Epidemiological Assessment of Root Rot Disease in Pea Caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisiin Relation to Key Weather Variables Under Field Conditions

Epidemiological Assessment of Root Rot Disease in Pea Caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisiin Relation to Key Weather Variables Under Field Conditions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Epidemiological Assessment of Root Rot Disease in Pea Caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi in Relation to Key Weather Variables Under Field Conditions Dr. Yogita Nain This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7438034/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The impact of weather parameters on the development of root rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi in pea plants can be significant. Root rot is one of the most destructive diseases of pea, particularly in the southern and eastern parts of Rajasthan and India. Field trials were conducted at the Agro Meteorology Observatory, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, during the Rabi seasons 2021–22 and 2022–23 to assess the influence of meteorological factors on root rot incidence. The disease appeared 15 days after sowing and progressively increased, with the highest incidence recorded in March. Maximum disease incidence ranged from 34.60% in 2021–22 to 49.40% in 2022–23. Root rot severity showed a strong positive correlation with maximum temperature (r = 0.500 in 2021–22 and r = 0.541 in 2022–23), while morning and evening relative humidity exhibited negative correlations. The optimal conditions for disease development were temperatures between 29.4°C and 34.2°C and relative humidity below 60%. Multiple regression analysis confirmed maximum temperature as the most influential factor (R² = 0.494 in 2022–23). These findings highlight the critical role of temperature and humidity in disease progression and provide a basis for developing weather-based forecasting models for timely and effective disease management. Mycology Fusarium solani Temperature Multiple regression Epidemiology Disease forecasting Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction Garden peas ( Pisum sativum L.) are a versatile and nutritionally rich crop that plays a significant role in both human diets and agricultural systems. Their cultivation not only provides essential nutrients but also enhances soil fertility, making them a valuable component of sustainable farming practices. Pea protein content varies between 15.5% and 39.7%. Fresh green peas (100g) provide approximately 44 calories and consist of 75.6% water, 6.2g protein, 0.4g fat, and 16.9g carbohydrates. It is a very nutritious crop, and its pod is a rich source of vitamins A, B, B2, and C [ 3 ]. However, its productivity is often threatened by biotic stresses, among which root rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi is a major constraint. These pathogens impair the plant's overall growth by disrupting nutrient and water uptake, leading to symptoms such as wilting, yellowing of leaves and stunted growth. In severe infections, the disease can cause early plant mortality, leading to major declines in yield and quality, which ultimately result in considerable economic losses for farmers [ 4 , 11 ]. Root rot in pea is known to reduce yields by an average of 10–30%, and under highly favorable conditions for the pathogen, it may even result in complete crop failure [ 11 ]. This soil-borne pathogen infects the root system, leading to seedling mortality, reduced plant vigour, and significant yield losses [ 8 ]. The disease is particularly destructive under favourable environmental conditions, necessitating an in-depth study of the impact of weather variables on its occurrence and severity. Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and rainfall significantly influence the survival, multiplication, and aggressiveness of F. solani f. sp. Pisi [ 7 ]. Studies have shown that Fusarium spp. Thrive in moderate to high temperatures and moist soil conditions, leading to increased disease severity [ 5 ]. Thus, understanding the relationship between weather parameters and disease dynamics is essential for predicting outbreaks and implementing timely management strategies. Despite extensive research on Fusarium spp., limited studies have comprehensively examined the correlation between specific climatic variables and F. solani in pea. This study aims to quantify the relationship between specific weather variables (temperature, soil moisture, etc.) and root rot incidence/severity in pea, and to develop a predictive framework for Rajasthan. Although Fusarium root rot has been studied in various agro ecological zones, Rajasthan lacks localized, field-based studies that quantify the role of specific microclimatic variables in disease development. There are no existing weather-based forecasting models for F. solani in this region, and the influence of local soil moisture dynamics, temperature extremes, and humidity fluctuations remains understudied. This creates a crucial knowledge gap, particularly in semi-arid systems where disease behavior may deviate from other regions. This study fills this gap by linking disease incidence with weather parameters under natural field conditions. 2. Materials and methods: Sample collection A total of 15 symptomatic root samples were collected from each of the four surveyed districts (Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, and Nagaur), making up 60 root segments. After surface sterilization, 24 cultures were confirmed morphologically as Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi and used for pathogenicity and epidemiological studies. The infected plant parts (roots) of the diseased samples were carefully placed in polythene bags (20 µm), tagged and brought to the Department of Plant Pathology at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur. Fungal-infected roots were examined and used for the pathogen isolation. The plant material used in the study is a widely cultivated variety in farmers’ fields, and the collection of samples was undertaken according to the guidelines of the Government of India, and there is no ethical issue. 