Religiosity as a Predictor of Life Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Older Adults in Bihar, India

Religiosity as a Predictor of Life Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Older Adults in Bihar, India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Religiosity as a Predictor of Life Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Older Adults in Bihar, India Santosh Kumar, Shikha Verma, Smita Singh, Ritika Bajpai, Indu Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9490087/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Life satisfaction and quality of life are key indicators of successful aging and overall well-being in older adults. Although demographic factors such as gender, religion, and family structure have been widely examined, the role of religiosity as a psychosocial resource in later life remains underexplored, particularly in the Indian context. The present study examined the relationships among religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life, and assessed whether religiosity independently predicts life satisfaction and quality of life after controlling for demographic variables. A cross-sectional design was employed with a sample of 239 older adults. Standardized instruments were used to assess religiosity, life satisfaction, and multidimensional quality of life. Data were analyzed using Pearson product–moment correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Results showed significant positive associations between religiosity and life satisfaction, as well as between religiosity and overall quality of life. Religiosity was also positively related to psychological health, general health, social relationships, and environmental well-being. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that religiosity significantly predicted life satisfaction (β = .34, p < .001) and quality of life (β = .36, p < .001), even after controlling for gender, religion, and family type. These findings highlight religiosity as an important psychosocial determinant of well-being in later life. religiosity life satisfaction Quality of Life older adults psychological well-being Background Population ageing has emerged as one of the most significant demographic transformations of the twenty-first century. Advances in healthcare, improved living standards, and declining fertility rates have collectively contributed to increased life expectancy worldwide. According to the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division the global population aged 65 years and above was approximately 703 million in 2019 and is projected to reach nearly 1.5 billion by 2050 (UNDESA, 2019). This demographic transition reflects a shift from high fertility and mortality patterns to low fertility and mortality rates, resulting in a rapidly expanding older population. India is experiencing this demographic transition at an accelerated pace. Census data indicate that the proportion of individuals aged 60 years and above increased from 5.66% in 2001 to 8.6% in 2011, accounting for over 104 million elderly individuals (Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 2011). Projections suggest that nearly one-tenth of India’s population will be elderly in the coming decades. This demographic shift presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly in the context of health, psychosocial well-being, and quality of life among older adults. These challenges are further compounded by the erosion of traditional joint family systems, rapid urbanization, and socioeconomic disparities, especially in underdeveloped states such as Bihar. Theoretical perspectives on ageing Ageing is a complex biological, psychological, and social process. From a biological perspective, ageing involves gradual physiological decline and increased vulnerability to chronic illnesses (WHO, 1996). Psychologically, ageing is often accompanied by changes in cognition, emotional regulation, and coping abilities. Socially, older adults may experience role loss, reduced social participation, and diminished economic independence. In many developing societies, the meaning of old age is not strictly defined by chronological age but by social roles and functional capacity (Gorman, 2000). The disengagement theory suggests a gradual withdrawal from social roles, whereas activity and continuity theories emphasize sustained engagement and adaptive coping as determinants of successful ageing. Contemporary research has also introduced the concept of “super-agers,” older individuals who maintain cognitive and physical functioning comparable to younger adults, highlighting the role of psychosocial and lifestyle factors in healthy ageing. The present study focuses on relatively healthy, community-dwelling older adults without major health-related difficulties or a history of problematic addictive behaviours, and therefore addresses a specific segment of this heterogeneous population. Quality of life in old age Quality of life (QoL) is a multidimensional construct reflecting individuals’ perceptions of their position in life within cultural and value systems, relative to their goals and expectations (WHO, 1997). It encompasses physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, environmental conditions, and functional independence. Among elderly populations, quality of life is influenced by health status, financial security, access to healthcare, social support, and environmental safety. Empirical studies consistently demonstrate that physical health, psychological resilience, and social engagement are significant predictors of quality of life in later life (Bowling et al., 2002; Gerdtham & Johannesson, 2001). At the same time, chronic morbidity, functional limitations, and inadequate social care often diminish quality of life among older adults, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. In the present study, QoL is assessed across health, social, psychological, and environmental domains to capture this multidimensionality. Religiosity and well-being in later life Religiosity refers to the degree of religious belief, commitment, and participation in religious practices. Theoretical frameworks suggest that religiosity serves as a psychosocial resource by providing meaning, purpose, moral guidance, and social integration (Park, 2005). In later life, religiosity often assumes greater significance as individuals confront health decline, loss, and existential concerns. Research has shown that higher levels of religiosity are associated with better mental health outcomes, lower levels of depression and anxiety, and enhanced subjective well-being (Hackney & Sanders, 2003; Koenig et al., 2012). Religious involvement also facilitates social support and adaptive coping, which are particularly valuable in old age (Levin et al., 1994). These findings suggest that religiosity may contribute to higher quality of life and life satisfaction among older adults, especially where formal support systems are limited. Life satisfaction among older adults Life satisfaction represents a cognitive evaluation of one’s overall life circumstances and is a core component of subjective well-being (Diener et al., 1985). Among elderly individuals, life satisfaction is influenced by physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, financial adequacy, and perceived autonomy (Pinquart & Sörensen, 2001). Studies consistently indicate that strong social ties, meaningful activities, and psychological resilience contribute to higher life satisfaction in later life (Kim & Moen, 2002; Lang et al., 1998). Conversely, loneliness, poor health, and economic insecurity are associated with lower life satisfaction. Life satisfaction can therefore be viewed as an integrative outcome reflecting the combined impact of quality of life and psychosocial resources such as religiosity. Interrelationship between quality of life, religiosity, and life satisfaction The relationship between quality of life, religiosity, and life satisfaction is complex and multidimensional. Religiosity may directly enhance life satisfaction by fostering meaning and hope, and indirectly by improving social support and psychological well-being. Several studies have reported positive associations between religiosity and both quality of life and life satisfaction among elderly populations (Idler et al., 2003; Krause, 2006). However, empirical findings remain mixed, with some studies reporting weak or non-significant relationships, suggesting the influence of cultural, contextual, and individual differences. In the Indian context, where religion is deeply embedded in everyday life and community structures, religiosity may play a particularly salient role in shaping older adults’ appraisal of their quality of life and overall satisfaction with life. At the same time, this influence may vary by gender, religious affiliation, and family type, underscoring the need to control for these demographic characteristics in analytic models. Research gap and rationale Despite growing international literature, there is a notable paucity of systematic research examining the combined role of quality of life and religiosity in shaping life satisfaction among older adults in India. Existing studies are largely concentrated in Western settings and may not adequately capture the cultural and socioeconomic realities of Indian elderly populations. Furthermore, limited research has focused on underdeveloped regions such as the Bhojpur district of Bihar, where demographic transition, poverty, and weakening social support systems pose significant challenges to elderly well-being. The present study therefore focuses on community-dwelling, relatively healthy older adults in Bhojpur district. By concentrating on this specific subgroup, the study aims to provide a clearer understanding of how religiosity and different domains of quality of life relate to life satisfaction among older persons who are not severely constrained by illness or addiction. While this design necessarily limits the generalizability of the findings to the broader older adult population, it allows a more precise examination of psychosocial factors in a clearly defined segment of older adults. Statement of the problem In light of the above considerations, the present study seeks to examine quality of life, religiosity, and life satisfaction among older adults in Bhojpur district of Bihar, with a specific focus on relatively healthy, community-dwelling individuals. Understanding these associations is essential for developing culturally sensitive, community-based interventions aimed at enhancing well-being and life satisfaction among India’s rapidly growing elderly population. The study also seeks to clarify the extent to which religiosity contributes to life satisfaction and perceived quality of life after accounting for key demographic characteristics. Research objectives To assess the overall levels of religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life (and its health, social, psychological, and environmental domains) among relatively healthy, community-dwelling older adults in Bhojpur district. To examine the relationships between religiosity and life satisfaction, overall quality of life, and its domains. To examine the associations between life satisfaction and overall quality of life and its health, social, psychological, and environmental domains. To determine whether religiosity significantly predicts life satisfaction after controlling for demographic variables (gender, religion, and family type). To determine whether religiosity significantly predicts quality of life after controlling for demographic variables (gender, religion, and family type). Research hypotheses H1. Religiosity will be positively and significantly correlated with quality of life and life satisfaction. H2. Life satisfaction will be positively and significantly correlated with quality of life and its domains. H3. Religiosity will significantly predict life satisfaction after controlling for gender, religion, and family type. H4. Religiosity will significantly predict quality of life after controlling for gender, religion, and family type. Methodology Research Design The present study employed a descriptive and correlational research design. The descriptive component assessed existing levels of quality of life, religiosity, and life satisfaction among older adults as they naturally occur, without variable manipulation. The correlational component examined relationships among these constructs and tested the predictive role of religiosity. This design is appropriate for identifying associations in real-world community settings without implying causality. Population and Sample Characteristics The target population comprised older adults aged 65 years and above residing in Bhojpur district and nearby areas of Bihar, India. To minimize confounding from severe health issues or behavioral factors, the study focused specifically on relatively healthy, community-dwelling individuals. A total of 300 older adults were initially approached via random sampling from diverse socio-economic and community backgrounds. After screening for completeness and removing one outlier, the final sample included 239 participants: 151 males ( M age = 69.17 years, SD = 4.79) and 88 females ( M age = 67.67 years, SD = 4.80), with ages ranging from 65 to 84 years. Note on sample restrictions and generalizability Participants were limited to those without severe physical illness, psychiatric/neurological disorders, sensory impairments, history of mental disorders or problematic addictive behaviors, experience of abuse, or inability to comprehend questionnaires. This exclusion criteria ensured data quality and comprehension but introduced selection bias by excluding older adults with significant health challenges a substantial portion of the broader elderly population. Findings are therefore most applicable to relatively healthy, community-dwelling older adults and may not generalize to those with comorbidities or vulnerabilities. Future research should employ more inclusive sampling to address this limitation. Sampling Technique Random sampling was used, where eligible individuals from selected communities had an equal chance of inclusion. This approach aimed to reduce bias within the defined inclusion criteria. