this could inform future mass distribution strategies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its type to describe LLIN coverage in this region of Côte d’Ivoire. We used an exhaustive sample of all the households and the response rate was very high, reducing the probability of selection bias due to non-response. A weakness of this study was the attachment of the census to an imminent net distribution activity which may have caused respondents to over-report number of household inhabitants and/or under-report the number of nets owned. Conclusions Two years after a mass distribution, LLIN access was low in this rural region of Côte d’Ivoire, with considerable variability by village. To achieve and maintain the goal of having 90% of Côte d’Ivoire’s population with sufficient LLINs for every 2 individuals by 2025, continuous LLIN distribution through various channels, including schools, should be implemented to uphold coverage of mass distribution campaigns. Moreover, further net distribution and communication strategies should be implemented to reach specific groups such as adult-only households who are not typically targeted by routine LLIN distribution at health facilities. Finally, the NMCP should consider using a combination of indicators to assess LLIN coverage to have a more complete picture of the gaps in LLIN coverage which is the greatest barrier to use. A combination of these recommendations could significantly improve LLIN access and consequently usage, thereby contributing to the reduction of malaria morbidity and mortality in Côte d’Ivoire. Abbreviations CI: confidence interval DHS: Demographic Health Survey GPS: Global Positioning System LLIN: long-lasting insecticidal nets NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NMCP: National Malaria Control Programme RBM MERG: Roll Back Malaria Monitoring & Evaluation Reference Group RDT: rapid diagnostic test Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: The “Efficacy of chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid and PBO synergist-pyrethroid long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared to pyrethroid-only LLINs for malaria control in Côte d’Ivoire: a three group, cluster-randomised trial” trial received ethics approval from the Ministry of Health of Ivory Coast’s institutional review board (Ref: 002-23/MSHPCMU/CNESVS-km) and the institutional review board of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Ref: 28390). Written informed consent was obtained from all hamlet leaders and household heads after presenting detailed information on this study. Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests Funding: The “Efficacy of chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid and PBO synergist-pyrethroid long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared to pyrethroid-only LLINs for malaria control in Côte d’Ivoire: a three group, cluster-randomised trial” trial is funded by the Global Fund. Authors' contributions: MAK, AAK, LPAA, LAM, MGZ, SC, SBA, NP, RN, JC designed the study. CS conceived the study question. CS and JC refined the research question and possible analysis methods. CS wrote the epidemiological aspects of the data analysis plan and BT wrote the GIS aspects of data analysis. All analyses methods were reviewed by JC and MK. CS performed the epidemiological analyses, prepared figures 2 and 5 and interpreted results. BT performed the GIS analyses and prepared figures 1, 3 and 4. CS wrote the main manuscript text. CS, ED, AAK, LPAA, MGZ, SC, SBA, and RN were involved in field implementation and supervision. All authors reviewed the manuscript, read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements: Our sincere gratitude goes to the Institut Pierre Richet/ Institut National de Santé Publique team made up of field enumerators and field supervisors who performed the census activity. We wish to thank the inhabitants, local authorities, and community leaders of Tiebissou district for their collaboration during this activity. References World malaria report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. WHO Guidelines for malaria, 14 March 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023 (WHO/UCN/GMP/ 2023.01). License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Institut National de la Statistique-INS et ICF 2022. Enquête Démographique et de Santé de Côte d’Ivoire, 2021. Rockville, Maryland, USA : INS/Côte d’Ivoire et ICF. U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative Cote d’Ivoire Malaria Profile. U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative Côte d’Ivoire Malaria Operational Plan FY 2022. Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, et al (2015) The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526:207–211 WHO. Roll Back Malaria (2000–25). Framework for monitoring & progress evaluating outcomes and impact. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000. Gimnig JE, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, Vulule JM, Schoute E, Kamau L, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, Nahlen BL, Hawley WA (2003) Effect of permethrin-treated bed nets on the spatial distribution of malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68:115–120 ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Kariuki SK, et al (2003) Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria, anemia, and growth in infants in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68:68–77 Gimnig JE, Vulule JM, Lo TQ, et al (2003) Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on entomologic indices in an area of intense year-round malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68:16–22 Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, et al (2003) Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68:23–29 Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO, et al (2003) Community-wide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68:121–127 Koenker H, Kilian A (2016) Correction: Recalculating the Net Use Gap: A Multi-Country Comparison of ITN Use versus ITN Access. PLoS ONE 11:e0161417 Olapeju B, Choiriyyah I, Lynch M, et al (2018) Age and gender trends in insecticide-treated net use in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis. Malar J 17:423 Graves PM, Ngondi JM, Hwang J, et al (2011) Factors associated with mosquito net use by individuals in households owning nets in Ethiopia. Malar J 10:354 Global Malaria Programme (2017) Achieving and maintaining universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria control. World Health Organ. RBM, MERG. Household Survey Indicators for Malaria Control. MEASURE Evaluation. In: The Demographic and Health Surveys Program, President’s Malaria Initiative, Roll Back Malaria Partnership, United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization. Survey and indicator task force of the Roll Back Malaria Monitoring & Evaluation Reference Group; 2018. Njumkeng C, Apinjoh TO, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Amin ET, Tanue EA, Njua-Yafi C, Achidi EA (2019) Coverage and usage of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) within households: associated factors and effect on the prevalance of malaria parasitemia in the Mount Cameroon area. BMC Public Health 19:1216 Birhanu Z, Abebe L, Sudhakar M, Dissanayake G, Yihdego Y, Alemayehu G, Yewhalaw D (2015) Access to and use gaps of insecticide-treated nets among communities in Jimma Zone, southwestern Ethiopia: baseline results from malaria education interventions. BMC Public Health 15:1304 Insecticide-treated nets mass distribution campaign: benefits and lessons in Zambia | Malaria Journal | Full Text. https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-018-2314-5. Accessed 23 Jun 2023 Mosha JF, Lukole E, Charlwood JD, et al (2020) Risk factors for malaria infection prevalence and household vector density between mass distribution campaigns of long-lasting insecticidal nets in North-western Tanzania. Malar J 19:297 Kebede Y, Sudhakar M, Alemayehu G, Abebe L, Birhanu Z (2021) Comparing insecticide-treated nets access-use based on universal household and population indicators vis-a-vis measures adapted to sleeping spaces in Ethiopia. Malar J 20:355 Konlan KD, Kossi Vivor N, Gegefe I, Hayford L (2022) Factors associated with ownership and utilization of insecticide treated nets among children under five years in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health 22:940 Duut TB, Alhassan AR (2022) Factors associated with ownership of insecticide-treated nets for malaria prevention among pregnant women in Ghana. Public Health Toxicol 2:1–8 O’Meara WP, Smith N, Ekal E, Cole D, Ndege S (2011) Spatial Distribution of Bednet Coverage under Routine Distribution through the Public Health Sector in a Rural District in Kenya. PLOS ONE 6:e25949 Stanton MC, Bockarie MJ, Kelly-Hope LA (2013) Geographical Factors Affecting Bed Net Ownership, a Tool for the Elimination of Anopheles-Transmitted Lymphatic Filariasis in Hard-to-Reach Communities. PLOS ONE 8:e53755 Quattrochi JP, Hill K, Salomon JA, Castro MC (2020) The effects of changes in distance to nearest health facility on under-5 mortality and health care utilization in rural Malawi, 1980–1998. BMC Health Serv Res 20:899 Al-Thukair A, Jemal Y, Nzila A, Al-Thukair A, Jemal Y, Nzila A (2022) Influence of Climatic Factors on the Abundance and Profusion of Mosquitoes in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Mosq Res - Recent Adv Pathog Interact Immun Vector Control Strateg. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104615 Drakou K, Nikolaou T, Vasquez M, Petric D, Michaelakis A, Kapranas A, Papatheodoulou A, Koliou M (2020) The Effect of Weather Variables on Mosquito Activity: A Snapshot of the Main Point of Entry of Cyprus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:1403 Asgarian TS, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sedaghat MM (2021) Impact of meteorological parameters on mosquito population abundance and distribution in a former malaria endemic area, central Iran. Heliyon 7:e08477 Lim A-Y, Cheong H-K, Chung Y, Sim K, Kim J-H (2021) Mosquito abundance in relation to extremely high temperatures in urban and rural areas of Incheon Metropolitan City, South Korea from 2015 to 2020: an observational study. Parasit Vectors 14:559 Kulkarni MA, Desrochers RE, Kajeguka DC, Kaaya RD, Tomayer A, Kweka EJ, Protopopoff N, Mosha FW (2016) 10 Years of Environmental Change on the Slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro and Its Associated Shift in Malaria Vector Distributions. Front Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00281 High Resolution Niche Models of Malaria Vectors in Northern Tanzania: A New Capacity to Predict Malaria Risk? | PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009396. Accessed 3 Apr 2024 Afrane YA, Githeko AK, Yan G (2012) The Ecology of Anopheles Mosquitoes under Climate Change: Case Studies from the Effects of Environmental Changes in East Africa Highlands. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1249:204–210 Dida GO, Anyona DN, Abuom PO, Akoko D, Adoka SO, Matano A-S, Owuor PO, Ouma C (2018) Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of mosquito species during the dry season along the Mara River and its tributaries, in Kenya and Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty 7:2 Nagy A, El-Zeiny A, Sowilem M, Atwa W, Elshaier M (2022) Mapping mosquito larval densities and assessing area vulnerable to diseases transmission in Nile valley of Giza, Egypt. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 25:63–71 Boussari O, Moiroux N, Iwaz J, Djènontin A, Bio-Bangana S, Corbel V, Fonton N, Ecochard R (2012) Use of a Mixture Statistical Model in Studying Malaria Vectors Density. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050452 Sih C, Protopopoff N, Koffi AA, et al (2024) Efficacy of chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid and piperonyl butoxide-pyrethroid long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared to pyrethroid-only LLINs for malaria control in Côte d’Ivoire: a three group, cluster randomised trial. Trials 25:151 Rezo-Ivoire .net | le departement de tiebissou. https://rezoivoire.net/ivoire/villes-villages/426/le-departement-de-tiebissou.html. Accessed 6 Jun 2023 Danielson, J.J., and Gesch, D.B., 2011, Global multi-resolution terrain elevation data 2010 (GMTED2010): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1073, 26 p. EROS Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (eVIIRS) Global NDVI Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number: 10.5066/P9QOEFNP. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/usgs-eros-archive-vegetation-monitoring-eviirs-global-ndvi. Accessed 13 Mar 2024 WorldPop : DOI: 10.5258/SOTON/WP00674. https://hub.worldpop.org/doi/10.5258/SOTON/WP00674. Accessed 13 Mar 2024 Messager ML, Lehner B, Grill G, Nedeva I, Schmitt O (2016) Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach. Nat Commun 7:13603 Mboma ZM, Overgaard HJ, Moore S, Bradley J, Moore J, Massue DJ, Kramer K, Lines J, Lorenz LM (2018) Mosquito net coverage in years between mass distributions: a case study of Tanzania, 2013. Malar J 17:100 National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) [Nigeria], National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria], and ICF. 2022. Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2021 Final Report. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NMEP, NPC, and ICF. Tassembedo, Mahamadi, Soumaila Coulibaly, and Boukary Ouedraogo. 2020. Factors Associated with the Use of Insecticide-Treated Nets: Analysis of the 2018 Burkina Faso Malaria Indicator Survey. DHS Working Paper No. 169. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF. Diallo OO, Ozodiegwu ID, Camara A, Galatas B, Gerardin J (2023) Factors associated with the ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets in Guinea: an analysis of the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey. Malar J 22:29 Accrombessi M, Akogbeto MC, Dangbenon E, et al (2022) Malaria Burden and Associated Risk Factors in an Area of Pyrethroid-Resistant Vectors in Southern Benin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 107:681–688 Kuetche MTC, Tabue RN, Fokoua-Maxime CD, Evouna AM, Billong S, Kakesa O (2023) Prevalence and risk factors determinants of the non-use of insecticide-treated nets in an endemic area for malaria: analysis of data from Cameroon. Malar J 22:205 WHO. Guidelines for laboratory and field-testing of long-lasting insecticidal nets. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. Martin JL, Mosha FW, Lukole E, Rowland M, Todd J, Charlwood JD, Mosha JF, Protopopoff N (2021) Personal protection with PBO-pyrethroid synergist-treated nets after 2 years of household use against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles in Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 14:150 Djènontin A, Alfa D, Bouraima A, et al (2023) Durability of the deltamethrin-treated polypropylene long-lasting net LifeNet® in a pyrethroid resistance area in south western Benin: A phase III trial. PLOS ONE 18:e0291755 Ministry of Health (MoH) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF. 2023 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2022 Key Indicators Report. Dodoma, Tanzania, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: MoH, NBS, OCGS, and ICF. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryTable1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Malaria Journal → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 10 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 13 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jun, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Jun, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 25 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 25 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 24 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4473800","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":310114286,"identity":"bd9285fd-1f98-4fea-b5b2-2c6ed28ba9dc","order_by":0,"name":"Colette Sih","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIie3RMUvEMBTA8RcKveVp1+fifQKhctDpED+G4ysHnRwEQTodOQrp6GdxcU4J6FKcb3A4EZzjIjcUNC0Up9QbHfKfHoQfzUsBQqF/WCIjOQzzCsVuB3o8YC8hLSRod54ajFIGTX+S9HIkgDEdRmabzfvnfumGo6eSu9f1mYzerFCFn2BTpZoLt8txsc3VB2U6XpBQ135CuSLNBsBgts2lcQQyEKqcIvVe8/dAbrjryexrmlzlyq2vBwIc9wT7r/gvRm1TUVus0D3ywl3SnDwavCV+8a+f1FVjy+XF6fy+Pbe2M0n2XD9Ye7fykjH8HSOY+iuhUCgUOqQfXkJXx4D0gsMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"London School of Hygiene \u0026 Tropical Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Colette","middleName":"","lastName":"Sih","suffix":""},{"id":310114287,"identity":"01459e77-0fde-4666-b7b9-1f8d2b4ba6d4","order_by":1,"name":"Serge Brice Assi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Serge","middleName":"Brice","lastName":"Assi","suffix":""},{"id":310114288,"identity":"b3dd7c59-69d8-4759-885e-1e953ceaf016","order_by":2,"name":"Benoit Talbot","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ottawa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benoit","middleName":"","lastName":"Talbot","suffix":""},{"id":310114289,"identity":"e1e0e940-e6f3-4755-af11-e6acfe1e1817","order_by":3,"name":"Edouard Dangbenon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edouard","middleName":"","lastName":"Dangbenon","suffix":""},{"id":310114290,"identity":"10bc81eb-ecae-46c1-b710-aa2eb0b929c0","order_by":4,"name":"Manisha A. 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17:24:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4473800/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4473800/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-025-05335-4","type":"published","date":"2025-03-29T15:57:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58078456,"identity":"6ce6cde3-6465-4a42-85e1-108af890cd0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 22:56:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4199743,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMap of study village boundaries, Tiebissou department, central Côte d’Ivoire, and inset map displaying the location of the study area in Africa. \u003c/strong\u003eMap was created using QGIS 3.30.3 (Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using a basemap from ESRI (Redlands, CA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4473800/v1/4692a34c5fdbd4b28ed3ff70.png"},{"id":58078453,"identity":"429e91ad-efdb-4719-aad8-2cdf4bdbebf8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 22:56:38","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18093,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlow chart of household inclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4473800/v1/8956678124a6ab1d0191a7d5.png"},{"id":58078522,"identity":"3fb7a2c5-3763-4615-860f-ddc60fc7397f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 23:04:39","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":680114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMap of LLIN coverage showing A) Household LLIN ownership B) Household LLIN access (based on one LLIN per 2 persons) C) Intra-household ownership gap D) Population LLIN access (based on one LLIN per 2 persons) within the 42 study villages. \u003c/strong\u003eMap was created using QGIS 3.30.3 (Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using a basemap from ESRI (Redlands, CA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4473800/v1/0d7bdfa04419a5e41ed89fed.png"},{"id":58078458,"identity":"28b655a9-ecc4-4f38-9f64-0dcf76e7dddc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 22:56:39","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":513862,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMap of LLIN coverage showing A) Household LLIN access (based on one LLIN per sleeping unit) B) Intra-sleeping unit ownership gap C) Population LLIN access (based on one LLIN per sleeping unit) within the 42 study villages. \u003c/strong\u003eMap was created using QGIS 3.30.3 (Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using a basemap from ESRI (Redlands, CA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4473800/v1/7e36d965caf6315a668c3fcf.png"},{"id":58078455,"identity":"3edebd88-41c5-4492-8b9f-6e477843c370","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 22:56:38","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScatterplot of the ratio of the number of LLINs to the household size to the ratio of the number of LLINs to the number of sleeping units for each household\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFootnote: \u003c/strong\u003eThe y-axis reference line is the line of sufficiency of LLINs for every 2 persons at a ratio of 0.5 whereas the x-axis reference line is at 1 for sufficient LLINs for every sleeping unit.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4473800/v1/5ba4b43f38371480afbcf57f.png"},{"id":79605128,"identity":"a9c47c38-211a-47d9-a661-b6b977f46fde","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 16:10:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7599405,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4473800/v1/b06bddb8-8584-4993-bce9-22af24510987.pdf"},{"id":58078454,"identity":"d3573968-ad55-49a9-9593-01f6b349abee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 22:56:38","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22786,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4473800/v1/71a1b8746c06a6720adea6ef.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Gaps in long lasting insecticide-treated net coverage 2 years after a mass distribution campaign in central Côte d’Ivoire","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMalaria is a life-threatening disease which causes unacceptably high levels of morbidity and mortality globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It is estimated that half of the global population remains at risk for malaria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The entire population of C\u0026ocirc;te d'Ivoire is at-risk for malaria, with a prevalence of malaria infection estimated at 37% in children aged 6\u0026ndash;59 months and an incidence of clinical malaria of 189.9 per 1,000 in the general population [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetween 2000 and 2015, it is estimated that insecticidal vector control interventions, specifically the widespread scale-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying, averted over three-quarters of clinical malaria cases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. LLINs are one of the most effective malaria prevention tools [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. LLINs provide personal protection to the individual user (via a physical barrier reducing human-to-mosquito and mosquito-to-human transmission, and via the insecticide in the netting which can repel, kill and/or impact the fecundity of susceptible vectors) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] and, at high levels of population coverage, community-level protection by reducing vector longevity and density [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple studies have concluded that low LLIN access is the main driver of low LLIN usage [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Optimal coverage of LLINs can be achieved by providing sufficient access to LLINs alongside health promotion activities to maximize their use. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the distribution of one LLIN for every two persons for full coverage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of C\u0026ocirc;te d'Ivoire has the ambitious objective of having 90% of its population own one net for every two persons with at least 80% of those with LLINs using them by 2025 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Roll Back Malaria Monitoring \u0026amp; Evaluation Reference Group (RBM MERG) has put forth household survey indicators for evaluating coverage and access to LLINs. Household LLIN ownership is defined as the proportion of households with at least one LLIN. Household LLIN access is the proportion of households with at least one LLIN for every two people. This indicator can be used to calculate the gap in intra-household LLIN ownership from the proportion of households with sufficient LLIN amongst those with a minimum of one LLIN. Finally, population LLIN access is the proportion of population with access to an LLIN within their household and it estimates the proportion of individuals who could potentially have slept under an LLIN, assuming one LLIN is used by two persons [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. These RBM MERG indicators capture the fact that the mere presence of a LLIN in a household does not necessarily reflect individual access.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome studies recommend the consideration of sleeping units, as an addition to the aforementioned RBM MERG indicators, to improve the accuracy of access estimates [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. A study conducted in Tanzania found that RBM MERG indicators under-estimated LLIN access especially in lower socio-economic households which tend to be overcrowded [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], whereas another study from Ethiopia found that the RBM MERG indicators over-estimated LLIN coverage because it did not take into account units where people actually slept [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The Ethiopian study suggested the following access indicators for sleeping units: 1) household LLIN access defined as the proportion of households with at least one LLIN for every sleeping unit within the household; 2) intra-sleeping space ownership gap defined as the proportion of households with insufficient LLINs for every sleeping unit amongst those reporting at least 1 LLIN and 3) population access defined as the proportion of population with access to LLIN within their households based on one LLIN per sleeping unit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross several studies, some factors associated with higher LLIN ownership across some sub-Saharan African countries include an urban residence, having 2 or more sleeping units within a household, having an under-five or pregnant member in the household [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Lower LLIN ownership has been associated with increasing distance to nearest health center, postulated to be linked to difficulties in acquiring LLINs as a consequence of remoteness and poorer road infrastructure [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Factors that impact mosquito density may affect the perception of household occupants about malaria risk and the decision to acquire or use LLINs. Mosquito density is highly associated with humidity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29 CR30 CR31 CR32 CR33\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], and certain landscape elements, including altitude, distance to nearest lake, and vegetation cover, measured by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR36\" citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there is huge variability across studies in factors examined and the reported results, and there have been no studies, to the best of our knowledge, in C\u0026ocirc;te d'Ivoire.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and setting:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis paper reports the census data collected in preparation for a cluster randomized trial evaluating next-generation bed nets [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. The census took place in 43 of the 110 villages in the department of Tiebissou (Gb\u0026ecirc;k\u0026ecirc; region, Lacs District), central C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;1) from June 8 to 27, 2023. These villages were selected based on the following criteria: having a minimum of 100 households with a minimum of 100 children under the age of 10 years (based on data from the health districts), within a 2-hour drive from Tiebissou town, and the acceptance of the hamlet leader and population to participate in the study. After the census, 2 villages were excluded from the rest of the trial for reasons linked to accessibility to the villages. The remaining 41 villages were used to create 33 study clusters, with 1 study cluster consisting of 1 to 3 villages to ensure a minimum distance of 2km from other study clusters (thereby avoiding contamination) and at least 100 households.