3. Pathogen Isolation and Purification The potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate method was used for fungal isolation. The medium was formulated using 200 g of peeled potatoes, 20 g of dextrose, and 15 g of agar per liter of water. After that, prepared media were placed in a flask (1000 ml) and transferred for sterilization. The sterilized media (15–20 ml) were transferred to each Petri plate in the laminar air flow, and kept for 15–20 min to condense the media for further use in isolation. Small pieces (2–5 mm) of the diseased sample were cut with a sterilized scalpel, washed with purified water, and kept in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes. After that, the pieces were washed three times with purified water. The diseased samples were transferred into already prepared condensed media (PDA) in Petri plates under aseptic conditions. Petri plates were transferred to BOD and incubated at 26 ± 1°C for pathogen mycelial growth. After 3–4 days, fungal mycelium started growing from the edges. A sterilized inoculation needle was used to transfer the mycelial growth to fresh medium for sub culturing [ 9 ]. 4. Identification of the pathogen The pathogen was identified as F. solani f. sp. pisi based on cultural and morphological characteristics seen in the isolated pathogen. For confirmation of identity, the pure cultures were sent to the Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC), Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi and identified as Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi . (ID No. 11,832.23, Pea). 5. Inoculum preparation Conidial suspension was made by adding sterile water to fungal culture and gently rubbing with a glass slide. The liquid was filtered through two layers of cheesecloth, and spores were counted as per the method [ 2 ]. Using a haemocytometer and adjusted to 1 × 103 conidia ml − 1. To find out the role of major meteorological factors in disease development, the incidence was recorded at weekly intervals in the field, located near the Agro Meteorology Observatory, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur. The data were recorded for two consecutive cropping seasons ( Rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23) in pea. Sowings were made in November in the same field for both years. Three observations were recorded for per cent disease incidence each week at a day's interval, and the average weekly disease incidence was calculated. Weekly meteorological data of maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were obtained from the Agronomy Department for both years to establish their correlation with disease development. Angular transformed values of per cent data were subjected to correlation and regression coefficients. The prediction equation used was Y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 +………+ b6, where Y = Predicted disease incidence, a = Intercept, b1 to b6 = Partial regression coefficients, x1 = Max. Temp. (°C), x2 = Min. temp., x3 = Max. RH (%), x4 = Min. RH (%), and x5 = Rainfall (mm). The percentage of disease incidence progressively increased during the observation period, i.e. 26th November to 26th March in both the cropping seasons. 6. Result and discussion Disease development with meteorological variables, i.e. Relative humidity, minimum and maximum temperatures, and rainfall were recorded during two cropping seasons, Rabi 2021–22 and 2022–23, under field condition. These parameters played a crucial role in disease development and provided favorable conditions for pathogen spread. The perusal of data revealed that the disease appeared first after 15 days of sowing during Rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23, because the pathogen was soil-borne, so the disease appeared from the vegetative stage and gradually increased and progressed up to the harvesting stage. The results for two consecutive years revealed that the prevailing weather conditions considerably influenced the disease incidence. The disease incidence was maximum during the March month and showed maximum incidence with 29.4°C maximum temperature, minimum temperature (13.9°C), morning relative humidity (60.0%) and evening relative humidity (23%) during the Rabi season 2021 (Fig. 1 ). The disease incidence was maximum during the second week of February and showed maximum incidence with 29.46°C maximum temperature, minimum temperature (13.13°C), morning relative humidity (49.86%) and evening relative humidity (21.71%) in Rabi season 2022 (Fig. 2). The disease severity was highest when maximum temperatures ranged from 29.4°C to 34.2°C and minimum temperatures were between 13.1°C and 17.2°C in (Table 1 ). Results depicted showed that a correlation was formed between the four independent variables (meteorological parameters) and the dependent variable (disease incidence), and both variables were accountable for the spread of the pathogen under both cropping seasons. Maximum and minimum temperatures had a positive correlation (Table 2 ) with disease development, while other meteorological factors had a negative correlation. In the first crop season Rabi 2022-23, the coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) was 0.254 to 0.346 per cent while during Rabi 2021-22, A maximum disease incidence of 34.60 per cent was recorded, indicating that environmental factors played a significant role in disease development. In the second crop season, Rabi 2022-23, the coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) was 0.314 per cent and 0.494 per cent, The observed disease incidence of 34.60 per cent to 49.40 per cent suggests a strong dependence on the environmental conditions (Table 3 ). The equation included that the maximum temperature favored the highest multiplication of the pathogen population in the field. Similarly, [ 12 ] reported that increases in soil temperature from 10 to 30°C resulted in increases in root rot severity and foliar symptom expression. The highest disease incidence was between 25 and 30°C. The foliar symptoms also increased with increasing temperature. Pea plants grown in soil maintained at 75% field capacity showed significantly lower incidence and severity of root rot, whereas disease occurrence increased under low soil moisture conditions, particularly at 25% field capacity. The results showed that either an excess or a deficiency of soil moisture could promote root rot Table 1 Progression of root rot disease of pea in relation to weather parameters in different dates under field conditions during Rabi, 2021-22, 2022-23. *Mean of three replications. *Observation started 7th days after inoculation and at weekly intervals, 1st sown-26th November in both year. Date of observation (Meteoro- logical Week) 2021-22 2022-23 Temperature ( 0 C) Relative humidity (%) Rainfall (mm) Weekly disease incidence (%) Cumulative PDI (%) Temperature ( 0 C) Relative humidity (%) Rainfall (mm) Weekly disease incidence (%) Cumulative PDI (%) Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 26/11 (48) 27.9 12.6 72 33 0 1 1 26.97 11.44 74.29 36.00 0.00 1 1 03/12 (49) 24.5 9.9 80 36 0.4 1.3 2.3 25.90 10.63 72.14 36.71 0.00 1.5 2.5 10/12 (50) 23.1 9.7 68 39 0 1.1 3.4 26.60 11.43 61.57 36.57 0.00 2.5 5 17/12 (51) 22.4 6 65 17 0 0.2 3.6 24.61 10.91 68.00 41.57 0.00 3.3 8.3 24/12 (52) 22.1 10.7 73.3 38 3.2 0.6 4.2 26.43 9.93 73.14 35.57 0.00 5.1 13.4 01/01 (01) 20.6 9.0 87 83 8.2 0.9 5.1 20.51 5.20 86.71 48.00 0.00 2.12 15.52 08/01 (02) 17.9 7.6 92 54 16.6 0.1 5.1 23.94 10.31 82.43 41.43 0.00 1.8 17.32 15/01 (03) 23.2 6.8 92 50 0.0 5.1 10.2 20.63 6.57 67.14 29.71 0.00 0.5 17.82 22/01 (04) 20.4 6.8 88 41 9.2 0.34 10.54 21.81 10.20 76.43 50.00 0.00 1.2 19.02 29/01 (05) 23.7 8.6 82 34 0.0 1.5 12.04 22.83 10.00 85.29 48.29 4.23 3.2 22.22 05/02 (06) 24.7 10.0 78 32 0.0 1.4 13.44 28.01 13.77 74.71 27.14 0.00 4.4 26.62 12/02 (07) 27.9 11.0 61 24 0.0 5.1 18.54 29.46 13.13 49.86 21.71 0.00 7.45 34.07 19/02 (08) 28.4 13.7 48 23 0.0 4.15 22.69 31.89 16.87 59.71 27.14 0.00 6.15 40.22 26/02 (09) 27.6 13.1 70 26 0.0 6.5 29.12 31.86 18.61 54.57 36.43 0.00 6.5 46.72 05/03 (10) 29.4 13.9 60 23 0.0 10.64 39.83 30.93 17.73 60.57 32.29 1.54 5.64 52.36 12/03 (11) 34.2 17.2 55 17 0.0 9.2 49.03 31.46 19.59 58.14 36.29 1.67 3.2 55.56 19/03 (12) 35.1 22.1 47 16 0.0 4.1 53.13 28.96 17.49 78.86 49.00 0.89 2.1 57.66 26/03 (13) 36 19.4 35 9 0.0 0 53.13 30.74 19.01 60.57 40.29 2.23 0.1 57.76 Table 2 Correlation of root rot disease incidence with major meteorological factors during 2021-22 and 2022-23 Variable Year Correlation coefficient Temperature Maximum 2022 0.500* 2023 0.541* Minimum 2022 0.405 2023 0.352 Relative humidity Morning 2022 -0.309 2023 -0.512 Evening 2022 -0.330 2023 -0.549 Rainfall 2022 -0.386 2023 -0.098 * Significant at 5 per cent level of significance Table 3 Prediction equation and R 2 for predicting root rot disease incidence (Multiple regression Eq. 2021-22 and 2022-23) Multiple regression Eq. (2021-22) R 2 Y=--5.918 0.342 x 1 0.254 Y=--8.473 0.564 x 1 -0.278 x 2 0.271 Y=--24.610 0.849 x 1 -0.232 x 2 0.117 x 3 0.344 Y=--24.800 0.870 x 1 -0.253 x 2 0.112 x 3 0.007 x 4 0.344 Y=--23.711 0.800 x 1 -0.192 x 2 0.113 x 3 0.009 x 4 -0.052 x 5 0.346 Multiple regression Eq. (2022-23) Y=-5.249 0.316 x 1 0.314 Y=-13.464 0.881 x 1 -0.540 x 2 0.474 Y=-9.484 0.792 x 1 -0.510 x 2 -0.029 x 3 0.483 Y=-8.494 0.739 x 1 -0.461 x 2 -0.021 x 3 -0.019 x 4 0.485 Y=-8.785 0.793 x 1 -0.531 x 2 -0.026 x 3 -0.020 x 4 0.216 x 5 0.494 Similar findings have also been reported by [ 8 ]. The maximum disease produced by F. solani was observed to grow actively at temperatures of 29°C and above. High relative humidity (100%) and high initial inoculum (7mm) also significantly increase the disease for pathogens. Our findings are strongly supported by earlier controlled-environment studies. [ 12 ] demonstrated that increasing temperatures from 10°C to 30°C significantly increased root rot severity and foliar symptoms in pea, which aligns with our observations in the field. [ 1 ] further corroborated our findings, indicating that Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp. Caused severe disease at higher temperatures (24–32°C) and soil moisture levels between 70–80%. Likewise, [ 10 ] found that F. avenaceum was more dominant during cool and wet years, while F. solani thrived in dry and hot conditions, mirroring our observations in Rabi 2022, where disease incidence peaked in warmer and drier weeks. [ 13 ] used temperature gradient and modelling studies to determine that the optimal growth and disease development for F. solani occurs around 29.3°C , further reinforcing our conclusion that F. solani is highly adapted to warm soil temperatures. These recent findings support the conclusion that temperature and relative humidity play a key role in the development of F. solani disease dynamics and should be core components of any integrated disease management strategy. 7. Conclusion and Future Implications This study highlights the crucial role of weather—especially temperature—in the development of pea root rot caused by F. solani f. sp. pisi . These insights are valuable for developing early warning systems and guiding integrated disease management strategies. Farmers can benefit from adjusting sowing dates and using disease-resistant cultivars along with biocontrol agents under a weather-based framework. Although this study was limited to two seasons and a specific agro-climatic region (Jaipur), the findings provide a solid foundation for broader research. Future studies should include additional factors like soil moisture, microbial community dynamics, and validation across diverse agro-climatic zones to strengthen the forecasting model and improve its applicability. References Ajayi-Oyetunde, O. O., and Bradley, C. A. 2017. Identification and characterization of Rhizoctonia species associated with soybean seedling disease. Plant Disease, 101(4): 520-533. Boedo, C., Benichou, S., Berruyer, R., Bersihand, S., Dongo, A., Simoneau, P., and Poupard, P. (2012). Evaluating aggressiveness and host range of Alternaria dauci in a controlled environment. Plant Pathology , 61 (1): 63-75. Insaf Khan, I. K., Devendra Singh, D. S., and Jat, B. L. (2017). Effects of biofertilizers on plant growth and yield characters of Pisum sativum L, 99-108. Kraft, J. M., and Pfleger, F. L. 2001. Compendium of pea diseases and pests. American Phytopathological Society (APS Press).Ed.2: 67 pp. Meena, P. N., and Haldhar, S. M. (2025). Climate change and its role in plant health and disease dynamics. Scruggs, A. C. and Quesada-Ocampo, L. M. 2016. Etiology and epidemiological conditions promoting Fusarium root rot in sweet potato. Phytopathology , 106 (8): 909-919. Sharma, M., Tarfdar, A., Ghosh, R., Rao, M. K., Srinivas, K., and Varshney, R. K. Advances in Genetic Improvement of Legumes to Biotic Stresses. In Advances in Plant Disease Management Volume II , 244-294. Shehzadi, L., Anum, S., Shabbir, M. A., Sajid, A., Anwar, M., Fareed, M. A., and Usman, H. M. (2025). Overview of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum causing okra wilt and its management. Journal of Agriculture and Food , 6 (1): 82-93. Sofi, T. A. et al. Cultural, morphological, pathogenic and molecular characterization of Alternaria mali associated with Alternaria leaf blotch of apple. African Journal of. Biotechnology, 12: 370–381 (2013). Taheri, A. E, Chatterton, S., Foroud, N. A., Gossen, B. D., and McLaren, D. L. 2017. Identification and community dynamics of fungi associated with root, crown, and foot rot of field pea in western Canada. European Journal of Plant Pathology , 147 : 489-500. Trenk, N. K., Pacheco-Moreno, A., & Arora, S. (2024). Understanding the root of the problem for tackling pea root rot disease. Frontiers in Microbiology , 15 : 1441814. Tu, J. C. 1994. Effects of soil compaction, temperature, and moisture on the development of the Fusarium root rot complex of pea in southwestern Ontario. Phytoprotection , 75(3): 125-131. Yan, H., and Nelson Jr, B. 2020.Effect of temperature on Fusarium solani and F. tricinctum growth and disease development in soybean. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology , 42 (4): 527-537. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7438034","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":504431642,"identity":"c4c5426e-3e79-48a6-a23e-3d0306b7be27","order_by":0,"name":"Dr. Yogita Nain","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACg8Psz6R5Kuzs7Q8zH3zws03C3oCB+eFjHjxaLI43tkvznEnmYWNvSzbsPWfDY8DAZmw8B48WmzMH22fObDvAw8Zzxkya8V8aUAuPmPQffFpuJLbP+AjSIpFjVs247TBIC5t0Dh4tZjcS24AIpCWt7DYpWo4DtSRvuy1LjBbj+w/bKhLbDvOwyT8wK+Zt+w/Rgi/EDIFWWIC1SKSYMfO2HYZ4n6CWBFAgS6QlS/aCtDADAxmfFoMb6c8kEoBRCfTLwQ8/2w7b27c3449KLICZNOWjYBSMglEwCrAAABQKVX7esPztAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"SKNAU, Jobner","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"Dr.","firstName":"Yogita","middleName":"","lastName":"Nain","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-23 02:27:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7438034/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7438034/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89884151,"identity":"efd80bdc-a6a1-45ce-8615-421a31d20133","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-26 06:09:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":172843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePer cent root rot incidence in pea in relation to environmental factors (2021)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7438034/v1/cd0afc96def34c51be7e6784.png"},{"id":89884147,"identity":"53a8d5d3-5434-405b-b7cb-c8082e6f1788","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-26 06:09:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176224,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePer cent root rot incidence in pea in relation to environmental factors (2022)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7438034/v1/11695e57a8e4b75510d308f7.png"},{"id":89884503,"identity":"25b73887-7b6d-4d96-94a5-63fda233299e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-26 06:17:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1129284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7438034/v1/e74ec617-9ab5-4e5b-8e45-9aac30326a5a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEpidemiological Assessment of Root Rot Disease in Pea Caused by \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFusarium solani\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e f. sp. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003episi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ein Relation to Key Weather Variables Under Field Conditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGarden peas (\u003cem\u003ePisum sativum\u003c/em\u003e L.) are a versatile and nutritionally rich crop that plays a significant role in both human diets and agricultural systems. Their cultivation not only provides essential nutrients but also enhances soil fertility, making them a valuable component of sustainable farming practices. Pea protein content varies between 15.5% and 39.7%. Fresh green peas (100g) provide approximately 44 calories and consist of 75.6% water, 6.2g protein, 0.4g fat, and 16.9g carbohydrates. It is a very nutritious crop, and its pod is a rich source of vitamins A, B, B2, and C [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, its productivity is often threatened by biotic stresses, among which root rot caused by \u003cem\u003eFusarium solani\u003c/em\u003e f. sp. pisi is a major constraint. These pathogens impair the plant's overall growth by disrupting nutrient and water uptake, leading to symptoms such as wilting, yellowing of leaves and stunted growth. In severe infections, the disease can cause early plant mortality, leading to major declines in yield and quality, which ultimately result in considerable economic losses for farmers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Root rot in pea is known to reduce yields by an average of 10\u0026ndash;30%, and under highly favorable conditions for the pathogen, it may even result in complete crop failure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. This soil-borne pathogen infects the root system, leading to seedling mortality, reduced plant vigour, and significant yield losses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The disease is particularly destructive under favourable environmental conditions, necessitating an in-depth study of the impact of weather variables on its occurrence and severity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and rainfall significantly influence the survival, multiplication, and aggressiveness of \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e f. sp. \u003cem\u003ePisi\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies have shown that \u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e spp. Thrive in moderate to high temperatures and moist soil conditions, leading to increased disease severity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, understanding the relationship between weather parameters and disease dynamics is essential for predicting outbreaks and implementing timely management strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite extensive research on \u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e spp., limited studies have comprehensively examined the correlation between specific climatic variables and \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e in pea. This study aims to quantify the relationship between specific weather variables (temperature, soil moisture, etc.) and root rot incidence/severity in pea, and to develop a predictive framework for Rajasthan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough \u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e