Performance Analysis of SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0) And LDT1-028K Piezoelectric Transducers in Energy Harvesting From Chiller Plant

Performance Analysis of SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0) And LDT1-028K Piezoelectric Transducers in Energy Harvesting From Chiller Plant | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Performance Analysis of SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0) And LDT1-028K Piezoelectric Transducers in Energy Harvesting From Chiller Plant Zurina Ismaili, Mohamad Asrul Mustapha, Nurul Aziemah Saharuddin, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7403350/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In recent years, harvesting energy from noise pollution has gained momentum as a promising field of research. Industrial activities, such as chiller operations, manufacturing equipment, and construction, naturally generate significant noise, which can be difficult to isolate from the surrounding environment. However, there is a lack of research on piezoelectric-based noise energy harvesting. Further investigations are needed to optimize system design for higher energy conversion efficiency. This paper presents the performance analysis of piezoelectric transducers for harvesting energy from noise generated at a chiller plant. The sound level on the piezoelectric is experimental at range of 82–100 dB, corresponding to the zones classified in the chiller plant noise. In this study, two types of piezoelectric transducers, LDT1-028K and SDT-TE1000288-0, were investigated as energy harvesters. Both transducers are based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) material. The experimental setup included a noise harvester system consisting of a capacitor and rectifier. The results indicate LDT1-028K has superior energy harvesting efficiency in comparison to the SDT-TE1000288-0 piezo sensor where it is accomplished maximum power response performance of 0.0258 mV at 95 dB. The results show that noise pollution from sources such as chiller operations, industrial machinery, and construction activities can be converted into usable electrical energy. By harnessing and utilizing unregulated noise, this approach offers a promising solution for powering compact electronic devices, including mobile phones, monitoring sensors, and industrial appliances. Piezoelectric materials energy harvesting piezoelectric transducers sound energy acoustic energy harvesting Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1.0 Introduction The current drive towards reducing noise pollution in the industry is putting pressure on organizations worldwide to implement procedures to manage the source of noise pollution. Industrial activities, such as chiller operations, manufacturing equipment, and construction, naturally generate significant noise, which can be difficult to isolate from the surrounding environment. In recent years, harvesting energy from noise pollution has gained momentum as a promising field of research. Efficient conversion of uncontrolled environmental noise could power small electronic devices, such as smartphones and sensors [ 5 ]. This approach offers a sustainable solution to meet the growing energy demand while alleviating pressure on conventional energy sources. Nonetheless, low-frequency noise presents significant challenges in terms of blocking and demonstrates effective propagation through different mediums, as highlighted by Choi et al. [ 3 ] and Yuan et al . [ 20 ]. However, this otherwise disruptive noise represents an untapped opportunity: the potential to generate useful electrical energy. While the concept of generating electricity from noise is not entirely new, recent advancements reveal substantial potential for its practical application. A key enabler of this technology is piezoelectric materials (PM), which produce an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress from sound waves. This phenomenon, known as the piezoelectric effect, occurs when mechanical vibrations displace electric charges within the material, generating a voltage output [ 2 ]. Despite the potential of this approach, there is a lack of research on piezoelectric-based noise energy harvesting. Further investigations are needed to optimize system design for higher energy conversion efficiency. Thus, this study aims to evaluate and analyze the performance of SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0) and LDT1-028K Piezoelectric Transducers in harvesting energy from noise pollution at a district cooling plant and to investigate the potential for converting it into useful electrical energy. This innovative approach not only addresses the issue of energy sustainability but also create efficient energy system that benefits both society and the ecosystem. 2.0 Methodology A case study was conducted at the Mechanical and Electrical Plant (MEP) Building at the University of Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) in Sarawak, East Malaysia. The facility houses four centrifugal chillers and ten water pumps. The noise risk measurements were carried out in alignment with the Industry Code of Practice for Management of Occupational Noise Exposure and Hearing Conservation 2019 to assess sound intensity, with the aim of exploring potential energy harvesting opportunities within the district cooling plant. The findings would be classified into three zones: white, yellow, and red, based on intensity levels. The analysis of noise intensity versus voltage output is then conducted by measuring the voltage output from each respective zone. A piezoelectric circuit was designed to capture ambient vibrations from the chiller plant across all zones. This circuit includes a piezoelectric transducer (PT), rectifier, additional transducers, an AC-DC converter, and a capacitor for energy storage. Once implemented, the circuit converts vibrations into electrical energy, with the output measured using a multimeter every 30 minutes to record voltage and current. The multimeter also provides digital readings for power calculations, while a sound level meter quantifies noise intensity in decibels. The experiment utilized two types of PMs: LDT1-028K piezo film and SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0). 