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Inclusion Aged 65 + years; adequate Hindi comprehension; ability to complete questionnaires independently. Exclusion Severe physical illness, psychiatric/neurological disorders, sensory impairments, history of mental disorders/addictive behaviors/abuse, or inability to comprehend items. Measures Quality of Life : Assessed via the WHOQOL-BREF (WHO, 1996), validated for Indian contexts (e.g., Naik et al., 2013). This 26-item scale covers four domains—Physical Health (7 items), Psychological (6 items), Social Relationships (3 items), Environment (8 items)—plus 2 global items. Items use 5-point Likert scales. Raw domain scores were computed by summing items, then transformed to a 0–100 scale using WHO guidelines: All analyses and tabled results use these transformed 0–100 scores for comparability across domains (which vary in item count). Psychometrics (current sample): Cronbach's α = 0.89 (Physical), 0.85 (Psychological), 0.82 (Social), 0.87 (Environment), 0.91 (overall). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed domain structure (CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.06), supporting empirical validity. Higher scores indicate better QoL. Religiosity Measured by Bhushan’s (1971) 36-item Religiosity Scale (5-point Likert; mix of positive/negative items). M = 128.4, SD = 18.2; α = 0.84; test-retest r = 0.78. Higher scores = greater religiosity. Life Satisfaction : Alam and Srivastava’s (2001) 60-item scale (Yes/No; 6 domains: health, personal, economic, marital, social, job). M = 42.1, SD = 8.7; α = 0.87; test-retest r = 0.84. Higher scores = greater satisfaction. Procedure Participants provided written informed consent before individual administration of paper-pencil or online (Google Forms) questionnaires, accommodating COVID-19 constraints. Anonymity and voluntariness were assured. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed in SPSS v.27. Descriptive statistics summarized demographics and measures. Pearson correlations examined bivariate associations (all on transformed scales where applicable). Hierarchical Multiple Regression Used to test religiosity's predictive role, guided by the biopsychosocial model of ageing (e.g., demographics as baseline controls, then mediators). Theoretical rationale for blocks Block 1 (ΔR²) Demographics (gender, religion, family type)—per Andersen's behavioral model as socio-structural confounders. Block 2 (ΔR²) Religiosity—tested as primary psychosocial predictor. Assumptions checked: linearity, multicollinearity (all VIF < 2.5), normality of residuals, homoscedasticity. Power analysis (G*Power) confirmed adequate power (n = 239, f²=0.15, α = 0.05, power = 0.95). Domain comparisons used transformed means benchmarked against Indian norms (e.g., Physical > 70 = "high" vs. norm ~ 65; Naik et al., 2013). Results Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the study participants ( N = 239). The sample consisted of a higher proportion of males (63.2%) compared to females (36.8%). Table 1 Demographic Information Variables Frequencies (%) Gender Male 151 (63.2) Female 88 (36.8) Religious Hindu 127 (53.1) Muslim 112 (46.9) Family types Nuclear 146 (61.1) Joint 93 (38.9) Table 1 With respect to religious affiliation, the sample was almost equally divided between Hindu (53.1%) and Muslim (46.9%) participants. In terms of family structure, 61.1% of participants belonged to nuclear families, whereas 38.9% lived in joint families. Table 2 present the grand mean analysis of resilience (RS total) indicates a moderate to high overall level of religiosity among the participants. The mean resilience score was M = 129.27 ( SE = 0.88), with the 95% confidence interval extending from a lower bound of 127.55 to an upper bound of 131.00. The relatively narrow range between the lower and upper limits suggests low variability and a stable estimation of religiosity within the sample. These findings provide a reliable descriptive benchmark for religiosity, supporting its use in subsequent inferential analyses examining demographic differences and associations with related psychosocial variables. Table 2 Grand Means, Standard Errors, and 95% Confidence Intervals for Religiosity (N = 239) Dependent Variable M SE 95% CI LL UL RS total 129.274 0.878 127.545 131.003 Note . RS total = Religiosity total score. M = Mean; SE = Standard Error; CI = Confidence Interval; LL = Lower Limit; UL = Upper Limit. Confidence intervals are based on a 95% level. Values represent estimated marginal means averaged across gender, religion, and family type. Table 2 Table 3 present the grand means were examined to describe the overall level of quality of life across all participants, independent of gender, religion, and family type. The mean score for overall Quality of Life (QOL total) was M = 87.01 ( SE = 0.97), with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 85.10 to 88.93, indicating a moderate to high perceived quality of life in the sample. Table 3 Grand Means, Standard Errors, and 95% Confidence Intervals for Quality of Life and Its Domains (N = 239) Dependent Variable M SE 95% CI LL UL QOL Total 87.01 0.97 85.10 88.93 General Health 7.46 0.13 7.20 7.72 Physical Health 18.07 0.24 17.60 18.53 Psychological 20.87 0.23 20.41 21.33 Social Relations 10.61 0.22 10.19 11.04 Environment 26.57 0.38 25.83 27.31 Note . QOL= Quality of Life, M = Mean; SE = Standard Error; CI = Confidence Interval; LL = Lower Limit; UL = Upper Limit. Confidence intervals are based on a 95% level. Values represent estimated marginal means averaged across gender, religion, and family type. Table 3 Among the specific domains, the highest mean score was observed for the Environment domain ( M = 26.57, SE = 0.38), followed by psychological well-being ( M = 20.87, SE = 0.23) and Physical Health ( M = 18.07, SE = 0.24). The Social Relations domain showed a comparatively lower mean ( M = 10.61, SE = 0.22), suggesting relatively greater variability or lower perceived satisfaction in social functioning. The General Health domain demonstrated the lowest absolute mean score ( M = 7.46, SE = 0.13), consistent with its shorter scale range. The narrow confidence intervals across domains indicate stable and precise estimates of the population means. Table 4 present the grand mean analysis provides an overall summary of participants’ levels of life satisfaction and its domain-specific dimensions, irrespective of demographic groupings. The results indicate moderate to high satisfaction across all measured domains , with relatively narrow confidence intervals, suggesting stable and reliable estimates. Table 4 Grand Means, Standard Errors, and 95% Confidence Intervals for Life Satisfaction and Its Dimensions (N = 239) Dependent Variable M SE 95% CI LL UL Life Satisfaction (Total) 38.42 0.36 37.72 39.13 Health Satisfaction 5.73 0.10 5.54 5.93 Personal Satisfaction 6.36 0.09 6.18 6.55 Economic Satisfaction 5.16 0.10 4.96 5.36 Marital Satisfaction 6.62 0.11 6.41 6.83 Social Satisfaction 7.72 0.16 7.41 8.04 Job Satisfaction 7.17 0.13 6.91 7.43 Note . M = Mean; SE = Standard Error; CI = Confidence Interval; LL = Lower Limit; UL = Upper Limit. Confidence intervals are based on a 95% level. Values represent estimated marginal means averaged across gender, religion, and family type. Table 4 The overall Life Satisfaction (Total) score demonstrated a mean of M = 38.42 ( SE = 0.36), with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 37.72 to 39.13. This indicates a generally favourable level of global life satisfaction among the participants. With respect to specific domains, Social Satisfaction emerged as the highest-rated dimension ( M = 7.72, SE = 0.16), followed by Job Satisfaction ( M = 7.17, SE = 0.13) and Marital Satisfaction ( M = 6.62, SE = 0.11). The relatively higher means and narrow confidence intervals for these domains suggest that participants perceived their social relationships, occupational roles, and marital lives as largely satisfactory. Personal Satisfaction also reflected a high mean level ( M = 6.36, SE = 0.09), indicating positive self-evaluations and personal well-being. In contrast, Health Satisfaction ( M = 5.73, SE = 0.10) and Economic Satisfaction ( M = 5.16, SE = 0.10) were comparatively lower, though still within a moderate range, suggesting these areas may represent relatively less favourable aspects of overall well-being. Overall, the grand mean findings suggest that while participants report strong satisfaction in social, marital, and occupational domains, comparatively lower satisfaction is observed in health and economic domains. These results provide a meaningful baseline for subsequent inferential analyses examining group differences and predictive relationships among the study variables. Table 5 present Pearson product–moment correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among religiosity, life satisfaction, quality of life, satisfaction domains, and health-related variables among participants ( N = 239). Table 5 Pearson Correlations Among Religiosity, Life Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Satisfaction Domains, and Health Variables (N = 239) Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1. Religiosity (RS) — 2. Life Satisfaction (LS) .34** — 3. Quality of Life (QOL) .36** .42** — 4. Health Satisfaction .26** .52** .25** — 5. Personal Satisfaction .10 .45** .41** .25** — 6. Economic Satisfaction .15* .10 .20** .25** −.14* — 7. Marital Satisfaction .03 .44** .26** −.00 .38** −.42** — 8. Social Satisfaction .25** .77** .15* .23** .12 −.29** .45** — 9. Job Satisfaction .29** .66** .20** .04 .08 .07 .02 .47** — 10. General Health .32** .37** .74** .23** .18** .17** .15* .20** .29** — 11. Physical Health .02 .07 .69** −.07 .37** .11 .23** −.10 −.12 .38** — 12. Psychological Health .52** .47** .66** .21** .22** .06 .13 .38** .47** .67** .18** — 13. Social Relations .18** .37** .81** .24** .38** .04 .40** .21** .03 .44** .57** .32** — 14. Environment .28** .31** .86** .27** .32** .35** .10 −.04 .16* .55** .48** .42** .64** Note. RS = Religiosity; LS = Life Satisfaction; QOL = Quality of Life. p < .05, ** p < .01 (two-tailed). Table 5 Results indicated that religiosity was positively and significantly associated with life satisfaction ( r = .34, p < .01) and overall quality of life ( r = .36, p < .01). Religiosity also showed significant positive correlations with health satisfaction ( r = .26, p < .01), social satisfaction ( r = .25, p < .01), job satisfaction ( r = .29, p < .01), general health ( r = .32, p < .01), psychological health ( r = .52, p < .01), social relations ( r = .18, p < .01), and environmental quality of life ( r = .28, p < .01). These findings suggest that higher levels of religiosity are associated with better psychological well-being, perceived health, and overall life functioning. Life satisfaction demonstrated strong positive relationships with social satisfaction ( r = .77, p < .01), job satisfaction ( r = .66, p < .01), health satisfaction ( r = .52, p < .01), and psychological health ( r = .47, p < .01), indicating that individuals with higher life satisfaction tend to experience better social, occupational, and mental well-being. Quality of life exhibited very strong positive correlations with its major domains, including environment ( r = .86, p < .01), social relations ( r = .81, p < .01), general health ( r = .74, p < .01), physical health ( r = .69, p < .01), and psychological health ( r = .66, p < .01), supporting the multidimensional conceptualization of quality of life. Overall, the findings highlight religiosity as an important psychosocial factor positively linked with life satisfaction, psychological health, and quality of life among the participants. Table 6 