root rot has been studied in various agro ecological zones, Rajasthan lacks localized, field-based studies that quantify the role of specific microclimatic variables in disease development. There are no existing weather-based forecasting models for \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e in this region, and the influence of local soil moisture dynamics, temperature extremes, and humidity fluctuations remains understudied. This creates a crucial knowledge gap, particularly in semi-arid systems where disease behavior may deviate from other regions. This study fills this gap by linking disease incidence with weather parameters under natural field conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods: Sample collection","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 15 symptomatic root samples were collected from each of the four surveyed districts (Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, and Nagaur), making up 60 root segments. After surface sterilization, 24 cultures were confirmed morphologically as \u003cem\u003eFusarium solani\u003c/em\u003e f. sp. \u003cem\u003episi\u003c/em\u003e and used for pathogenicity and epidemiological studies. The infected plant parts (roots) of the diseased samples were carefully placed in polythene bags (20 \u0026micro;m), tagged and brought to the Department of Plant Pathology at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur. Fungal-infected roots were examined and used for the pathogen isolation. The plant material used in the study is a widely cultivated variety in farmers\u0026rsquo; fields, and the collection of samples was undertaken according to the guidelines of the Government of India, and there is no ethical issue.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Pathogen Isolation and Purification","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate method was used for fungal isolation. The medium was formulated using 200 g of peeled potatoes, 20 g of dextrose, and 15 g of agar per liter of water. After that, prepared media were placed in a flask (1000 ml) and transferred for sterilization. The sterilized media (15\u0026ndash;20 ml) were transferred to each Petri plate in the laminar air flow, and kept for 15\u0026ndash;20 min to condense the media for further use in isolation. Small pieces (2\u0026ndash;5 mm) of the diseased sample were cut with a sterilized scalpel, washed with purified water, and kept in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes. After that, the pieces were washed three times with purified water. The diseased samples were transferred into already prepared condensed media (PDA) in Petri plates under aseptic conditions. Petri plates were transferred to BOD and incubated at 26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C for pathogen mycelial growth. After 3\u0026ndash;4 days, fungal mycelium started growing from the edges. A sterilized inoculation needle was used to transfer the mycelial growth to fresh medium for sub culturing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Identification of the pathogen","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pathogen was identified as \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e f. sp. \u003cem\u003episi\u003c/em\u003e based on cultural and morphological characteristics seen in the isolated pathogen. For confirmation of identity, the pure cultures were sent to the Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC), Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, New Delhi and identified as \u003cem\u003eFusarium solani\u003c/em\u003e f. sp. \u003cem\u003episi\u003c/em\u003e. (ID No. 11,832.23, Pea).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Inoculum preparation","content":"\u003cp\u003eConidial suspension was made by adding sterile water to fungal culture and gently rubbing with a glass slide. The liquid was filtered through two layers of cheesecloth, and spores were counted as per the method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Using a haemocytometer and adjusted to 1 \u0026times; 103 conidia ml\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1. To find out the role of major meteorological factors in disease development, the incidence was recorded at weekly intervals in the field, located near the Agro Meteorology Observatory, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur. The data were recorded for two consecutive cropping seasons (\u003cem\u003eRabi\u003c/em\u003e 2021-22 and 2022-23) in pea. Sowings were made in November in the same field for both years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree observations were recorded for per cent disease incidence each week at a day's interval, and the average weekly disease incidence was calculated. Weekly meteorological data of maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were obtained from the Agronomy Department for both years to establish their correlation with disease development. Angular transformed values of per cent data were subjected to correlation and regression coefficients. The prediction equation used was Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b1x1\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;b2x2 +\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;+ b6, where Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Predicted disease incidence, a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Intercept, b1 to b6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Partial regression coefficients, x1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Max. Temp. (\u0026deg;C), x2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Min. temp., x3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Max. RH (%), x4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Min. RH (%), and x5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Rainfall (mm). The percentage of disease incidence progressively increased during the observation period, \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e 26th November to 26th March in both the cropping seasons.