Determination of Significant Factors for Sugarcane Fiber Extraction as Potential Dielectric Composite Material

Determination of Significant Factors for Sugarcane Fiber Extraction as Potential Dielectric Composite Material | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Determination of Significant Factors for Sugarcane Fiber Extraction as Potential Dielectric Composite Material Norazwina Zainol, Mohamad Eizlan Mohammad Radzi, Nor Hazwani Aziz This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3998059/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to determine the significant factors involved in the extraction of sugarcane fiber as a potential dielectric composite material. The factors include sugarcane waste weight (0.5 and 2.5 g), ratio of sugarcane waste to distilled water (1:15 and 1:20), boiling time (30 and 50 minutes), and cutting length (5 and 10 cm). The factors were analyzed using the Design-Expert software through a two-level factorial analysis to determine the significant factor. The extracted fiber was analyzed for cellulose content using a Kurschner-Hanack method, and the permittivity value was determined through an Agilent vector network analyzer (VNA). The results show that the ratio of sugarcane waste to distilled water and boiling time were the two most significant factors contributing to the cellulose content and permittivity value of the extracted fiber. The best conditions for sugarcane extraction were obtained at 2.5 g sugarcane waste, 1:20 ratio of sugarcane waste to distilled water, 50 minutes boiling time, and cutting length of 10 cm, resulting in 47.25% cellulose and 3.12 permittivity value. The findings of this study suggest that sugarcane waste could be a potent material for dielectric composite with a suitable application as a microwave absorber. Dielectric materials Sugarcane waste Factorial analysis Cellulose content Permittivity value Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Different dielectric materials are combined to make a dielectric composite material with specific electrical properties [ 1 ]. This combination creates a composite material with tailored electrical properties, including high dielectric strength, low dielectric constant, and low loss factor. The development of dielectric composite material with the desired electrical properties involves several processes, encompassing material selection, mixing, shaping, sintering, and subsequent characterization. Although various materials such as ceramics, metals, glass, and polymers are used to produce dielectric material, they differ in their functional properties, particularly in their capacity. These distinctions are evident in their respective energy storage, insulation, and power transmission applications. Due to their superior electrical performance, natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFCs) hold promises for future applications in integrated circuits and multilayer dielectric printed circuit boards. Polymer composites, for example, owing to their polarization mechanisms when subjected to an electric field, exhibit minimal dielectric loss and high dielectric constants resembling ceramic composites. Malaysian plantations yielded 700,000 tonnes of sugarcane in 2009, in which 1 tonne of sugarcane typically produces 280 kg of bagasse after extraction, equivalent to approximately 1.6 barrels of fuel in terms of energy resources [ 2 ]. As a result, natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFCs) emerge as a viable option for dielectric material production. The advantages of utilizing NFCs include their excellent thermal and insulating properties, lightweight nature, and low-cost production, all of which enhance their suitability for industrial applications. Research by Hazrol et al. [ 3 ] highlights the environmental advantages of NFCs, emphasizing their potential to mitigate waste disposal issues, promote pollution reduction, and contribute to developing recyclable and biodegradable products. Moreover, many studies on producing dielectric materials rely on trial-and-error experimentation rather than factorial analysis. Factorial analysis minimizes the number of experiments required while enabling researchers to tailor several parameters simultaneously. By carefully selecting the values of each factor and statistically analyzing the results, researchers can quickly identify significant factors, interactions, and optimum conditions compared to conventional trial-and-error methods. Factorial analysis determines the optimal parameters for producing dielectric materials from sugarcane waste as a base, potentially mitigating waste disposal concerns. Therefore, this study aims to identify the most significant factors affecting sugarcane fiber extraction as potential dielectric composite material through a two-level factorial analysis and identify the best extraction condition for maximum cellulose content and permittivity value. The findings of this study could be beneficial in producing dielectric composite by tailoring the process parameters involved during fiber extraction to obtain composites with the desired electrical properties. 