Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus based on HOMA-IR and BMI
preprint
OA: closed
Abstract
Abstract Aims To identify the characteristics and pregnancy outcomes across different subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on insulin resistance and body mass index.Methods This retrospective study included 1804 women who underwent a 75g-OGTT during 22-28weeks of gestation, categorized into normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and GDM. Metabolic indicators were measured, and equation of homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) were used to calculate indices of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell secretory (HOMA-B), and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S) in early and mid-pregnancy .The cut-off value of HOMA-IR in early pregnancy was determined by ROC curve(1.75), which was combined with pre-pregnancy BMI to group NGT and GDM groups into six subgroups each ,stratified according HOMA-IR ≥ 1.75 or HOMA-IR < 1.75 and BMI < 18.5kg/m2 or 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25kg/m2 or BMI ≥ 25kg/m2.Results Compared with women with NGT (1487), women with GDM(317[17.57%]of the total cohort), were significantly older, had higher BMI, fasting plasma glucose(FPG) ,insulin and lipids in early pregnancy, more pronounced insulin resistance in early and mid-pregnancy, and worse outcomes. Analysis of subgroups provided further information. In early pregnancy, except for the GDM subgroup with HOMA-IR ≥ 1.75/BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 having higher FPG than the control subgroup, other subgroups had similar FPG, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and HOMA-%S compared with the NGT subgroups. At the time of OGTT, the peak of glucose and insulin were out of sync in GDM subgroups, accompanied by increased HOMA-IR and HOMA-B and decreased HOMA-%S except for the GDM subgroup with HOMA-IR < 1.75/BMI < 18.5kg/m2. Compared with the corresponding NGT subgroups, the GDM subgroup had higher rates of neonatal jaundice (36.5% vs 12.5, p 1.75/18.5kg/m2 ≤ BMI 1.75/BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. While the GDM subgroup had the highest rates of PROM and postpartum hemorrhage in women with HOMA-IR < 1.75/BMI < 18.5kg/m2 and 1-minute Apgar score in women with HOMA-IR < 1.75/18.5kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2.Conclusion GDM presents a more adverse metabolic profile and severe insulin resistance from early pregnancy, with a greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Subgrouping based on early BMI and IR in GDM reveals different β-cell function at the time of OGTT, along with varying outcomes.
Full text
209,173 characters
· extracted from
preprint-html
· click to expand
Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus based on HOMA-IR and BMI | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus based on HOMA-IR and BMI li jiang, An-qiong Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4602203/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aims To identify the characteristics and pregnancy outcomes across different subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on insulin resistance and body mass index. Methods This retrospective study included 1804 women who underwent a 75g-OGTT during 22-28weeks of gestation, categorized into normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and GDM. Metabolic indicators were measured, and equation of homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) were used to calculate indices of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell secretory (HOMA-B), and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S) in early and mid-pregnancy .The cut-off value of HOMA-IR in early pregnancy was determined by ROC curve(1.75), which was combined with pre-pregnancy BMI to group NGT and GDM groups into six subgroups each ,stratified according HOMA-IR ≥ 1.75 or HOMA-IR < 1.75 and BMI < 18.5kg/m2 or 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25kg/m2 or BMI ≥ 25kg/m2. Results Compared with women with NGT (1487), women with GDM(317[17.57%]of the total cohort), were significantly older, had higher BMI, fasting plasma glucose(FPG) ,insulin and lipids in early pregnancy, more pronounced insulin resistance in early and mid-pregnancy, and worse outcomes. Analysis of subgroups provided further information. In early pregnancy, except for the GDM subgroup with HOMA-IR ≥ 1.75/BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 having higher FPG than the control subgroup, other subgroups had similar FPG, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and HOMA-%S compared with the NGT subgroups. At the time of OGTT, the peak of glucose and insulin were out of sync in GDM subgroups, accompanied by increased HOMA-IR and HOMA-B and decreased HOMA-%S except for the GDM subgroup with HOMA-IR < 1.75/BMI < 18.5kg/m2. Compared with the corresponding NGT subgroups, the GDM subgroup had higher rates of neonatal jaundice (36.5% vs 12.5, p 1.75/18.5kg/m2 ≤ BMI 1.75/BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. While the GDM subgroup had the highest rates of PROM and postpartum hemorrhage in women with HOMA-IR < 1.75/BMI < 18.5kg/m2 and 1-minute Apgar score in women with HOMA-IR < 1.75/18.5kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2. Conclusion GDM presents a more adverse metabolic profile and severe insulin resistance from early pregnancy, with a greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Subgrouping based on early BMI and IR in GDM reveals different β-cell function at the time of OGTT, along with varying outcomes. Gestational diabetes mellitus Subtypes Insulin resistance Pregnancy outcome Figures Figure 1 What does this study add to the clinical work In this work, women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and non-GDM were further grouped by insulin resistance (IR) index and body mass index (BMI) in early pregnancy. It was found that the β-cell functions of GDM women at the time of 75-OGTT were different from those of non-GDM women in different subgroups, along with varying pregnancy outcomes. These can help clinicians identify the possible pregnancy outcomes of women with different insulin resistance index and body mass index from early pregnancy, and give interventions as soon as possible to reduce the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes have been increasingly recognized. Certain risk factors, such as advanced age, obesity, gestational weight gain, and insulin resistance, can be modified to mitigate the risks associated with GDM [ 1 – 3 ]. Similar to type 2 diabetes, the internal cause of GDM is often attributed to insulin resistance or/and inadequate insulin secretion. Previous study have shown that development of GDM in lean GDM women is primarily linked to impaired insulin secretory, whereas in overweight women, it is associated with both IR and insufficient insulin secretion, based on IR or BMI when diagnosing GDM, with distinct pregnancy outcomes [ 4 – 9 ]. In this study, we retrospectively examined the correlation between insulin resistance and pregnant outcomes by evaluating HOMA-IR and BMI in early pregnancy, along with selected clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Material and methods This retrospective study involved 1804 pregnant women who received regular check-ups at Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Sichuan, China from May 2021 to October 2022. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Sichuan (Ethics Approval No: 2021NO.02). According to our ethics committee, retrospective research can be conducted by disclosing information on the website. Clinical data were collected for all participants, including name, age, height, weight (including pre-pregnancy weight and pre-delivery weight), last menstrual period, gravidity(≥ 2times) and parity(≥ 1times), interval between the last childbirth(≥ 6years), history of macrosomia (birth weight > 4kg), history of cesarean section, medical history, and medication history. FPG, FINS, as well as lipid profile including TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C were measured during weeks 6–16 of pregnancy (1st trimester). The results of OGTT and IRT at 22–28 weeks (2nd trimester), including blood glucose level (G 0min , G 60min , G 120min ) and insulin level (I 0min , I 60min , I 120min ) before and after glucose loading, were used to assess β-cell function (indices of HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, HOMA-%s). Blood glucose and lipid profile were measured after week 30 of pregnancy (3rd trimester). Insulin secretion and resistance were evaluated using the HOMA model equations described by Matthews et al [ 10 ]: -HOMA - IR = Fasting insulin (uU/ml) /Fasting glucose (mmol/L) /22.5. -HOMA-B = 20 x Fasting insulin (uU/ml) / [Fasting glucose (mmol/L) -3.5] -HOMA of insulin sensitivity (HOMA - %S) index = 1/HOMA-IR x 100% Maternal outcome indicators include gestational age, mode of delivery, pregnancy-induced hypertension/preeclampsia, severe ICP, primary cesarean section, PROM and chorionitis. Perinatal outcome indicators included premature delivery (gestational age P 90 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity), SGA (defined as birth weight < P10 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity), macrosomia, low birth weight (birth weight < 2.5kg), neonatal jaundice, 1min Apgar score (score < 7) and NICU admission. Statistical methods All data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and expressed as mean ± SD for quantitative and frequencies or percentages for qualitative, otherwise expressed as median and interquartile rang (25th-75th percentile). χ 2 test (or exact probability method) was employed to compare categorical variables, Wilcoxon rank sum test or Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare continuous variables between two groups or multiple groups. As p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results 1. Comparison Between GDM Group and NGT Group According to the diagnostic criteria for GDM proposed by IADPSG in 2010 [ 1 ], the cohort comprised 1804 women, stratified into 317(17.6%)GDM subjects and 1487 NGT subjects. Significant differences were observed in age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and previous obstetric history between the two groups. Except HOMA-%S, all metabolic parameter in GDM group in the 1st trimester were higher than those in NGT group ( p < 0.05). FBG in NGT group was lower in 2nd trimester than 1st trimester, whereas comparable in GDM group. After an oral glucose load, the peak of plasma insulin concentrations in GDM group occurred somewhat later than those in NGT group, with higher HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and lower HOMA-%S. In the 3nd trimester, except for TG, the other three lipid profiles, GWG and delivery weeks were much lower in GDM group (Table 1 ). Table 1 Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in GDM group VS NGT group Characteristic NGT group(n = 1487) GDM group(n = 317) P value General Age(years) 28.7 ± 4.0 30.4 ± 4.3 < 0.001 Per-pregnancy BMI(kg/m 2 ) 21.6 ± 5.5 23.1 ± 3.3 < 0.001 History of hypothyroidism 12.2(181) 14.5(46) 0.254 Interval between the last childbirth 23.1(343) 35.3(112) < 0.001 Gravidity 34.6(514) 43.2(137) < 0.001 Parity 41.7(620) 53.(168) < 0.0001 History of macrosomia 1.8(27) 4.7(15) 0.002 History of caesarean 15.9(232) 26.8(85) < 0.0001 6-16weeks of pregnancy FPG(mmol/l) 4.7(4.5,4.9) a0 4.9(4.7,5.2) b0 < 0.001 FINS(uU/ml) 6.2(4.5,8.5) a1 7.9(5.6,10.7) b1 < 0.001 HOMA-IR 1.3(0.9,1.8) a2 1.7(1.2,2.4) b2 < 0.001 HOMA-B 102.8(77.1,137.9) a3 111.3(80.2,154.9) b3 0.003 HOMA-%S 76.6(54.9,107.5) a4 57.5(41.2,83.5) b4 < 0.001 TG(mmol/l) 1.2(1.0,1.6) e0 1.4(1.1,1.9) f0 < 0.001 TC(mmol/l) 4.2(3.8,4.7) e1 4.4(3.9,4.9) f1 < 0.001 HDL-C(mmol/l) 1.5(1.3,1.7) e2 1.4(1.3,1.7) f2 0.309 LDL-C(mmol/l) 2.2(1.8,2.6) e3 2.4(2.0,2.8) f3 < 0.001 22–28 weeks of pregnancy G 0min (mmol/l) 4.5(4.3,4.7) 5.0(4.5,5.2) < 0.001 G 60min (mmol/l) 7.3(6.3,8.3) 10.1(9.1,10.7) < 0.001 G 120min (mmol/l) 6.2(5.5,7.0) 8.5(7.3,9.2) < 0.001 I 0min (uU/ml) 7.3(5.6,9.8) 9.6(7.0,13.7) < 0.001 I 60min (uU/ml) 52.4(36.8,74.0) c1 64.6(46.7,100.0) d1 < 0.001 I 120min (uU/ml) 42.2(29.0,60.9) c2 70.0(44.9,98.5) d2 < 0.001 HOMA-IR 1.4(1.1,2.0) 2.2(1.5,3.2) < 0.001 HOMA-B 158.2(122.2,209.7) 142.8(109.6,192.2) < 0.001 HOMA-%S 69.2(50.1,91.8) 47.1(32.5,68.0) < 0.001 30-42weeks of pregnancy FPG(mmol/l) 4.5(4.3,4.7) 4.9(4.5,5.1) < 0.001 TG(mmol/l) 3.04(2.46,3.87) 3.4(2.7,4.2) < 0.001 TC(mmol/l) 6.2(5.6,7.0) 6.0(5.3,6.8) 0.002 HDL-C(mmol/l) 1.6(1.4,1.8) 1.5(1.3,1.7) < 0.001 LDL-C(mmol/l) 3.4(2.8,4.1) 3.2(2.6,3.9) < 0.001 Maternal pregnancy outcomes GWG(kg) 13.3 ± 4.4 11.08 ± 4.3 < 0.001 Gestational age(days) 273.5 ± 12.6 272.0 ± 8.1 0.037 Gravity ICP 1.5(22) 2.8(9) 0.091 Gestational Hypertension /Preeclampsia 3.1(46) 4.7(15) 0.143 Chorionitis 1.5(22) 1.9(6) 0.589 PPROM 19.4(288) 23.3(74) 0.128 Primary cesarean section 26.8(398) 26.8(85) 0.986 Postpartum Hemorrhage 2.0(29) 3.5(11) 0.095 Perinatal outcomes Neonatal jaundice 14.8(220) 24.6(78) 0.001 LGA 14.3(213) 23.0(73) 0.001 SGA 3.3(49) 1.0(3) 0.038 Infant of low-birth weight 3.9(49) 2.4(7) 0.313 Macrosomia 3.7(53) 9.7(30) 0.001 Premature 4.2(62) 5.0(16) 0.485 Neonatal asphyxia 2.3(34) 4.1(13) 0.066 Apgar 1min < 7 0.8(12) 3.8(12) 0.001 NICU admission 4.3(64) 7.6(24) 0.014 Categorical variables were presented as %(n); continuous variables were presented as mean ±SD if normally distributed and as median (interquartile rang) if not normally distributed . Differences were considered significant at p 4kg), Infant of low-birth weight (birth weight <2.5kg), Premature delivery (gestational age P 90 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity), SGA (defined as birth weight <P10 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity). There were differences between indexes of a0-4 and b1-4 at 6-16 weeks of pregnancy and those at 22-28 weeks of pregnancy, p<0.05; Comparison between c1 and c2 showed differences, p<0.001; Comparison between d1 and d2 showed no difference, p=0.726; There were differences between indexes of e0-3 and f0-3 at 22-28 weeks of pregnancy and those at 30-42 weeks of pregnancy, p<0.05 Comparison of GDM group with NGT group revealed significantly higher rates of LGA, macrosomia, neonatal jaundice, 1min Apgar score and NICU admission ( p 0.05) (Table 1 ). 