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Result and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDisease development with meteorological variables, \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e Relative humidity, minimum and maximum temperatures, and rainfall were recorded during two cropping seasons, Rabi 2021\u0026ndash;22 and 2022\u0026ndash;23, under field condition. These parameters played a crucial role in disease development and provided favorable conditions for pathogen spread. The perusal of data revealed that the disease appeared first after 15 days of sowing during \u003cem\u003eRabi\u003c/em\u003e 2021-22 and 2022-23, because the pathogen was soil-borne, so the disease appeared from the vegetative stage and gradually increased and progressed up to the harvesting stage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results for two consecutive years revealed that the prevailing weather conditions considerably influenced the disease incidence. The disease incidence was maximum during the March month and showed maximum incidence with 29.4\u0026deg;C maximum temperature, minimum temperature (13.9\u0026deg;C), morning relative humidity (60.0%) and evening relative humidity (23%) during \u003cem\u003ethe Rabi\u003c/em\u003e season 2021 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The disease incidence was maximum during the second week of February and showed maximum incidence with 29.46\u0026deg;C maximum temperature, minimum temperature (13.13\u0026deg;C), morning relative humidity (49.86%) and evening relative humidity (21.71%) in \u003cem\u003eRabi\u003c/em\u003e season 2022 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). The disease severity was highest when maximum temperatures ranged from 29.4\u0026deg;C to 34.2\u0026deg;C and minimum temperatures were between 13.1\u0026deg;C and 17.2\u0026deg;C in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults depicted showed that a correlation was formed between the four independent variables (meteorological parameters) and the dependent variable (disease incidence), and both variables were accountable for the spread of the pathogen under both cropping seasons. Maximum and minimum temperatures had a positive correlation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) with disease development, while other meteorological factors had a negative correlation. In the first crop season \u003cem\u003eRabi\u003c/em\u003e 2022-23, the coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) was 0.254 to 0.346 per cent while during \u003cem\u003eRabi\u003c/em\u003e 2021-22, A maximum disease incidence of 34.60 per cent was recorded, indicating that environmental factors played a significant role in disease development. In the second crop season, \u003cem\u003eRabi\u003c/em\u003e 2022-23, the coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) was 0.314 per cent and 0.494 per cent, The observed disease incidence of 34.60 per cent to 49.40 per cent suggests a strong dependence on the environmental conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The equation included that the maximum temperature favored the highest multiplication of the pathogen population in the field. Similarly, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] reported that increases in soil temperature from 10 to 30\u0026deg;C resulted in increases in root rot severity and foliar symptom expression. The highest disease incidence was between 25 and 30\u0026deg;C. The foliar symptoms also increased with increasing temperature. Pea plants grown in soil maintained at 75% field capacity showed significantly lower incidence and severity of root rot, whereas disease occurrence increased under low soil moisture conditions, particularly at 25% field capacity. The results showed that either an excess or a deficiency of soil moisture could promote root rot\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProgression of root rot disease of pea in relation to weather parameters in different dates under field conditions during Rabi, 2021-22, 2022-23. *Mean of three replications. *Observation started 7th days after inoculation and at weekly intervals, 1st sown-26th November in both year.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDate of observation (Meteoro-\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003elogical\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeek)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021-22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022-23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative humidity (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainfall (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeekly disease incidence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCumulative PDI\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative humidity (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainfall (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeekly disease incidence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCumulative PDI\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26/11 (48)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e03/12 (49)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10/12 (50)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17/12 (51)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24/12 (52)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e01/01 (01)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e08/01 (02)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15/01 (03)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22/01 (04)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29/01 (05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e05/02 (06)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12/02 (07)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19/02 (08)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26/02 (09)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e05/03 (10)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12/03 (11)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19/03 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26/03 (13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation of root rot disease incidence with major meteorological factors during 2021-22 and 2022-23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.500*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.541*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.405\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative humidity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMorning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.512\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.549\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainfall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.386\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e* Significant at 5 per cent level of significance\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrediction equation and R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for predicting root rot disease incidence (Multiple regression Eq.