2. Materials and Method 2.1 Sample collection The sugarcane waste was collected from a sugarcane plantation located in Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia. A total of 10 kilograms of sugarcane waste were collected to be used throughout the whole study. The chemicals, which include sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, and acetic acid, were purchased from a local supplier [4]. 2.2 Sugarcane extraction through soda pulping method The collected sugarcane was thoroughly cleaned with tap water before being cut into smaller pieces around 5 cm long. The soda pulping method was used for sugarcane fiber extraction, which uses sodium hydroxide with a constant weight of 13.5 g. The weight of the sugarcane waste (SW), the ratio of sugarcane waste to distilled water (DW) (1:15 and 1:20), cutting length (5cm and 10cm), and boiling duration (30 and 50 minutes) were the selected factors involved during this study. A glass rod was used to mix sodium hydroxide and distilled water. The sugarcane was cooked in a beaker on a hot plate until it reached 100°C [4]. The sugarcane was then placed into a beaker with a weighted sugarcane-to-distilled water ratio until immersed. A glass rod was used to mix sugarcane and soda. A variable boiling time was employed at a temperature of 100°C. After cooling, the cooked mixture was squeezed in a sieve tray to remove extra water. After that, the pulp spends 24 hours drying in an oven set to 105 °C. The whole extraction process is portrayed in Fig. 1. 2.3 Cellulose content analysis The cellulose content of sugarcane pulp was determined using the methods published by Kurschner and Hanack [5]. This approach was employed due to the properties of cellulose, which are insoluble in water and resistant to dilute acids and bases. The material was destroyed using a nitric and acetic acid solution before being cooked in a beaker. The mixture was then filtered via a Büchner funnel. After drying in the oven, the insoluble residue on the filter paper was measured. This procedure utilized 1.5 mL of concentrated nitric acid and 15 mL of 80% acetic acid. The two reagents were mixed with 1 g sugarcane waste in a test tube. The material was cooked in a beaker at 100°C for 20 minutes. The material was thoroughly cleaned and filtered through a filter funnel before being dried in an oven for 24 hours at 105 °C. The dry pulp was weighted to determine its cellulose content. 2.4 Dielectric material production Dielectric material from sugarcane pulp was produced with a combination of 0.5 or 2.5 g of sugarcane waste, 22.5 g of resin, and 7.5 g of hardener. The sample was priorly teared up to ensure that it could fit in the moulding and prevent air bubbles in the samples. The resin and hardener were combined with sugarcane powder and heated on a hot plate. The sample was placed into the mould and kept for 24 hours at room temperature. 2.5 Permittivity value analysis The permittivity value was calculated using the Agilent vector network analyzer (VNA) [6]. The produced samples were evaluated using a G-band waveguide with a fixed height of TE10 mode and frequencies ranging from 4 to 6 GHz. The sample must be the same height as the G-band waveguide, but it can be any width or length as long as it fits within the G-band waveguide. This study used a cube mould measuring 2.3 cm by 2.3 cm by 2.3 cm. Before the test began, the VNA underwent a comprehensive two-port Short-Open-Load-Thru calibration to eliminate systematic mistakes caused by VNA faults and incompatibilities between the VNA and the input and output ports. 2.6 Experimental setup This study used 2 4 fractional factorial designs (FFD) with 16 experimental runs to investigate the effect of four factors on sugarcane cellulose percentage and permittivity value. The experimental design was constructed using Design-Expert software, with all factors generated randomly. Table 1 shows the lowest and maximum factor ranges for coding design parameters as -1 (low level) and +1 (high level). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to calculate the variance between two or more category groups. It assessed the mean differences and determined the degree of factor interactions. The results of the experiments were then used to calculate the percentage contribution of each parameter and their interaction. Table 1 visually represents the factor and actual values of coded levels used in the experiments. Table 1 . Factors and actual values of coded levels No. Factors Coded Types of factors Actual value Units -1 +1 1 Sugarcane waste weight A Numeric 0.5 2.5 g 2 SW: DW B Categoric 1:15 1:20 g: ml 3 Cutting length C Numeric 5 10 cm 4 Boiling time D Numeric 30 50 Min 2.7 Factorial design methodology Design-Expert software was used in this study to construct an experimental design table. The experimental variables and interactions of the cellulose content analysis were identified using FFD. Using a limited number of experiments, FFD can effectively examine the effects of numerous process-related components [7,8]. FFD was used to assess the experimental data and fit the first-order polynomial equation indicated in Eq. (1). Where n is the number of variables, Y is the number of responses, βo is the constant coefficient, and i and Xi are the linear and interaction parameters, respectively. Table 2 displays 2 4 FFD constructed by the Design-Expert software with the outcomes of 16 runs for each component. The software was used to store and analyze all the collected data and establish the ideal circumstances for producing dielectric material. Table 2 . Experimental design table constructed by the Design-Expert software with randomized factors. Std Factor Permittivity Cellulose content (%) Sugarcane waste weight (g) SW: DW Cutting length (cm) Boiling time (min) 1 0.5 1:15 5 30 2.92 47 2 2.5 1:15 5 30 3.02 47 3 0.5 1:20 5 30 3.30 34 4 2.5 1:20 5 30 3.13 36 5 0.5 1:15 10 30 3.05 41 6 2.5 1:15 10 30 3.06 42 7 0.5 1:20 10 30 2.87 42 8 2.5 1:20 10 30 2.90 43 9 0.5 1:15 5 50 2.84 46 10 2.5 1:15 5 50 3.12 46 11 0.5 1:20 5 50 2.43 48 12 2.5 1:20 5 50 2.64 48 13 0.5 1:15 10 50 2.75 49 14 2.5 1:15 10 50 2.94 48 15 0.5 1:20 10 50 2.70 48 16 2.5 1:20 10 50 3.11 47 3. Result and Discussions 3.1 Experimental data This study analyzed the factors influencing cellulose content and permittivity value using a 2 4 fractional design. It aimed to determine the effectiveness of these factors and their effect on cellulose content and permittivity value. The results show that the cellulose content ranged from 34 to 49%, while the permittivity value ranged from 2.43 to 3.30 (Table 2 ). 3.2 Analysis of variance The significance of the model was determined through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The model coefficient was estimated, and the significance of each parameter was assessed using F-values and p-values. A p-value less than 0.05 indicated the model terms were significant. The significance of the model terms was crucial in determining the model's effectiveness. The F-values were 175.29 (Table 3 ) for cellulose content and 303.95 (Table 4 ) for permittivity. For cellulose content, the significant model terms include factors B (SW: DW), D (boiling time), BD interaction (SW: DW and boiling time), and BC interaction (SW: DW and cutting length). Meanwhile, the significant model terms for permittivity value include factors A (sugarcane waste weight), B (SW: DW), D (boiling time), AD interaction (sugarcane waste weight and boiling time), CD interaction (cutting length and boiling time), and BD interaction (SW: DW and boiling time). All main and interaction factors mentioned above have p-values of less than 0.05, signifying the significance of the model terms on cellulose content and permittivity value. The ANOVA model was used to assess the fit of the data to the regression line, with a good fit of R-squared (R 2 ) of over 80% (0.80) [ 9 ]. The coefficient of determination for cellulose content and permittivity value were both 0.99, indicating a good fit and well-explained mechanism. The final empirical model was determined as the regression equations (Eqs. 2 and 3 ), expressing the cellulose content and permittivity value as a function of independent variables. Where A is sugarcane waste weight, B is SW: DW, C is cutting length, and D is boiling time. Table 3 Significance of regression coefficient for cellulose content test Source Sum of F p-value Squares Value Prob > F Model 300.50 175.29 < 0.0001 Significant A-Sugarcane waste weight 0.25 1.17 0.3159 B-SW:DW 25.00 116.67 < 0.0001 C-Cutting length 4.00 18.67 0.0035 D-Boiling time 144.00 672.00 < 0.0001 AD 2.25 10.50 0.0142 BC 25.00 116.67 < 0.0001 BD 36.00 168.00 < 0.0001 BCD 64.00 298.67 F Model 0.72 303.95 0.0003 Significant A-Sugarcane Waste Weight 0.07 344.31 0.0003 B-SW:DW 0.02 120.06 0.0016 C-Cutting Length 0.00 0.00 0.9544 D-Boiling Time 0.19 939.98 < 0.0001 AC 0.00 17.22 0.0254 AD 0.08 401.75 0.0003 BC 0.00 9.72 0.0526 BD 0.05 276.98 0.0005 CD 0.06 294.60 0.0004 ABC 0.02 109.05 0.0019 ABD 0.01 47.86 0.0062 BCD 0.21 1085.92 < 0.0001 Residual 0.00059142 Cor Total 0.71964486 R-Squared 0.9992 Adj R-Squared 0.9959 3.3 Cellulose content analysis 3.3.1 Effects of main and interaction factors on cellulose content The Pareto chart (Fig. 2 ) was used to analyze the significant factors in the