2.1 Piezoelectric Materials The LDT1-028K piezo sensor features a piezo film element laminated to a sheet of polyester. The piezoelectric material used is PVDF. The input voltage for this piezoelectric sensor ranges from 10 mV to 100 V, depending on the applied force and impedance. Specifically, the LDT1-028K operates at an input voltage of 12 V with a frequency of 150 Hz. The SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0) is a shielded sensor from the SDT series, operating with an input voltage of 15 V. Data collected included voltage (measured in volts), running time (measured in minutes), and noise levels (measured in dB) at the Mechanical and Electrical Plant Building (MEP Building). Figure 1 shows the types of piezoelectric materials used in the experiment. 2.2 Noise Mapping of MEP, UNIMAS A noise survey takes noise measurements throughout an entire plant to identify noisy areas. It provides very useful information, which enables determining the machines and equipment that generate harmful levels of noise. By using the “walk-thru survey” technique, area noise mapping was carried out to contour the premises layout into three noise zones. The maximum sound pressure level (SPL) was measured on all four sides of each machine (measured 1 m from the source and 1 m from the ground) using a calibrated sound level meter, with the instrument pointed towards the noise source and the highest reading recorded. Area measurements were taken to delineate noise zones at 82 dBA (white zone), 86 dBA (yellow zone), and 115 dBA (red zone), which later will be marked on the layout plan, as depicted in Fig. 3 . 2.3 Development of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System The piezoelectric circuit is designed to harvest ambient noise from the chiller plant. As shown in Fig. 4 , the setup consists of a PT, a rectifier, and a capacitor. The PT plays a crucial role in capturing environmental noise and converting it into electrical energy. The rectifier then transforms the resulting alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC), making it suitable for powering DC devices. Finally, the capacitor stores the converted electrical energy, ensuring a stable and continuous supply. Overall, this system effectively converts noise energy from the chiller plant into usable electrical energy, highlighting the practical application of energy harvesting technologies. Figure 5 shows the framework of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) that be implemented in the research while the circuit diagram in Fig. 6 serves as the visual representation for the design and construction of the harvester. 3.0 Result and Discussion 3.1 Analysis of Energy Output The effective voltage output is measured by installing PEH in different zones based on the decibel range, categorized as Red Zone, Yellow Zone, and White Zone. In this experiment, LDT1-028K and SDT-TE1000288-0 piezoelectric transducers are used as energy harvesters. These transducers convert sound wave vibrations into DC electricity. The PEHs were tested in the MEP Building. The results for both transducers, in terms of their ability to harvest and convert industrial noise into electrical energy, are presented in Tables 1 and 2 , with corresponding graphs shown in Figs. 7 and 8 . Table 1 The value of output energy proportional to time by LDT1-028K piezo film Time (min) 5 10 15 20 25 30 dB(A) Range Reference Colour zone White ≤ 82 Output (V) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Colour zone Yellow > 82 to 85 Output (V) 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 Colour zone Red > 85 to 115 Output (V) 0.004 0.0077 0.0113 0.0163 0.0216 0.0258 Figure 7 plot the relationship between voltage output with the LDT1-028K piezo film system over a 30-minute period across three different zones. The trend shows a clear distinction in voltage outputs based on the sound levels in each zone. In the White Zone, the voltage output remains consistently low, starting at approximately 0.0050V and barely increasing over time. This indicates that the sound levels in this zone are low, leading to the harvesting of minimal energy. Similarly, the Yellow Zone shows a flat trend with an insignificant voltage output throughout the 30-minute interval, demonstrating that the sound levels are not high enough to generate substantial electrical energy. The Red Zone indicates that neither the White nor Yellow Zones store much energy. Table 2 The value of output energy proportional to time by SDT-TE1000288-0 shielded sensor. Time (min) 5 10 15 20 25 30 dB(A) Range Reference Colour zone White ≤ 82 Output (V) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Colour zone Yellow > 82 to 85 Output (V) 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0005 0.0005 Colour zone Red > 85 to 115 Output (V) 0.001 0.0019 0.0025 0.0031 0.0035 0.0039 In the following test of the SDT-TE1000288-0 shielded sensor, the voltage output remains very low in the white zone, starting around 0.0010V and increasing only gradually, as depicted in Fig. 8 . This indicates that ambient noise levels are too low to generate substantial electrical energy. Similarly, the Yellow Zone displays a flat trend with minimal voltage output over the 30-minute interval, suggesting low sound levels and limited energy harvesting potential. In contrast, both transducers are expected to collect more energy in the Red Zones due to higher sound levels as shown in Table 2 . Additionally, the PT demonstrates a consistent reading trend across all zones, as confirmed by tests conducted in each zone. The only noticeable difference are the variations in output values between different transducer types, likely due to factors such as material composition and design specifications, which affect sensitivity and response time. Based on empirical evidence, it is understood that various constraints restrict the absorption of energy, including inadequate reception of mechanical vibrations or being beyond the appropriate frequency range [ 16 ]. Thus, it is reasonable to indicates that SDT-TE1000288-0 shielded sensor may induce indirect vibration, thereby diminishing the amount of vibration that the piezoelectric film absorbs and receives. 