Effect of Mn²⁺ substitution on the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of Li₂Mg₁₋ₓMnₓSiO₄ ceramics

Effect of Mn²⁺ substitution on the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of Li₂Mg₁₋ₓMnₓSiO₄ ceramics | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of Mn²⁺ substitution on the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of Li₂Mg₁₋ₓMnₓSiO₄ ceramics Huangping Yang, Yang Lu, Jie Xu, Heng Miao, Hongqing Zhou, Huifen Lu, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9071162/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The effects of Mn²⁺ substitution on the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of Li₂MgSiO₄ ceramics were systematically investigated. Li₂Mg₁₋ₓMnₓSiO₄ ceramics (x = 0–0.10) were prepared by a modified solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement confirms that all samples retain a monoclinic Li₂MgSiO₄ structure (space group P2₁/c) without detectable secondary phases within the investigated composition range, indicating that Mn²⁺ successfully substitutes for Mg²⁺ in the lattice. Mn²⁺ substitution effectively reduces the optimum sintering temperature and promotes densification. The composition with x = 0.04 sintered at 1100°C for 1 h exhibits the highest relative density (96.42%) and the best microwave dielectric properties, with \({{\epsilon}}_{\text{r}}\) = 5.93 (measured at 13.179 GHz), Q×f = 34,845 GHz, and \({{\tau}}_{\text{f}}\) = −60.6 ppm/°C. SEM observations reveal that moderate Mn²⁺ substitution improves grain uniformity and densification, whereas excessive substitution leads to abnormal grain growth and degraded dielectric performance. Polarizability analysis further indicates that the increase in dielectric permittivity mainly originates from the enhanced intrinsic polarization induced by Mn²⁺ substitution. These results demonstrate that Mn²⁺ substitution is an effective strategy to improve the sintering behavior and optimize the microwave dielectric properties of Li₂MgSiO₄ ceramics. Mn²⁺ substitution Sintering behavior Microwave dielectric properties Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9071162","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":611849754,"identity":"cfec627f-8bbf-490d-a20d-fd05cb5ca60d","order_by":0,"name":"Huangping Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huangping","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":611849755,"identity":"c8441b2d-33fc-4131-945f-634620ac7b3e","order_by":1,"name":"Yang Lu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yang","middleName":"","lastName":"Lu","suffix":""},{"id":611849756,"identity":"611ecb62-09e0-482b-8a62-9dcc61af8a6c","order_by":2,"name":"Jie Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jie","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":611849757,"identity":"d7c9d599-d559-445c-a863-5a5cee5dfdc8","order_by":3,"name":"Heng Miao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing Tech University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Heng","middleName":"","lastName":"Miao","suffix":""},{"id":611849758,"identity":"9b584690-7e23-418f-b657-6253d4f0b32a","order_by":4,"name":"Hongqing Zhou","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwYGNiBlw8DYwMDADGSBaKK0pDEwtpGo5TCYIk6LOXv6swcf287nMc9vPvi5gMFGdsMB5mcP8Gmx7HmQbjiz7XYxYxtbsvQMhjTjDQfYzA3wOuxGwjFp3rbbiY1tPGbMPAyHEzcc4GGTwK8lsQ2o5RxQC/83oJb/xGhJZgNqOQCyhQ2o5QARWs48Y5OccS4ZqCXNWJrHINl45mE2M/xajqc/k/hQZpe4sfnww888FXayfcebn+HVwsCQAKEMG8AmMEBihygt8gQVjoJRMApGwYgFAHh/R524M+uqAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing Tech University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":611849759,"identity":"d4beb8cc-19e8-45b0-895a-8b0ea517a0b4","order_by":5,"name":"Huifen Lu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"JCET Semiconductor (Suqian) Co., Ltd., Suqian, 223800, China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huifen","middleName":"","lastName":"Lu","suffix":""},{"id":611849760,"identity":"5b0c4dc0-bf7c-40aa-b839-148cfb73f209","order_by":6,"name":"Bo Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"JCET Semiconductor (Suqian) Co., Ltd., Suqian, 223800, China.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bo","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-09 09:38:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9071162/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9071162/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-026-17300-1","type":"published","date":"2026-04-18T15:59:55+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107351092,"identity":"741aac5b-c39b-4474-8faa-6d078e8a6b4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-20 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ceramics","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mn²⁺ substitution, Sintering behavior, Microwave dielectric properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9071162/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9071162/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe effects of Mn\u0026sup2;⁺ substitution on the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of Li₂MgSiO₄ ceramics were systematically investigated. Li₂Mg₁₋ₓMnₓSiO₄ ceramics (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026ndash;0.10) were prepared by a modified solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement confirms that all samples retain a monoclinic Li₂MgSiO₄ structure (space group P2₁/c) without detectable secondary phases within the investigated composition range, indicating that Mn\u0026sup2;⁺ successfully substitutes for Mg\u0026sup2;⁺ in the lattice. Mn\u0026sup2;⁺ substitution effectively reduces the optimum sintering temperature and promotes densification. The composition with x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04 sintered at 1100\u0026deg;C for 1 h exhibits the highest relative density (96.42%) and the best microwave dielectric properties, with\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\epsilon}}_{\\text{r}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= 5.93 (measured at 13.179 GHz), Q\u0026times;f\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34,845 GHz, and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({{\\tau}}_{\\text{f}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = \u0026minus;60.6 ppm/\u0026deg;C. SEM observations reveal that moderate Mn\u0026sup2;⁺ substitution improves grain uniformity and densification, whereas excessive substitution leads to abnormal grain growth and degraded dielectric performance. Polarizability analysis further indicates that the increase in dielectric permittivity mainly originates from the enhanced intrinsic polarization induced by Mn\u0026sup2;⁺ substitution. These results demonstrate that Mn\u0026sup2;⁺ substitution is an effective strategy to improve the sintering behavior and optimize the microwave dielectric properties of Li₂MgSiO₄ ceramics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Mn²⁺ substitution on the sintering behavior and microwave dielectric properties of Li₂Mg₁₋ₓMnₓSiO₄ ceramics","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-26 18:28:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9071162/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0ae9ccd7-a858-49b2-be8c-aa29d47eaf77","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 26th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-20T16:07:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-9071162","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-026-17300-1","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-materials-science-materials-in-electronics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-18 15:59:55","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 18th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-26 18:28:50","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10854-026-17300-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-026-17300-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9071162","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9071162","identity":"rs-9071162","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}