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2021, the population of Tiebissou was estimated to be 116,321, spread over 2,410km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. The main vector control activity was the distribution of LLINs once every 3 years through mass distribution campaigns, with continuous distribution through antenatal and infant-welfare clinics. The last mass distribution campaign took place from March 11th to May 05th 2021, with an allocation of one LLIN for every 2 persons (no maximum cap per household). Deltamethrin-only nets were distributed in Tiebissou during this campaign. Nets were distributed from central points within villages. Household LLIN ownership was estimated at 76% in this district during a 2021 survey [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The prevalence of malaria infection in children under five in the Lac district based on microscopy and RDT were 32% and 51% respectively in 2021 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 1: Map of study village boundaries, Tiebissou department, central C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire, and inset map displaying the location of the study area in Africa.\u003c/b\u003e Map was created using QGIS 3.30.3 (Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using a basemap from ESRI (Redlands, CA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCensus process:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA team of enumerators was trained in the consenting process, census procedures and electronic data capture. All housing structures (both inhabited and uninhabited) were visited in every village and geo-referenced using the Global Positioning System (GPS) function on a tablet. Written informed consent was obtained from an able adult. Data were collected using a questionnaire on the household member composition, number of LLINs, and number of sleeping units. Questionnaires were administered in French or Baoul\u0026eacute;. Housing structures which looked inhabited but were vacant at the time of the visit were visited again 1 to 3 times to complete data collection. Data were cleaned and consistency checks were performed daily by a Data Manager.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOperational definition of terms:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sleeping unit was defined in this study as an internal or external space (covered or uncovered) used temporarily or permanently for sleeping by one or more household members.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA household was a basic socio-economic unit in which the various members (related or unrelated) lived in the same house or compound, brought together their resources and jointly met their essential food and other vital needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA factory-treated net with insecticides, requiring no re-treatment and used for sleeping was considered as being a LLIN.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe operational definitions used to determine access based on household indicators were from RBM MERG 2018 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] whereas, the indicators adapted to sleeping units were adapted from an Ethiopian study, for easy comparability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] and are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoverage indicators and their calculation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndicator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold LLIN ownership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of households with at least one LLIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{d}\\text{s} \\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g} \\ge 1 \\text{L}\\text{L}\\text{I}\\text{N}}{Total number of households surveyed}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of households with at least one LLIN for every 2 people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{d}\\text{s} \\text{w}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{h} \\ge 1 \\text{L}\\text{L}\\text{I}\\text{N} \\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{r} \\text{e}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{y} 2 \\text{p}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{s}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{s}}{Total number of households surveyed}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntra-household ownership gap\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of households with insufficient LLINs for every 2 persons amongst those with at least 1 LLIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(1-\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{d}\\text{s} \\text{w}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{h} \\ge 1 \\text{L}\\text{L}\\text{I}\\text{N} \\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{r} \\text{e}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{y} 2 \\text{p}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{s}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{s}}{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{d}\\text{s} \\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g} \\ge 1 \\text{L}\\text{L}\\text{I}\\text{N}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of persons with access to a LLIN in their household, assuming each LLIN can be used by 2 persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{p}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{s}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{s} \\text{w}\\text{h}\\text{o} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{l}\\text{d} \\text{s}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{p} \\text{u}\\text{n}\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{a}\\text{n} \\text{L}\\text{L}\\text{I}\\text{N} \\text{i}\\text{f} \\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{c}\\text{h} \\text{L}\\text{L}\\text{I}\\text{N} \\text{i}\\text{s} \\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{b}\\text{y} 2 \\text{p}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{s}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{s} \\text{i}\\text{n} \\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e} \\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{d} }{Total number of persons who spent the previous night in surveyed households}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold LLIN access (based on 1 net per sleeping unit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of households with sufficient LLINs to cover every sleeping unit within the household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{d}\\text{s} \\text{w}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{h} \\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{g}\\text{h} \\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{t}\\text{s} \\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{r} \\text{e}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{y} \\text{s}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g} \\text{u}\\text{n}\\text{i}\\text{t}}{Total number of households surveyed}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntra-sleeping unit ownership gap\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of households with insufficient LLINs for every sleeping unit amongst those reporting at least 1 LLIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(1-\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{d}\\text{s} \\text{w}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{h} \\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{g}\\text{h} \\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{t}\\text{s} \\text{f}\\text{o}\\text{r} \\text{e}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{y} \\text{s}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g} \\text{u}\\text{n}\\text{i}\\text{t}}{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{h}\\text{o}\\text{l}\\text{d}\\text{s} \\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g} \\ge 1 \\text{L}\\text{L}\\text{I}\\text{N}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation access (based on 1 LLIN per sleeping unit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of persons with access to a LLIN in their sleeping units, assuming each sleeping unit is covered by 1 LLIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{p}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{s}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{s} \\text{w}\\text{h}\\text{o} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{u}\\text{l}\\text{d} \\text{s}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{p} \\text{u}\\text{n}\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{r} \\text{a}\\text{n} \\text{L}\\text{L}\\text{I}\\text{N} \\text{i}\\text{f} \\text{e}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{y} \\text{s}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g} \\text{u}\\text{n}\\text{i}\\text{t} \\text{w}\\text{a}\\text{s} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{b}\\text{y} 1 \\text{L}\\text{L}\\text{I}\\text{N} }{Total number of persons who spent the previous night in surveyed households}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData management and statistical analyses:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectronic data collection was performed using the Open Data Kit collect application installed on tablets. Data analyses was performed in STATA/SE version 18.0 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, TX). Households that did not consent either due to refusal or absence (in which case, only minimum information was requested from neighbors to prepare the net distribution list) were not included in this analysis. Binary and categorical variables were summarized using proportions. Continuous variables were summarized using means (and standard deviations [SD]) or medians (and interquartile ranges [IQR]) as appropriate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables were created for household LLIN ownership, household LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons and 1 LLIN per sleeping unit) and population access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons and 1 LLIN per sleeping unit). Details of all variables are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach of the aforementioned indicators was calculated overall and for each village. The calculation of 95% confidence intervals (CI) for summary measures used svyset command to account for clustering by village.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables pertaining to household composition were generated by summing within each household the number of individuals with the characteristic of interest, re-categorizing the discrete values obtained into binary variables and obtaining relevant ratios when necessary. Household net ownership and access was assessed for different household compositions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (in years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was categorized into three groups: \u0026lt;5, 5\u0026ndash;15 and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;15 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltitude (in meters)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas categorized into 2 groups around the median: 148\u0026ndash;209 (very low altitude) and 210\u0026ndash;258 (low altitude)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA new variable was generated which divided the total number of nets reported (regardless if used or not) in a household by total number of household inhabitants and re-categorized into a binary variable at a value of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.5 (sufficient nets)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold LLIN access (based on 1 net per sleeping unit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA new variable was created by dividing the number of nets in a household by the total number of sleeping units in the household, and a binary variable created with households with a ratio of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 tagged as having sufficient nets to cover each sleeping unit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold LLIN ownership\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe discrete variable, number of nets (whether used or not), was re-categorized as a binary variable (no net reported and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 LLIN reported).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas categorized into 3 equal groups with the following cut-offs: 1\u0026ndash;3, 4\u0026ndash;7 and 8\u0026ndash;19 members\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNearest distance to a health facility (in km)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas categorized into 3 equal groups with the following cut-offs: 0.4\u0026ndash;3.6, 3.7-8.0 and 8.1\u0026ndash;13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNearest distance to a lake (in km)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas categorized into 4 equal groups with the following cut-offs: \u0026lt;4.2, 4.3\u0026ndash;7.7, 7.8\u0026ndash;11.6 and 11.7\u0026ndash;36.