Clinical use of antiviral, antibiotic and immunomodulatory drugs in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study in Bandung, Indonesia

Background: Evidence of highly effective repurposed drugs for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is insufficient. However, empirical therapy using antiviral, antibiotic and immunomodulatory drugs is massive. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical use of these drugs and the outcome of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients. Methods: : We performed a retrospective study using medical records of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from July 2020 to March 2021 in Bandung, Indonesia. Data were collected at relevant timelines: age, sex, comorbid condition, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), and hematology at admission; antiviral, antibiotic, and immunomodulator treatment during hospitalization; length of stay hospitalization (LOS) and death at discharge. Clinical use of the drug regimens included dose, frequency, and duration of therapy. The main outcome of hospitalization was LOS and death. Results: : Out of 249 patients, 43.3% had a comorbid condition, 74.7% had non-severe COVID-19 (SpO 2 ≥ 90%), and almost all received antiviral or antibiotic agents. Patients receiving a combination of remdesivir and favipiravir had lower SpO 2 compared to those receiving oseltamivir alone (p=0.01). Remdesivir alone and combination of favipiravir and oseltamivir had shorter LOS compared to the other antivirals (p=0.03 and p=0.01 respectively). Immunomodulatory drugs (methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, tocilizumab) were prescribed in patients with lower baseline SpO 2 (p=0.001) and resulted ini longer LOS (p=0.0043) compared to those with no immunomodulators. The increased risk of death in patients treated with the combination of remdesivir and favipiravir (OR 4.1;95%CI 1.4-12.2), and immunomodulatory drugs (OR 6.2; 95%CI 1.7-23.3) was confounded by the baseline characteristics of older age, comorbid condition, SpO 2 level, and low lymphocyte number. Conclusions: : Some treatment regimens were associated with short LOS, but there were drug regimens which might increase the risk of death. Further study should control the clinical conditions of COVID-19 patients at admission to confirm the outcome of death following drug therapy.