\u0026nbsp;2021-22 and 2022-23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiple regression Eq.\u0026nbsp;(2021-22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=--5.918\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.342 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.254\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=--8.473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.564 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.278 x\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=--24.610\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.849 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.232 x\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.117 x\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.344\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=--24.800\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.870 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.253 x\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.112 x\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007 x\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.344\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=--23.711\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.800 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.192 x\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.113 x\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009 x\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.052 x\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMultiple regression Eq.\u0026nbsp;(2022-23)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=-5.249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.316 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=-13.464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.881 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.540 x\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=-9.484\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.792 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.510 x\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.029 x\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.483\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=-8.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.739 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.461 x\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.021 x\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.019 x\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eY=-8.785\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.793 x\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.531 x\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.026 x\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.020 x\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.216 x\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar findings have also been reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The maximum disease produced by \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e was observed to grow actively at temperatures of 29\u0026deg;C and above. High relative humidity (100%) and high initial inoculum (7mm) also significantly increase the disease for pathogens.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings are strongly supported by earlier controlled-environment studies. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrated that increasing temperatures from 10\u0026deg;C to 30\u0026deg;C significantly increased root rot severity and foliar symptoms in pea, which aligns with our observations in the field. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] further corroborated our findings, indicating that \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e spp. Caused severe disease at higher temperatures (24\u0026ndash;32\u0026deg;C) and soil moisture levels between 70\u0026ndash;80%. Likewise, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] found that \u003cem\u003eF. avenaceum\u003c/em\u003e was more dominant during cool and wet years, while \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e thrived in dry and hot conditions, mirroring our observations in Rabi 2022, where disease incidence peaked in warmer and drier weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] used temperature gradient and modelling studies to determine that the optimal growth and disease development for \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e occurs around \u003cb\u003e29.3\u0026deg;C\u003c/b\u003e, further reinforcing our conclusion that \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e is highly adapted to warm soil temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese recent findings support the conclusion that temperature and relative humidity play a key role in the development of \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e disease dynamics and should be core components of any integrated disease management strategy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. Conclusion and Future Implications","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the crucial role of weather\u0026mdash;especially temperature\u0026mdash;in the development of pea root rot caused by \u003cem\u003eF. solani\u003c/em\u003e f. sp. \u003cem\u003episi\u003c/em\u003e. These insights are valuable for developing early warning systems and guiding integrated disease management strategies. Farmers can benefit from adjusting sowing dates and using disease-resistant cultivars along with biocontrol agents under a weather-based framework.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough this study was limited to two seasons and a specific agro-climatic region (Jaipur), the findings provide a solid foundation for broader research. Future studies should include additional factors like soil moisture, microbial community dynamics, and validation across diverse agro-climatic zones to strengthen the forecasting model and improve its applicability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAjayi-Oyetunde, O. O., and Bradley, C. A. 2017. Identification and characterization of \u003cem\u003eRhizoctonia\u003c/em\u003e species associated with soybean seedling disease. \u003cem\u003ePlant Disease,\u003c/em\u003e 101(4): 520-533.