3.2 The Comparison of Energy Output Figures 7 and 8 clearly show that the LDT1-028K PT has the highest energy storage voltage within the Red Zone. This in agreement with a previous study, where Li et al . [ 6 ] and Setiawan et al. [ 12 ] proves that some power output can be generated from noise levels exceeding 90 dB. The Red Zone, characterised by high noise levels, corresponds to significant mechanical vibrations. These vibrations cause the cantilever beam to flex extensively, leading to higher voltage outputs. This makes it particularly effective in high-noise environments, where it can harness substantial energy from the mechanical stress induced by sound [ 14 ]. In contrast, the shielded sensor piezo (SDT-TE1000288-0), while sensitive and flexible, does not generate as high a voltage output as the LDT1-028K piezo film under the same conditions. The cantilever beam's ability to flex and dynamically respond to high-intensity vibrations in the red zone leads to more significant energy storage. The LDT1-028K is a piezoelectric sensor transducer that operates by bending or flexing when subjected to mechanical stress. As noted by Xu et al . [ 19 ], this flexing generates an electric charge that is equal to the deflection. This type of transducer offers high sensitivity to mechanical vibrations and can produce substantial voltage output, especially in environments with significant vibration. However, as agreed by Fang et al . [ 4 ] in 2023, it also has drawbacks, including the potential for mechanical fatigue over time and the requirement for specific mounting configurations to optimise energy harvesting. On the other hand, PVDF serves as the material for the SDT-TE1000288-0 shielded sensor PT. It generates an electric charge in response to mechanical stress or acoustic vibrations [ 13 ]. The shielded sensor's advantages include its flexibility, lightweight nature, and high sensitivity across a wide range of frequencies. This makes it particularly useful for applications requiring the sensor to conform to curved surfaces or minimise weight. However, compared to piezo sensor, the shielded sensor may yield lower voltage outputs in low-stress environments. This aligns with Stamatellou’s [ 15 ] findings, which indicate that the shielded design can affect power absorption; therefore, optimising the sensor’s thickness may improve output efficiency. Meanwhile, the importance of capacitors is often underestimated. Capacitors play a crucial role in PEH. This ability to efficiently manage energy is essential for optimizing the performance of PEH systems, which enable them to power small electronic devices effectively. As explained in previous studies by Stamatellou et al. [ 15 ] and Subasinghage et al . [ 17 ], this aspect is vital for ensuring the effective capture and retention of harvested energy for future use. Insufficient capacitance can result in energy loss, ultimately reducing the overall efficiency of the system. To achieve maximum performance in energy harvesting, researchers emphasize the importance of fine-tuning these components to cater to specific operational conditions and energy demands. 3.2 Comparative Studies of Energy Conversion Efficiency From Fig. 9 above, the highest efficiency recorded was 0.290%, achieved in the Red Zone using the LDT1-028K piezo sensor PT. Overall efficiency, however, remains below 1%, highlighting significant challenges in energy conversion. This low efficiency is due to limited energy storage capacity, impacted by the permittivity of the piezoelectric material (PM), which restricts its ability to store electrical energy effectively. This observation aligns with findings by Aldahri et al . [ 1 ] and Roscow et al. [ 11 ], who reported that materials with lower piezoelectric strain constants and higher permittivity generate less energy. Optimizing Figures of Merit (FOMs) through structural adjustments may help to address this issue. Additionally, Fang et al. [ 5 ] and Meng et al . [ 9 ] observed that environmental factors like temperature and humidity also affect the mechanical and piezoelectric properties of these materials. Consequently, PM with higher Curie temperatures are preferred [ 10 ][ 18 ]:, as they retain their properties over a wider range of conditions, improving performance in real-world applications. Nevertheless, it is essential to consider the energy storage components within the harvester system, particularly capacitors. Capacitors play a crucial role in storing the electrical energy generated by piezoelectric materials, with higher capacitance enabling more efficient energy storage during mechanical vibrations or deformations. This aspect is fundamental to ensure that the harvested energy is effectively captured and retained for future use, as inadequate capacitance can result in energy loss, reducing the overall efficiency of the system [ 16 ] [ 17 ]. To maximize the storage and usage of harvested energy, high-efficiency circuits should be developed. While the principles of piezoelectric energy harvesting are well established, selecting optimal materials, applying suitable techniques, and implementing effective strategies are vital for achieving higher power outputs and making the process more viable in practical applications. 