2. Subgroups of GDM and NGT Comparison Participants were categorized into underweight group (BMI < 18.5kg/m2), normal weight group (18.5kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 25.0kg/m2) and overweight group (BMI ≥ 25.0kg/m2) based on pre-pregnancy BMI [ 11 ]. Calculation of HOMA-IR indices in early pregnancy involved ROC curve analysis to determine the HOMA-IR cut-off value. The ROC curve in Fig. 1 showed a maximum area of 0.65 (sensitivity 0.57, specificity 0.67, p < 0.001), with a cut-off value at 1.75. By combining HOMA-IR cut-off value with pre-pregnancy BMI, NGT and GDM subjects were grouped into six subgroups each, with details of each subgroup provided in Table 2 (excluding subgroups with HOMA-IR 1.75/BMI < 18.5kg/m2). Table 2 Subgroups of GDM and NGT based on HOMA-IR and BMI in early pregnancy HOMA-IR BMI(kg/m2) HOMA-IR ≥ 1.75 HOMA-IR < 1.75 < 18.5 ≥ 18.5 < 25.0 ≥ 25.0 < 18.5 ≥ 18.5 < 25.0 ≥ 25.0 NGT subgroups (n) - E G A C - 26 256 125 188 836 56 GDM subgroups (n) - F H B D - 1 74 83 15 120 24 First trimester, only FPG was different between subgroups G and H, other variables including age, FPG, FINS, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, HOMA-%S, and lipid profiles of other subgroups were similar. At the time of OGTT, the peak of plasma insulin concentrations were out of sync with the peak of plasma glucose in GDM subgroups. Except for subgroups A and B, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and HOMA-%S of subgroups D, F and H differed from subgroups C, E and G (refer to Table 3 ). In the third trimester, FPG in GDM subgroups exhibited differences from the control subgroups. Table 3 Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in GDM subgroups vs NGT subgroups stratified by HOMA-IR and BMI in early pregnancy Characteristic Group A(n = 188) Group B (n = 15) P value Group C(n = 836) Group D(n = 120) P value Group E (n = 256) Group F (n = 74) P value Group G (n = 125) Group H (n = 83) P value General Age(years) 27.2 ± 3.7 30.2 ± 5.4 1.00 29.2 ± 3.9 30.5 ± 4.5 0.21 28.1 ± 3.9 29.7 ± 4.2 0.10 28.6 ± 4.2 30.4 ± 4.1 0.11 Per-pregnancy BMI(kg/m2) 17.4 ± 1.0 17.3 ± 1.1 1.00 21.1 ± 1.6 21.1 ± 1.6 1.00 22.0 ± 1.8 22.2 ± 1.7 1.00 27.3 ± 2.6 26.9 ± 2.0 1.00 History of hypothyroidism 10.6(20) 0.0(0) 0.18 12.3(103) 13.3(16) 0.75 12.9(33) 12.2(9) 0.87 12.8(16) 24.1(20) 0.03 Interval between the last childbirth 16.0(30) 20.0(3) 0.68 26.0(217) 38.3(46) 0.005 17.6(45) 27.0(20) 0.07 26.4(33) 24.7(29) 0.19 Gravidity 26.6(50) 40.0(6) 0.26 37.1(310) 45.0(54) 0.01 28.5(73) 35.1(26) 0.27 41.6(52) 39.2(29) 0.74 Parity 27.1(51) 40.0(6) 0.29 45.2(378) 58.3(70) 0.007 38.7(99) 41.9(31) 0.62 47.2(59) 51.8(43) 0.52 History of macrosomia 1.1(2) 0.0(0) 1.0 1.4(12) 4.2(5) 0.34 2.3(6) 6.8(5) 0.06 4.0(5) 3.6(3) 1.00 History of caesarean 9.0(17) 20.0(3) 0.36 16.5(138) 39.2(35) < 0.001 16.0(41) 23.0(17) 0.16 23.3(29) 26.5(22) 0.59 6-16weeks of pregnancy G 0min (mmol/l) 4.7 (4.5,4.8) 4.7 (4.6,5.0) 1.00 4.7 (4.5,4.9) 4.8 (4.5,5.0) 0.30 5.0 (4.8,5.2) 5.1 (4.8,5.4) 1.00 4.9 (4.7,5.0) 5.0 (4.9,5.3) 0.01 I 0min (uU/ml) 4.5 (3.4,5.8) 5.1 (3.8,6.1) 1.00 5.5 (4.2,6.6) 5.5 (4.3,6.6) 1.00 10.0 (8.8,11.9) 9.6 (8.5,12.4) 1.00 11.1 (9.5,14.1) 11.6 (9.8,14.2) 1.00 HOMA-IR 0.9 (0.7,1.3) 1.1 (0.8,1.3) 1.00 1.1 (0.9,1.4) 1.2 (0.9,1.4) 1.00 2.2 (2.0,2.6) 2.3 (1.9,2.8) 1.00 2.4 (2.1,3.0) 2.7 (2.2,3.2) 1.00 HOMA-B 78.3 (63.1,99.6) 69.4(52.5,106.3) 1.00 90.9 (71.7,114.5) 81.1 (65.2,110.5) 1.00 142.6 (114.7,179.2) 129.7 (102.4,158.9) 1.00 176.6 (137.0,217.4) 162.4 (127.8,190.4) 1.00 HOMA-%S 107.4(80.1,142.4) 90.6 (75.6,118.4) 1.00 87.8 (73.3,118.0) 84.0 (72.4,112.7) 1.00 45.8 (39.2,51.3) 43.9 (35.6,53.9) 1.00 42.6 (33.6,48.5) 37.8 (31.7,45.5) 1.00 TG(mmol/l) 1.1 (0.9,1.3) 1.2 (1.0,1.3) 1.00 1.2 (0.9,1.5) 1.3 (1.0,1.7) 1.00 1.3 (1.0,1.7) 1.5 (1.2,2.0) 0.08 1.6 (1.2,2.0) 1.7 (1.3,2.2) 1.00 TC(mmol/l) 4.0 (3.6,4.5) 4.4 (3.8,5.4) 0.76 4.2 (3.8,4.7) 4.2 (3.8,4.7) 1.00 4.2 (3.9,4.7) 4.4 (4.0,4.9) 1.00 4.4 (3.9,5.0) 4.6 (4.1,5.1) 1.00 HDL-C(mmol/l) 1.5 (1.3,1.7) 1.6 (1.3,2.0) 1.00 1.5 (1.3,1.7) 1.6 (1.3,1.7) 1.00 1.4 (1.3,1.6) 1.4 (1.3,1.6) 1.00 1.4 (1.2,1.6) 1.3 (1.2,1.5) 1.00 LDL-C(mmol/l) 1.9 (1.7,2.3) 2.2 (1.8,2.8) 1.00 2.2 (1.8,2.5) 2.2 (1.8,2.5) 1.00 2.3 (1.9,2.6) 2.5 (2.2,2.8) 0.20 2.5 (2.2,2.8) 2.6 (2.3,3.2) 0.88 22–28 weeks of pregnancy G 0min (mmol/l) 4.4 (4.2,4.6) 4.7 (4.5,5.0) 0.01 4.5 (4.2,4.6) 4.7 (4.3,5.1) < 0.001 4.5 (4.3,4.8) 5.1 (4.6,5.2) < 0.001 4.6 (4.4,4.8) 5.1 (4.9,5.4) < 0.001 G 60min (mmol/l) 6.9 (5.9,8.1) 9.9 (8.6,10.6) < 0.001 7.2 (6.2,8.1) 10.0 (8.9,10.9) < 0.001 7.6 (6.7,8.5) 10.3 (9.1,10.7) < 0.001 8.0 (6.8,8.9) 10.2 (9.1,10.8) < 0.001 G 120min (mmol/l) 6.2 (5.4,6.9) 8.2 (7.3,9.2) < 0.001 6.2 (5.4,6.9) 8.6 (7.6,9.3) < 0.001 6.4 (5.7,7.0) 8.3 (6.8,9.2) < 0.001 6.5 (5.9,7.2) 8.2 (7.3,9.2) < 0.001 I 0min (uU/ml) 5.9 (4.8,7.1) 7.6 (5.7,11.5) 0.43 7.0 (5.3,8.8) 7.6 (5.8,9.4) 0.81 9.2 (6.9,12.3) 10.9 (8.0,16.1) 0.52 12.0 (9.0,15.0) 14.1 (10.9,16.8) 0.72 I 60min (uU/ml) 41.9 a1 (31.5,56.5) 61.3 b1 (37.8,79.9) 0.64 49.7 c1 (34.3,67.5) 56.0 d1 (39.1,75.0) 1.00 65.2 e1 (46.3,94.1) 74.4 f1 (53.0,127.1) 1.00 69.9 g1 (52.6,102.8) 90.0 h1 (58.7,129.5) 1.00 I 120min (uU/ml) 37.0 a2 (25.3,49.4) 72.4 b2 (41.0,109.8) 0.002 39.4 c2 (27.8,56.6) 52.6 d2 (42.2,76.9) < 0.001 51.8 e2 (35.9,78.0) 74.0 f2 (48.0,115.8) 0.001 59.4 g2 (43.3,82.3) 81.9 h2 (56.6,125.7) 0.002 HOMA-IR 1.1 (0.9,1.4) 1.6 (1.2,2.3) 0.16 1.4 (1.0,1.8) 1.6 (1.2,2.1) 0.03 1.9 (1.4,2.5) 2.4 (1.6,3.5) 0.03 2.4 (1.9,3.1) 3.2 (2.4,3.9) 0.002 HOMA-B 133.5(105.2,178.4) 126.8(94.2,160.5) 1.00 150.1(115.9,195.3) 132.0 (101.3,177.9) 0.002 176.2 (140.3,247.6) 154.4 (117.4,198.2) 0.04 211.8 (162.3,285.1) 170.2 (134.0,214.2) 0.01 HOMA-%S 87.4 (70.6,110.6) 62.3 (43.2,86.5) 0.16 73.0 (56.5,98.5) 64.2 (48.3,87.0) 0.03 53.2 (40.0,72.0) 41.0 (28.3,62.0) 0.03 42.2 (31.8,53.9) 31.7 (25.8,41.0) 0.002 30-42weeks of pregnancy FPG(mmol/l) 4.4 (4.2,4.6) 4.8 (4.4,5.1) 0.008 4.5 (4.3,4.7) 4.7 (4.4,5.1) < 0.001 4.6 (4.4,4.8) 4.9 (4.5,5.1) 0.001 4.6 (4.4,45.0) 5.0 (4.7,5.3) < 0.001 TG(mmol/l) 2.9 (2.4,3.7) 3.8 (2.9,4.1) 1.00 3.1 (2.4,3.9) 3.0 (2.5,3.9) 1.00 3.0 (2.5,3.9) 3.5 (3.0,4.4) 0.004 3.2 (2.6,4.2) 3.6 (3.0,4.6) 0.43 TC(mmol/l) 6.5 (5.8,7.3) 6.2 (5.8,7.4) 1.00 6.3 (5.7,7.0) 6.4 (5.4,6.9) 1.00 6.1 (5.4,7.0) 6.1 (5.3,6.9) 1.00 5.7 (5.1,6.7) 5.6 (5.0,6.6) 1.00 HDL-C(mmol/l) 1.6 (1.5,1.9) 1.6 (1.3,1.8) 1.00 1.6 (1.4,1.8) 1.6 (1.4,1.9) 1.00 1.6 (1.4,1.8) 1.5 (1.3,1.7) 0.40 1.5 (1.3,1.8) 1.4 (1.3,1.7) 1.00 LDL-C(mmol/l) 3.7 (3.1,4.4) 3.2 (2.7,3.9) 1.00 3.4 (2.9,4.0) 3.4 (2.7,4.0) 1.00 3.3 (2.7,4.0) 3.1 (2.45,4.0) 1.00 3.2 (2.5,3.9) 3.0 (2.5,3.6) 1.00 Maternal pregnancy outcomes GWG(kg) 13.8 ± 3.6 11.8 ± 2.9 1.00 13.5 ± 4.2 11.8 ± 3.6 0.001 13.1 ± 4.5 12.1 ± 4.0 1.00 11.4 ± 5.3 10.3 ± 5.0 0.92 Gestational age(days) 272.4 ± 12.6 271.3 ± 8.0 1.00 273.9 ± 11.0 272.54 ± 7.0 1.00 273.4 ± 10.5 271.9 ± 8.5 0.43 273.08 ± 7.8 271.1 ± 7.6 1.00 Severe ICP 2.1(4) 2.0(4) 1.00 1.1(9) 1.7(2) 0.91 2.3(6) 1.4(1) 0.95 2.4(3) 1.2(1) 0.92 Gestational Hypertension /Preeclampsia 2.7(5) 0.0(0) 1.00 1.7(14) 2.3(4) 0.73 4.7(12) 2.7(2) 0.68 8.8(11) 9.6(8) 0.84 chorionitis 1.6(3) 6.7(1) 0.69 1.7(14) 1.7(2) 1.00 0.4(1) 1.1(1) 0.93 0.8(1) 2.4(2) 0.74 PPROM 22.3(42) 46.7(7) 0.03 18.9(158) 18.3(22) 0.93 20.3(52) 20.3(15) 0.99 14.4(18) 20.5(17) 0.25 Primary cesarean section 22.9(43) 6.7(1) 0.25 24.8(207) 23.3(28) 0.85 28.9(74) 33.8(25) 0.42 38.4(48) 31.3(26) 0.29 Total cesarean section 39.3(74) 26.7(4) 0.49 49.0(410) 63.3(76) 0.003 52.3(134) 63.5(47) 0.09 68.8(86) 68.7(57) 0.99 Postpartum Hemorrhage 3.2(6) 20(3) 0.02 2.3(19) 1.7(2) 0.93 0.8(2) 4.1(3) 0.14 0.8(1) 2.4(2) 0.72 perinatal outcomes Neonatal jaundice 16.5(31) 20.0(3) 1.00 14.8(124) 19.2(23) 0.22 12.5(32) 36.5(27) < 0.01 20.0(25) 25.3(21) 0.37 LGA 6.9(12) 0.0(0) 0.60 14.7(119) 19.2(23) 0.20 14.3(36) 28.8(21) 0.004 24.6(30) 28.4(23) 0.55 SGA 7.4(14) 0.0(0) 0.57 3.6(26) 0.0(0) 0.098 1.9(5) 1.4(1) 1.00 2.4(3) 2.4(2) 1.00 Infant of low-birth weight 5.3(10) 0.0(0) 0.76 3.0(25) 1.67(2) 0.517 3.5(9) 2.7(2) 1.00 2.4(3) 2.4(2) 0.64 Macrosomia 0.6(1) 0.0(0) 1.00 4.2(34) 5.1(6) 0.66 3.2(8) 3.6(8) 0.007 4.1(5) 16.0(13) 0.003 Premature 4.8(9) 6.7(1) 1.00 4.2(35) 3.3(4) 0.85 4.3(11) 6.8(5) 0.39 4.8(6) 6(5) 0.70 Neonatal asphyxia 3.2(6) 0.0(0) 1.00 2.2(18) 3.0(6) 0.06 2.3(6) 2.7(2) 1.00 3.2(4) 3.6(3) 1.00 Apgar 1min < 7 1.1(2) 0.0(0) 1.00 0.6(5) 5.0(6) < 0.001 1.6(4) 2.6(2) 0.90 0.8(1) 3.6(3) 0.35 NICU admission 1.6(3) 6.7(1) 0.69 4.1(34) 5.0(6) 0.63 5.5(14) 12.2(9) 0.046 7.2(9) 7.2(6) 0.99 Categorical variables were presented as %(n); continuous variables were presented as mean ±SD if normally distributed and as median ( interquartile rang) if not normally distributed . Gravidity(≥2times), Parity(≥1times), Interval between the last childbirth(≥6years), Macrosomia (birth weight > 4kg), Infant of low-birth weight (birth weight <2.5kg), Premature delivery (gestational age P 90 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity), SGA (defined as birth weight <P10 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity). Differences were considered significant at p <0.005 a1 vs a2, c1 vs c2, e1 vs e2, g1 vs g2(p0.05) Further analysis of subgroup outcomes provided additional insights. Subgroup B had higher rates of PROM (46.7% vs 22.3, p = 0.03) and postpartum hemorrhage (20% vs 3.2%, p = 0.02) compared to subgroup A. Subgroups C and D showed differences in 1-minute scores (5% vs 0.6%, p < 0.001) and previous obstetric history, such as gravidity, parity, interval between the last childbirth, and cesarean section. Subgroup F had higher rates of LGA (28.8% vs 14.3%, p = 0.004), macrosomia (3.6% vs 3.2%, p = 0.007), neonatal jaundice (36.5% vs12.5%, p < 0.001), and NICU admission (12.2% vs 5.5%, p = 0.046) compared to subgroup E. Subgroup H had higher macrosomia (16% vs4.1%, p = 0.003) and history of hypothyroidism compared to subgroup G (refer to Table 3 ). Discussion Our findings demonstrate that GDM with higher IR from early pregnancy represents a more adverse metabolic profile and a greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than seen in women with NGT [ 3 – 5 , 12 ]. Additionally, GDM subgroups exhibit different β-cell function in mid- pregnancy, leading to varied outcomes, compared to NGT subgroups. GDM is believed to share a similar etiology with type 2 diabetes, involving defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance [ 12 – 14 ], with delayed insulin secretion reflecting an early stage of β-cell dysfunction. [ 9 , 12 ]. Insulin resistance and decreased sensitivity are evident in GDM group from early pregnancy onwards. The β-cell secretory function (measured by HOMA-B) in NGT and its subgroups increases sufficiently to counteract aggravated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and reduced insulin sensitivity (measured by HOMA-%S), resulting in decreased FPG at 22–28 weeks (consistent with previous report [ 15 ]). However, GDM and its subgroups display delayed insulin secretion [ 16 , 17 ] and alterations in HOMA indices except for subgroup B, suggesting that IR was the primary cause of GDM. This dynamic imbalance between IR and up-regulation of β-cell secretion leads to abnormal maternal glucose metabolism. Lean GDM subgroup (subgroups B) is primarily associated with delayed insulin secretion rather than impaired insulin secretory. Discrepancies between our study and previous reports [ 3 , 5 – 7 ] may be attributed to sample size (our study had a larger sample size) and metabolic variables (we had more clinic and biochemical variables). In addition, differences in the criteria for stratifying the low BMI subgroup may also contribute to variations (our underweight subgroup was defined as BMI < 18.5kg/m2, while it was BMI < 23kg/m2 in the report by M. Fakhrul-Alam et al. [ 7 ]). There were discrepancies in maternal and neonatal outcomes [ 1 , 3 , 8 , 12 , 18 ]. In the study by Benhalima et al study [ 3 ], women with high IR exhibited a similar rate of LGA and macrosomia compared to those with NGT. In contrast to our finding, we observed that women with high IR had higher rates of LGA and macrosomia, particularly with the highest rate of macrosomia (similar to the report by Powe et al [ 4 ]) and LGA observed in subgroups H(higher IR and BMI) and F(higher IR, normal BMI), respectively. Besides, subgroup F had the highest incidence of neonatal jaundice and NICU admission, indicating that the elevated risk of adverse outcomes in GDM could not be solely attributed to BMI, FBG or IR. Similarly, although some indicators of GDM in the third trimester, such as GWG, TG and LDL were more favorable compared to those of NGT, the pregnancy outcomes remained poorer, suggesting that adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM were multifactorial. The differences between subgroups C and D (lower IR and normal BMI) were related to1-minute Apgar scores and previous obstetric history. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis indicated that previous obstetric history was not a risk factor for 1-minute Apgar scores. The incidence of premature infants and low birth weight infants, which could impact 1min Apgar score, was not higher in subgroup D than that in other subgroups. It may be due to duration of cesarean section, anesthesia factors and lower maternal weight potentially affecting 1-minute Apgar scores (Duration of cesarean section, related with anesthesia, might be influenced by previous cesarean section history, which was highest in subgroup D). In contrast to previous reports [ 19 , 20 ], the highest incidence of postpartum hemorrhage was observed in lean women (i.e., BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), especially in subgroup B, and primarily delivered vaginally (79.31% [23/29] in NGT group and 81.81% [9/11] in GDM group). Other subgroups (E, F, G, H, C, and D) had higher rates of cesarean deliveries due to iatrogenic interventions for timely hemostasis during operation. For another, the low weight group, especially subgroup B with the lowest BMI, may experience weaker abdominal wall and pelvic floor muscles, as well as uterine atony, making them more susceptible to postpartum hemorrhage during vaginal delivery. The occurrence of PROM in the underweight subgroup was comparable to massive hemorrhage, consistent with the report by Morris et al., where pregnant women with PROM had a higher likelihood of postpartum hemorrhage than those with intact membranes [ 21 ]. This study has certain limitations: Firstly, it is a retrospective case-control study lacking information on the dietary habits, lifestyle, and treatment prior to the study. Secondly, using only the HOMA model as a surrogate is not a sufficient measure of IR and β-cell dysfunction. Thirdly, the study was conducted in s single hospital, raising concerns about the representativeness of the study population. Additionally, the small sample size of the GDM group, particularly in the subgroups, could potentially lead to biased results. In conclusion, GDM with high IR represents a more adverse metabolic profile from the first trimester. After adjusting for HOMA-IR and BMI in early pregnancy, different GDM subgroups exhibit distinct phenotypes in the second trimester and varying risk of adverse outcomes. However, further clinical research is warranted due to data limitations. Abbreviations GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus HOMA Homeostasis model assessment BMI Body mass index OGTT Oral glucose tolerance test FPG Fasting plasma glucose TG Triglyceride HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol GWG Gestational weight gain ICP Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy LGA Large for gestational age NGT Normal glucose tolerance ROC Receiver operating characteristic IR Insulin resistant IRT Insulin release test FINS Fasting insulin TC Total cholesterol LDL-C Low-deny lipoprotein cholesterol NICU Neonatal intensive care unit PROM Premature rupture of membrane SGA Small for gestational age Declarations Acknowledgements We would like to thank all doctors and nurses in Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital for their cooperation and assistance during our data collection. Author contribution All authors contributed significantly. Li Jiang conceived the study design, analyzed the data, and write the manuscript. An-qiong Li contributed to the collection of materials and edited the structure of the manuscript. Funding None received. Conflict of interest There are no financial or other relationships that might lead to conflict of interest. Ethics approval The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Sichuan (Ethics Approval No: 2021NO.02). According to our ethics committee, retrospective research can be conducted by disclosing information on the website. References International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (2010) International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 33(3):676–682. http://doi:10.2337/dc09-1848 Plows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, Reynolds CM, Vickers MH (2018) The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci http//. 