Prevalence of Hypertension in Pregnancy and Its Associated Sociodemographic Factors Among Mothers Aged 15-49 Years Old in Malaysia

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HDP and its associated risk factors among mothers aged 15-49 who recently gave birth within the last two years, throughout Malaysia, informing effective public health and primary care interventions. Methods: This study was a part of the national survey on maternal and child health (MCH) also known as the NHMS 2022: MCH. This was a cross-sectional study using two stage stratified random sampling design. Data of mothers aged 15 – 49 years old who recently gave birth within the last two years were selected in this study. This survey utilised a set of structured validated questionnaires administered via face-to-face interviews (using a mobile device). Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the associated risk factors for hypertension. Results: Among 6 335 participants recruited for this study with estimated population of 782, 550, the prevalence of HDP among Malaysian mother aged 15 -49 years old who recently gave birth within the last two years was 6.52% (95% CI: 5.76, 7.37). Multiple logistic regression shows that factors that have a significant association with hypertension were maternal age and ethnicity. Advanced maternal age had higher odds of hypertension compared to those below 35 years old, with an OR of 2.19 (95% CI = 1.64, 2.94). When compared to the Malays, Indians had lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.99). Conclusion: This knowledge is important for the early diagnosis and management of HDP to avoid adverse health outcomes in perinatal and postnatal mothers. Hypertension pregnancy hypertensive disorders of pregnancy risk factors INTRODUCTION Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) is a collective terminology that defines the onset of hypertension at any point of pregnancy. Namely, HDP can be classified as gestational hypertension for the onset after 20 weeks of gestation or chronic hypertension for the onset before 20 weeks of gestation, which eventually can develop to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia [ 1 ]. Globally, HDP represents a significant public health challenge with far-reaching implications for maternal and child health, affecting approximately 5–10% of all pregnancies [ 2 ]. Additionally, HDP has been established as one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. According to the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, the global incidence of HDP was reported to be 18.1 million, leading to 27.8 thousand deaths due to its complications in 2019 [ 3 ]. Regionally, the burden of HDP was found to be directly correlated to lower sociodemographic and human development indices, indicating the disparity of HDP incidence in lower income regions such as South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In Southeast Asia, the incidence of HDP was reported to be 1.5 million mothers, with reported maternal deaths of 2.5 thousand [ 3 ]. In Malaysia, according to the previous National Health and Morbidity Survey 2016, the prevalence of HDP was recorded to be 5.8% [ 4 ]. Taken together, the burden and impact of HDP are significantly evident, often worsened by limited access to healthcare, inadequate prenatal care, and lack of awareness [ 5 ]. The symptoms of HDP can be characterised by high blood pressure, protein in urine and oedema during pregnancy [ 6 , 7 ]. The implications of HDP not only pose immediate risks to the mother and foetus during pregnancy but also have long-term implications for their health. For mothers, these include an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic hypertension, stroke, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and metabolic disorders in later life. For infants, the consequences can manifest as preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental challenges [ 8 ]. Understanding the prevalence of HDP and the factors associated with it, is crucial for developing effective public health strategies and clinical interventions. This includes identifying at-risk populations, optimizing prenatal care, and implementing targeted interventions to prevent and manage HDP. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the prevalence of HDP among mothers aged 15 to 49 years who recently gave birth within the last two years from the NHMS 2016 dataset. By focusing on this population, the study aims to contribute valuable insights into the epidemiology of HDP and the various factors associated with it. The findings of this study are expected to inform healthcare policies, the formulation of programs and practices to improve maternal and child health outcomes in Malaysia. METHODOLOGY Study design This study utilized secondary data from the second national survey on maternal and child health (MCH) also known as the NHMS 2022: MCH, employing a two-stage stratified random sampling method. Stratification was based on states and location (urban and rural areas), with Enumeration Blocks (EB) as the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) and Living Quarters (LQs) within selected EBs as the Second Sampling Unit (SSU). All household members within the chosen LQs were part of the study. The focus was on mothers aged 15 to 49 years with children under two years old [9]. Questionnaire and survey instruments This NHMS 2022: MCH survey used a set of structured validated questionnaires administered via face-to-face interviews (using a mobile device). Questionnaire in a hardcopy format were prepared as a backup in case of technical problems. The questionnaires were pre-tested in two languages (Malay and English) and a manual consisting of the flow of the questionnaire and definitions of terms was available as a guide for data collectors. There were 3 broad sections in this questionnaire which were sociodemographic details, maternal care (pregnancy comorbidity) dan child health. In this study, we focused on the hypertension in pregnancy module. Variable definition Demographic details of participants, including locality, age, ethnicity, citizenship, marital status, educational level, and employment status were collected as independent variables and treated with utmost confidentiality. Additionally, advanced maternal age with a cut off of 35 years old, which has been associated with higher incidence of HDP was also included in the study [10, 11]. The dependent variable in the current study is hypertension at any onset of the perinatal duration, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg using an OMRON Digital Blood Pressure Monitor (OMRON, Japan). This includes occurrences of pregnancy-induced hypertension and self-reported pre-eclampsia within the survey data. Blood pressure measurements were additionally verified using participants' antenatal home-based booklets to ensure the accuracy of the information. Statistical analysis Data analysis was conducted using the SPSS version 26 software (SPSS Inc., US). Weighted results made an important inference for prevalence of diseases among Malaysian population. Weight factor was applied to each individual to adjust for the varying probabilities of selection (design weight), non-response rate, and post-stratification factors which were adjusted for the Malaysian population projection by DOSM in the year 2022. Nominal variables were presented in number (n) and percentage (%), while continuous variables were presented in either mean ± standard deviation (SD). Simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression was used to identify any factor that has a significant association with hypertension. A p-value lesser than 0.05 was considered significant. Ethical approval This study was conducted in accordance with the principles outline in the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Ethics approval was requested and obtained from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health Malaysia. The study is registered with the National Medical Research Registry as NMRR-20-959-53329. Respondents were briefed on the purpose, process, and requirement of the survey prior to each of the interview and written consents were obtained accordingly. Results Sociodemographic A total of 6,360 mothers (15-49 years old) with latest childbirth within two years participated in this survey. However, only completed responses from 6,335 (99.6%) mothers were included in the analysis. The mean (SD) age of the mothers were 31.1 (5.6) years old. Most of the respondents resided in urban areas (70.0%), were of Malay ethnicity (78.7%), were Malaysian citizens (95.2%), married or cohabiting (98.6%), had education up to secondary school (49.8%) and not working (58.4%). The sociodemographic profile of the respondent and the estimated total population are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Sociodemographic profile of the respondents (n = 6,335) Profile Unweighted Count, n (%) Estimated Population Overall 6,335 (100) 782,550 State Johor 370 (5.8) 80,734 Kedah 542 (8.6) 64,271 Kelantan 560 (8.8) 57,955 Melaka 