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBoedo, C., Benichou, S., Berruyer, R., Bersihand, S., Dongo, A., Simoneau, P., and Poupard, P. (2012). Evaluating aggressiveness and host range of \u003cem\u003eAlternaria dauci\u003c/em\u003e in a controlled environment. \u003cem\u003ePlant Pathology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e61\u003c/em\u003e(1): 63-75.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eInsaf Khan, I. K., Devendra Singh, D. S., and Jat, B. L. (2017). Effects of biofertilizers on plant growth and yield characters of \u003cem\u003ePisum sativum\u003c/em\u003e L, 99-108.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKraft, J. M., and Pfleger, F. L. 2001. Compendium of pea diseases and pests. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Phytopathological Society\u003c/em\u003e (APS Press).Ed.2: 67 pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMeena, P. N., and Haldhar, S. M. (2025). Climate change and its role in plant health and disease dynamics.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eScruggs, A. C. and Quesada-Ocampo, L. M. 2016. Etiology and epidemiological conditions promoting Fusarium root rot in sweet potato. \u003cem\u003ePhytopathology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e106\u003c/em\u003e(8): 909-919.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSharma, M., Tarfdar, A., Ghosh, R., Rao, M. K., Srinivas, K., and Varshney, R. K. Advances in Genetic Improvement of Legumes to Biotic Stresses. In \u003cem\u003eAdvances in Plant Disease Management Volume II\u003c/em\u003e , 244-294.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShehzadi, L., Anum, S., Shabbir, M. A., Sajid, A., Anwar, M., Fareed, M. A., and Usman, H. M. (2025). Overview of \u003cem\u003eFusarium oxysporum\u003c/em\u003e f. sp. \u003cem\u003evasinfectum\u003c/em\u003e causing okra wilt and its management. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agriculture and Food\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(1): 82-93.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSofi, T. A. et al. Cultural, morphological, pathogenic and molecular characterization of Alternaria mali associated with Alternaria leaf blotch of apple. African Journal of. Biotechnology, 12: 370\u0026ndash;381 (2013).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTaheri, A. E, Chatterton, S., Foroud, N. A., Gossen, B. D., and McLaren, D. L. 2017. Identification and community dynamics of fungi associated with root, crown, and foot rot of field pea in western Canada. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Plant Pathology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e147\u003c/em\u003e: 489-500.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTrenk, N. K., Pacheco-Moreno, A., \u0026amp; Arora, S. (2024). Understanding the root of the problem for tackling pea root rot disease. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Microbiology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e: 1441814.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTu, J. C. 1994. Effects of soil compaction, temperature, and moisture on the development of the Fusarium root rot complex of pea in southwestern Ontario. \u003cem\u003ePhytoprotection\u003c/em\u003e, 75(3): 125-131.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYan, H., and Nelson Jr, B. 2020.Effect of temperature on \u003cem\u003eFusarium solani\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eF. tricinctum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egrowth and disease development in soybean. \u003cem\u003eCanadian Journal of Plant Pathology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e42\u003c/em\u003e(4): 527-537.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"sknau, jobner","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fusarium solani, Temperature, Multiple regression, Epidemiology, Disease forecasting","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7438034/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7438034/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe impact of weather parameters on the development of root rot caused by \u003cem\u003eFusarium solani\u003c/em\u003e f. sp. \u003cem\u003episi\u003c/em\u003e in pea plants can be significant. Root rot is one of the most destructive diseases of pea, particularly in the southern and eastern parts of Rajasthan and India. Field trials were conducted at the Agro Meteorology Observatory, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur, during the Rabi seasons 2021\u0026ndash;22 and 2022\u0026ndash;23 to assess the influence of meteorological factors on root rot incidence. The disease appeared 15 days after sowing and progressively increased, with the highest incidence recorded in March. Maximum disease incidence ranged from 34.60% in 2021\u0026ndash;22 to 49.40% in 2022\u0026ndash;23. Root rot severity showed a strong positive correlation with maximum temperature (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.500 in 2021\u0026ndash;22 and r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.541 in 2022\u0026ndash;23), while morning and evening relative humidity exhibited negative correlations. The optimal conditions for disease development were temperatures between 29.4\u0026deg;C and 34.2\u0026deg;C and relative humidity below 60%. Multiple regression analysis confirmed maximum temperature as the most influential factor (R\u0026sup2; = 0.494 in 2022\u0026ndash;23). These findings highlight the critical role of temperature and humidity in disease progression and provide a basis for developing weather-based forecasting models for timely and effective disease management.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Epidemiological Assessment of Root Rot Disease in Pea Caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. pisiin Relation to Key Weather Variables Under Field Conditions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-26 06:09:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7438034/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2e985cdc-a947-4088-a71a-9aaea5f390d9","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53594678,"name":"Mycology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-26T06:09:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-26 06:09:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7438034","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7438034","identity":"rs-7438034","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}