10.3390/ijms19113342 Benhalima K, Van Crombrugge P, Moyson C, Verhaeghe J, Vandeginste S, Verlaenen H et al (2019) Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes across gestational diabetes mellitus subtypes based on insulin resistance. Diabetologia 62(11):2118–2128. http://doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4961-7 Powe CE, Allard C, Battista M-C, Doyon M, Bouchard L-g, Ecker JL et al (2016) Heterogeneous contribution of insulin sensitivity and secretion defects to gestational Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 39(6):1052–1055. http://doi:10.2337/dc15-2672 Saisho Y, Miyakoshi K, Ikenoue S, Kasuga Y, Matsumoto T, Minegishi K et al (2013) Marked decline in beta cell function during pregnancy leads to the development of glucose intolerance in Japanese women. Endocr J 60(4):533–539. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ12-0356 Seishi F, Yoichi K (2019) Leaner Women with impaired insulin secretion accounts for about 40% of gestational diabetes mellitus in Japan. J Pregnancy http//. 10.1155/2019/7578403 Fakhrul-Alam M, Mashfiqul-Hasan S-J, Mohona-Zaman N-S, Rakibul-Hasan M et al (2020) Insulin secretory defect may be the major determinant go GDM in lean mothers. J Clin Transl Endocr http//. 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100226 Endo S, Maeda K, Suto M, Kaji T, Morine M, Kinoshita T et al (2006) Differences in insulin sensitivity in pregnant women with overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 22(6):343–349. http://doi:10.1080/09513590600724836 Buchanan TA, Metzger BE, Freinkel N, Bergman RN (1990) Insulin sensitivity and B-cell responsiveness to glucose during late pregnancy in lean and moderately obese women with normal glucose tolerance or mild gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162(4):1008–1014. http://doi:10.1016/0002-9378(90)91306-w Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28(7):412–419. http://doi:10.1007/BF00280883 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2016) Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet 387(10026):1377–1396. http://doi:10.1016/S0140-6736 Zhang NG, Tao MF, Li HP, Zhao F, Wang F-H (2020) The relationship between patterns of insulin secretion and risks of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 150(3):318–323. http://doi:10.1002/ijgo.13200 Lacroix M, Kina E, Hivert MF (2013) Maternal/fetal determinants of insulin resistance in women during pregnancy and in offspring over life. Curr Diab Rep 13(2):238–244. http://doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0360-x Alina S, Barbara R-C, Krzysztof G, Małgorzata W, Marek Si, Danuta R (2013) Insulin resistance as estimated by the homeostatic method at diagnosis of gestational diabetes: estimation of disease severity and therapeutic needs in a population-based study. BMC Endocr Disord http//. 10.1186/1472-6823-13-21 Mills JL, Jovanovic L, Knopp R, Aarons J, Conley M, Park E et al (1998) Physiological reduction in fasting plasma glucose concentration in the first trimester of normal pregnancy: the diabetes in early pregnancy study. Metabolism 47(9):1140–1144. http://doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90290-6 Garber AJ (2000) The importance of early insulin secretion and its impact on glycaemic regulation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(s3):s32–37. http://doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801423 Sun Y, Han JF, Lin ZW, Song L-g, Wang C, Jia W-p (2016) Delayed insulin secretion response during an OGTT is associated with an increased risk for incidence of diabetes in NGT subjects. J Diabetes Complications 30(8):1537–1543. http://doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.07.029 Berntorp K, Anderberg E, Claesson R, Ignell C, Karin K (2015) The relative importance of maternal body mass index and glucose level for prediction of large-for-gestational-age births. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth http//. 10.1186/s12884-015-0722-x Ende HB, Lozada MJ, Chestnut DH, Osmundson SS, Walden RL, Shotwell MS et al (2021) Risk factors for atonic postpartum hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 137(2):305–323 http:/. 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228 Vats H, Saxena R, Sachdeva MP, Walia GK, Gupta V (2021) Impact of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index on maternal, fetal and neonatal adverse outcomes in the worldwide populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract 15(6):536–545. http://doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2021.10.005 Morris JM, Roberts CL, Bowen JR, Patterson JA, Bond DM, Algert CS et al (2016) Immediate delivery compared with expectant management after preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes close to term (PPROMT trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 387(10017):444–452. http://doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00724-2 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Jun, 2024 Editor invited by journal 19 Jun, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 19 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 18 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4602203","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":317389141,"identity":"7b011bd9-ce97-417f-85a5-aa8a2adade51","order_by":0,"name":"li jiang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxmYwZcFjf5j5wIEPP4jXIsHDcJwt8eDMHuItk2BgOM9jfJiDjQi1zO3Mzx5+YZCQYWzm+XCYgYdBnl/sACGHsZkbywAdxszMu+FwgQWD4czZCYS0MJhJSwC1sIG0zOBhSDC4TVAL+zewFh5mngeHediI0sJjJvkBqEWCmYeBaC1l0qBANmBmMwAGsgRhvxj2H98m+YPBxt6A//DjDx9+2MjzSxPS0gAMaN5/cL4EfuUgIA9yHDHJZBSMglEwCkYwAAC7qzfghZjkRQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"li","middleName":"","lastName":"jiang","suffix":""},{"id":317389142,"identity":"0e4012c9-5ebe-42fd-9260-030bdfb3200c","order_by":1,"name":"An-qiong Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"An-qiong","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-18 22:57:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4602203/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4602203/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-024-07733-6","type":"published","date":"2024-09-17T15:57:47+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60615471,"identity":"e404bd0f-6e90-450f-b993-db7ec964cb08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 20:12:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64929,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4602203/v1/00b938c6b48e822c07a3197c.png"},{"id":65104056,"identity":"d50e4116-8f35-4128-a013-0ddc33d0e0f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 16:11:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1084516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4602203/v1/84a4bde3-78f8-486f-9aae-95f4b63fee49.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics and pregnancy outcomes of subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus based on HOMA-IR and BMI\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"What does this study add to the clinical work","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this work, women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and non-GDM were further grouped by insulin resistance (IR) index and body mass index (BMI) in early pregnancy. It was found that the β-cell functions of GDM women at the time of 75-OGTT were different from those of non-GDM women in different subgroups, along with varying pregnancy outcomes. These can help clinicians identify the possible pregnancy outcomes of women with different insulin resistance index and body mass index from early pregnancy, and give interventions as soon as possible to reduce the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes have been increasingly recognized. Certain risk factors, such as advanced age, obesity, gestational weight gain, and insulin resistance, can be modified to mitigate the risks associated with GDM [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar to type 2 diabetes, the internal cause of GDM is often attributed to insulin resistance or/and inadequate insulin secretion. Previous study have shown that development of GDM in lean GDM women is primarily linked to impaired insulin secretory, whereas in overweight women, it is associated with both IR and insufficient insulin secretion, based on IR or BMI when diagnosing GDM, with distinct pregnancy outcomes [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, we retrospectively examined the correlation between insulin resistance and pregnant outcomes by evaluating HOMA-IR and BMI in early pregnancy, along with selected clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e This retrospective study involved 1804 pregnant women who received regular check-ups at Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Sichuan, China from May 2021 to October 2022. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Sichuan (Ethics Approval No: 2021NO.02). According to our ethics committee, retrospective research can be conducted by disclosing information on the website.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical data were collected for all participants, including name, age, height, weight (including pre-pregnancy weight and pre-delivery weight), last menstrual period, gravidity(\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2times) and parity(\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1times), interval between the last childbirth(\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;6years), history of macrosomia (birth weight\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4kg), history of cesarean section, medical history, and medication history. FPG, FINS, as well as lipid profile including TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C were measured during weeks 6\u0026ndash;16 of pregnancy (1st trimester). The results of OGTT and IRT at 22\u0026ndash;28 weeks (2nd trimester), including blood glucose level (G\u003csub\u003e0min\u003c/sub\u003e, G\u003csub\u003e60min\u003c/sub\u003e, G\u003csub\u003e120min\u003c/sub\u003e) and insulin level (I\u003csub\u003e0min\u003c/sub\u003e, I\u003csub\u003e60min\u003c/sub\u003e, I\u003csub\u003e120min\u003c/sub\u003e) before and after glucose loading, were used to assess β-cell function (indices of HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, HOMA-%s). Blood glucose and lipid profile were measured after week 30 of pregnancy (3rd trimester).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsulin secretion and resistance were evaluated using the HOMA model equations described by Matthews et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-HOMA - IR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fasting insulin (uU/ml) /Fasting glucose (mmol/L) /22.5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e-HOMA-B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20 x Fasting insulin (uU/ml) / [Fasting glucose (mmol/L) -3.5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-HOMA of insulin sensitivity (HOMA - %S) index\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1/HOMA-IR x 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal outcome indicators include gestational age, mode of delivery, pregnancy-induced hypertension/preeclampsia, severe ICP, primary cesarean section, PROM and chorionitis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerinatal outcome indicators included premature delivery (gestational age\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;37 weeks), LGA (defined as birth weight\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;P 90 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity), SGA (defined as birth weight\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;P10 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity), macrosomia, low birth weight (birth weight\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2.5kg), neonatal jaundice, 1min Apgar score (score\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7) and NICU admission.