468 (7.4) 30,338 Negeri Sembilan 393 (6.2) 29,214 Pahang 456 (7.2) 37,797 Penang 435 (6.9) 43,167 Perak 469 (7.4) 59,786 Perlis 474 (7.5) 7,255 Selangor 394 (6.2) 149,144 Terengganu 485 (7.7) 38,381 Sabah & WP Labuan 400 (6.3) 79,980 Sarawak 466 (7.4) 58,206 WP Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya 423 (6.7) 46,320 Locality Urban 4,420 (69.8) 542,948 Rural 1,915 (30.2) 239,602 Age Group (year) 15-19 74 (1.2) 9,558 20-24 642 (10.3) 78,919 25-29 1,834 (29.3) 223,237 30-34 1,973 (31.5) 242,959 35-39 1,298 (20.7) 159,464 40-44 397 (6.3) 52,000 45-49 45 (0.7) 5,798 Advanced Maternal Age Group (year) Below 35 4,523 (72.1) 554,673 35 and above 1,754 (27.9) 219,089 Ethnicity Malay 4,946 (78.7) 569,732 Chinese 235 (3.7) 32,737 Indian 207 (3.3) 28,343 Other Bumiputera 617 (9.8) 99,281 Others 279 (4.4) 44,552 Citizenship Group Malaysian 5,979 (95.2) 726,740 Permanent resident or non-citizen 301 (4.8) 47,545 Marital Status Single or separated or divorced or widow 86 (1.4) 10,611 Married or cohabiting 6,193 (98.6) 763,050 Educational Level no formal education 106 (1.7) 16,137 primary school 327 (5.3) 49,481 secondary school 3,059 (49.8) 366,824 tertiary education 2,653 (43.2) 327,014 Employment Status government or semi gov employee 920 (15.0) 107,299 private employee 1,143 (18.6) 155,446 employer or self-employed 496 (8.1) 55,362 unpaid worker or housewife or not working or student 3,594 (58.4) 441,949 Prevalence of Hypertension in Pregnancy The prevalence of HDP among mothers in Malaysia aged 15 – 49 years old who recently gave birth within the last two years was 6.52% (95% CI: 5.76, 7.37). The highest prevalence of HDP was reported among rural dwellers (7.40%), advanced maternal age (10.18%), other Bumiputera ethnicities (9.20%), Malaysian citizens (6.68%), single or separated or divorced or widow (7.90%), those with secondary school education level (8.14%) and unpaid worker or housewife or not working or student (7.03%). The prevalence of HDP is summarised in Table 2. Table 2: Prevalence of Hypertension among Mothers in Malaysia (n = 6,335) Variable Unweighted Count, n Estimated Population Prevalence (%) Lower CI (%) Upper CI (%) Overall 379 51,017 6.52 5.76 7.37 State Johor 22 4,854 6.01 4.10 8.73 Kedah 33 3,922 6.10 3.98 9.24 Kelantan 42 4,482 7.73 5.49 10.80 Melaka 43 2,976 9.81 7.52 12.70 Negeri Sembilan 18 1,378 4.72 3.13 7.05 Pahang 12 970 2.57 1.51 4.33 Penang 13 1,309 3.03 1.80 5.07 Perak 42 5,301 8.87 6.59 11.83 Perlis 15 212 2.92 1.67 5.06 Selangor 30 11,604 7.78 5.35 11.18 Terengganu 22 1,753 4.57 2.93 7.06 Sabah & WP Labuan 25 5,135 6.42 4.39 9.30 Sarawak 42 5,234 8.99 6.37 12.56 WP Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya 20 1,888 4.08 2.54 6.48 Locality Urban 257 33,285 6.13 5.76 7.37 Rural 122 17,732 7.40 5.76 7.37 Age Group (year) 15-19 2 435 4.55 0.85 20.89 20-24 17 2,453 3.11 1.76 5.44 25-29 72 9,718 4.35 3.34 5.65 30-34 119 15,882 6.54 5.26 8.10 35-39 104 14,483 9.08 7.20 11.40 40-44 53 6,791 13.06 9.18 18.24 45-49 8 815 14.05 6.56 27.60 Advanced Maternal Age Group (year) Below 35 210 28,488 5.14 5.80 7.43 35 and above 167 22,313 10.18 5.80 7.43 Ethnicity Malay 293 37,101 6.51 5.62 7.54 Chinese 8 1,509 4.61 2.14 9.64 Indian 8 938 3.31 1.53 6.99 Other Bumiputera 56 9,136 9.20 7.05 11.92 Others 12 2,118 4.75 2.58 8.61 Citizenship Group Malaysian 362 48,574 6.68 5.88 7.59 Permanent resident or non-citizen 14 2,147 4.52 2.60 7.73 Marital Status Single or separated or divorced or widow 5 838 7.90 3.05 18.93 Married or cohabiting 371 49,883 6.54 5.77 7.40 Education Level no formal education 8 1,210 7.50 3.21 16.54 primary school 23 3,095 6.26 4.03 9.59 secondary school 201 29,864 8.14 6.88 9.60 tertiary education 134 15,504 4.74 3.86 5.81 Employment Status government or semi gov employee 62 6,523 6.08 4.58 8.02 private employee 56 8,811 5.67 4.10 7.78 employer or self-employed 25 3,386 6.12 3.83 9.63 unpaid worker or housewife or not working or student 224 31,047 7.03 6.07 8.12 Factors associated with hypertension Simple and multiple logistic regression shows that factors that have a significant association with hypertension were maternal age and ethnicity. Based on the multiple logistic regression, advanced maternal age had higher odds of hypertension compared to those below 35 years old, with an OR of 2.19 (95% CI = 1.64, 2.94). When compared to the Malays, Indians had lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.99). The factors associated with hypertension among mothers are summarised in Table 3. Table 3: Factors associated with Hypertension among mothers in Malaysia (n = 6,335) Characteristic Simple Logistic Regression Multiple Logistic Regression Crude OR 95% CI p-value Adj. OR 95% CI p-value Locality Urban (ref.) 1 — 1 — Rural 1.22 0.91, 1.65 0.183 1.05 0.76, 1.46 0.748 Age group (Year) 15-19 (ref.) 1 — 20-24 0.67 0.11, 4.17 0.670 25-29 0.95 0.17, 5.44 0.958 30-34 1.47 0.26, 8.24 0.664 35-39 2.09 0.37, 11.84 0.403 40-44 3.15 0.54, 18.28 0.201 45-49 3.43 0.52, 22.82 0.203 Advanced Maternal Age (year) Below 35 (ref.) 1 — 1 — 35 and above 2.09 1.59, 2.76 <0.001 2.19 1.64, 2.94 <0.001 Ethnicity Malay (ref.) 1 — 1 — Chinese 0.69 0.31, 1.54 0.366 0.65 0.30, 1.41 0.270 Indian 0.49 0.22, 1.10 0.084 0.44 0.19, 0.99 0.048 Other Bumiputera 1.46 1.05, 2.02 0.024 1.32 0.93, 1.88 0.124 Others 0.72 0.37, 1.39 0.325 0.97 0.10, 9.33 0.976 Citizenship Malaysian (ref.) 1 — 1 — Permanent resident or non-citizen 0.66 0.37, 1.19 0.169 0.54 0.05, 5.84 0.615 Marital Status Single or separated or divorced or widow (ref.) 1 — 1 — Married or cohabiting 0.82 0.30, 2.25 0.694 0.81 0.27, 2.39 0.702 Educational Level no formal education (ref.) 1 — 1 — primary school 0.82 0.30, 2.29 0.709 0.58 0.19, 1.76 0.340 secondary school 1.09 0.44, 2.73 0.848 0.68 0.24, 1.90 0.456 tertiary education 0.61 0.24, 1.55 0.302 0.37 0.13, 1.09 0.072 Employment Status government or semi-government employee (ref.) 1 — 1 — private employee 0.93 0.59, 1.46 0.748 1.02 0.64, 1.64 0.918 employer or self-employed 1.01 0.57, 1.79 0.982 0.86 0.49, 1.53 0.615 unpaid worker or housewife or not working or student 1.17 0.84, 1.63 0.359 1.01 0.68, 1.48 0.973 Discussion The current study documented a prevalence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) of 6.52% among women in Malaysia who had their latest childbirth within two years of the study. Inferential analysis to explore the factors associated to the prevalence of HDP revealed significant associations of two factors, namely advanced maternal age and ethnicity. Although noticeable difference can be seen among other sociodemographic parameters between those with and without HDP, none of the other sociodemographic data were found to be statistically associated with the incidence of HDP. The prevalence documented in this study deserves attention considering its increasing trend compared to the prevalence of 4.50% reported in the Malaysian National Obstetrics Registry 2011/2012 and 5.8% reported in the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2016 [4, 12]. The increasing trend in the prevalence of HDP over 11 years from 2012 to 2023 could be multifactorial, including the obesity pandemic driven by the increasing rate of poor eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle. Considering obesity being established as an important risk factor of HDP [10], the observed elevated prevalence in Malaysia could be influenced by the increasing rate of obesity among the Malaysian population. According to the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019, the national prevalence of overweight individuals among adults aged 18 years and above is 30.4% in 2019. When stratified according to gender, 58.9% of this obese population was female [13]. Overweight or obese women before pregnancy faced a higher risk of developing HDP compared to those with normal weight (overweight: OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 2.32–3.05; obese: OR = 5.53, 95% CI = 4.28–7.13) [14]. Therefore, increasing body weight among mothers in Malaysia over the years is likely to have contributed to the increase in prevalence of HDP. Despite the increase in prevalence of hypertension among mothers with children, the current prevalence in Malaysia is still low compared to other Asian countries such as Pakistan and India. According to a prospective study conducted in 2019, the prevalence of hypertensive disorders among pregnant women in Pakistan and India were 9.3% and 10.3%, respectively. The study associated the high prevalence with poor healthcare management that lacked a critical assessment of hypertensive disorder among pregnant women [15]. Even though the prevalence in Malaysia has not risen considerably, considerable efforts must be taken to ensure the early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension during pregnancy to reduce the ensuing possible complications and mortality of these women at risk. In terms of maternal age, most of the mothers included in the study were young as the majority of them were below 35 years old, which is similar with previous studies conducted by Khuan et al in Malaysian public hospitals [16]. Maternal