High-Throughput 3D Bioprinted Organoids of Skin Cancer Utilized for Diagnosis and Personalized Therapy

Skin cancer remains a major global health burden, necessitating more accurate models for understanding disease mechanisms, drug responses, and patient variability. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting have enabled the development of high-throughput, patient-specific organoids that closely mimic the structural and functional characteristics of native skin tumors. This review highlights the integration of 3D bioprinting technologies with bioengineered extracellular matrices and patient-derived cells to fabricate skin cancer organoids for diagnostic screening and personalized medicine applications. We discuss key bioinks, printing strategies, and biomimetic approaches used to replicate the tumor microenvironment, as well as the incorporation of immune and stromal components for enhanced physiological relevance. The utility of these organoids in high-throughput drug screening, mutation-specific therapy design, and biomarker discovery is also evaluated. Furthermore, we explore current challenges and future directions for translating bioprinted skin cancer models into clinical workflows. Collectively, this review underscores the transformative potential of 3D bioprinted organoids in the precision oncology landscape for skin cancer.