present a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine whether religiosity predicts life satisfaction after controlling for gender, religion, and family type. In Step 1, the demographic variables did not significantly predict life satisfaction, F (3, 235) = 0.71, p = .546, accounting for only 0.9% of the variance ( R² = .009). Table 6 Hierarchical Multiple Regression Predicting Life Satisfaction (N = 239) Predictor B SE B β t p Step 1 Gender −0.30 0.64 −.03 −0.47 .637 Religion 0.89 0.67 .09 1.34 .183 Family Type −0.59 0.68 −.06 −0.86 .389 R .10 R ² .01 Adjusted R ² −.00 F (3, 235) 0.71 .546 Step 2 Gender −0.12 0.60 −.01 −0.21 .837 Religion 0.97 0.63 .10 1.54 .125 Family Type −0.59 0.64 −.06 −0.91 .363 Religiosity (RS total) 0.14 0.03 .34 5.62 < .001 R .36 R ² .13 Adjusted R ² .11 Δ R ² .12 F change (1, 234) 31.54 < .001 F (4, 234) 8.49 < .001 Note. Dependent variable = Life Satisfaction (LS_total). Gender, Religion, and Family Type were entered in Step 1; Religiosity was entered in Step 2. Table 6 In Step 2, religiosity was added to the model and resulted in a significant improvement, ΔR² = .118, F change (1, 234) = 31.54, p < .001. The final model was statistically significant, F (4, 234) = 8.49, p < .001, explaining 12.7% of the variance in life satisfaction. Religiosity emerged as a significant positive predictor of life satisfaction (β = .34, p < .001), indicating that individuals with higher religiosity reported higher levels of life satisfaction. Gender, religion, and family type remained non-significant predictors in the final model. Overall, the findings suggest that religiosity plays a meaningful and independent role in enhancing life satisfaction, beyond basic demographic factors. Table 7 present a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine whether religiosity predicts quality of life after controlling for gender, religion, and family type. In Step 1, demographic variables did not significantly predict quality of life, F (3, 235) = 0.41, p = .744, accounting for only 0.5% of the variance ( R² = .005). Table 7 Hierarchical Multiple Regression Predicting Quality of Life (N = 239) Predictor B SE B β t p Step 1 Gender −0.92 1.76 −.03 −0.52 .601 Religion 0.44 1.85 .02 0.24 .811 Family Type −1.86 1.89 −.07 −0.98 .327 R .07 R ² .01 Adjusted R ² −.01 F (3, 235) 0.41 .744 Step 2 Gender −0.41 1.65 −.02 −0.25 .804 Religion 0.66 1.73 .03 0.38 .703 Family Type −1.85 1.77 −.07 −1.05 .297 Religiosity (RS_total) 0.40 0.07 .36 5.90 < .001 R .37 R ² .13 Adjusted R ² .12 Δ R ² .13 F change (1, 234) 34.78 < .001 F (4, 234) 9.05 < .001 Note. Dependent variable = Quality of Life (QOL_total). Gender, Religion, and Family Type were entered in Step 1; Religiosity was entered in Step 2. Table 7 In Step 2, the addition of religiosity led to a significant increase in explained variance, ΔR² = .129, F change (1, 234) = 34.78, p < .001. The final model was statistically significant, F (4, 234) = 9.05, p < .001, explaining 13.4% of the variance in quality of life. Religiosity emerged as a significant positive predictor of quality of life (β = .36, p < .001), indicating that individuals with higher levels of religiosity reported better overall quality of life. Gender, religion, and family type were not significant predictors in the final model. Overall, the findings suggest that religiosity plays a meaningful and independent role in enhancing quality of life, beyond basic demographic factors. Discussion The present study sought to examine the levels of religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life, as well as the interrelationships among these constructs, among older adults. The discussion is organized according to the stated research objectives and corresponding hypotheses. Objective 1: Overall Levels of Religiosity, Life Satisfaction, and Quality of Life The first objective was to assess the overall levels of religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life among the participants. Descriptive analyses indicated that participants reported moderate to high levels of religiosity, along with moderate to high levels of life satisfaction and quality of life across domains. The relatively narrow confidence intervals suggest stability and consistency in these estimates. These findings indicate that older adults in the sample generally maintain a positive sense of well-being and spiritual engagement despite age-related challenges. High religiosity may reflect the cultural and social context in which religious beliefs and practices remain central sources of meaning, coping, and social integration in later life. Similarly, moderate to high quality of life and life satisfaction suggest effective psychological adaptation and resilience among older adults, consistent with prior research emphasizing the role of social, emotional, and spiritual resources in successful aging. Objective 2: Relationship Between Religiosity, Life Satisfaction, and Quality of Life The second objective examined the relationships between religiosity and life satisfaction, quality of life, and their respective domains. The findings supported Hypothesis 1, revealing significant positive correlations between religiosity and both life satisfaction and overall quality of life. Religiosity was also positively associated with several QOL domains, particularly psychological health, general health, social relations, and environmental quality of life. These results suggest that higher religiosity is linked with more positive evaluations of life circumstances and overall functioning. Religious beliefs and practices may foster optimism, emotional regulation, and meaning-making, which are especially important in older adulthood. Additionally, participation in religious activities often promotes social connectedness and perceived support, thereby enhancing both subjective well-being and quality of life. These findings align with previous research highlighting religiosity as a protective psychosocial factor in later life (Idler et al., 2003; Koenig et al., 2012). Objective 3: Association Between Life Satisfaction and Quality of Life Domains The third objective was to examine the association between life satisfaction and quality of life and its health, psychological, social, and environmental domains. The results supported Hypothesis 2, demonstrating strong and significant positive relationships between life satisfaction and overall quality of life, as well as its major domains. Life satisfaction was particularly strongly related to social satisfaction, job satisfaction, psychological health, and general health, indicating that individuals who perceive their lives as meaningful, socially connected, and psychologically stable tend to experience greater overall satisfaction with life. These findings support the multidimensional nature of life satisfaction, suggesting that it emerges from a combination of physical health, emotional well-being, social relationships, and environmental security. This is consistent with prior evidence showing that quality of life is a central determinant of subjective well-being in older adults (Bowling et al., 2002; Diener et al., 1999). Objective 4: Predictive Role of Religiosity in Life Satisfaction The fourth objective aimed to determine whether religiosity significantly predicts life satisfaction after controlling for demographic variables such as gender, religion, and family type. The results supported Hypothesis 3, as religiosity emerged as a significant positive predictor of life satisfaction even after accounting for demographic factors. In contrast, gender, religious affiliation, and family type did not significantly predict life satisfaction in the final model. This finding underscores the importance of personal religiosity, rather than demographic characteristics or religious identity, in shaping life satisfaction among older adults. Religiosity may enhance life satisfaction by providing emotional comfort, spiritual meaning, and adaptive coping strategies, thereby helping individuals navigate age-related stressors. The independent contribution of religiosity highlights its central role as an internal psychological resource in later life, consistent with earlier studies (Ano & Vasconcelles, 2005; Krause, 2006). Objective 5: Predictive Role of Religiosity in Quality of Life The fifth objective examined whether religiosity significantly predicts quality of life after controlling for demographic variables. The findings supported Hypothesis 4, demonstrating that religiosity significantly and positively predicted overall quality of life beyond the effects of gender, religion, and family type. This result suggests that religiosity contributes to a more favourable perception of health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and environmental conditions. Religious engagement may promote acceptance, hope, and resilience, which can positively influence how older adults evaluate their life circumstances. The lack of significant effects for demographic variables further emphasizes that quality of life in later adulthood is more strongly influenced by subjective and psychosocial factors than by structural characteristics alone. These findings are consistent with research identifying religiosity as an important determinant of quality of life among aging populations (Idler et al., 2003; Koenig et al., 2012). In summary, the study demonstrates that older adults reported generally favourable levels of religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life. Religiosity was positively associated with both life satisfaction and quality of life and emerged as a significant independent predictor of both outcomes, even after controlling for demographic variables. Furthermore, strong associations between life satisfaction and quality of life domains highlight the interconnected nature of subjective well-being and functional health in later life. Collectively, these findings emphasize the importance of incorporating spiritual and psychosocial dimensions into interventions, policies, and services aimed at promoting healthy and satisfying aging. Limitations of the Study Despite its contributions, the present study has certain limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the study employed a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to draw causal conclusions regarding the relationships among religiosity, quality of life, and life satisfaction. Longitudinal designs would be better suited to examine how these variables influence one another over time. Second, the sample was drawn from a single district (Bhojpur, Bihar), which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to older adults in other regions with different cultural, socio-economic, or religious contexts. Regional homogeneity may also have reduced variability in demographic characteristics, potentially limiting the detection of interaction effects. Third, the study relied exclusively on self-report measures, which are subject to social desirability and recall biases, particularly in assessing religiosity and life satisfaction. Participants may have overreported socially valued behaviours such as religious involvement. Fourth, although key demographic variables were controlled, other potentially relevant factors such as physical disability, chronic illness severity, social support quality, and cognitive functioning were not directly assessed and may have influenced the outcomes. Finally, the relatively unequal gender distribution and the exclusion of older adults with severe cognitive or health impairments may limit the representativeness of the sample, particularly for more vulnerable elderly populations. Implications of the Study The findings highlight the importance of addressing spiritual and psychosocial well-being in interventions aimed at improving life satisfaction and quality of life among older adults. Programs that enhance physical health, psychological resilience, social connectedness, and opportunities for spiritual or religious engagement may be particularly beneficial. Healthcare providers, counsellors, and social workers should consider incorporating spiritual assessment and support into geriatric care and mental health services. From a policy perspective, the results underscore the need for community-based and integrative aging programs that combine healthcare, social support, and spiritual resources. Policymakers should support initiatives such as senior activity centres, faith-based outreach programs, and community health services that foster holistic well-being among older adults, especially in rural and semi-urban regions. Clinicians working with older adults may benefit from recognizing religiosity as a protective psychosocial resource. Integrating spiritual counselling or facilitating access to religious or spiritual support systems may help older adults cope more effectively with age-related stressors, illness, and loss. The study provides a foundation for future research exploring the mechanisms through which religiosity influences life satisfaction and quality of life. Longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to establish causal relationships and examine changes across time. Future research should also include more diverse and representative samples and consider additional variables such as social support, functional ability, and cultural practices to gain a more comprehensive understanding of well-being in later life. Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined by the American Psychological Association (APA, 2017) and complied with the legal requirements of the study country. Formal ethical approval was waived by the Research Centre, Acharya Narendra Dev Nagar Nigam Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Kanpur (affiliated with Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur), as the study involved minimal risk and employed a non-invasive, observational research design with no experimental manipulation or intervention. Data were collected anonymously using self-administered questionnaires. All participants were clearly informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality of responses, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Human Participants This study involved human research participants. All procedures were carried out in accordance with internationally recognized ethical standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines for the protection of research participants. Author Contributions S.K. and S.V. conceptualized and designed the study. S.S. contributed to data collection, while R.B. and I.S. assisted with data organization. S.K. and S.V. conducted the data analysis. S.K. and S.S. drafted the initial manuscript. S.V. supervised the research process and finalized the manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Competing Interests The authors declare that there are no known financial or non-financial competing interests that could have influenced the research, analysis, or interpretation of the findings reported in this manuscript. Data Availability The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge all participants for their voluntary participation and cooperation in this study. References Alam, M., & Srivastava, S. (2001). Quality of life in old age. Indian Journal of Gerontology, 15 (1), 1–12. Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61 (4), 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049 Bhushan, L. I. (1971). Manual for Life Satisfaction Scale . National Psychological Corporation. Bowling, A., Banister, D., Sutton, S., Evans, O., & Windsor, J. (2002). A multidimensional model of the quality of life in older age. Aging & Mental Health, 6 (4), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786021000005860 Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49 (1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125 (2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 Gerdtham, U. G., & Johannesson, M. (2001). The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: Results based on Swedish microdata. Journal of Socio-Economics, 30 (6), 553–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(01)00118-4 Gorman, M. (2000). Development and the rights of older people . In J. Randel, T. German, & D. Ewing (Eds.), The ageing and development report (pp. 3–21). Earthscan Publications. Hackney, C. H., & Sanders, G. S. (2003). Religiosity and mental health: A meta-analysis of recent studies. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42 (1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00160 Idler, E. L., Musick, M. A., Ellison, C. G., George, L. K., Krause, N., Ory, M. G., & Pargament, K. (2003). Measuring multiple dimensions of religion and spirituality for health research. Research on Aging, 25 (4), 327–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027503255071 Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. Krause, N. (2006). Religion, aging, and health: Exploring new frontiers in empirical research. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 61B (1), S9–S17. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.1.S9 Levin, J., Taylor, R. J., & Chatters, L. M. (1994). Race and gender differences in religiosity among older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 49 (3), S137–S145. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/49.3.S137 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. (2011). Census of India 2011 . Government of India. Park, C. L. (2005). Religion as a meaning-making framework in coping with life stress. Journal of Social Issues, 61 (4), 707–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00428.x Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2001). Influences on loneliness in older adults: A meta-analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23 (4), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324834BASP2304_2 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2019). World population ageing 2019 . United Nations. World Health Organization. (1996). WHOQOL-BREF: Introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment . World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (1997). WHOQOL: Measuring quality of life . World Health Organization. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9490087","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":631429757,"identity":"8f481ecd-4eb5-47b8-b713-89e3f6e512c5","order_by":0,"name":"Santosh Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Patna University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Santosh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":631429758,"identity":"950c2f13-66ac-45df-9225-073102d1040e","order_by":1,"name":"Shikha Verma","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Acharya Narendra Dev Nagar Nigam Mahila Mahavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shikha","middleName":"","lastName":"Verma","suffix":""},{"id":631429763,"identity":"20ce5086-2487-424f-86c1-7f3c42730edd","order_by":2,"name":"Smita Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"S.T.S.M. College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Smita","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":631429765,"identity":"ac58a3d7-cb73-4fa2-a9a1-f0c7532d5b3c","order_by":3,"name":"Ritika Bajpai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Acharya Narendra Dev Nagar Nigam Mahila Mahavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ritika","middleName":"","lastName":"Bajpai","suffix":""},{"id":631429767,"identity":"59065fb2-16d5-40e0-9dbc-ed73e87029b3","order_by":4,"name":"Indu Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Acharya Narendra Dev Nagar Nigam Mahila Mahavidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Indu","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-22 03:09:50","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9490087/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9490087/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108804742,"identity":"d69c17bf-87b2-467b-956b-3ba528ea74a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:23:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":640144,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9490087/v1/fe81fd4a-8f11-4e33-91eb-ce51b582058f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Religiosity as a Predictor of Life Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Older Adults in Bihar, India","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation ageing has emerged as one of the most significant demographic transformations of the twenty-first century. Advances in healthcare, improved living standards, and declining fertility rates have collectively contributed to increased life expectancy worldwide. According to the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division the global population aged 65 years and above was approximately 703\u0026nbsp;million in 2019 and is projected to reach nearly 1.5\u0026nbsp;billion by 2050 (UNDESA, 2019). This demographic transition reflects a shift from high fertility and mortality patterns to low fertility and mortality rates, resulting in a rapidly expanding older population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia is experiencing this demographic transition at an accelerated pace. Census data indicate that the proportion of individuals aged 60 years and above increased from 5.66% in 2001 to 8.6% in 2011, accounting for over 104\u0026nbsp;million elderly individuals (Registrar General \u0026amp; Census Commissioner, India 2011). Projections suggest that nearly one-tenth of India’s population will be elderly in the coming decades. This demographic shift presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly in the context of health, psychosocial well-being, and quality of life among older adults. These challenges are further compounded by the erosion of traditional joint family systems, rapid urbanization, and socioeconomic disparities, especially in underdeveloped states such as Bihar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTheoretical perspectives on ageing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgeing is a complex biological, psychological, and social process. From a biological perspective, ageing involves gradual physiological decline and increased vulnerability to chronic illnesses (WHO, 1996). Psychologically, ageing is often accompanied by changes in cognition, emotional regulation, and coping abilities. Socially, older adults may experience role loss, reduced social participation, and diminished economic independence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn many developing societies, the meaning of old age is not strictly defined by chronological age but by social roles and functional capacity (Gorman, 2000). The disengagement theory suggests a gradual withdrawal from social roles, whereas activity and continuity theories emphasize sustained engagement and adaptive coping as determinants of successful ageing. Contemporary research has also introduced the concept of “super-agers,” older individuals who maintain cognitive and physical functioning comparable to younger adults, highlighting the role of psychosocial and lifestyle factors in healthy ageing. The present study focuses on relatively healthy, community-dwelling older adults without major health-related difficulties or a history of problematic addictive behaviours, and therefore addresses a specific segment of this heterogeneous population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuality of life in old age\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of life (QoL) is a multidimensional construct reflecting individuals’ perceptions of their position in life within cultural and value systems, relative to their goals and expectations (WHO, 1997). It encompasses physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, environmental conditions, and functional independence. Among elderly populations, quality of life is influenced by health status, financial security, access to healthcare, social support, and environmental safety.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpirical studies consistently demonstrate that physical health, psychological resilience, and social engagement are significant predictors of quality of life in later life (Bowling et al., 2002; Gerdtham \u0026amp; Johannesson, 2001). At the same time, chronic morbidity, functional limitations, and inadequate social care often diminish quality of life among older adults, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. In the present study, QoL is assessed across health, social, psychological, and environmental domains to capture this multidimensionality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReligiosity and well-being in later life\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligiosity refers to the degree of religious belief, commitment, and participation in religious practices. Theoretical frameworks suggest that religiosity serves as a psychosocial resource by providing meaning, purpose, moral guidance, and social integration (Park, 2005). In later life, religiosity often assumes greater significance as individuals confront health decline, loss, and existential concerns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch has shown that higher levels of religiosity are associated with better mental health outcomes, lower levels of depression and anxiety, and enhanced subjective well-being (Hackney \u0026amp; Sanders, 2003; Koenig et al., 2012). Religious involvement also facilitates social support and adaptive coping, which are particularly valuable in old age (Levin et al., 1994). These findings suggest that religiosity may contribute to higher quality of life and life satisfaction among older adults, especially where formal support systems are limited.