4.0 Conclusions The LDT1-028K piezo sensor excels in high-noise environments (Red Zone), generating the highest voltage output due to its mechanical properties and sensitivity to vibrations. In contrast, SDT-TE1000288-0 piezo sensor offers advantages in applications where flexibility and lightweight design are critical, though it may not perform as well in high-vibration environments. The comparative analysis of the LDT1-028K and SDT-TE1000288-0 sensors has yielded significant insights into their performance and efficiency. The LDT1-028K sensor demonstrates a strong correlation between noise levels and energy storage capacity, highlighting its promise for advancing piezoelectric energy harvesting technology. These findings align with those of Stamatellou et al. [ 16 ], which indicate that the LDT1-028K sensor effectively captures both vibration and impact energy, leading to an enhanced voltage output. This is due to the shielded design's potential to impact power absorption; hence, optimising the thickness of the sensor could enhance output efficiency. This foundational research paves the way for ongoing innovation and the development of sustainable energy solutions, emphasizing the critical need for efficient energy harvesting mechanisms in various applications. Declarations Acknowledgement This research is fully supported by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), FRGS/1/2021/TK0/UNIMAS/03/3. The authors fully acknowledged Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MOHE), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and i- CATS University College, which made it possible to conduct and publish this research. Funding This research is funded by the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) with grant number FRGS/1/2021/TK0/UNIMAS/03/3. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are from the cited articles and are included in this published article. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Clinical trial number Not applicable. Competing interest The authors declare no competing interest. References Aldahiry DA., Bajaba DA., Basalamah NM., & Ahmed MM. (2022). Piezoelectric Transducer as an Energy Harvester: A Review. Yanbu Journal of Engineering and Science. 19(1): 30–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53370/001c.33771 Covaci C., & Gontean A. (2020). Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Solutions: A Review. Sensors. 20: 12, 3512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123512 Choi J., Jung I., & Kang C.Y. (2019). A brief review of sound energy harvesting. 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":270542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDescription of piezoelectric transducer and custom configurations [7][8]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7403350/v1/8972d755df08c7091fcbf155.png"},{"id":92167156,"identity":"5a0ec70c-e2de-4a22-8b28-43a1c73d8d3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-25 11:15:57","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":373536,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe layout plan of the chiller plant at MEP Building, UNIMAS\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7403350/v1/3ea7ac6bc31bae61e68115b1.png"},{"id":92167154,"identity":"b9923512-ed81-48d0-86e7-2d7bfd8c0d37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-25 11:15:57","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":291941,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePiezoelectric energy harvesting system\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7403350/v1/e4c71bba4f5df6b063328ecb.png"},{"id":92166294,"identity":"6e13a0c9-847b-4a93-a8d8-af14d10bd687","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-25 11:07:57","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePEH Flow System Outline\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7403350/v1/f73606730a56f6bff5ef9cb0.png"},{"id":92167157,"identity":"40a76374-2f96-4b33-aeef-dfe556ba20d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-25 11:15:57","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic Diagram of PEH\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7403350/v1/5f4b496b3c3f09de59e17820.png"},{"id":92167152,"identity":"ed5f3d3a-8860-435e-ae1d-76e4377c3879","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-25 11:15:57","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28446,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraph of voltage output (V) versus minutes interval for LDT1-028K piezo film\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7403350/v1/4b00b8e6334224628769a541.png"},{"id":92166296,"identity":"34fa134b-83e5-43a6-91b9-bd30ae5236ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-25 11:07:57","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":88647,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraph of voltage output (V) versus minutes interval for SDT-TE1000288-0 shielded sensor\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7403350/v1/347f2ae8c1b1a9d364c13007.png"},{"id":92166301,"identity":"8f95ff53-d865-4c7c-960c-cab3c8547fae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-25 11:07:57","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27738,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of energy conversion efficiency for LDT1-028K and SDT-TE1000288-0\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7403350/v1/8b8fa915e27819b8061e94e1.png"},{"id":92381074,"identity":"f6dd88cb-0b62-432b-b68a-44066c88223f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-29 