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalized difference vegetation index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas categorized into 4 groups with the following cut-offs: low (71-5700), low-moderate (5701\u0026ndash;7526), high-moderate (7527\u0026ndash;8003) and high (8004\u0026ndash;9078) vegetation cover\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of potential net users was calculated for each household by multiplying the number of nets by 2 and dividing it by the household size (with a maximum value of 1) and the mean obtained across the study population\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation access (based on 1 LLIN per sleeping unit)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA new variable was generated which divided the total number of nets by the number of sleeping units in a household (with a maximum value of this ratio being 1) and then multiplied by household size to obtain how many persons would have been potentially covered within the sleeping spaces. The sum of these potential users was obtained and divided by the sum of household sizes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation density (in persons/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWas categorized into 2 groups around the median: 36\u0026ndash;339 (very low) and 340\u0026ndash;505 (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic coordinates (datum: WSG84) of the households and health facilities were uploaded into QGIS v3.30.3. We accessed Earth Explorer database from United States Geological Survey to obtain Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] and the EROS Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] raster files, which represent altitude and NDVI, respectively. We accessed the WorldPop database to obtain population density data [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. We accessed the ESRI database to obtain outline maps of lakes initially created by Messager \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. All coordinates were first projected to UTM30N. The \u0026lsquo;Distance to nearest hub\u0026rsquo; tool was used to generate Euclidean distances in meters between each household and its nearest health facility and nearest lake, and the \u0026lsquo;Sample raster values\u0026rsquo; was used to sample altitude, NDVI and population density at each household\u0026rsquo;s location.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 24,747 housing structures were identified with a total of 10,630 households (response rate of 89.6%) and 43,897 inhabitants. A flowchart of household inclusion for this analysis is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 2: Flow chart of household inclusion\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of the study population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlightly over half of the study population were males (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22,335; 50.9%). Under-fives, school-aged children (aged 5 to 15) and adults (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;15 years) made up 15.3%, 29.4% and 55.3% of the study population respectively. The median household size was 4 persons (interquartile range [IQR]: 2\u0026ndash;6), with a median of 2 (IQR: 2\u0026ndash;3) sleeping areas and 1 (IQR: 0\u0026ndash;2) LLIN per household. The median distance from household to the closest health facility and the nearest lake were 3.65km (IQR: 0.36\u0026ndash;8.16) and 7.78km (IQR: 4.06\u0026ndash;11.34) respectively. The median altitude from sea level was 210m (IQR: 191\u0026ndash;235). The median population density was 129 people/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (IQR: 105\u0026ndash;260). The socio-demographic and geo-spatial characteristics for each village are shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of study population\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of households, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10,630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian household size (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of males, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22,335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of females, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21,562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder-fives, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6,697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchool aged 5\u0026ndash;15, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12,907\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdults\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;15, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24,293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian number of bed nets (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian number of sleeping units (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e520 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e546 (51.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e292 (27.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e603 (56.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e441 (45.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e526 (54.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263 (27.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e515 (53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e712 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e845 (54.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e880 (56.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248 (51.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141 (29.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261 (53.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e326 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e362 (52.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198 (28.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380 (55.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254 (47.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284 (52.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165 (30.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e369 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e808 (50.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e798 (49.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239 (14.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e434 (27.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e933 (58.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283 (51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180 (32.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286 (52.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (14.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143 (36.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e598 (50.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e596 (49.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e353 (29.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e637 (53.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3\u0026ndash;7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e457 (51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e429 (48.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167 (18.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267 (30.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e452 (51.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e323 (46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367 (53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176 (25.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e405 (58.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406 (48.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e428 (51.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208 (24.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e481 (57.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426 (48.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459 (51.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (13.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276 (31.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e490 (55.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210 (50.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337 (52.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e303 (47.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232 (36.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342 (53.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e449 (51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e423 (48.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270 (31.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e471 (54.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e354 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e890 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e485 (28.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e945 (54.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e704 (52.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e634 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399 (29.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e725 (54.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e713 (49.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e727 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e394 (27.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e797 (55.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e619 (53.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e539 (46.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287 (24.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e695 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e365 (47.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400 (52.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123 (16.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202 (26.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e440 (57.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e396 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e791 (49.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e816 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e479 (29.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e881 (54.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e474 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e867 (51.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e824 (48.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240 (14.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e529 (31.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e922 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e372 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e705 (49.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e733 (51.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263 (18.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e431 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e744 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e477 (53.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e412 (46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e509 (57.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e638 (56.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e488 (43.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e344 (30.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e632 (56.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289 (47.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320 (52.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101 (16.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170 (27.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e338 (55.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e339 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e854 (57.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e633 (42.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e481 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e820 (55.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e678 (51.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652 (49.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317 (23.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e763 (57.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e461 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e971 (54.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e809 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e535 (30.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e998 (56.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e536 (51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e503 (48.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272 (26.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e676 (65.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e379 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e684 (49.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e365 (26.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e879 (63.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302 (50.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300 (49.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e323 (53.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e349 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e413 (31.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e654 (50.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (55.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (44.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (17.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (37.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (45.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e323 (53.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285 (46.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (16.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312 (51.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134 (46.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (13.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (41.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132 (45.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (1\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3\u0026ndash;7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e750 (53.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e659 (46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229 (16.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e425 (30.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e755 (53.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e497 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,304 (52.