Repeatable differences in exploratory behaviour predict tick infestation probability in wild great tits

Ticks are parasites that feed on the blood of various vertebrate hosts, including many species of bird. Birds can disperse ticks over short and long distances, therefore impacting tick population dynamics. The likelihood that birds attract ticks should depend on their behaviour and the environment. We studied various key ecological variables (breeding density, human disturbance) and phenotypic traits (exploratory behaviour; body condition) proposed to predict tick burden in great tits ( Parus major ). Our study spanned over three years and 12 human-recreated plots, equipped with nest-boxes in southern Germany. Adult breeders were assessed for exploratory behaviour, tick burden, and body condition. For each plot, human disturbance was quantified as a human recreational pressure index during biweekly nest box inspections by scoring the number of recreants using the plots. Infestation probability but not tick burden increased with exploratory behaviour. We also found moderate support for a positive effect of recreational pressure on infestation probability. Further, body condition negatively predicted tick burden. Individuals were repeatable in tick burden across years. Our study implies that infestation probability and tick burden are governed by distinct ecological and phenotypic drivers. Our findings also highlight the importance of incorporating ecological and individual variation in host phenotypes to predict spatiotemporal distributions of ticks in nature. (207/250-word limit) Lay Summary Ticks use many birds as hosts, but why do some individuals have more or fewer ticks? Using a data collected over three years on great tit adults inhabiting 12 different nest-box plots, we showed that more explorative birds and those in highly recreated habitats were more likely to be infested with ticks. Exploratory behaviour and human disturbance could modify great tit habitat choice and, therefore, impact how often a birds and ticks encounter each other.