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLife satisfaction among older adults\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction represents a cognitive evaluation of one’s overall life circumstances and is a core component of subjective well-being (Diener et al., 1985). Among elderly individuals, life satisfaction is influenced by physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, financial adequacy, and perceived autonomy (Pinquart \u0026amp; Sörensen, 2001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies consistently indicate that strong social ties, meaningful activities, and psychological resilience contribute to higher life satisfaction in later life (Kim \u0026amp; Moen, 2002; Lang et al., 1998). Conversely, loneliness, poor health, and economic insecurity are associated with lower life satisfaction. Life satisfaction can therefore be viewed as an integrative outcome reflecting the combined impact of quality of life and psychosocial resources such as religiosity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInterrelationship between quality of life, religiosity, and life satisfaction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between quality of life, religiosity, and life satisfaction is complex and multidimensional. Religiosity may directly enhance life satisfaction by fostering meaning and hope, and indirectly by improving social support and psychological well-being. Several studies have reported positive associations between religiosity and both quality of life and life satisfaction among elderly populations (Idler et al., 2003; Krause, 2006). However, empirical findings remain mixed, with some studies reporting weak or non-significant relationships, suggesting the influence of cultural, contextual, and individual differences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Indian context, where religion is deeply embedded in everyday life and community structures, religiosity may play a particularly salient role in shaping older adults’ appraisal of their quality of life and overall satisfaction with life. At the same time, this influence may vary by gender, religious affiliation, and family type, underscoring the need to control for these demographic characteristics in analytic models.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch gap and rationale\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite growing international literature, there is a notable paucity of systematic research examining the combined role of quality of life and religiosity in shaping life satisfaction among older adults in India. Existing studies are largely concentrated in Western settings and may not adequately capture the cultural and socioeconomic realities of Indian elderly populations. Furthermore, limited research has focused on underdeveloped regions such as the Bhojpur district of Bihar, where demographic transition, poverty, and weakening social support systems pose significant challenges to elderly well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study therefore focuses on community-dwelling, relatively healthy older adults in Bhojpur district. By concentrating on this specific subgroup, the study aims to provide a clearer understanding of how religiosity and different domains of quality of life relate to life satisfaction among older persons who are not severely constrained by illness or addiction. While this design necessarily limits the generalizability of the findings to the broader older adult population, it allows a more precise examination of psychosocial factors in a clearly defined segment of older adults.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatement of the problem\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn light of the above considerations, the present study seeks to examine quality of life, religiosity, and life satisfaction among older adults in Bhojpur district of Bihar, with a specific focus on relatively healthy, community-dwelling individuals. Understanding these associations is essential for developing culturally sensitive, community-based interventions aimed at enhancing well-being and life satisfaction among India’s rapidly growing elderly population. The study also seeks to clarify the extent to which religiosity contributes to life satisfaction and perceived quality of life after accounting for key demographic characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch objectives\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess the overall levels of religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life (and its health, social, psychological, and environmental domains) among relatively healthy, community-dwelling older adults in Bhojpur district.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the relationships between religiosity and life satisfaction, overall quality of life, and its domains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the associations between life satisfaction and overall quality of life and its health, social, psychological, and environmental domains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine whether religiosity significantly predicts life satisfaction after controlling for demographic variables (gender, religion, and family type).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine whether religiosity significantly predicts quality of life after controlling for demographic variables (gender, religion, and family type).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch hypotheses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH1. Religiosity will be positively and significantly correlated with quality of life and life satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH2. Life satisfaction will be positively and significantly correlated with quality of life and its domains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH3. Religiosity will significantly predict life satisfaction after controlling for gender, religion, and family type.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH4. Religiosity will significantly predict quality of life after controlling for gender, religion, and family type.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003ch2\u003eResearch Design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study employed a descriptive and correlational research design. The descriptive component assessed existing levels of quality of life, religiosity, and life satisfaction among older adults as they naturally occur, without variable manipulation. The correlational component examined relationships among these constructs and tested the predictive role of religiosity. This design is appropriate for identifying associations in real-world community settings without implying causality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePopulation and Sample Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe target population comprised older adults aged 65 years and above residing in Bhojpur district and nearby areas of Bihar, India. To minimize confounding from severe health issues or behavioral factors, the study focused specifically on relatively healthy, community-dwelling individuals. A total of 300 older adults were initially approached via random sampling from diverse socio-economic and community backgrounds. After screening for completeness and removing one outlier, the final sample included 239 participants: 151 males (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e age = 69.17 years, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 4.79) and 88 females (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e age = 67.67 years, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 4.80), with ages ranging from 65 to 84 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNote on sample restrictions and generalizability\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants were limited to those without severe physical illness, psychiatric/neurological disorders, sensory impairments, history of mental disorders or problematic addictive behaviors, experience of abuse, or inability to comprehend questionnaires. This exclusion criteria ensured data quality and comprehension but introduced selection bias by excluding older adults with significant health challenges a substantial portion of the broader elderly population. Findings are therefore most applicable to relatively healthy, community-dwelling older adults and may not generalize to those with comorbidities or vulnerabilities. Future research should employ more inclusive sampling to address this limitation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSampling Technique\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRandom sampling was used, where eligible individuals from selected communities had an equal chance of inclusion. This approach aimed to reduce bias within the defined inclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInclusion\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAged 65 + years; adequate Hindi comprehension; ability to complete questionnaires independently.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eExclusion\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSevere physical illness, psychiatric/neurological disorders, sensory impairments, history of mental disorders/addictive behaviors/abuse, or inability to comprehend items.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuality of Life\u003c/strong\u003e: Assessed via the WHOQOL-BREF (WHO, 1996), validated for Indian contexts (e.g., Naik et al., 2013). This 26-item scale covers four domains\u0026mdash;Physical Health (7 items), Psychological (6 items), Social Relationships (3 items), Environment (8 items)\u0026mdash;plus 2 global items. Items use 5-point Likert scales. \u003cem\u003eRaw domain scores were computed by summing items, then transformed to a 0\u0026ndash;100 scale\u003c/em\u003e using WHO guidelines:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll analyses and tabled results use these transformed 0\u0026ndash;100 scores for comparability across domains (which vary in item count).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePsychometrics\u003c/b\u003e (current sample): Cronbach's α = 0.89 (Physical), 0.85 (Psychological), 0.82 (Social), 0.87 (Environment), 0.91 (overall). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed domain structure (CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.06), supporting empirical validity. Higher scores indicate better QoL.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eReligiosity\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasured by Bhushan’s (1971) 36-item Religiosity Scale (5-point Likert; mix of positive/negative items). \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 128.4, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 18.2; α = 0.84; test-retest \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = 0.78. Higher scores = greater religiosity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLife Satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e: Alam and Srivastava’s (2001) 60-item scale (Yes/No; 6 domains: health, personal, economic, marital, social, job). \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 42.1, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e = 8.7; α = 0.87; test-retest \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = 0.84. Higher scores = greater satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eProcedure\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants provided written informed consent before individual administration of paper-pencil or online (Google Forms) questionnaires, accommodating COVID-19 constraints. Anonymity and voluntariness were assured.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed in SPSS v.27. Descriptive statistics summarized demographics and measures. Pearson correlations examined bivariate associations (all on transformed scales where applicable).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHierarchical Multiple Regression\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsed to test religiosity's predictive role, guided by the biopsychosocial model of ageing (e.g., demographics as baseline controls, then mediators). Theoretical rationale for blocks\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBlock 1 (ΔR²)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographics (gender, religion, family type)—per Andersen's behavioral model as socio-structural confounders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eBlock 2 (ΔR²)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligiosity—tested as primary psychosocial predictor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssumptions checked: linearity, multicollinearity (all VIF \u0026lt; 2.5), normality of residuals, homoscedasticity. Power analysis (G*Power) confirmed adequate power (n = 239, f²=0.15, α = 0.05, power = 0.95). Domain comparisons used transformed means benchmarked against Indian norms (e.g., Physical \u0026gt; 70 = \"high\" vs. norm ~ 65; Naik et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the demographic characteristics of the study participants (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;239). The sample consisted of a higher proportion of males (63.2%) compared to females (36.8%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographic Information\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequencies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(63.