Stress-Induced Metabolic Disorders: Mechanisms, Pathologies, and Prospects

Chronic stress is a significant public health concern, with occupational stress being a predominant global source. It is increasingly recognized for its role in metabolic disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperuricemia, through complex neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and behavioral mechanisms. This review explores the interplay between chronic stress and metabolic dysfunction, focusing on the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and how stress-induced changes contribute to metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia. Prolonged cortisol and catecholamine release contributes to insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, and systemic inflammation, while stress-induced behavioral changes, such as poor diet and physical inactivity, exacerbate metabolic disturbances. Additionally, emerging evidence highlights the roles of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and caveolae impairment in stress-related metabolic diseases. The bidirectional relationship between stress and metabolic disorders further complicates disease progression, as metabolic dysfunction itself amplifies stress responses. Future research should prioritize biomarker discovery, epigenetic influences, and personalized interventions, including both pharmacological and lifestyle-based strategies. Public health policies and workplace interventions are also essential to mitigate stress-induced metabolic risks. This review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to address the growing burden of stress-related metabolic diseases.