06:14:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2026319,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7403350/v1/1605423d-794e-4087-a4fb-bcd57c487b1e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Performance Analysis of SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0) And LDT1-028K Piezoelectric Transducers in Energy Harvesting From Chiller Plant","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current drive towards reducing noise pollution in the industry is putting pressure on organizations worldwide to implement procedures to manage the source of noise pollution. Industrial activities, such as chiller operations, manufacturing equipment, and construction, naturally generate significant noise, which can be difficult to isolate from the surrounding environment. In recent years, harvesting energy from noise pollution has gained momentum as a promising field of research. Efficient conversion of uncontrolled environmental noise could power small electronic devices, such as smartphones and sensors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This approach offers a sustainable solution to meet the growing energy demand while alleviating pressure on conventional energy sources. Nonetheless, low-frequency noise presents significant challenges in terms of blocking and demonstrates effective propagation through different mediums, as highlighted by Choi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] and Yuan \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, this otherwise disruptive noise represents an untapped opportunity: the potential to generate useful electrical energy. While the concept of generating electricity from noise is not entirely new, recent advancements reveal substantial potential for its practical application. A key enabler of this technology is piezoelectric materials (PM), which produce an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress from sound waves. This phenomenon, known as the piezoelectric effect, occurs when mechanical vibrations displace electric charges within the material, generating a voltage output [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the potential of this approach, there is a lack of research on piezoelectric-based noise energy harvesting. Further investigations are needed to optimize system design for higher energy conversion efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThus, this study aims to evaluate and analyze the performance of SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0) and LDT1-028K Piezoelectric Transducers in harvesting energy from noise pollution at a district cooling plant and to investigate the potential for converting it into useful electrical energy. This innovative approach not only addresses the issue of energy sustainability but also create efficient energy system that benefits both society and the ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eA case study was conducted at the Mechanical and Electrical Plant (MEP) Building at the University of Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) in Sarawak, East Malaysia. The facility houses four centrifugal chillers and ten water pumps. The noise risk measurements were carried out in alignment with the Industry Code of Practice for Management of Occupational Noise Exposure and Hearing Conservation 2019 to assess sound intensity, with the aim of exploring potential energy harvesting opportunities within the district cooling plant. The findings would be classified into three zones: white, yellow, and red, based on intensity levels. The analysis of noise intensity versus voltage output is then conducted by measuring the voltage output from each respective zone. A piezoelectric circuit was designed to capture ambient vibrations from the chiller plant across all zones. This circuit includes a piezoelectric transducer (PT), rectifier, additional transducers, an AC-DC converter, and a capacitor for energy storage. Once implemented, the circuit converts vibrations into electrical energy, with the output measured using a multimeter every 30 minutes to record voltage and current. The multimeter also provides digital readings for power calculations, while a sound level meter quantifies noise intensity in decibels. The experiment utilized two types of PMs: LDT1-028K piezo film and SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Piezoelectric Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe LDT1-028K piezo sensor features a piezo film element laminated to a sheet of polyester. The piezoelectric material used is PVDF. The input voltage for this piezoelectric sensor ranges from 10 mV to 100 V, depending on the applied force and impedance. Specifically, the LDT1-028K operates at an input voltage of 12 V with a frequency of 150 Hz. The SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0) is a shielded sensor from the SDT series, operating with an input voltage of 15 V. Data collected included voltage (measured in volts), running time (measured in minutes), and noise levels (measured in dB) at the Mechanical and Electrical Plant Building (MEP Building). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the types of piezoelectric materials used in the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Noise Mapping of MEP, UNIMAS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA noise survey takes noise measurements throughout an entire plant to identify noisy areas. It provides very useful information, which enables determining the machines and equipment that generate harmful levels of noise. By using the \u0026ldquo;walk-thru survey\u0026rdquo; technique, area noise mapping was carried out to contour the premises layout into three noise zones. The maximum sound pressure level (SPL) was measured on all four sides of each machine (measured 1 m from the source and 1 m from the ground) using a calibrated sound level meter, with the instrument pointed towards the noise source and the highest reading recorded. Area measurements were taken to delineate noise zones at 82 dBA (white zone), 86 dBA (yellow zone), and 115 dBA (red zone), which later will be marked on the layout plan, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Development of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe piezoelectric circuit is designed to harvest ambient noise from the chiller plant. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the setup consists of a PT, a rectifier, and a capacitor. The PT plays a crucial role in capturing environmental noise and converting it into electrical energy. The rectifier then transforms the resulting alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC), making it suitable for powering DC devices. Finally, the capacitor stores the converted electrical energy, ensuring a stable and continuous supply. Overall, this system effectively converts noise energy from the chiller plant into usable electrical energy, highlighting the practical application of energy harvesting technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the framework of the piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) that be implemented in the research while the circuit diagram in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e serves as the visual representation for the design and construction of the harvester.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Analysis of Energy Output\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effective voltage output is measured by installing PEH in different zones based on the decibel range, categorized as Red Zone, Yellow Zone, and White Zone. In this experiment, LDT1-028K and SDT-TE1000288-0 piezoelectric transducers are used as energy harvesters. These transducers convert sound wave vibrations into DC electricity. The PEHs were tested in the MEP Building. The results for both transducers, in terms of their ability to harvest and convert industrial noise into electrical energy, are presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, with corresponding graphs shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe value of output energy proportional to time by LDT1-028K piezo film\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime (min)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edB(A) Range Reference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColour zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhite\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutput (V)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColour zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;82 to 85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutput (V)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColour zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;85 to 115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutput (V)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0216\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0258\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e plot the relationship between voltage output with the LDT1-028K piezo film system over a 30-minute period across three different zones. The trend shows a clear distinction in voltage outputs based on the sound levels in each zone. In the White Zone, the voltage output remains consistently low, starting at approximately 0.0050V and barely increasing over time. This indicates that the sound levels in this zone are low, leading to the harvesting of minimal energy. Similarly, the Yellow Zone shows a flat trend with an insignificant voltage output throughout the 30-minute interval, demonstrating that the sound levels are not high enough to generate substantial electrical energy. The Red Zone indicates that neither the White nor Yellow Zones store much energy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe value of output energy proportional to time by SDT-TE1000288-0 shielded sensor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime (min)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003edB(A) Range Reference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColour zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhite\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutput (V)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColour zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYellow\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;82 to 85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutput (V)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColour zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;85 to 115\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutput (V)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the following test of the SDT-TE1000288-0 shielded sensor, the voltage output remains very low in the white zone, starting around 0.0010V and increasing only gradually, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. This indicates that ambient noise levels are too low to generate substantial electrical energy. Similarly, the Yellow Zone displays a flat trend with minimal voltage output over the 30-minute interval, suggesting low sound levels and limited energy harvesting potential. In contrast, both transducers are expected to collect more energy in the Red Zones due to higher sound levels as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Additionally, the PT demonstrates a consistent reading trend across all zones, as confirmed by tests conducted in each zone. The only noticeable difference are the variations in output values between different transducer types, likely due to factors such as material composition and design specifications, which affect sensitivity and response time. Based on empirical evidence, it is understood that various constraints