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD for quantitative and frequencies or percentages for qualitative, otherwise expressed as median and interquartile rang (25th-75th percentile). χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e test (or exact probability method) was employed to compare categorical variables, Wilcoxon rank sum test or Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare continuous variables between two groups or multiple groups. As p-value of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1. Comparison Between GDM Group and NGT Group\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the diagnostic criteria for GDM proposed by IADPSG in 2010 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], the cohort comprised 1804 women, stratified into 317(17.6%)GDM subjects and 1487 NGT subjects. Significant differences were observed in age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and previous obstetric history between the two groups. Except HOMA-%S, all metabolic parameter in GDM group in the 1st trimester were higher than those in NGT group (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). FBG in NGT group was lower in 2nd trimester than 1st trimester, whereas comparable in GDM group. After an oral glucose load, the peak of plasma insulin concentrations in GDM group occurred somewhat later than those in NGT group, with higher HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and lower HOMA-%S. In the 3nd trimester, except for TG, the other three lipid profiles, GWG and delivery weeks were much lower in GDM group (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics and pregnancy outcomes in GDM group VS NGT group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNGT group(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1487)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDM group(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;317)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer-pregnancy BMI(kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of hypothyroidism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2(181)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5(46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterval between the last\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003echildbirth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1(343)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3(112)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGravidity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.6(514)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.2(137)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.7(620)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.(168)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of macrosomia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8(27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7(15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of caesarean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9(232)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8(85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6-16weeks of pregnancy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFPG(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7(4.5,4.9)\u003csup\u003ea0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9(4.7,5.2)\u003csup\u003eb0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFINS(uU/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2(4.5,8.5)\u003csup\u003ea1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9(5.6,10.7)\u003csup\u003eb1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHOMA-IR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3(0.9,1.8)\u003csup\u003ea2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7(1.2,2.4)\u003csup\u003eb2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHOMA-B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.8(77.1,137.9)\u003csup\u003ea3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.3(80.2,154.9)\u003csup\u003eb3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHOMA-%S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.6(54.9,107.5)\u003csup\u003ea4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5(41.2,83.5)\u003csup\u003eb4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTG(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2(1.0,1.6)\u003csup\u003ee0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4(1.1,1.9)\u003csup\u003ef0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTC(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2(3.8,4.7)\u003csup\u003ee1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4(3.9,4.9)\u003csup\u003ef1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHDL-C(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5(1.3,1.7)\u003csup\u003ee2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4(1.3,1.7)\u003csup\u003ef2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLDL-C(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2(1.8,2.6)\u003csup\u003ee3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4(2.0,2.8)\u003csup\u003ef3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22\u0026ndash;28 weeks of pregnancy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003csub\u003e0min\u003c/sub\u003e(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5(4.3,4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0(4.5,5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003csub\u003e60min\u003c/sub\u003e(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3(6.3,8.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1(9.1,10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003csub\u003e120min\u003c/sub\u003e(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2(5.5,7.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5(7.3,9.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e0min\u003c/sub\u003e(uU/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3(5.6,9.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6(7.0,13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e60min\u003c/sub\u003e(uU/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4(36.8,74.0)\u003csup\u003ec1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.6(46.7,100.0)\u003csup\u003ed1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e120min\u003c/sub\u003e(uU/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.2(29.0,60.9)\u003csup\u003ec2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.0(44.9,98.5)\u003csup\u003ed2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHOMA-IR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4(1.1,2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2(1.5,3.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHOMA-B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.2(122.2,209.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.8(109.6,192.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHOMA-%S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.2(50.1,91.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.1(32.5,68.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30-42weeks of pregnancy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFPG(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5(4.3,4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9(4.5,5.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTG(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.04(2.46,3.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4(2.7,4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTC(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2(5.6,7.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0(5.3,6.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHDL-C(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6(1.4,1.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5(1.3,1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLDL-C(mmol/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4(2.8,4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2(2.6,3.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaternal pregnancy outcomes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGWG(kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational age(days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGravity\u0026nbsp; ICP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5(22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8(9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational Hypertension /Preeclampsia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1(46)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7(15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChorionitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5(22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9(6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPROM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4(288)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3(74)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary cesarean section\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8(398)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8(85)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostpartum Hemorrhage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0(29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5(11)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePerinatal outcomes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal jaundice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8(220)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6(78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3(213)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0(73)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3(49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0(3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfant of low-birth weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9(49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4(7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacrosomia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7(53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7(30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2(62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0(16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonatal asphyxia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3(34)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1(13)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApgar 1min\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8(12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8(12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNICU admission\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3(64)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6(24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategorical variables were presented as %(n); continuous variables were presented as mean \u0026plusmn;SD if normally distributed and as median (interquartile rang) if not normally distributed .\u0026nbsp;Differences were considered significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.005\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGravidity(\u0026ge;2times), Parity(\u0026ge;1times), Interval between the last childbirth(\u0026ge;6years), Macrosomia (birth weight \u0026gt; 4kg), Infant of low-birth weight (birth weight \u0026lt;2.5kg), Premature delivery (gestational age \u0026lt; 37 weeks), LGA (defined as birth weight \u0026gt;P 90 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity), SGA (defined as birth weight \u0026lt;P10 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were differences between indexes of a0-4 and b1-4 at 6-16 weeks of pregnancy and those at 22-28 weeks of pregnancy, p\u0026lt;0.05;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison between c1 and c2 showed differences, p\u0026lt;0.001; Comparison between d1 and d2 showed no difference, p=0.726;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were differences between indexes of e0-3 and f0-3 at 22-28 weeks of pregnancy and those at 30-42 weeks of pregnancy, p\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComparison of GDM group with NGT group revealed significantly higher rates of LGA, macrosomia, neonatal jaundice, 1min Apgar score and NICU admission (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but comparable rate of SGA, premature delivery and perinatal asphyxia (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2. Subgroups of GDM and NGT Comparison\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants were categorized into underweight group (BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5kg/m2), normal weight group (18.5kg/m2\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25.0kg/m2) and overweight group (BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25.0kg/m2) based on pre-pregnancy BMI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of HOMA-IR indices in early pregnancy involved ROC curve analysis to determine the HOMA-IR cut-off value. The ROC curve in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 showed a maximum area of 0.65 (sensitivity 0.57, specificity 0.67, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with a cut-off value at 1.75. By combining HOMA-IR cut-off value with pre-pregnancy BMI, NGT and GDM subjects were grouped into six subgroups each, with details of each subgroup provided in Table\u0026nbsp;2 (excluding subgroups with HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.75/BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25kg/m2 and HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.75/BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5kg/m2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u0026nbsp;Subgroups of GDM and NGT based on HOMA-IR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and BMI in early pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHOMA-IR\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI(kg/m2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNGT subgroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eG\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e836\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDM subgroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eH\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst trimester, only FPG was different between subgroups G and H, other variables including age, FPG, FINS, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, HOMA-%S, and lipid profiles of other subgroups were similar. At the time of OGTT, the peak of plasma insulin concentrations were out of sync with the peak of plasma glucose in GDM subgroups. Except for subgroups A and B, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and HOMA-%S of subgroups D, F and H differed from subgroups C, E and G (refer to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In the third trimester, FPG in GDM subgroups exhibited differences from the control subgroups.