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(36.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligious\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHindu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(53.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(46.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily types\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(61.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(38.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith respect to religious affiliation, the sample was almost equally divided between Hindu (53.1%) and Muslim (46.9%) participants. In terms of family structure, 61.1% of participants belonged to nuclear families, whereas 38.9% lived in joint families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e present the grand mean analysis of resilience (RS total) indicates a \u003cb\u003emoderate to high overall level of\u003c/b\u003e religiosity among the participants. The mean resilience score was \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;129.27 (\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.88), with the \u003cb\u003e95% confidence interval extending from a lower bound of 127.55 to an upper bound of 131.00.\u003c/b\u003e The relatively narrow range between the lower and upper limits suggests low variability and a stable estimation of religiosity within the sample. These findings provide a reliable descriptive benchmark for religiosity, supporting its use in subsequent inferential analyses examining demographic differences and associations with related psychosocial variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGrand Means, Standard Errors, and 95% Confidence Intervals for Religiosity (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;239)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRS total\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e. RS total\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Religiosity total score. \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean; \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Error; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval; LL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lower Limit; UL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Upper Limit. Confidence intervals are based on a 95% level. Values represent estimated marginal means averaged across gender, religion, and family type.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e present the grand means were examined to describe the overall level of quality of life across all participants, independent of gender, religion, and family type. The mean score for overall Quality of Life (QOL total) was \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;87.01 (\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.97), with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 85.10 to 88.93, indicating a moderate to high perceived quality of life in the sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGrand Means, Standard Errors, and 95% Confidence Intervals for Quality of Life and Its Domains (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;239)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQOL Total\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Relations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e. QOL= Quality of Life, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean; \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Error; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval; LL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lower Limit; UL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Upper Limit. Confidence intervals are based on a 95% level. Values represent estimated marginal means averaged across gender, religion, and family type.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the specific domains, the highest mean score was observed for the Environment domain (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26.57, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.38), followed by psychological well-being (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.87, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.23) and Physical Health (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.07, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.24). The Social Relations domain showed a comparatively lower mean (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.61, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.22), suggesting relatively greater variability or lower perceived satisfaction in social functioning. The General Health domain demonstrated the lowest absolute mean score (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.46, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.13), consistent with its shorter scale range. The narrow confidence intervals across domains indicate stable and precise estimates of the population means.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e present the grand mean analysis provides an overall summary of participants\u0026rsquo; levels of life satisfaction and its domain-specific dimensions, irrespective of demographic groupings. The results indicate \u003cb\u003emoderate to high satisfaction across all measured domains\u003c/b\u003e, with relatively narrow confidence intervals, suggesting stable and reliable estimates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGrand Means, Standard Errors, and 95% Confidence Intervals for Life Satisfaction and Its Dimensions (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;239)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife Satisfaction (Total)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJob Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Mean; \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard Error; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence Interval; LL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Lower Limit; UL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Upper Limit. Confidence intervals are based on a 95% level. Values represent estimated marginal means averaged across gender, religion, and family type.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall \u003cb\u003eLife Satisfaction (Total)\u003c/b\u003e score demonstrated a mean of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38.42 (\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.36), with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 37.72 to 39.13. This indicates a generally favourable level of global life satisfaction among the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith respect to specific domains, \u003cb\u003eSocial Satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e emerged as the highest-rated dimension (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.72, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.16), followed by \u003cb\u003eJob Satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.17, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.13) and \u003cb\u003eMarital Satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.62, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.11). The relatively higher means and narrow confidence intervals for these domains suggest that participants perceived their social relationships, occupational roles, and marital lives as largely satisfactory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePersonal Satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e also reflected a high mean level (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.36, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09), indicating positive self-evaluations and personal well-being. In contrast, \u003cb\u003eHealth Satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.73, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10) and \u003cb\u003eEconomic Satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.16, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10) were comparatively lower, though still within a moderate range, suggesting these areas may represent relatively less favourable aspects of overall well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the grand mean findings suggest that while participants report strong satisfaction in social, marital, and occupational domains, comparatively lower satisfaction is observed in health and economic domains. These results provide a meaningful baseline for subsequent inferential analyses examining group differences and predictive relationships among the study variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e present Pearson product\u0026ndash;moment correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships among \u003cb\u003ereligiosity, life satisfaction, quality of life, satisfaction domains, and health-related variables\u003c/b\u003e among participants (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;239).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePearson Correlations Among Religiosity, Life Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Satisfaction Domains, and Health Variables (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;239)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Religiosity (RS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Life Satisfaction (LS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.34**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Quality of Life (QOL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.42**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Health Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.26**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.52**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Personal Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.45**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.41**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Economic Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.15*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.14*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Marital Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.44**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.26**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.42**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Social Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.77**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.15*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.29**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.45**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Job Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.29**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.66**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.47**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. General Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.32**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.37**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.74**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.17**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.15*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.20**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.29**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. Physical Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.69**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.37**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.23**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12. Psychological Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.52**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.47**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.66**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.21**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.22**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.47**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.67**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13. Social Relations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.37**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.81**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.24**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.40**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.21**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.44**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.57**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.32**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14. Environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.28**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.31**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.86**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.27**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.32**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.35**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.16*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.55**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.48**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.42**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.64**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e RS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Religiosity; LS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Life Satisfaction; QOL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Quality of Life.