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,190 (47.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e382 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e769 (30.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,343 (53.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3\u0026ndash;7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184 (48.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192 (51.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (16.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134 (35.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181 (48.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (3\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245 (49.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247 (50.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151 (30.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259 (52.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (2\u0026ndash;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e584 (52.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e531 (47.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e342 (30.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e655 (58.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0\u0026ndash;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2\u0026ndash;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy geo-spatial characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian distance from nearest health facility in km (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian distance to the nearest lake in km (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian altitude in metres (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian population density in people/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian normalized difference vegetation index (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 (4.4\u0026ndash;4.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 (10.2\u0026ndash;10.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222 (222\u0026ndash;224)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222 (222\u0026ndash;243)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7818 (7818\u0026ndash;7818)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 (7.5\u0026ndash;7.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 (12.6\u0026ndash;12.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236 (231\u0026ndash;237)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245 (245\u0026ndash;245)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8592 (7325\u0026ndash;8592)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 (0.2\u0026ndash;0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 (7.5\u0026ndash;7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250 (250\u0026ndash;253)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e405 (405\u0026ndash;405)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5602 (5602\u0026ndash;5602)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 (5.1\u0026ndash;5.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0 (12.9\u0026ndash;13.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201 (201\u0026ndash;204)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69 (69\u0026ndash;69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7426 (7426\u0026ndash;7426)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 (3.5\u0026ndash;3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 (9.5\u0026ndash;9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252 (251\u0026ndash;252)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (97\u0026ndash;97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7765 (7765\u0026ndash;7765)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 (3.2\u0026ndash;3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 (9.5\u0026ndash;9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247 (247\u0026ndash;251)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 (97\u0026ndash;97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7765 (7765\u0026ndash;7765)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 (0.1\u0026ndash;0.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 (4.0-4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186 (185\u0026ndash;189)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e333 (238\u0026ndash;333)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8073 (8073\u0026ndash;8073)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (0.3\u0026ndash;0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 (6.4\u0026ndash;6.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183 (182\u0026ndash;184)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93 (93\u0026ndash;93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6788 (6788\u0026ndash;6788)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.8\u0026ndash;0.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 (5.7\u0026ndash;5.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178 (178\u0026ndash;178)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (105\u0026ndash;105)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7260 (7260\u0026ndash;7260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 (8.0-8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 (12.4\u0026ndash;12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180 (177\u0026ndash;183)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118 (101\u0026ndash;118)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6100 (6100\u0026ndash;7886)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 (4.5\u0026ndash;4.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 (11.3\u0026ndash;11.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153 (153\u0026ndash;157)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359 (359\u0026ndash;359)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7766 (7766\u0026ndash;7766)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0 (3.3\u0026ndash;4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 (2.7\u0026ndash;3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192 (190\u0026ndash;199)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (40\u0026ndash;46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6430 (6430\u0026ndash;7571)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 (11.3\u0026ndash;11.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 (14.0-14.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242 (229\u0026ndash;242)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (56\u0026ndash;56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8170 (8170\u0026ndash;8170)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 (0.2\u0026ndash;0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5(0.5\u0026ndash;0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169 (162\u0026ndash;177)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (88\u0026ndash;88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6944 (6944\u0026ndash;8891)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 (10.3\u0026ndash;10.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (6.1\u0026ndash;6.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246 (24\u0026ndash;246)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119 (119\u0026ndash;119)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e574 (574\u0026ndash;574)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 (8.6-9.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 (3.6-4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243 (242\u0026ndash;245)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 (119\u0026ndash;120)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6329 (6329\u0026ndash;6329)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 (5.3\u0026ndash;5.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 (7.8\u0026ndash;7.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207 (204\u0026ndash;207)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167 (167\u0026ndash;195)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8962 (5165\u0026ndash;8962)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 (13.0-13.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 (7.8\u0026ndash;8.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201 (194\u0026ndash;203)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105 (105\u0026ndash;105)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7928 (7867\u0026ndash;7928)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 (12.3\u0026ndash;12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 (4.9\u0026ndash;5.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187 (184\u0026ndash;187)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e417 (417\u0026ndash;417)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7588 (7588\u0026ndash;7588)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 (3.7\u0026ndash;3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 (2.8\u0026ndash;2.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228 (228\u0026ndash;228)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191 (191\u0026ndash;191)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6464 (6464\u0026ndash;7035)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 (3.4\u0026ndash;3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 (8.6\u0026ndash;8.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234 (234\u0026ndash;235)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160 (122\u0026ndash;160)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184 (184\u0026ndash;184)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 (0.2\u0026ndash;0.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 (4.8-5.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222 (218\u0026ndash;224)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171 (171\u0026ndash;171)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5701 (5369\u0026ndash;5701)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2 (0.1\u0026ndash;0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 (7.2\u0026ndash;7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191 (190\u0026ndash;194)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e369 (369\u0026ndash;369)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8004 (8004\u0026ndash;8004)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 (12.3\u0026ndash;12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 (26.3\u0026ndash;26.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246 (238\u0026ndash;246)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (111\u0026ndash;111)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7705 (7705\u0026ndash;7705)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (0.2\u0026ndash;0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 (8.7-9.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191 (191\u0026ndash;196)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (111\u0026ndash;111)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6487 (6487\u0026ndash;6487)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (0.4\u0026ndash;0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 (7.4\u0026ndash;7.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223 (222\u0026ndash;223)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (96\u0026ndash;123)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7572 (7572\u0026ndash;7572)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 (2.3\u0026ndash;2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6 (35.5\u0026ndash;35.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256 (252\u0026ndash;256)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383 (383\u0026ndash;383)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8442 (8442\u0026ndash;8442)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 (3.6\u0026ndash;3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 (3.4\u0026ndash;3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231 (230\u0026ndash;234)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96 (96\u0026ndash;96)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (111\u0026ndash;111)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 (0.0-0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 (6.8-7.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210 (208\u0026ndash;210)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e467 (401\u0026ndash;467)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4741 (4741\u0026ndash;4741)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 (6.3\u0026ndash;6.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 (2.5\u0026ndash;2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192 (190\u0026ndash;193)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (144\u0026ndash;144)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8176 (8176\u0026ndash;8176)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 (0.2\u0026ndash;0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 (8.0-8.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209 (209\u0026ndash;211)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302 (302\u0026ndash;307)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5070 (5070\u0026ndash;5070)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 (9.4\u0026ndash;9.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 (3.2\u0026ndash;3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204 (201\u0026ndash;204)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107 (107\u0026ndash;107)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8426 (8426\u0026ndash;8426)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 (8.5\u0026ndash;8.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 (2.8-3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214 (208\u0026ndash;215)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (129\u0026ndash;129)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8257 (8257\u0026ndash;8257)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 (4.3\u0026ndash;4.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 (3.3\u0026ndash;3.