age has been established as an important risk factor for HDP as it affects the reproductive process during pregnancy [10]. The current study reflects this idea as the prevalence of HDP is found to be higher for women with advanced maternal age (≥ 35 years old) compared to younger women. In line with the current study, Rashed et al. (2016) also reported higher incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension among women aged ≥ 35 years old compared to younger women aged 20 – 34 years old (5.2% vs 0.8%; p<0.001). The notion was also supported in a study where women who were pregnant at 25 – 29 years old had a lower risk of gestational hypertension than women who aged 35 – 39 years old (Ye et al., 2014). Adding to the evidence, pregnant women aged < 24 years old were observed to be 69% less likely to develop hypertension during pregnancy compared to women aged ≥ 35 years old [17]. Majority of the mothers included in the study were either Malay Bumiputera or other Bumiputera ethnicity, mainly due to the fact that Bumiputeras made up about 60% of the Malaysian population [16]. Interestingly, logistic regression analysis revealed that women of Indian ethnicity had lower odds of developing hypertension compared to other ethnicities (OR = 0.44; p = 0.048). The idea that certain ethnic or racial groups exhibit certain advantages related to specific disease burden, is supported by a wealth of evidence. In the case of HDP, previous studies have consistently substantiated various comparisons between ethnicities, with some groups experiencing higher risk of HDP compared to the others. Many studies done in the West comparing different ethnicities with Caucasian race, has established higher risk of HDP among women of African American and Filipino descent [18], women of African Caribbean origin [19], as well as women of Maori, indigenous Australian, American Indian and native Alaskan origins [20]. The association between ethnicity and risk of HDP had been hypothesised to be driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, whereby the former is related to non-modifiable factors such as genetic variation, and the latter being more related to modifiable factors such as lifestyle and dietary restriction [21]. For instance, the circulating levels of placental growth factor (PlGF), a biomarker linked to the risk of hypertension during pregnancy and gestational diabetes, were observed to be higher in Black and Southeast Asian women than in White women [22]. This suggests genetic variations that differentiate their susceptibility to these conditions. On the other hand, cultural variations created a unique lifestyle that may be adapted by certain groups of individual belonging to the same ethnic. One potential hypothesis that may correlate with the decreased risk of HDP among Indian ethnicity might be related to salt consumption. A study done to investigate the sodium intake between the different ethnicities in Malaysia, MYSALT 2015, found that Indians consume the least sodium (2273 mg/ day) compared to all other ethnicities (≥ 2648 mg/day) [23]. Consistent with the established evidence where high sodium intake is directly correlated with higher risk of developing hypertension, the ethnic correlation found in this study may be influenced by the modest consumption of salt among the Indian population. Limitation and recommendation One of the main limitations of this study is that it focuses primarily on the influence of sociodemographic factors and occurrence of HDP among women who had their latest childbirth within two years. Other important factors, including medical factors such as history of comorbidities (gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension), gravida and parity profile (multiple pregnancy and polycystic ovarian syndrome) as well as behavioural factors such as dietary pattern before and/or during pregnancy, smoking status, alcohol consumption and obesity were not investigated. All of these factors had long been established as important risk factors for the development of HDP [10, 21, 24]. While it is acknowledged that the sole focus on sociodemographic factors concerning HDP among women who recently gave birth poses a limitation on the study outcome, narrowing the scope to explore the disease relationship with sociodemographic factors does come with its own merits. In the field of social determinants of health, sociodemographic factors play a crucial role in influencing health outcomes, and understanding its impact is fundamental for public health strategies. The simplicity of scrutinizing sociodemographic data to reveal relevant and actionable results, allows for a more targeted interventions, especially when resources may be limited. Conclusion Our study provides a population-based prevalence of hypertension among women with a child below 2 years old in Malaysia. Advanced maternal age, specifically those above 35 years old, emerges as a risk factor for the development of hypertension among women in this study. Additionally, it is noteworthy that individuals of Indian ethnicity exhibit lower odds of developing hypertension when compared to their Malay counterparts within this demographic. Abbreviations DBP diastolic blood pressure EB Enumeration Blocks ESRD End-stage renal disease HDP Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy LQs Living Quarters NHMS 2022: MCH National Health and Mortality Survey 2022: Maternal and Child Health PlGF placental growth factor PSU Primary Sampling Unit SBP systolic blood pressure SD standard deviation SSU Second Sampling Unit Declarations Ethical Approval Ethics approval was requested and obtained from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health Malaysia. The study is registered with the National Medical Research Registry as NMRR-20-959-53329. Funding The authors declare that they have no funding. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' Contributions KKYR, MABS, WKS, PSKT and MFBMY conceived and performed experiments, analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank the Director General of Health, Malaysia for his permission to use the data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2022: Maternal & Child Health and to publish this paper. References Report of the American. College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:1122–31. Nath A, Sheeba B, Sisira R, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy and its associated factors among women attending antenatal clinics in Bengaluru. J Fam Med Prim care. 2021;10:1621–7. Wang W, Xie X, Yuan T, et al. Epidemiological trends of maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy at the global, regional, and national levels: a population-based study. 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Prevalence of Hypertensive Disorders, Antihypertensive Therapy and Pregnancy Outcomes among Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Review of Cases at Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:6153. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Archives of Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 07 Mar, 2024 Reviews received at journal 07 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Feb, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Feb, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 08 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 03 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3831196","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":265910212,"identity":"5fdbf96c-9b9f-4d30-b4ff-96cefc2874fa","order_by":0,"name":"Kishwen Kanna Yoga Ratnam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCWYGNhAtx8DAQ6IWYxK0MEC0JDYQrUWynf3ZY56KO+lr23sPMH6pOMygOyMBvxZpZh5zY54zz3K3nTmXwCxz5jCD2Q0CWuSYedikc9sO5267kWPALNmWRowW9mfSuf8Op5sRrUWamcFMOrfhcAJIC+PHNhvCWiSbecyk/xw7bLjtzBmDwwxnbHjMzjzAr0Xi/PFnkjNqDsubHe8xfPijQkLO7DgBW1DAYR5QhAqQooXxB4jkP0CCllEwCkbBKBgJAAACdEHDjNzuTAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kishwen","middleName":"Kanna Yoga","lastName":"Ratnam","suffix":""},{"id":265910213,"identity":"6feff4a3-769d-4cec-8a49-d46e41cb3a4e","order_by":1,"name":"Mohd Azmi Bin Suliman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohd","middleName":"Azmi Bin","lastName":"Suliman","suffix":""},{"id":265910214,"identity":"78e5a217-1074-406a-9dec-935178ac4d0f","order_by":2,"name":"Wan Kim Sui","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wan","middleName":"Kim","lastName":"Sui","suffix":""},{"id":265910215,"identity":"db3e6f81-2ece-4141-9242-4509f91b9a8d","order_by":3,"name":"Peter Seah Keng Tok","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"Seah Keng","lastName":"Tok","suffix":""},{"id":265910216,"identity":"e550ef9f-20b0-4883-85d2-d54ddc97a4c3","order_by":4,"name":"Muhammad Fadhli Bin Mohd Yusoff","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Fadhli Bin Mohd","lastName":"Yusoff","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-03 