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05, ** \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01 (two-tailed).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults indicated that \u003cb\u003ereligiosity was positively and significantly associated with life satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .34, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01) and \u003cb\u003eoverall quality of life\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .36, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01). Religiosity also showed significant positive correlations with \u003cb\u003ehealth satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .26, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003esocial satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .25, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003ejob satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .29, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003egeneral health\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .32, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003epsychological health\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .52, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003esocial relations\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .18, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), and \u003cb\u003eenvironmental quality of life\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .28, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01). These findings suggest that higher levels of religiosity are associated with better psychological well-being, perceived health, and overall life functioning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction demonstrated strong positive relationships with \u003cb\u003esocial satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .77, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003ejob satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .66, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003ehealth satisfaction\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .52, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), and \u003cb\u003epsychological health\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .47, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), indicating that individuals with higher life satisfaction tend to experience better social, occupational, and mental well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality of life exhibited \u003cb\u003every strong positive correlations\u003c/b\u003e with its major domains, including \u003cb\u003eenvironment\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .86, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003esocial relations\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .81, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003egeneral health\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .74, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), \u003cb\u003ephysical health\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .69, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), and \u003cb\u003epsychological health\u003c/b\u003e (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .66, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .01), supporting the multidimensional conceptualization of quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings highlight \u003cb\u003ereligiosity as an important psychosocial factor\u003c/b\u003e positively linked with life satisfaction, psychological health, and quality of life among the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e present a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine whether religiosity predicts life satisfaction after controlling for gender, religion, and family type. In Step 1, the demographic variables did not significantly predict life satisfaction, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 235)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.71, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .546, accounting for only 0.9% of the variance (\u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = .009).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHierarchical Multiple Regression Predicting Life Satisfaction (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;239)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE B\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 235)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.837\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligiosity (RS total)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔ\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e change (1, 234)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (4, 234)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e Dependent variable\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Life Satisfaction (LS_total). Gender, Religion, and Family Type were entered in Step 1; Religiosity was entered in Step 2.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Step 2, religiosity was added to the model and resulted in a significant improvement, \u003cem\u003eΔR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = .118, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e change (1, 234)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31.54, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001. The final model was statistically significant, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4, 234)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.49, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001, explaining 12.7% of the variance in life satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligiosity emerged as a significant positive predictor of life satisfaction (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.34, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001), indicating that individuals with higher religiosity reported higher levels of life satisfaction. Gender, religion, and family type remained non-significant predictors in the final model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings suggest that religiosity plays a meaningful and independent role in enhancing life satisfaction, beyond basic demographic factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e present a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine whether religiosity predicts quality of life after controlling for gender, religion, and family type. In Step 1, demographic variables did not significantly predict quality of life, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(3, 235)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.41, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = .744, accounting for only 0.5% of the variance (\u003cem\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = .005).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHierarchical Multiple Regression Predicting Quality of Life (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;239)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE B\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (3, 235)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.804\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.703\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligiosity (RS_total)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.07\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.36\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.90\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔ\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e change (1, 234)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (4, 234)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e Dependent variable\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Quality of Life (QOL_total). Gender, Religion, and Family Type were entered in Step 1; Religiosity was entered in Step 2.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Step 2, the addition of religiosity led to a significant increase in explained variance, \u003cem\u003eΔR\u0026sup2;\u003c/em\u003e = .129, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e change (1, 234)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34.78, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001. The final model was statistically significant, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(4, 234)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001, explaining 13.4% of the variance in quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligiosity emerged as a significant positive predictor of quality of life (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.36, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001), indicating that individuals with higher levels of religiosity reported better overall quality of life. Gender, religion, and family type were not significant predictors in the final model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings suggest that religiosity plays a meaningful and independent role in enhancing quality of life, beyond basic demographic factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study sought to examine the levels of religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life, as well as the interrelationships among these constructs, among older adults. The discussion is organized according to the stated research objectives and corresponding hypotheses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective 1: Overall Levels of Religiosity, Life Satisfaction, and Quality of Life\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first objective was to assess the overall levels of religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life among the participants. Descriptive analyses indicated that participants reported moderate to high levels of religiosity, along with moderate to high levels of life satisfaction and quality of life across domains. The relatively narrow confidence intervals suggest stability and consistency in these estimates.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings indicate that older adults in the sample generally maintain a positive sense of well-being and spiritual engagement despite age-related challenges. High religiosity may reflect the cultural and social context in which religious beliefs and practices remain central sources of meaning, coping, and social integration in later life. Similarly, moderate to high quality of life and life satisfaction suggest effective psychological adaptation and resilience among older adults, consistent with prior research emphasizing the role of social, emotional, and spiritual resources in successful aging.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective 2: Relationship Between Religiosity, Life Satisfaction, and Quality of Life\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second objective examined the relationships between religiosity and life satisfaction, quality of life, and their respective domains. The findings supported Hypothesis 1, revealing significant positive correlations between religiosity and both life satisfaction and overall quality of life. Religiosity was also positively associated with several QOL domains, particularly psychological health, general health, social relations, and environmental quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese results suggest that higher religiosity is linked with more positive evaluations of life circumstances and overall functioning. Religious beliefs and practices may foster optimism, emotional regulation, and meaning-making, which are especially important in older adulthood. Additionally, participation in religious activities often promotes social connectedness and perceived support, thereby enhancing both subjective well-being and quality of life. These findings align with previous research highlighting religiosity as a protective psychosocial factor in later life (Idler et al., 2003; Koenig et al., 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective 3: Association Between Life Satisfaction and Quality of Life Domains\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe third objective was to examine the association between life satisfaction and quality of life and its health, psychological, social, and environmental domains. The results supported Hypothesis 2, demonstrating strong and significant positive relationships between life satisfaction and overall quality of life, as well as its major domains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction was particularly strongly related to social satisfaction, job satisfaction, psychological health, and general health, indicating that individuals who perceive their lives as meaningful, socially connected, and psychologically stable tend to experience greater overall satisfaction with life. These findings support the multidimensional nature of life satisfaction, suggesting that it emerges from a combination of physical health, emotional well-being, social relationships, and environmental security. This is consistent with prior evidence showing that quality of life is a central determinant of subjective well-being in older adults (Bowling et al., 2002; Diener et al., 1999).