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3 Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in GDM subgroups vs NGT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esubgroups stratified by HOMA-IR and BMI in early pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGroup A(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGroup B\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e value\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGroup C(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;836)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGroup D(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;120)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e value\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGroup E\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;256)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGroup F\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e value\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGroup G\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;125)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGroup H\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e value\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGeneral\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAge(years)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.21\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e29.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.10\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.11\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePer-pregnancy\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBMI(kg/m2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHistory of hypothyroidism\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.6(20)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.18\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.3(103)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.3(16)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.75\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.9(33)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.2(9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.87\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.8(16)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24.1(20)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.03\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eInterval between the last childbirth\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.0(30)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.0(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.68\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.0(217)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38.3(46)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.005\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.6(45)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27.0(20)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.07\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.4(33)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24.7(29)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.19\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGravidity\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.6(50)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40.0(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.26\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37.1(310)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.0(54)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28.5(73)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e35.1(26)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.27\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41.6(52)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39.2(29)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.74\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eParity\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27.1(51)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40.0(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.29\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.2(378)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58.3(70)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.007\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38.7(99)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41.9(31)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.62\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e47.2(59)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51.8(43)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.52\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHistory of macrosomia\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.4(12)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.2(5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.34\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.3(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.8(5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.0(5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.6(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHistory of caesarean\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.0(17)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.0(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.36\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.5(138)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39.2(35)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.0(41)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.0(17)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.3(29)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.5(22)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.59\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e6-16weeks of pregnancy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG\u003csub\u003e0min\u003c/sub\u003e(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.5,4.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.6,5.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.5,4.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.5,5.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.30\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.8,5.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.8,5.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.7,5.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.9,5.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI\u003csub\u003e0min\u003c/sub\u003e(uU/ml)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.4,5.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.8,6.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.2,6.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.3,6.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(8.8,11.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(8.5,12.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(9.5,14.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(9.8,14.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHOMA-IR\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(0.7,1.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(0.8,1.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(0.9,1.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(0.9,1.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.0,2.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.9,2.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.1,3.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.2,3.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHOMA-B\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(63.1,99.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69.4(52.5,106.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e90.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(71.7,114.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e81.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(65.2,110.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e142.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(114.7,179.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e129.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(102.4,158.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e176.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(137.0,217.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e162.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(127.8,190.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHOMA-%S\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e107.4(80.1,142.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e90.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(75.6,118.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e87.8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(73.3,118.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e84.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(72.4,112.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(39.2,51.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e43.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(35.6,53.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e42.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(33.6,48.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37.8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(31.7,45.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTG(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(0.9,1.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.0,1.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(0.9,1.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.0,1.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.0,1.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.2,2.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.08\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.2,2.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,2.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTC(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.6,4.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.8,5.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.76\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.8,4.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.8,4.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.9,4.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.0,4.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.9,5.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.1,5.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHDL-C(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,1.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,2.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,1.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,1.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,1.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,1.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.2,1.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.2,1.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLDL-C(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.7,2.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.8,2.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.8,2.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.8,2.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.9,2.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.2,2.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.20\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.2,2.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.3,3.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.88\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e22\u0026ndash;28 weeks of pregnancy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG\u003csub\u003e0min\u003c/sub\u003e(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.2,4.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.5,5.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.2,4.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.3,5.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.3,4.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.6,5.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.4,4.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.9,5.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG\u003csub\u003e60min\u003c/sub\u003e(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.9,8.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(8.6,10.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(6.2,8.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(8.9,10.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(6.7,8.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(9.1,10.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(6.8,8.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(9.1,10.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eG\u003csub\u003e120min\u003c/sub\u003e(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.4,6.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(7.3,9.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.4,6.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(7.6,9.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.7,7.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(6.8,9.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.9,7.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(7.3,9.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI\u003csub\u003e0min\u003c/sub\u003e(uU/ml)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.8,7.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.7,11.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.43\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.3,8.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.8,9.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.81\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(6.9,12.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(8.0,16.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.52\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(9.0,15.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(10.9,16.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.72\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI\u003csub\u003e60min\u003c/sub\u003e(uU/ml)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41.9\u003csup\u003ea1\u003c/sup\u003e(31.5,56.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e61.3\u003csup\u003eb1\u003c/sup\u003e(37.8,79.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.64\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49.7\u003csup\u003ec1\u003c/sup\u003e(34.3,67.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e56.0\u003csup\u003ed1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(39.1,75.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e65.2\u003csup\u003ee1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(46.3,94.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.4\u003csup\u003ef1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(53.0,127.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e69.9\u003csup\u003eg1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(52.6,102.