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197 (190\u0026ndash;199)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (67\u0026ndash;83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7454 (5893\u0026ndash;7454)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3 (0.2\u0026ndash;0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0 (7.9\u0026ndash;8.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163 (163\u0026ndash;166)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236 (236\u0026ndash;260)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7026 (4195\u0026ndash;7026)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 (12.8\u0026ndash;12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5 (29.4\u0026ndash;29.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225 (225\u0026ndash;226)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (99\u0026ndash;99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8252 (7233\u0026ndash;8252)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 (12.8\u0026ndash;13.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 (4.9\u0026ndash;5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225 (223\u0026ndash;226)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71 (65\u0026ndash;99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6860 (6860\u0026ndash;7233)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 (12.6\u0026ndash;12.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.6 (29.5\u0026ndash;29.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225 (223\u0026ndash;225)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99 (99\u0026ndash;99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8252 (8252\u0026ndash;8252)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 (4.4\u0026ndash;4.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2 (34.1\u0026ndash;34.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240 (234\u0026ndash;241)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e505 (505\u0026ndash;505)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8350 (8350\u0026ndash;8350)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (0.3\u0026ndash;0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.8 (34.7\u0026ndash;35.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245 (244\u0026ndash;245)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118 (118\u0026ndash;122)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (149\u0026ndash;151)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 (4.1\u0026ndash;4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4 (34.4\u0026ndash;34.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237 (230\u0026ndash;237)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e505 (505\u0026ndash;505)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8350 (8350\u0026ndash;8350)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 (0.4\u0026ndash;0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 (7.2\u0026ndash;7.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222 (222\u0026ndash;222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123 ( 96\u0026ndash;123)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8487 (5349\u0026ndash;8487)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4 (0.3\u0026ndash;0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.7\u0026ndash;1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165 (165\u0026ndash;169)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88 (76\u0026ndash;88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6944 (6357\u0026ndash;6944)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLLIN coverage by household survey metrics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of LLIN coverage using household survey metrics for each village is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3 and supplementary Table\u0026nbsp;1. Overall, household LLIN ownership was 63.8% (95% CI: 58.7\u0026ndash;68.8), with a range of 28.5\u0026ndash;95.9% by village. Household LLIN access was 37.6% (95%CI: 33.2\u0026ndash;42.0) with values varying from 18.0\u0026ndash;65.0% by village. The intra-household ownership gap was 41.0% (95%CI: 37.1\u0026ndash;45.0), with a range of 20.3%-66.1%. Population LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons) was 53.3% (95%CI: 48.6\u0026ndash;58.1), with a range from 26.4\u0026ndash;83.1% by village.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 3: Map of LLIN coverage showing A) Household LLIN ownership B) Household LLIN access (based on one LLIN per 2 persons) C) Intra-household ownership gap D) Population LLIN access (based on one LLIN per 2 persons) within the 42 study villages.\u003c/b\u003e Map was created using QGIS 3.30.3 (Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using a basemap from ESRI (Redlands, CA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegend:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLLIN coverage by sleeping units\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of LLIN coverage by metrics adapted to sleeping units for each village is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4 and in supplementary Table\u0026nbsp;1. Household LLIN access was 37.1% (95% CI: 33.0-41.2), with a range of 14.0\u0026ndash;68.6%. The intra-sleeping unit ownership gap was 41.8% (95%CI: 38.2\u0026ndash;45.5), with a range of 18.2\u0026ndash;64.1% by village. Population LLIN access (based on 1 LLIN per sleeping unit) was 49.4% (95%CI: 45.1\u0026ndash;53.6), with a range from 24.6\u0026ndash;75.9% by village.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 4: Map of LLIN coverage showing A) Household LLIN access (based on one LLIN per sleeping unit) B) Intra-sleeping unit ownership gap C) Population LLIN access (based on one LLIN per sleeping unit) within the 42 study villages.\u003c/b\u003e Map was created using QGIS 3.30.3 (Free Software Foundation Inc., Boston, MA, USA) using a basemap from ESRI (Redlands, CA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegend:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHousehold LLIN access based on one LLIN for every 2 persons compared to one LLIN per sleeping unit\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 5 shows that most households (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5,991) had neither sufficient nets per 2 persons nor for every sleeping unit within the household. A total of 3,300 households had sufficient nets per 2 persons and for every sleeping unit. Furthermore, 17.4% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;696) of households with sufficient nets for every 2 persons did not have sufficient nets for every sleeping unit and 9.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;643) of households with sufficient nets for every sleeping unit did not have sufficient nets for every 2 persons. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, households that have sufficient LLIN access by sleeping unit but not for every 2 persons tend to be larger and have fewer sleeping units, while households with LLIN access per 2 persons but not by sleeping unit tend to have more households with no children under the age of five and no females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 5: Scatterplot of the ratio of the number of LLINs to the household size to the ratio of the number of LLINs to the number of sleeping units for each household\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFootnote\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe y-axis reference line is the line of sufficiency of LLINs for every 2 persons at a ratio of 0.5 whereas the x-axis reference line is at 1 for sufficient LLINs for every sleeping unit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of households with household LLIN access discordance by sleeping unit and for every 2 persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdequate access per 2 persons but not by sleeping unit\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdequate access by sleeping unit but not per 2 persons\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean household size (standard deviation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 (2.07)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean number of sleeping units\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds with no female member\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds with no under-five member\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHousehold composition and LLIN coverage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows that while LLIN ownership was similar for different household compositions, there was more variation in LLIN access. Larger households (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8 members) and households with at least one member aged under five years had the lowest household LLIN access at 20.8% and 27.3% respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold composition, geo-spatial metrics and LLIN coverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of households with at least one LLIN present in household, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of households with one LLIN for every 2 persons in household, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds with at least one member aged under five\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,069 (67.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,246 (27.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,709 (61.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,750 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds with at least one school-aged member (5\u0026ndash;15 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,996 (65.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,243 (34.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,782 (61.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,574 (51.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds with adults only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (61.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,770 (63.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,809 (42.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio of children to adults in a household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,446 (61.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,382 (42.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,324 (65.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,607 (31.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds with at least one male member\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,050 (64.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,104 (40.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e728 (61.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e713 (55.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouseholds with at least one female member\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,904 (64.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,197 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e874 (58.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e799 (53.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatio of females to males in a household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,884 (63.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,630 (35.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,166 (64.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,759 (36.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,913 (61.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,294 (48.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,284 (65.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,526 (30.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e580 (68.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176 (20.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClosest distance between household and health facility (in km)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,647 (61.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e943 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026ndash;3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,753 (65.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,003 (37.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7-8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,647 (64.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e936 (36.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026ndash;13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,724 (63.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,107 (40.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNearest distance to a lake (in km)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,748 (61.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,097 (38.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026ndash;7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,575 (63.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e929 (37.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u0026ndash;11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,778 (64.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,000 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7\u0026ndash;36.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,670 (65.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e963 (37.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltitude (in metres) (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;500m is low altitude)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,248 (62.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,969 (38.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,523 (64.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,020 (37.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation density (in persons/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;340 (very low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,558 (64.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,328 (38.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;340 (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,213 (61.