06:59:45","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831196/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831196/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01349-7","type":"published","date":"2024-08-12T15:57:12+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63071350,"identity":"9d963deb-b008-4d77-baa6-b189ab3decb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-22 20:06:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":883068,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3831196/v1/d95be06a-2726-428e-9098-00a5597d71b9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prevalence of Hypertension in Pregnancy and Its Associated Sociodemographic Factors Among Mothers Aged 15-49 Years Old in Malaysia","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eHypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) is a collective terminology that defines the onset of hypertension at any point of pregnancy. Namely, HDP can be classified as gestational hypertension for the onset after 20 weeks of gestation or chronic hypertension for the onset before 20 weeks of gestation, which eventually can develop to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Globally, HDP represents a significant public health challenge with far-reaching implications for maternal and child health, affecting approximately 5\u0026ndash;10% of all pregnancies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, HDP has been established as one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, the global incidence of HDP was reported to be 18.1\u0026nbsp;million, leading to 27.8 thousand deaths due to its complications in 2019 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Regionally, the burden of HDP was found to be directly correlated to lower sociodemographic and human development indices, indicating the disparity of HDP incidence in lower income regions such as South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In Southeast Asia, the incidence of HDP was reported to be 1.5\u0026nbsp;million mothers, with reported maternal deaths of 2.5 thousand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In Malaysia, according to the previous National Health and Morbidity Survey 2016, the prevalence of HDP was recorded to be 5.8% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Taken together, the burden and impact of HDP are significantly evident, often worsened by limited access to healthcare, inadequate prenatal care, and lack of awareness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe symptoms of HDP can be characterised by high blood pressure, protein in urine and oedema during pregnancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The implications of HDP not only pose immediate risks to the mother and foetus during pregnancy but also have long-term implications for their health. For mothers, these include an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic hypertension, stroke, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and metabolic disorders in later life. For infants, the consequences can manifest as preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the prevalence of HDP and the factors associated with it, is crucial for developing effective public health strategies and clinical interventions. This includes identifying at-risk populations, optimizing prenatal care, and implementing targeted interventions to prevent and manage HDP. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the prevalence of HDP among mothers aged 15 to 49 years who recently gave birth within the last two years from the NHMS 2016 dataset. By focusing on this population, the study aims to contribute valuable insights into the epidemiology of HDP and the various factors associated with it. The findings of this study are expected to inform healthcare policies, the formulation of programs and practices to improve maternal and child health outcomes in Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study utilized secondary data from the second national survey on maternal and child health (MCH) also known as the NHMS 2022: MCH, employing a two-stage stratified random sampling method. Stratification was based on states and location (urban and rural areas), with Enumeration Blocks (EB) as the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) and Living Quarters (LQs) within selected EBs as the Second Sampling Unit (SSU). All household members within the chosen LQs were part of the study. The focus was on mothers aged 15 to 49 years with children under two years old [9].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestionnaire and survey instruments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis NHMS 2022: MCH survey used a set of structured validated questionnaires administered via face-to-face interviews (using a mobile device). Questionnaire in a hardcopy format were prepared as a backup in case of technical problems. The questionnaires were pre-tested in two languages (Malay and English) and a manual consisting of the flow of the questionnaire and definitions of terms was available as a guide for data collectors. There were 3 broad sections in this questionnaire which were sociodemographic details, maternal care (pregnancy comorbidity) dan child health. In this study, we focused on the hypertension in pregnancy module.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable definition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemographic details of participants, including locality, age, ethnicity, citizenship, marital status, educational level, and employment status were collected as independent variables and treated with utmost confidentiality. Additionally, advanced maternal age with a cut off of 35 years old, which has been associated with higher incidence of HDP was also included in the study [10, 11].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable in the current study is hypertension at any onset of the perinatal duration, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) \u0026ge; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) \u0026ge; 90 mmHg using an OMRON Digital Blood Pressure Monitor (OMRON, Japan). This includes occurrences of pregnancy-induced hypertension and self-reported pre-eclampsia within the survey data. Blood pressure measurements were additionally verified using participants\u0026apos; antenatal home-based booklets to ensure the accuracy of the information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis was conducted using the SPSS version 26 software (SPSS Inc., US). Weighted results made an important inference for prevalence of diseases among Malaysian population. Weight factor was applied to each individual to adjust for the varying probabilities of selection (design weight), non-response rate, and post-stratification factors which were adjusted for the Malaysian population projection by DOSM in the year 2022.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNominal variables were presented in number (n) and percentage (%), while continuous variables were presented in either mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation (SD). Simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression was used to identify any factor that has a significant association with hypertension. A p-value lesser than 0.05 was considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the principles outline in the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Ethics approval was requested and obtained from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health Malaysia. The study is registered with the National Medical Research Registry as NMRR-20-959-53329. Respondents were briefed on the purpose, process, and requirement of the survey prior to each of the interview and written consents were obtained accordingly.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociodemographic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 6,360 mothers (15-49 years old) with latest childbirth within two years participated in this survey. However, only completed responses from 6,335 (99.6%) mothers were included in the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean (SD) age of the mothers were 31.1 (5.6) years old. Most of the respondents resided in urban areas (70.0%), were of Malay ethnicity (78.7%), were Malaysian citizens (95.2%), married or cohabiting (98.6%), had education up to secondary school (49.8%) and not working (58.4%). The sociodemographic profile of the respondent and the estimated total population are shown in\u0026nbsp;Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1: Sociodemographic profile of the respondents (n = 6,335)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnweighted Count,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated Population\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,335 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e782,550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eState\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e370 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80,734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKedah\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e542 