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e90.0\u003csup\u003eh1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(58.7,129.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI\u003csub\u003e120min\u003c/sub\u003e(uU/ml)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37.0\u003csup\u003ea2\u003c/sup\u003e(25.3,49.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e72.4\u003csup\u003eb2\u003c/sup\u003e(41.0,109.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.002\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39.4\u003csup\u003ec2\u003c/sup\u003e(27.8,56.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52.6\u003csup\u003ed2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(42.2,76.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51.8\u003csup\u003ee2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(35.9,78.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.0\u003csup\u003ef2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(48.0,115.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59.4\u003csup\u003eg2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(43.3,82.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e81.9\u003csup\u003eh2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(56.6,125.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.002\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHOMA-IR\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(0.9,1.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.2,2.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.0,1.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.2,2.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.03\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.4,2.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.6,3.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.03\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.9,3.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.4,3.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.002\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHOMA-B\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e133.5(105.2,178.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e126.8(94.2,160.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e150.1(115.9,195.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e132.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(101.3,177.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.002\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e176.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(140.3,247.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e154.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(117.4,198.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.04\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e211.8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(162.3,285.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e170.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(134.0,214.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.01\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHOMA-%S\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e87.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(70.6,110.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e62.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(43.2,86.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.16\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e73.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(56.5,98.5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e64.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(48.3,87.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.03\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(40.0,72.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e41.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(28.3,62.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.03\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e42.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(31.8,53.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(25.8,41.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.002\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e30-42weeks of pregnancy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFPG(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.2,4.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.4,5.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.008\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.3,4.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.4,5.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.4,4.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.5,5.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.4,45.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(4.7,5.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTG(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.4,3.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.9,4.1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.4,3.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.5,3.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.5,3.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.0,4.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.004\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.6,4.2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.0,4.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.43\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTC(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.8,7.3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.8,7.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.7,7.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.4,6.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.4,7.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.3,6.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.1,6.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(5.0,6.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHDL-C(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.5,1.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,1.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.4,1.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.4,1.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.4,1.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,1.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.40\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,1.8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(1.3,1.7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLDL-C(mmol/l)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(3.1,4.4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.7,3.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.9,4.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.7,4.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.7,4.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.45,4.0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.5,3.9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e(2.5,3.6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMaternal pregnancy outcomes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGWG(kg)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.92\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGestational age(days)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e272.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e271.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e273.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e272.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.0\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e273.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e271.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.43\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e273.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e271.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSevere ICP\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.1(4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.0(4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1(9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.91\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.3(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.4(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.95\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.2(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.92\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGestational Hypertension /Preeclampsia\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.7(5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7(14)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.3(4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.73\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.7(12)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.7(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.68\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.8(11)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.6(8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.84\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003echorionitis\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.7(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.69\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7(14)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.93\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.74\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePPROM\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.3(42)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e46.7(7)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.03\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18.9(158)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18.3(22)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.93\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.3(52)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.3(15)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.99\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.4(18)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.5(17)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.25\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrimary cesarean section\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.9(43)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.7(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.25\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24.8(207)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23.3(28)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.85\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28.9(74)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33.8(25)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.42\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38.4(48)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31.3(26)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.29\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal cesarean section\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39.3(74)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26.7(4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.49\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49.0(410)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.3(76)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.003\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52.3(134)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e63.5(47)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.09\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.8(86)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e68.7(57)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.99\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePostpartum Hemorrhage\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.2(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.02\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.3(19)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.93\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.1(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.14\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.72\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eperinatal outcomes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNeonatal jaundice\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.5(31)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.0(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.8(124)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19.2(23)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.22\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.5(32)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36.5(27)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.0(25)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25.3(21)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.37\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLGA\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.9(12)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.60\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.7(119)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19.2(23)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.20\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.3(36)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28.8(21)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.004\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24.6(30)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28.4(23)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.55\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSGA\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.4(14)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.57\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.6(26)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.098\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.9(5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.4(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eInfant of low-birth