restrict the absorption of energy, including inadequate reception of mechanical vibrations or being beyond the appropriate frequency range [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, it is reasonable to indicates that SDT-TE1000288-0 shielded sensor may induce indirect vibration, thereby diminishing the amount of vibration that the piezoelectric film absorbs and receives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 The Comparison of Energy Output\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigures \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e clearly show that the LDT1-028K PT has the highest energy storage voltage within the Red Zone. This in agreement with a previous study, where Li \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] and Setiawan et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] proves that some power output can be generated from noise levels exceeding 90 dB. The Red Zone, characterised by high noise levels, corresponds to significant mechanical vibrations. These vibrations cause the cantilever beam to flex extensively, leading to higher voltage outputs. This makes it particularly effective in high-noise environments, where it can harness substantial energy from the mechanical stress induced by sound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, the shielded sensor piezo (SDT-TE1000288-0), while sensitive and flexible, does not generate as high a voltage output as the LDT1-028K piezo film under the same conditions. The cantilever beam's ability to flex and dynamically respond to high-intensity vibrations in the red zone leads to more significant energy storage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe LDT1-028K is a piezoelectric sensor transducer that operates by bending or flexing when subjected to mechanical stress. As noted by Xu \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], this flexing generates an electric charge that is equal to the deflection. This type of transducer offers high sensitivity to mechanical vibrations and can produce substantial voltage output, especially in environments with significant vibration. However, as agreed by Fang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] in 2023, it also has drawbacks, including the potential for mechanical fatigue over time and the requirement for specific mounting configurations to optimise energy harvesting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, PVDF serves as the material for the SDT-TE1000288-0 shielded sensor PT. It generates an electric charge in response to mechanical stress or acoustic vibrations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. The shielded sensor's advantages include its flexibility, lightweight nature, and high sensitivity across a wide range of frequencies. This makes it particularly useful for applications requiring the sensor to conform to curved surfaces or minimise weight. However, compared to piezo sensor, the shielded sensor may yield lower voltage outputs in low-stress environments. This aligns with Stamatellou\u0026rsquo;s [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] findings, which indicate that the shielded design can affect power absorption; therefore, optimising the sensor\u0026rsquo;s thickness may improve output efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, the importance of capacitors is often underestimated. Capacitors play a crucial role in PEH. This ability to efficiently manage energy is essential for optimizing the performance of PEH systems, which enable them to power small electronic devices effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs explained in previous studies by Stamatellou \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] and Subasinghage \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], this aspect is vital for ensuring the effective capture and retention of harvested energy for future use. Insufficient capacitance can result in energy loss, ultimately reducing the overall efficiency of the system. To achieve maximum performance in energy harvesting, researchers emphasize the importance of fine-tuning these components to cater to specific operational conditions and energy demands.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Comparative Studies of Energy Conversion Efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e above, the highest efficiency recorded was 0.290%, achieved in the Red Zone using the LDT1-028K piezo sensor PT. Overall efficiency, however, remains below 1%, highlighting significant challenges in energy conversion. This low efficiency is due to limited energy storage capacity, impacted by the permittivity of the piezoelectric material (PM), which restricts its ability to store electrical energy effectively. This observation aligns with findings by Aldahri \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] and Roscow \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], who reported that materials with lower piezoelectric strain constants and higher permittivity generate less energy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOptimizing Figures of Merit (FOMs) through structural adjustments may help to address this issue. Additionally, Fang \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] and Meng \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] observed that environmental factors like temperature and humidity also affect the mechanical and piezoelectric properties of these materials. Consequently, PM with higher Curie temperatures are preferred [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]:, as they retain their properties over a wider range of conditions, improving performance in real-world applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, it is essential to consider the energy storage components within the harvester