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64,271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKelantan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e560 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57,955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelaka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e468 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30,338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegeri Sembilan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePahang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e456 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37,797\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43,167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e469 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59,786\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerlis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e474 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelangor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149,144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerengganu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e485 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38,381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSabah \u0026amp; WP Labuan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79,980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSarawak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e466 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58,206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWP Kuala Lumpur \u0026amp; Putrajaya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e423 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46,320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,420 (69.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e542,948\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,915 (30.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239,602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group (year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e642 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78,919\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,834 (29.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223,237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,973 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242,959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,298 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159,464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvanced Maternal Age Group (year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBelow 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,523 (72.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e554,673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,754 (27.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219,089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,946 (78.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e569,732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChinese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32,737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28,343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther Bumiputera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e617 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99,281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44,552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCitizenship Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaysian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,979 (95.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e726,740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermanent resident or non-citizen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47,545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle or separated or divorced or widow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,611\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried or cohabiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,193 (98.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e763,050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16,137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49,481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,059 (49.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366,824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,653 (43.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327,014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.04081632653061%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egovernment or semi gov employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e920 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107,299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprivate employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,143 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155,446\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eemployer or self-employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e496 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55,362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eunpaid worker or housewife or not working or student\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,594 (58.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e441,949\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of Hypertension in Pregnancy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of HDP among mothers in Malaysia aged 15 \u0026ndash; 49 years old who recently gave birth within the last two years was 6.52% (95% CI: 5.76, 7.37). The highest prevalence of HDP was reported among rural dwellers (7.40%), advanced maternal age (10.18%), other Bumiputera ethnicities (9.20%), Malaysian citizens (6.68%), single or separated or divorced or widow (7.90%), those with secondary school education level (8.14%) and unpaid worker or housewife or not working or student (7.03%). The prevalence of HDP is summarised in\u0026nbsp;Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2: Prevalence of Hypertension among Mothers in Malaysia (n = 6,335)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnweighted Count, n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated Population\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower CI (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper CI (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51,017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eState\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJohor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKedah\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKelantan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelaka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegeri Sembilan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePahang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e970\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerlis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelangor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerengganu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSabah \u0026amp; WP Labuan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSarawak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWP Kuala Lumpur \u0026amp; Putrajaya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33,285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17,732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group (year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,453\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,718\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,791\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvanced Maternal Age Group (year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBelow 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28,488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,313\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37,101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChinese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther Bumiputera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCitizenship Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaysian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48,574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermanent resident or non-citizen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle or separated or divorced or widow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried or cohabiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e371\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49,883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egovernment or semi gov employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprivate employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eemployer or self-employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0309278350515463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.95876288659794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eunpaid