weight\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.3(10)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.76\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.0(25)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.67(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.517\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.5(9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.7(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.4(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.64\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMacrosomia\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.2(34)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.1(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.66\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.2(8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.6(8)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.007\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.1(5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.0(13)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.003\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePremature\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.8(9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.7(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.2(35)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.3(4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.85\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.3(11)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.8(5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.39\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.8(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6(5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.70\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNeonatal asphyxia\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.2(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.2(18)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.0(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.06\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.3(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.7(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.2(4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.6(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eApgar 1min\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.1(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.00\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.6(5)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.0(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6(4)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.6(2)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.90\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.6(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.35\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNICU admission\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.6(3)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.7(1)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.69\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.1(34)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.0(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.63\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.5(14)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12.2(9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.046\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.2(9)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.2(6)\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.99\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategorical variables were presented as %(n); continuous variables were presented as mean \u0026plusmn;SD if normally distributed and as median ( interquartile rang) if not normally distributed .\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGravidity(\u0026ge;2times), Parity(\u0026ge;1times), Interval between the last childbirth(\u0026ge;6years), Macrosomia (birth weight \u0026gt; 4kg), Infant of low-birth weight (birth weight \u0026lt;2.5kg), Premature delivery (gestational age \u0026lt; 37 weeks), LGA (defined as birth weight \u0026gt;P 90 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity), SGA (defined as birth weight \u0026lt;P10 according to standardized birth charts adjusted for the sex of the baby and parity).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferences were considered significant at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.005\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea1 vs a2, c1 vs c2, e1 vs e2, g1 vs g2(p\u0026lt;0.05), b1 vs b2, d1 vs d2, f1 vs f2, h1 vs h2(p\u0026gt;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther analysis of subgroup outcomes provided additional insights. Subgroup B had higher rates of PROM (46.7% vs 22.3, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03) and postpartum hemorrhage (20% vs 3.2%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02) compared to subgroup A. Subgroups C and D showed differences in 1-minute scores (5% vs 0.6%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and previous obstetric history, such as gravidity, parity, interval between the last childbirth, and cesarean section. Subgroup F had higher rates of LGA (28.8% vs 14.3%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004), macrosomia (3.6% vs 3.2%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), neonatal jaundice (36.5% vs12.5%, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and NICU admission (12.2% vs 5.5%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046) compared to subgroup E. Subgroup H had higher macrosomia (16% vs4.1%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) and history of hypothyroidism compared to subgroup G (refer to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur findings demonstrate that GDM with higher IR from early pregnancy represents a more adverse metabolic profile and a greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than seen in women with NGT [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, GDM subgroups exhibit different β-cell function in mid- pregnancy, leading to varied outcomes, compared to NGT subgroups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDM is believed to share a similar etiology with type 2 diabetes, involving defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], with delayed insulin secretion reflecting an early stage of β-cell dysfunction. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Insulin resistance and decreased sensitivity are evident in GDM group from early pregnancy onwards. The β-cell secretory function (measured by HOMA-B) in NGT and its subgroups increases sufficiently to counteract aggravated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and reduced insulin sensitivity (measured by HOMA-%S), resulting in decreased FPG at 22\u0026ndash;28 weeks (consistent with previous report [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]). However, GDM and its subgroups display delayed insulin secretion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and alterations in HOMA indices except for subgroup B, suggesting that IR was the primary cause of GDM. This dynamic imbalance between IR and up-regulation of β-cell secretion leads to abnormal maternal glucose metabolism. Lean GDM subgroup (subgroups B) is primarily associated with delayed insulin secretion rather than impaired insulin secretory. Discrepancies between our study and previous reports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] may be attributed to sample size (our study had a larger sample size) and metabolic variables (we had more clinic and biochemical variables). In addition, differences in the criteria for stratifying the low BMI subgroup may also contribute to variations (our underweight subgroup was defined as BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5kg/m2, while it was BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;23kg/m2 in the report by M. Fakhrul-Alam et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were discrepancies in maternal and neonatal outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. In the study by Benhalima et al study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], women with high IR exhibited a similar rate of LGA and macrosomia compared to those with NGT. In contrast to our finding, we observed that women with high IR had higher rates of LGA and macrosomia, particularly with the highest rate of macrosomia (similar to the report by Powe et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]) and LGA observed in subgroups H(higher IR and BMI) and F(higher IR, normal BMI), respectively. Besides, subgroup F had the highest incidence of neonatal jaundice and NICU admission, indicating that the elevated risk of adverse outcomes in GDM could not be solely attributed to BMI, FBG or IR. Similarly, although some indicators of GDM in the third trimester, such as GWG, TG and LDL were more favorable compared to those of NGT, the pregnancy outcomes remained poorer, suggesting that adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM were multifactorial. The differences between subgroups C and D (lower IR and normal BMI) were related to1-minute Apgar scores and previous obstetric history. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis indicated that previous obstetric history was not a risk factor for 1-minute Apgar scores. The incidence of premature infants and low birth weight infants, which could impact 1min Apgar score, was not higher in subgroup D than that in other subgroups. It may be due to duration of cesarean section, anesthesia factors and lower maternal weight potentially affecting 1-minute Apgar scores (Duration of cesarean section, related with anesthesia, might be influenced by previous cesarean section history, which was highest in subgroup D). In contrast to previous reports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], the highest incidence of postpartum hemorrhage was observed in lean women (i.e., BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5 kg/m2), especially in subgroup B, and primarily delivered vaginally (79.31% [23/29] in NGT group and 81.81% [9/11] in GDM group). Other subgroups (E, F, G, H, C, and D) had higher rates of cesarean deliveries due to iatrogenic interventions for timely hemostasis during operation. For another, the low weight group, especially subgroup B with the lowest BMI, may experience weaker abdominal wall and pelvic floor muscles, as well as uterine atony, making them more susceptible to postpartum hemorrhage during vaginal delivery. The occurrence of PROM in the underweight subgroup was comparable to massive hemorrhage, consistent with the report by Morris et al., where pregnant women with PROM had a higher likelihood of postpartum hemorrhage than those with intact membranes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has certain limitations: Firstly, it is a retrospective case-control study lacking information on the dietary habits, lifestyle, and treatment prior to the study. Secondly, using only the HOMA model as a surrogate is not a sufficient measure of IR and β-cell dysfunction. Thirdly, the study was conducted in s single hospital, raising concerns about the representativeness of the study population. Additionally, the small sample size of the GDM group, particularly in the subgroups, could potentially lead to biased results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, GDM with high IR represents a more adverse metabolic profile from the first trimester. After adjusting for HOMA-IR and BMI in early pregnancy, different GDM subgroups exhibit distinct phenotypes in the second trimester and varying risk of adverse outcomes. However, further clinical research is warranted due to data limitations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"margin-right: calc(69%); width: 31%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGDM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational diabetes mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOMA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHomeostasis model assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody mass index \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOGTT \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOral glucose tolerance test \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFPG \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFasting plasma glucose \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriglyceride \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHDL-C \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGWG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational weight gain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;ICP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLGA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge for gestational age \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"margin-right: calc(69%); width: 31%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNGT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal glucose tolerance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eROC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReceiver operating characteristic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIR \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsulin resistant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsulin release test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFINS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFasting insulin \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal cholesterol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLDL-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow-deny lipoprotein cholesterol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNICU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeonatal intensive care unit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;PROM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePremature rupture of membrane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSGA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.6470588235294%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall for gestational age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank all doctors and nurses in Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital for their cooperation and assistance during our data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed significantly. Li Jiang conceived the study design, analyzed the data, and write the manuscript. An-qiong Li contributed to the collection of materials and edited the structure of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone received.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are no financial or other relationships that might lead to conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chengdu Pidu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Sichuan (Ethics Approval No: \u0026nbsp;2021NO.02). According to our ethics committee, retrospective research can be conducted by disclosing information on the website.