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e661 (33.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalized difference vegetation index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71-5700 (low)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,593 (62.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e853 (33.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5701\u0026ndash;7526 (low-moderate)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,725 (62.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,024 (37.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7527\u0026ndash;8003 (high-moderate)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,786 (76.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,128 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8004\u0026ndash;9078 (high)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,667 (56.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e979 (33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGeo-spatial metrics and LLIN coverage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLLIN coverage did not vary either by shortest distance intervals from households to health facilities and lakes, altitude or population density. Household LLIN ownership and access was higher at a high-moderate range of vegetation cover (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Also, variability in LLIN coverage indicators by village was not explained by village size, shortest distance intervals from households to health facilities and lakes, altitude, population density or vegetation cover.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reports coverage of LLINs in an area of central C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire with intense indoor malaria transmission using RBM MERG indicators and indicators adapted to sleeping units. Two years post-distribution, household LLIN ownership was moderate at 63.8%, while household LLIN access (based on 1 net per 2 persons) was low at 37.6%, and 53.3% of the population had access to LLINs. Household access based on sleeping units was similar (37.1%), while population access was slightly lower (49.4%). Close to one-tenth (9.7%) of households with access by sleeping unit did not have access for every 2 persons and two-fifths (17.4%) of households with access for every 2 persons did not have access by sleeping unit. Households with access by sleeping unit but not for every 2 persons tend to be larger with fewer sleeping units, and have more female and under-five members. Access was lower as the number of household members increased and in households that had younger children. LLIN coverage did not vary either by shortest distance intervals from households to health facilities and lakes, altitude or population density, but access was higher at a high-moderate range of vegetation cover.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, household LLIN ownership (64%) was lower than during the 2021 Demographic Health Survey (DHS), which reported 76% household LLIN ownership in the Lac District [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. This difference was not unexpected as the DHS survey was done 6 months following the mass LLIN distribution campaign, while the present study was done 24 months after. Other studies done between 1 to 4 years post mass distribution campaigns had various household LLIN ownership; Tanzania (74.5%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e], Nigeria (56%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e], Burkina Faso (33%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e] and Guinea (44%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e], Benin (95.8%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e], Ethiopia (92.6%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] and Cameroon (73%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. These differences could be explained by differences in proximity of coverage surveys to mass distributions, the frequencies of and strategies used for mass net distribution across countries (central point versus door-to-door distribution), the use of school-based top-up campaigns (not implemented in Cote d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire), as well as differences in LLIN durability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold and population LLIN access based on 1 net per 2 persons was 37.6% and 59.3% respectively. Household and population access in other countries 1 to 4 years after a mass distribution campaign were within range of those found in our study; Nigeria (25% and 43% respectively) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e], Benin (55.9% and 79.5% respectively) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e], Ethiopia (50.3% and 78.6% respectively) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], Cameroon (41% and 59% respectively) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e] and Tanzania (41% household LLIN access) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. It is worth noting that during the 2021 DHS survey in C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire, household LLIN access was 51% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. This reduction in access 2 years after the LLIN distribution campaign could be attributed to issues with LLIN durability. According to the World Health Organization, LLINs are expected to be in serviceable conditions within households for at least 3 years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. A study in Tanzania found that after permethrin-only LLINs had been used for 20 months in households, 100% of nets had at least 1 hole and only 63% of LLINs were in serviceable conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study from Benin found that the number of serviceable deltamethrin-only nets dropped to 29\u0026ndash;33% of nets after 3 years of field use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, household LLIN ownership was moderate and did not vary much by household composition, meanwhile access was considerably lower. This could suggest that household access may be a better indicator for LLIN coverage than ownership because which does not seem to change much with time after a mass distribution campaign. Also, having one LLIN does not necessarily translate into every household member having access to an LLIN. Household access (based on 1 net per 2 persons) was particularly low in households with at least one under-five member and in larger households. It was observed that larger households tend to have children and females (of any age). Adult women and children might be easier to reach with at least 1 net through continuous distribution channels. Also, LLINs may degrade faster in larger households, especially where there are children, as net care may not be as diligent and children might be more likely to sleep on mats rather than beds, which could result in greater damage to the nets. On the flip side, larger households also tend to have fewer sleeping units and hence may be more likely covered with fewer nets within the sleeping units due to overcrowding, though not covered sufficiently for every 2 persons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though in this study wide variability in LLIN coverage indicators by village was not explained by village size, shortest distance intervals from households to health facilities and lakes, altitude, population density or vegetation cover, investigating the reasons for this could inform future mass distribution strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its type to describe LLIN coverage in this region of C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire. We used an exhaustive sample of all the households and the response rate was very high, reducing the probability of selection bias due to non-response. A weakness of this study was the attachment of the census to an imminent net distribution activity which may have caused respondents to over-report number of household inhabitants and/or under-report the number of nets owned.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eTwo years after a mass distribution, LLIN access was low in this rural region of C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire, with considerable variability by village. To achieve and maintain the goal of having 90% of C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire\u0026rsquo;s population with sufficient LLINs for every 2 individuals by 2025, continuous LLIN distribution through various channels, including schools, should be implemented to uphold coverage of mass distribution campaigns. Moreover, further net distribution and communication strategies should be implemented to reach specific groups such as adult-only households who are not typically targeted by routine LLIN distribution at health facilities. Finally, the NMCP should consider using a combination of indicators to assess LLIN coverage to have a more complete picture of the gaps in LLIN coverage which is the greatest barrier to use. A combination of these recommendations could significantly improve LLIN access and consequently usage, thereby contributing to the reduction of malaria morbidity and mortality in C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCI:\u0026nbsp;confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDHS: Demographic Health Survey\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGPS: Global Positioning System\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLLIN: long-lasting insecticidal nets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNDVI:\u0026nbsp;Normalized Difference Vegetation Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNMCP: National Malaria Control Programme\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRBM MERG: Roll Back Malaria Monitoring \u0026amp; Evaluation Reference Group\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRDT: rapid diagnostic test\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe \u0026ldquo;Efficacy of chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid and PBO synergist-pyrethroid long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared to pyrethroid-only LLINs for malaria control in C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire: a three group, cluster-randomised trial\u0026rdquo; trial received ethics approval from the Ministry of Health of Ivory Coast\u0026rsquo;s institutional review board (Ref: 002-23/MSHPCMU/CNESVS-km) and the institutional review board of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Ref: 28390). Written informed consent was obtained from all hamlet leaders and household heads after presenting detailed information on this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe \u0026ldquo;Efficacy of chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid and PBO synergist-pyrethroid long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared to pyrethroid-only LLINs for malaria control in C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire: a three group, cluster-randomised trial\u0026rdquo; trial is funded by the Global Fund.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMAK, AAK, LPAA, LAM, MGZ, SC, SBA, NP, RN, JC designed the study. CS conceived the study question. CS and JC refined the research question and possible analysis methods. CS wrote the epidemiological aspects of the data analysis plan and BT wrote the GIS aspects of data analysis. All analyses methods were reviewed by JC and MK. CS performed the epidemiological analyses, prepared figures 2 and 5 and interpreted results. BT performed the GIS analyses and prepared figures 1, 3 and 4. CS wrote the main manuscript text. CS, ED, AAK, LPAA, MGZ, SC, SBA, and RN were involved in field implementation and supervision. All authors reviewed the manuscript, read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOur sincere gratitude goes to the Institut Pierre Richet/\u0026nbsp;Institut National de Sant\u0026eacute;\u0026nbsp;Publique team made up of field enumerators and field supervisors who performed the census activity. We wish to thank the inhabitants, local authorities, and community leaders of Tiebissou district for their collaboration during this activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld malaria report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO Guidelines for malaria, 14 March 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023 (WHO/UCN/GMP/ 2023.01). License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInstitut National de la Statistique-INS et ICF 2022. Enqu\u0026ecirc;te D\u0026eacute;mographique et de Sant\u0026eacute; de C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire, 2021. 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BMC Public Health 19:1216\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBirhanu Z, Abebe L, Sudhakar M, Dissanayake G, Yihdego Y, Alemayehu G, Yewhalaw D (2015) Access to and use gaps of insecticide-treated nets among communities in Jimma Zone, southwestern Ethiopia: baseline results from malaria education interventions. BMC Public Health 15:1304\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInsecticide-treated nets mass distribution campaign: benefits and lessons in Zambia | Malaria Journal | Full Text. https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-018-2314-5. Accessed 23 Jun 2023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMosha JF, Lukole E, Charlwood JD, et al (2020) Risk factors for malaria infection prevalence and household vector density between mass distribution campaigns of long-lasting insecticidal nets in North-western Tanzania. Malar J 19:297\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKebede Y, Sudhakar M, Alemayehu G, Abebe L, Birhanu Z (2021) Comparing insecticide-treated nets access-use based on universal household and population indicators vis-a-vis measures adapted to sleeping spaces in Ethiopia. Malar J 20:355\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKonlan KD, Kossi Vivor N, Gegefe I, Hayford L (2022) Factors associated with ownership and utilization of insecticide treated nets among children under five years in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health 22:940\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuut TB, Alhassan AR (2022) Factors associated with ownership of insecticide-treated nets for malaria prevention among pregnant women in Ghana. Public Health Toxicol 2:1\u0026ndash;8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO\u0026rsquo;Meara WP, Smith N, Ekal E, Cole D, Ndege S (2011) Spatial Distribution of Bednet Coverage under Routine Distribution through the Public Health Sector in a Rural District in Kenya. PLOS ONE 6:e25949\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStanton MC, Bockarie MJ, Kelly-Hope LA (2013) Geographical Factors Affecting Bed Net Ownership, a Tool for the Elimination of Anopheles-Transmitted Lymphatic Filariasis in Hard-to-Reach Communities. PLOS ONE 8:e53755\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuattrochi JP, Hill K, Salomon JA, Castro MC (2020) The effects of changes in distance to nearest health facility on under-5 mortality and health care utilization in rural Malawi, 1980\u0026ndash;1998. BMC Health Serv Res 20:899\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Thukair A, Jemal Y, Nzila A, Al-Thukair A, Jemal Y, Nzila A (2022) Influence of Climatic Factors on the Abundance and Profusion of Mosquitoes in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Mosq Res - Recent Adv Pathog Interact Immun Vector Control Strateg. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104615\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDrakou K, Nikolaou T, Vasquez M, Petric D, Michaelakis A, Kapranas A, Papatheodoulou A, Koliou M (2020) The Effect of Weather Variables on Mosquito Activity: A Snapshot of the Main Point of Entry of Cyprus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:1403\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsgarian TS, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sedaghat MM (2021) Impact of meteorological parameters on mosquito population abundance and distribution in a former malaria endemic area, central Iran. Heliyon 7:e08477\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLim A-Y, Cheong H-K, Chung Y, Sim K, Kim J-H (2021) Mosquito abundance in relation to extremely high temperatures in urban and rural areas of Incheon Metropolitan City, South Korea from 2015 to 2020: an observational study. Parasit Vectors 14:559\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKulkarni MA, Desrochers RE, Kajeguka DC, Kaaya RD, Tomayer A, Kweka EJ, Protopopoff N, Mosha FW (2016) 10 Years of Environmental Change on the Slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro and Its Associated Shift in Malaria Vector Distributions. Front Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00281\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHigh Resolution Niche Models of Malaria Vectors in Northern Tanzania: A New Capacity to Predict Malaria Risk? | PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009396. Accessed 3 Apr 2024\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfrane YA, Githeko AK, Yan G (2012) The Ecology of Anopheles Mosquitoes under Climate Change: Case Studies from the Effects of Environmental Changes in East Africa Highlands. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1249:204\u0026ndash;210\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDida GO, Anyona DN, Abuom PO, Akoko D, Adoka SO, Matano A-S, Owuor PO, Ouma C (2018) Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of mosquito species during the dry season along the Mara River and its tributaries, in Kenya and Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty 7:2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNagy A, El-Zeiny A, Sowilem M, Atwa W, Elshaier M (2022) Mapping mosquito larval densities and assessing area vulnerable to diseases transmission in Nile valley of Giza, Egypt. Egypt J Remote Sens Space Sci 25:63\u0026ndash;71\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoussari O, Moiroux N, Iwaz J, Dj\u0026egrave;nontin A, Bio-Bangana S, Corbel V, Fonton N, Ecochard R (2012) Use of a Mixture Statistical Model in Studying Malaria Vectors Density. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050452\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSih C, Protopopoff N, Koffi AA, et al (2024) Efficacy of chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid and piperonyl butoxide-pyrethroid long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) compared to pyrethroid-only LLINs for malaria control in C\u0026ocirc;te d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire: a three group, cluster randomised trial. Trials 25:151\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRezo-Ivoire .net | le departement de tiebissou. https://rezoivoire.net/ivoire/villes-villages/426/le-departement-de-tiebissou.html. Accessed 6 Jun 2023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDanielson, J.J., and Gesch, D.B., 2011, Global multi-resolution terrain elevation data 2010 (GMTED2010): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011\u0026ndash;1073, 26 p. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEROS Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (eVIIRS) Global NDVI Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number: 10.5066/P9QOEFNP. https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/usgs-eros-archive-vegetation-monitoring-eviirs-global-ndvi. Accessed 13 Mar 2024\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorldPop : DOI: 10.5258/SOTON/WP00674. https://hub.worldpop.org/doi/10.5258/SOTON/WP00674. Accessed 13 Mar 2024\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMessager ML, Lehner B, Grill G, Nedeva I, Schmitt O (2016) Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach. Nat Commun 7:13603\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMboma ZM, Overgaard HJ, Moore S, Bradley J, Moore J, Massue DJ, Kramer K, Lines J, Lorenz LM (2018) Mosquito net coverage in years between mass distributions: a case study of Tanzania, 2013. Malar J 17:100\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) [Nigeria], National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria], and ICF. 2022. Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2021 Final Report. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NMEP, NPC, and ICF. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTassembedo, Mahamadi, Soumaila Coulibaly, and Boukary Ouedraogo. 2020. Factors Associated with the Use of Insecticide-Treated Nets: Analysis of the 2018 Burkina Faso Malaria Indicator Survey. DHS Working Paper No. 169. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDiallo OO, Ozodiegwu ID, Camara A, Galatas B, Gerardin J (2023) Factors associated with the ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets in Guinea: an analysis of the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey. Malar J 22:29\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAccrombessi M, Akogbeto MC, Dangbenon E, et al (2022) Malaria Burden and Associated Risk Factors in an Area of Pyrethroid-Resistant Vectors in Southern Benin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 107:681\u0026ndash;688\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuetche MTC, Tabue RN, Fokoua-Maxime CD, Evouna AM, Billong S, Kakesa O (2023) Prevalence and risk factors determinants of the non-use of insecticide-treated nets in an endemic area for malaria: analysis of data from Cameroon. Malar J 22:205\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Guidelines for laboratory and field-testing of long-lasting insecticidal nets. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartin JL, Mosha FW, Lukole E, Rowland M, Todd J, Charlwood JD, Mosha JF, Protopopoff N (2021) Personal protection with PBO-pyrethroid synergist-treated nets after 2 years of household use against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles in Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 14:150\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDj\u0026egrave;nontin A, Alfa D, Bouraima A, et al (2023) Durability of the deltamethrin-treated polypropylene long-lasting net LifeNet\u0026reg; in a pyrethroid resistance area in south western Benin: A phase III trial. PLOS ONE 18:e0291755\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMinistry of Health (MoH) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF. 2023 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2022 Key Indicators Report. Dodoma, Tanzania, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: MoH, NBS, OCGS, and ICF. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"malaria-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"malj","sideBox":"Learn more about [Malaria Journal](http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12936","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12936/3","title":"Malaria Journal","twitterHandle":"@malariajournal","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"malaria, vector control, access, coverage, ownership, sleeping units, household indicators, long-lasting insecticidal nets, mass distribution, Côte d'Ivoire","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4473800/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4473800/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo reduce malaria burden in C\u0026ocirc;te d'Ivoire, the Ministry of Health aims for 90% of its population to possess one long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) for every two persons by 2025. Furthermore, some studies recommend measuring LLIN access within sleeping units to improve the accuracy of coverage indicators. This study evaluated LLIN coverage two years after a mass distribution in central C\u0026ocirc;te d'Ivoire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA census was conducted in 43 villages. Data were collected on household geo-position, composition, number of sleeping units and LLINs owned. LLIN coverage was assessed using: 1/ ownership; proportion of household with at least one LLIN; 2/household access; households with sufficient nets for every two persons and for every sleeping unit; and 3/ population access; proportion of population with access to LLIN within households and sleeping units.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,630 households (89.6% response rate) and 46,619 inhabitants were recruited. Household LLIN ownership was 63.8% (95%CI: 58.7\u0026ndash;68.8). Household LLIN access was 37.6% (95%CI: 33.2\u0026ndash;42.0) based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons and 37.1% (95%CI: 33.0-41.2) based on 1 net per sleeping unit. Population LLIN access based on 1 LLIN per 2 persons and 1 net per sleeping space was 53.3% (95%CI: 48.6\u0026ndash;58.1) and 49.4% (95%CI: 45.1\u0026ndash;53.6) respectively. Approximately 17% of households with access for every 2 persons did not have access by every sleeping unit and 9.7% of households with access by sleeping unit did not have access for every 2 persons. Households with adequate access by sleeping unit but not for every 2 persons tend to be larger with fewer sleeping units, and have children under five years old and female members. The largest households (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;7 members) and households with at least one under-five member had the lowest access (20.8% and 27.3% respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLLIN access was low in this area of intense indoor malaria transmission, 2 years after the last mass distribution campaign. Strategies are needed to improve LLINs coverage.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Gaps in long lasting insecticide-treated net coverage 2 years after a mass distribution campaign in central Côte d’Ivoire","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-10 22:56:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4473800/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-02-11T02:36:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-12-22T07:25:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"180179129393764097947475453865749930819","date":"2024-11-30T13:03:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"54370257461134099882321287819105344130","date":"2024-11-30T03:53:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-13T09:04:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"288700894499026934308127309832681711251","date":"2024-09-28T09:29:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"23272109854783045476110269259226690619","date":"2024-08-16T09:26:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"232378890550563512055228422967771763516","date":"2024-06-03T16:54:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-03T01:50:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-25T11:46:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-25T11:46:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Malaria Journal","date":"2024-05-24T17:23:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"malaria-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"malj","sideBox":"Learn more about [Malaria Journal](http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12936","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12936/3","title":"Malaria Journal","twitterHandle":"@malariajournal","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eb41b411-18f2-4bf7-a8e1-8030f8734ee0","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 10th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-31T16:07:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4473800","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-025-05335-4","journal":{"identity":"malaria-journal","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Malaria Journal"},"publishedOn":"2025-03-29 15:57:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-10 22:56:34","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12936-025-05335-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-025-05335-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4473800","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4473800","identity":"rs-4473800","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}