worker or housewife or not working or student\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.52577319587629%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31,047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors associated with hypertension\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimple and multiple logistic regression shows that factors that have a significant association with hypertension were maternal age and ethnicity. Based on the multiple logistic regression, advanced maternal age had higher odds of hypertension compared to those below 35 years old, with an OR of 2.19 (95% CI = 1.64, 2.94). When compared to the Malays, Indians had lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.99). The factors associated with hypertension among mothers are summarised in Table 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3: Factors associated with Hypertension among mothers in Malaysia (n = 6,335)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"931\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.72961373390558%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSimple Logistic Regression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.721030042918454%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple Logistic Regression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.647058823529413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude OR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.647058823529413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.647058823529413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.0206677265500796%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.626391096979333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdj. OR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78537360890302%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.626391096979333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91, 1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76, 1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge group (Year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-19 (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11, 4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17, 5.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26, 8.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37, 11.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54, 18.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45-49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52, 22.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvanced Maternal Age (year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBelow 35 (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59, 2.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64, 2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalay (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChinese\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31, 1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30, 1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22, 1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19, 0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.048\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther Bumiputera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05, 2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93, 1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37, 1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10, 9.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCitizenship\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaysian (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermanent resident or non-citizen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37, 1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05, 5.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle or separated or divorced or widow (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried or cohabiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30, 2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27, 2.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.702\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducational Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno formal education (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprimary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30, 2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19, 1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esecondary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44, 2.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24, 1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etertiary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24, 1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13, 1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.51072961373391%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003egovernment or semi-government employee (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprivate employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59, 1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64, 1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eemployer or self-employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57, 1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49, 1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.7167381974248928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.793991416309012%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eunpaid worker or housewife or not working or student\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84, 1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.909871244635193%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"2.03862660944206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.978540772532188%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68, 1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.871244635193133%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.973\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study documented a prevalence of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) of 6.52% among women in Malaysia who had their latest childbirth within two years of the study. Inferential analysis to explore the factors associated to the prevalence of HDP revealed significant associations of two factors, namely advanced maternal age and ethnicity. Although noticeable difference can be seen among other sociodemographic parameters between those with and without HDP, none of the other sociodemographic data were found to be statistically associated with the incidence of HDP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence documented in this study deserves attention considering its increasing trend compared to the prevalence of 4.50% reported in the Malaysian National Obstetrics Registry 2011/2012 and 5.8% reported in the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2016 [4, 12]. The increasing trend in the prevalence of HDP over 11 years from 2012 to 2023 could be multifactorial, including the obesity pandemic driven by the increasing rate of poor eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle. Considering obesity being established as an important risk factor of HDP [10], the observed elevated prevalence in Malaysia could be influenced by the increasing rate of obesity among the Malaysian population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019, the national prevalence of overweight individuals among adults aged 18 years and above is 30.4% in 2019. When stratified according to gender, 58.9% of this obese population was female [13]. Overweight or obese women before pregnancy faced a higher risk of developing HDP compared to those with normal weight (overweight: OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 2.32\u0026ndash;3.05; obese: OR = 5.53, 95% CI = 4.28\u0026ndash;7.13) [14]. Therefore, increasing body weight among mothers in Malaysia over the years is likely to have contributed to the increase in prevalence of HDP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the increase in prevalence of hypertension among mothers with children, the current prevalence in Malaysia is still low compared to other Asian countries such as Pakistan and India. According to a prospective study conducted in 2019, the prevalence of hypertensive disorders among pregnant women in Pakistan and India were 9.3% and 10.3%, respectively. The study associated the high prevalence with poor healthcare management that lacked a critical assessment of hypertensive disorder among pregnant women [15]. Even though the prevalence in Malaysia has not risen considerably, considerable efforts must be taken to ensure the early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension during pregnancy to reduce the ensuing possible complications and mortality of these women at risk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of maternal age, most of the mothers included in the study were young as the majority of them were below 35 years old, which is similar with previous studies conducted by Khuan et al in Malaysian public hospitals [16]. Maternal age has been established as an important risk factor for HDP as it affects the reproductive process during pregnancy [10]. The current study reflects this idea as the prevalence of HDP is found to be higher for women with advanced maternal age (\u0026ge; 35 years old) compared to younger women. In line with the current study, Rashed et al. (2016) also reported higher incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension among women aged \u0026ge; 35 years old compared to younger women aged 20 \u0026ndash; 34 years old (5.2% vs 0.8%; p\u0026lt;0.001). The notion was also supported in a study where women who were pregnant at 25 \u0026ndash; 29 years old had a lower risk of gestational hypertension than women who aged 35 \u0026ndash; 39 years old (Ye et al., 2014). Adding to the evidence, pregnant women aged \u0026lt; 24 years old were observed to be 69% less likely to develop hypertension during pregnancy compared to women aged \u0026ge; 35 years old [17].