system, particularly capacitors. Capacitors play a crucial role in storing the electrical energy generated by piezoelectric materials, with higher capacitance enabling more efficient energy storage during mechanical vibrations or deformations. This aspect is fundamental to ensure that the harvested energy is effectively captured and retained for future use, as inadequate capacitance can result in energy loss, reducing the overall efficiency of the system [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. To maximize the storage and usage of harvested energy, high-efficiency circuits should be developed. While the principles of piezoelectric energy harvesting are well established, selecting optimal materials, applying suitable techniques, and implementing effective strategies are vital for achieving higher power outputs and making the process more viable in practical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe LDT1-028K piezo sensor excels in high-noise environments (Red Zone), generating the highest voltage output due to its mechanical properties and sensitivity to vibrations. In contrast, SDT-TE1000288-0 piezo sensor offers advantages in applications where flexibility and lightweight design are critical, though it may not perform as well in high-vibration environments. The comparative analysis of the LDT1-028K and SDT-TE1000288-0 sensors has yielded significant insights into their performance and efficiency. The LDT1-028K sensor demonstrates a strong correlation between noise levels and energy storage capacity, highlighting its promise for advancing piezoelectric energy harvesting technology. These findings align with those of Stamatellou \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], which indicate that the LDT1-028K sensor effectively captures both vibration and impact energy, leading to an enhanced voltage output. This is due to the shielded design's potential to impact power absorption; hence, optimising the thickness of the sensor could enhance output efficiency. This foundational research paves the way for ongoing innovation and the development of sustainable energy solutions, emphasizing the critical need for efficient energy harvesting mechanisms in various applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research is fully supported by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), FRGS/1/2021/TK0/UNIMAS/03/3. The authors fully acknowledged Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MOHE), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and \u003cem\u003ei-\u003c/em\u003eCATS University College, which made it possible to conduct and publish this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research is funded by the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) with grant number FRGS/1/2021/TK0/UNIMAS/03/3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are from the cited articles and are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAldahiry DA., Bajaba DA., Basalamah NM., \u0026amp; Ahmed MM. 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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5042683\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Piezoelectric materials, energy harvesting, piezoelectric transducers, sound energy, acoustic energy harvesting","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7403350/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7403350/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, harvesting energy from noise pollution has gained momentum as a promising field of research. Industrial activities, such as chiller operations, manufacturing equipment, and construction, naturally generate significant noise, which can be difficult to isolate from the surrounding environment. However, there is a lack of research on piezoelectric-based noise energy harvesting. Further investigations are needed to optimize system design for higher energy conversion efficiency. This paper presents the performance analysis of piezoelectric transducers for harvesting energy from noise generated at a chiller plant. The sound level on the piezoelectric is experimental at range of 82\u0026ndash;100 dB, corresponding to the zones classified in the chiller plant noise. In this study, two types of piezoelectric transducers, LDT1-028K and SDT-TE1000288-0, were investigated as energy harvesters. Both transducers are based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) material. The experimental setup included a noise harvester system consisting of a capacitor and rectifier. The results indicate LDT1-028K has superior energy harvesting efficiency in comparison to the SDT-TE1000288-0 piezo sensor where it is accomplished maximum power response performance of 0.0258 mV at 95 dB. The results show that noise pollution from sources such as chiller operations, industrial machinery, and construction activities can be converted into usable electrical energy. By harnessing and utilizing unregulated noise, this approach offers a promising solution for powering compact electronic devices, including mobile phones, monitoring sensors, and industrial appliances.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Performance Analysis of SDT Shielded Piezo (TE1000288-0) And LDT1-028K Piezoelectric Transducers in Energy Harvesting From Chiller Plant","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-25 11:07:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7403350/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2118ec75-f140-426b-8629-00f0a64495ee","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-29T06:12:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-25 11:07:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7403350","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7403350","identity":"rs-7403350","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}