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective 4: Predictive Role of Religiosity in Life Satisfaction\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fourth objective aimed to determine whether religiosity significantly predicts life satisfaction after controlling for demographic variables such as gender, religion, and family type. The results supported Hypothesis 3, as religiosity emerged as a significant positive predictor of life satisfaction even after accounting for demographic factors. In contrast, gender, religious affiliation, and family type did not significantly predict life satisfaction in the final model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis finding underscores the importance of personal religiosity, rather than demographic characteristics or religious identity, in shaping life satisfaction among older adults. Religiosity may enhance life satisfaction by providing emotional comfort, spiritual meaning, and adaptive coping strategies, thereby helping individuals navigate age-related stressors. The independent contribution of religiosity highlights its central role as an internal psychological resource in later life, consistent with earlier studies (Ano \u0026amp; Vasconcelles, 2005; Krause, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective 5: Predictive Role of Religiosity in Quality of Life\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fifth objective examined whether religiosity significantly predicts quality of life after controlling for demographic variables. The findings supported Hypothesis 4, demonstrating that religiosity significantly and positively predicted overall quality of life beyond the effects of gender, religion, and family type.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis result suggests that religiosity contributes to a more favourable perception of health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and environmental conditions. Religious engagement may promote acceptance, hope, and resilience, which can positively influence how older adults evaluate their life circumstances. The lack of significant effects for demographic variables further emphasizes that quality of life in later adulthood is more strongly influenced by subjective and psychosocial factors than by structural characteristics alone. These findings are consistent with research identifying religiosity as an important determinant of quality of life among aging populations (Idler et al., 2003; Koenig et al., 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the study demonstrates that older adults reported generally favourable levels of religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life. Religiosity was positively associated with both life satisfaction and quality of life and emerged as a significant independent predictor of both outcomes, even after controlling for demographic variables. Furthermore, strong associations between life satisfaction and quality of life domains highlight the interconnected nature of subjective well-being and functional health in later life. Collectively, these findings emphasize the importance of incorporating spiritual and psychosocial dimensions into interventions, policies, and services aimed at promoting healthy and satisfying aging.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimitations of the Study\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite its contributions, the present study has certain limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the study employed a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to draw causal conclusions regarding the relationships among religiosity, quality of life, and life satisfaction. Longitudinal designs would be better suited to examine how these variables influence one another over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecond, the sample was drawn from a single district (Bhojpur, Bihar), which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to older adults in other regions with different cultural, socio-economic, or religious contexts. Regional homogeneity may also have reduced variability in demographic characteristics, potentially limiting the detection of interaction effects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThird, the study relied exclusively on self-report measures, which are subject to social desirability and recall biases, particularly in assessing religiosity and life satisfaction. Participants may have overreported socially valued behaviours such as religious involvement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFourth, although key demographic variables were controlled, other potentially relevant factors such as physical disability, chronic illness severity, social support quality, and cognitive functioning were not directly assessed and may have influenced the outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, the relatively unequal gender distribution and the exclusion of older adults with severe cognitive or health impairments may limit the representativeness of the sample, particularly for more vulnerable elderly populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplications of the Study\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings highlight the importance of addressing spiritual and psychosocial well-being in interventions aimed at improving life satisfaction and quality of life among older adults. Programs that enhance physical health, psychological resilience, social connectedness, and opportunities for spiritual or religious engagement may be particularly beneficial. Healthcare providers, counsellors, and social workers should consider incorporating spiritual assessment and support into geriatric care and mental health services.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom a policy perspective, the results underscore the need for community-based and integrative aging programs that combine healthcare, social support, and spiritual resources. Policymakers should support initiatives such as senior activity centres, faith-based outreach programs, and community health services that foster holistic well-being among older adults, especially in rural and semi-urban regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClinicians working with older adults may benefit from recognizing religiosity as a protective psychosocial resource. Integrating spiritual counselling or facilitating access to religious or spiritual support systems may help older adults cope more effectively with age-related stressors, illness, and loss.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study provides a foundation for future research exploring the mechanisms through which religiosity influences life satisfaction and quality of life. Longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to establish causal relationships and examine changes across time. Future research should also include more diverse and representative samples and consider additional variables such as social support, functional ability, and cultural practices to gain a more comprehensive understanding of well-being in later life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined by the American Psychological Association (APA, 2017) and complied with the legal requirements of the study country. Formal ethical approval was waived by the Research Centre, Acharya Narendra Dev Nagar Nigam Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Kanpur (affiliated with Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur), as the study involved minimal risk and employed a non-invasive, observational research design with no experimental manipulation or intervention. Data were collected anonymously using self-administered questionnaires. All participants were clearly informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, confidentiality of responses, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study involved human research participants. All procedures were carried out in accordance with internationally recognized ethical standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines for the protection of research participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS.K. and S.V. conceptualized and designed the study. S.S. contributed to data collection, while R.B. and I.S. assisted with data organization. S.K. and S.V. conducted the data analysis. S.K. and S.S. drafted the initial manuscript. S.V. supervised the research process and finalized the manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no known financial or non-financial competing interests that could have influenced the research, analysis, or interpretation of the findings reported in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge all participants for their voluntary participation and cooperation in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlam, M., \u0026amp; Srivastava, S. 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United Nations.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. (1996). \u003cem\u003eWHOQOL-BREF: Introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment\u003c/em\u003e. World Health Organization.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. (1997). \u003cem\u003eWHOQOL: Measuring quality of life\u003c/em\u003e. World Health Organization.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"religiosity, life satisfaction, Quality of Life, older adults, psychological well-being","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9490087/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9490087/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction and quality of life are key indicators of successful aging and overall well-being in older adults. Although demographic factors such as gender, religion, and family structure have been widely examined, the role of religiosity as a psychosocial resource in later life remains underexplored, particularly in the Indian context. The present study examined the relationships among religiosity, life satisfaction, and quality of life, and assessed whether religiosity independently predicts life satisfaction and quality of life after controlling for demographic variables. A cross-sectional design was employed with a sample of 239 older adults. Standardized instruments were used to assess religiosity, life satisfaction, and multidimensional quality of life. Data were analyzed using Pearson product\u0026ndash;moment correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Results showed significant positive associations between religiosity and life satisfaction, as well as between religiosity and overall quality of life. Religiosity was also positively related to psychological health, general health, social relationships, and environmental well-being. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that religiosity significantly predicted life satisfaction (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.34, p \u0026lt; .001) and quality of life (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.36, p \u0026lt; .001), even after controlling for gender, religion, and family type. These findings highlight religiosity as an important psychosocial determinant of well-being in later life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Religiosity as a Predictor of Life Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Older Adults in Bihar, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-05 13:11:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9490087/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"41d9c07e-9152-4d99-a30e-8e5f0d2bc3c4","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Rejected","date":"2026-05-08T05:26:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T05:40:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-05 13:11:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9490087","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9490087","identity":"rs-9490087","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}