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajority of the mothers included in the study were either Malay Bumiputera or other Bumiputera ethnicity, mainly due to the fact that Bumiputeras made up about 60% of the Malaysian population [16]. Interestingly, logistic regression analysis revealed that women of Indian ethnicity had lower odds of developing hypertension compared to other ethnicities (OR = 0.44; p = 0.048). The idea that certain ethnic or racial groups exhibit certain advantages related to specific disease burden, is supported by a wealth of evidence. In the case of HDP, previous studies have consistently substantiated various comparisons between ethnicities, with some groups experiencing higher risk of HDP compared to the others. Many studies done in the West comparing different ethnicities with Caucasian race, has established higher risk of HDP among women of African American and Filipino descent [18], women of African Caribbean origin [19], as well as women of Maori, indigenous Australian, American Indian and native Alaskan origins [20].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe association between ethnicity and risk of HDP had been hypothesised to be driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, whereby the former is related to non-modifiable factors such as genetic variation, and the latter being more related to modifiable factors such as lifestyle and dietary restriction [21]. For instance, the circulating levels of placental growth factor (PlGF), a biomarker linked to the risk of hypertension during pregnancy and gestational diabetes, were observed to be higher in Black and Southeast Asian women than in White women [22]. This suggests genetic variations that differentiate their susceptibility to these conditions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, cultural variations created a unique lifestyle that may be adapted by certain groups of individual belonging to the same ethnic. One potential hypothesis that may correlate with the decreased risk of HDP among Indian ethnicity might be related to salt consumption. A study done to investigate the sodium intake between the different ethnicities in Malaysia, MYSALT 2015, found that Indians consume the least sodium (2273 mg/ day) compared to all other ethnicities (\u0026ge; 2648 mg/day) [23]. Consistent with the established evidence where high sodium intake is directly correlated with higher risk of developing hypertension, the ethnic correlation found in this study may be influenced by the modest consumption of salt among the Indian population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitation and recommendation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the main limitations of this study is that it focuses primarily on the influence of sociodemographic factors and occurrence of HDP among women who had their latest childbirth within two years. Other important factors, including medical factors such as history of comorbidities (gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension), gravida and parity profile (multiple pregnancy and polycystic ovarian syndrome) as well as behavioural factors such as dietary pattern before and/or during pregnancy, smoking status, alcohol consumption and obesity were not investigated. All of these factors had long been established as important risk factors for the development of HDP [10, 21, 24].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile it is acknowledged that the sole focus on sociodemographic factors concerning HDP among women who recently gave birth poses a limitation on the study outcome, narrowing the scope to explore the disease relationship with sociodemographic factors does come with its own merits. In the field of social determinants of health, sociodemographic factors play a crucial role in influencing health outcomes, and understanding its impact is fundamental for public health strategies. The simplicity of scrutinizing sociodemographic data to reveal relevant and actionable results, allows for a more targeted interventions, especially when resources may be limited.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study provides a population-based prevalence of hypertension among women with a child below 2 years old in Malaysia. Advanced maternal age, specifically those above 35 years old, emerges as a risk factor for the development of hypertension among women in this study. Additionally, it is noteworthy that individuals of Indian ethnicity exhibit lower odds of developing hypertension when compared to their Malay counterparts within this demographic.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDBP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;diastolic blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEB \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Enumeration Blocks\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eESRD \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;End-stage renal disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHDP\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLQs \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Living Quarters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNHMS 2022: MCH \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;National Health and Mortality Survey 2022: Maternal and Child Health\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlGF \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;placental growth factor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSU \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Primary Sampling Unit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSBP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;systolic blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSSU \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Second Sampling Unit\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval was requested and obtained from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health Malaysia. The study is registered with the National Medical Research Registry as NMRR-20-959-53329.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKKYR, MABS, WKS, PSKT and MFBMY conceived and performed experiments, analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Director General of Health, Malaysia for his permission to use the data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2022: Maternal \u0026amp; Child Health and to publish this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReport of the American. College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u0026rsquo; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:1122\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNath A, Sheeba B, Sisira R, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy and its associated factors among women attending antenatal clinics in Bengaluru. J Fam Med Prim care. 2021;10:1621\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang W, Xie X, Yuan T, et al. Epidemiological trends of maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy at the global, regional, and national levels: a population-based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21:364.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMinistry of Health Malaysia. Maternal and child health findings. Natl Heal Morb Surv 2016. 2016;2:276.