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInternational Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (2010) International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 33(3):676\u0026ndash;682. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.2337/dc09-1848\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.2337/dc09-1848\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePlows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, Reynolds CM, Vickers MH (2018) The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci http//. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/ijms19113342\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijms19113342\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBenhalima K, Van Crombrugge P, Moyson C, Verhaeghe J, Vandeginste S, Verlaenen H et al (2019) Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes across gestational diabetes mellitus subtypes based on insulin resistance. Diabetologia 62(11):2118\u0026ndash;2128. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4961-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4961-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePowe CE, Allard C, Battista M-C, Doyon M, Bouchard L-g, Ecker JL et al (2016) Heterogeneous contribution of insulin sensitivity and secretion defects to gestational Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 39(6):1052\u0026ndash;1055. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.2337/dc15-2672\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.2337/dc15-2672\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaisho Y, Miyakoshi K, Ikenoue S, Kasuga Y, Matsumoto T, Minegishi K et al (2013) Marked decline in beta cell function during pregnancy leads to the development of glucose intolerance in Japanese women. Endocr J 60(4):533\u0026ndash;539. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ12-0356\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1507/endocrj.EJ12-0356\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSeishi F, Yoichi K (2019) Leaner Women with impaired insulin secretion accounts for about 40% of gestational diabetes mellitus in Japan. J Pregnancy http//. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1155/2019/7578403\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1155/2019/7578403\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFakhrul-Alam M, Mashfiqul-Hasan S-J, Mohona-Zaman N-S, Rakibul-Hasan M et al (2020) Insulin secretory defect may be the major determinant go GDM in lean mothers. J Clin Transl Endocr http//. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100226\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100226\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEndo S, Maeda K, Suto M, Kaji T, Morine M, Kinoshita T et al (2006) Differences in insulin sensitivity in pregnant women with overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 22(6):343\u0026ndash;349. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1080/09513590600724836\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1080/09513590600724836\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBuchanan TA, Metzger BE, Freinkel N, Bergman RN (1990) Insulin sensitivity and B-cell responsiveness to glucose during late pregnancy in lean and moderately obese women with normal glucose tolerance or mild gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162(4):1008\u0026ndash;1014. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1016/0002-9378(90)91306-w\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1016/0002-9378(90)91306-w\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMatthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28(7):412\u0026ndash;419. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1007/BF00280883\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1007/BF00280883\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2016) Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet 387(10026):1377\u0026ndash;1396. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1016/S0140-6736\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1016/S0140-6736\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang NG, Tao MF, Li HP, Zhao F, Wang F-H (2020) The relationship between patterns of insulin secretion and risks of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 150(3):318\u0026ndash;323. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1002/ijgo.13200\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1002/ijgo.13200\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLacroix M, Kina E, Hivert MF (2013) Maternal/fetal determinants of insulin resistance in women during pregnancy and in offspring over life. Curr Diab Rep 13(2):238\u0026ndash;244. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0360-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0360-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlina S, Barbara R-C, Krzysztof G, Małgorzata W, Marek Si, Danuta R (2013) Insulin resistance as estimated by the homeostatic method at diagnosis of gestational diabetes: estimation of disease severity and therapeutic needs in a population-based study. BMC Endocr Disord http//. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/1472-6823-13-21\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/1472-6823-13-21\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMills JL, Jovanovic L, Knopp R, Aarons J, Conley M, Park E et al (1998) Physiological reduction in fasting plasma glucose concentration in the first trimester of normal pregnancy: the diabetes in early pregnancy study. Metabolism 47(9):1140\u0026ndash;1144. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90290-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90290-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGarber AJ (2000) The importance of early insulin secretion and its impact on glycaemic regulation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(s3):s32\u0026ndash;37. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801423\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801423\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSun Y, Han JF, Lin ZW, Song L-g, Wang C, Jia W-p (2016) Delayed insulin secretion response during an OGTT is associated with an increased risk for incidence of diabetes in NGT subjects. J Diabetes Complications 30(8):1537\u0026ndash;1543. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.07.029\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.07.029\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBerntorp K, Anderberg E, Claesson R, Ignell C, Karin K (2015) The relative importance of maternal body mass index and glucose level for prediction of large-for-gestational-age births. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth http//. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12884-015-0722-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12884-015-0722-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEnde HB, Lozada MJ, Chestnut DH, Osmundson SS, Walden RL, Shotwell MS et al (2021) Risk factors for atonic postpartum hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 137(2):305\u0026ndash;323 http:/. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVats H, Saxena R, Sachdeva MP, Walia GK, Gupta V (2021) Impact of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index on maternal, fetal and neonatal adverse outcomes in the worldwide populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract 15(6):536\u0026ndash;545. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2021.10.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2021.10.005\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMorris JM, Roberts CL, Bowen JR, Patterson JA, Bond DM, Algert CS et al (2016) Immediate delivery compared with expectant management after preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes close to term (PPROMT trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 387(10017):444\u0026ndash;452. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00724-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00724-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-gynecology-and-obstetrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"arch","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics](https://www.springer.com/journal/404)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/arch/default.aspx","title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Gestational diabetes mellitus, Subtypes, Insulin resistance, Pregnancy outcome","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4602203/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4602203/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAims\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify the characteristics and pregnancy outcomes across different subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on insulin resistance and body mass index.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis retrospective study included 1804 women who underwent a 75g-OGTT during 22-28weeks of gestation, categorized into normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and GDM. Metabolic indicators were measured, and equation of homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) were used to calculate indices of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell secretory (HOMA-B), and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S) in early and mid-pregnancy .The cut-off value of HOMA-IR in early pregnancy was determined by ROC curve(1.75), which was combined with pre-pregnancy BMI to group NGT and GDM groups into six subgroups each ,stratified according HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.75 or HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.75 and BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5kg/m2 or 18.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25kg/m2 or BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25kg/m2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompared with women with NGT (1487), women with GDM(317[17.57%]of the total cohort), were significantly older, had higher BMI, fasting plasma glucose(FPG) ,insulin and lipids in early pregnancy, more pronounced insulin resistance in early and mid-pregnancy, and worse outcomes. Analysis of subgroups provided further information. In early pregnancy, except for the GDM subgroup with HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.75/BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25kg/m2 having higher FPG than the control subgroup, other subgroups had similar FPG, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B, and HOMA-%S compared with the NGT subgroups. At the time of OGTT, the peak of glucose and insulin were out of sync in GDM subgroups, accompanied by increased HOMA-IR and HOMA-B and decreased HOMA-%S except for the GDM subgroup with HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.75/BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5kg/m2. Compared with the corresponding NGT subgroups, the GDM subgroup had higher rates of neonatal jaundice (36.5% vs 12.5, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), LGA (28.8% vs 14.3%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004), macrosomia (3.6% vs 3.2%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007), NICU (12.2% vs 5.5%, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046) in women with HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.75/18.5kg/m2\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m2, the rates of LGA and macrosomia were 28.4% and 16% in women with HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.75/BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m2. While the GDM subgroup had the highest rates of PROM and postpartum hemorrhage in women with HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.75/BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5kg/m2 and 1-minute Apgar score in women with HOMA-IR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.75/18.5kg/m2\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDM presents a more adverse metabolic profile and severe insulin resistance from early pregnancy, with a greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Subgrouping based on early BMI and IR in GDM reveals different β-cell function at the time of OGTT, along with varying outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus based on HOMA-IR and BMI","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-18 20:12:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4602203/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-07-10T06:24:45+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-21T14:49:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics","date":"2024-06-19T07:20:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-06-19T06:49:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics","date":"2024-06-18T18:57:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"archives-of-gynecology-and-obstetrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"arch","sideBox":"Learn more about [Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics](https://www.springer.com/journal/404)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/arch/default.aspx","title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2fbc776d-aa8a-407c-b89f-beccabbcdd23","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-23T16:04:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4602203","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-024-07733-6","journal":{"identity":"archives-of-gynecology-and-obstetrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics"},"publishedOn":"2024-09-17 15:57:47","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 17th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-18 20:12:24","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00404-024-07733-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-024-07733-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4602203","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4602203","identity":"rs-4602203","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below. Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy (via DOI) is the canonical version.
My notes (saved in your browser only)
Ask this paper
Answers must be backed by verbatim quotes from this paper's full text. Hallucinated quotes are dropped automatically; if no verbatim passage answers the question, we say so. How this works
Citation neighborhood (no data yet)
We don't have any in-corpus citations linked to this paper yet. This is a recent paper (2024) — citers typically take a year or two to land, and the OpenAlex reference graph may still be filling in.
Source provenance
- europepmc
- last seen: 2026-05-20T01:45:00.602351+00:00