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchutte AE, Srinivasapura Venkateshmurthy N, Mohan S, et al. Hypertension in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Circ Res. 2021;128:808\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUmesawa M, Kobashi G. Epidemiology of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: prevalence, risk factors, predictors and prognosis. Hypertens Res. 2017;40:213\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGudeta TA, Regassa TM. Pregnancy Induced Hypertension and Associated Factors among Women Attending Delivery Service at Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Tepi General Hospital and Gebretsadik Shawo Hospital, Southwest, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2019;29:831\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCunningham MW, LaMarca B. Risk of cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, and stroke in postpartum women and their fetuses after a hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2018;315:R521\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInstitute for Public Health (IPH). \u003cem\u003eTechnical Report National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2022: Maternal and Child Health, Malaysia\u003c/em\u003e. 2023.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYuriah S, Kartini F. Factors Affecting With the Prevalence of Hypertension in Pregnancy: Scoping Review. PLACENTUM J Ilm Kesehat dan Apl. 2022;10:1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRashed HEM, Awaluddin SM, Ahmad NA, et al. Advanced Maternal Age and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Muar, Johor. Sains Malaysiana. 2016;45:1537\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRohani A, Rohana R, Lee P, et al. Review Of Hypertensive Disorder In Pregnancy From 2011 Until 2012 In Malaysia. Natl Obstet Regist. 2012;6:53000.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKoo HC, Tan LK, Lim GP et al. Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data. Int J Environ Res Public Health; 20. Epub ahead of print 9 February 2023. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/ijerph20043058\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhou A, Xiong C, Hu R, Pre-Pregnancy BMI, et al. Gestational Weight Gain, and the Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Cohort Study in Wuhan, China. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0136291.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMagee LA, Sharma S, Nathan HL, et al. The incidence of pregnancy hypertension in India, Pakistan, Mozambique, and Nigeria: A prospective population-level analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1002783.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhuan L, Mohd Zulkifli NQN, Rashid NA, et al. Knowledge among Pregnant Women Regarding Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension at a Public Hospital in Malaysia. Malaysian J Nurs. 2023;14:102\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWalle TA, Azagew AW. Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women attending ante natal care at Gondar town health Institutions, North West Ethiopia 2017. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2019;16:79\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohnson JD, Louis JM. Does race or ethnicity play a role in the origin, pathophysiology, and outcomes of preeclampsia? An expert review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:876\u0026ndash;S885.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eO\u0026rsquo;Gorman N, Wright D, Syngelaki A et al. Competing risks model in screening for preeclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11\u0026ndash;13 weeks gestation. \u003cem\u003eAm J Obstet Gynecol\u003c/em\u003e 2016; 214: 103.e1-103.e12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBornstein E, Eliner Y, Chervenak FA, et al. Racial Disparity in Pregnancy Risks and Complications in the US: Temporal Changes during 2007\u0026ndash;2018. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1414.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJiang L, Tang K, Magee LA, et al. A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18:760\u0026ndash;75.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang J, Pearl M, DeLorenze GN, et al. Racial-ethnic differences in midtrimester maternal serum levels of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215:359e1\u0026ndash;359. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e.e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInstitute for Public Health (IPH). Determination of Dietary Sodium Intake Among the Ministry of Health Staff 2015 (MySalt 2015). 2016; 9\u0026ndash;39.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBugri AA, Gumanga SK, Yamoah P, et al. Prevalence of Hypertensive Disorders, Antihypertensive Therapy and Pregnancy Outcomes among Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Review of Cases at Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:6153.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aoph","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Public Health](http://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13690","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13690/3","title":"Archives of Public Health","twitterHandle":"@Archpubhealth","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hypertension, pregnancy, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, risk factors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831196/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831196/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eHypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) pose a substantial public health concern, ranking among the primary contributors to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, impacting around 5-10% of pregnancies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HDP and its associated risk factors among mothers aged 15-49 who recently gave birth within the last two years, throughout Malaysia, informing effective public health and primary care interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study was a part of the national survey on maternal and child health (MCH) also known as the NHMS 2022: MCH. This was a cross-sectional study using two stage stratified random sampling design. \u0026nbsp;Data of mothers aged 15 – 49 years old who recently gave birth within the last two years were selected in this study. \u0026nbsp;This survey utilised a set of structured validated questionnaires administered via face-to-face interviews (using a mobile device). Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the associated risk factors for hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eAmong 6 335 participants recruited for this study with estimated population of 782, 550, the\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eprevalence of HDP among Malaysian mother aged 15 -49 years old who recently gave birth within the last two years was 6.52% (95% CI: 5.76, 7.37). Multiple logistic regression shows that factors that have a significant association with hypertension were maternal age and ethnicity. Advanced maternal age had higher odds of hypertension compared to those below 35 years old, with an OR of 2.19 (95% CI = 1.64, 2.94). When compared to the Malays, Indians had lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.99).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eThis knowledge is important for the early diagnosis and management of HDP to avoid adverse health outcomes in perinatal and postnatal mothers.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence of Hypertension in Pregnancy and Its Associated Sociodemographic Factors Among Mothers Aged 15-49 Years Old in Malaysia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-09 04:19:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831196/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-03-07T20:32:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-07T13:46:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"31c48bfe-e64b-42e2-b8cb-b8cf5ad90700","date":"2024-02-22T12:12:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-02-19T23:33:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-01-08T15:02:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-01-08T15:02:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Archives of Public Health","date":"2024-01-03T06:49:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"aoph","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Public Health](http://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13690","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13690/3","title":"Archives of Public Health","twitterHandle":"@Archpubhealth","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a0ea5cb2-fb79-4c67-aafd-c86cccf2d495","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-22T19:38:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3831196","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01349-7","journal":{"identity":"archives-of-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Archives of Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2024-08-12 15:57:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 12th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-09 04:19:51","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13690-024-01349-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01349-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3831196","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3831196","identity":"rs-3831196","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}