cellulose content test. The t-value bars were generated using the F-value square root from ANOVA, and the t-value of the effects was displayed using the Bonferroni limit line and the t-value limit line. The results showed that factors B, C, D, BC, and BD interactions significantly affect the cellulose content test, with 4.35528 and 2.36462 readings respectively. Boiling time (D) is the factor with the most significant contribution to cellulose content, followed by SW: DW (B) and cutting length (C). Positive interaction effects were observed between BD (SW: DW and boiling time) and BC (SW: DW and cutting length), increasing cellulose content. Conversely, the relationship between AD (sugarcane waste weight and boiling time) negatively impacted cellulose content. 3.3.2 Effect of main factor The effect of four independent factors on the cellulose content is shown in Fig. 3 . The cellulose content decreases with the increase of SW: DW, as presented in Fig. 3 (a). Cellulose content achieved 48.25% at 1:15; at 1:20, it only achieved 47.25%, with approximately 2.12% reduction from 1:15 to 1:20 ratios. Furthermore, cellulose content increases with the increase of boiling time, as shown in Fig. 3 (b). Cellulose content gained at 30 minutes was 43% and 47.25% at 60 minutes. It has a significant difference of 9% increment. Ihwah et al. [ 10 ] stated that the length of cooking time affects the temperature, so the longer the cooking time, the higher the temperature, and it causes a decrease in lignin levels. 3.3.3 Interaction between factors Figure 4 demonstrates the effect of interaction between factors on cellulose content. The interaction between B and D (SW: DW and boiling time) is shown in Fig. 4 (a). It gave the highest positive contribution effect in cellulose content based on the Pareto chart (Fig. 2 ). Higher cellulose content is achieved as the ratio of SW: DW at 1:15 and 50 minutes of boiling time. At a ratio of 1:20, higher cellulose content was achieved at 50 minutes of boiling time compared to 30 minutes. Dinh Vu [ 11 ] demonstrated that a longer pulping time could enhance lignin removal from straw, resulting in a 68.3% extraction, indicating the potential for more efficient cellulose extraction. Figure 4 (b) presents two behaviours in the interaction between B and C (SW: DW and cutting length). A higher cellulose content is gained at a SW: DW ratio of 1:15 and a cutting length of 10 cm. Bektashi et al. studied the sugarcane bagasse extraction to obtain optimum conditions by analyzing solvent ratio, sodium chlorite concentration, and delignification pH. The solvent ratio is deemed significant for sugarcane bagasse extraction. The highest cellulose content was observed at cutting lengths of 10cm and 5cm, with a large amount of water reducing fiber content due to faster degradation. 3.4 Permittivity value 3.4.1 Effects of the main and interaction factors The Bonferroni and t-value limits for permittivity analysis were 8.57517 and 3.18245, respectively. Figure 5 shows that factors A, B, D, AC, AD, CD, and BD have a considerable impact on the permittivity value, as seen by the bar above the t-value line. The boiling time (D) had the most significant effect on permittivity value, followed by sugarcane waste weight (A) and SW: DW (B). There were three positive significant interaction effects, including AD (sugarcane waste weight and boiling time), CD (cutting length and boiling time), and AC (sugarcane waste weight and cutting length). The interaction BD (SW: DW and boiling time) has negative effects. 3.4.2 Effect of main factors Two significant independent variables affected the permittivity value, including sugarcane waste weight and boiling time. Figure 6 (a) depicts the relationship between sugarcane waste weight and permittivity value; the higher the sugarcane waste weight, the higher the permittivity value obtained. Peng Li et al. [ 13 ] stated that the dielectric constant increases with fiber content. Moreover, a higher boiling time will also increase the permittivity value, as shown in Fig. 6 (b). This is due to an increase in fiber content within the material, which will increase the permittivity. 3.4.3 Interaction between factors Figure 7 (a) indicates that the relationship between factors A and D (sugarcane waste weight and boiling time) significantly influences the permittivity value. It had the most positive contributing effect on permittivity value based on the Pareto chart (Fig. 5 ). The permittivity value at 2.5g sugarcane waste weight and 50 minutes of boiling time is more significant than that at 0.5g sugarcane waste weight and 30 minutes of boiling time. For the interaction between C and D (cutting length and boiling time) shown in Fig. 7 (b), the permittivity value at 5cm of cutting length and 30 minutes of boiling time is almost similar to the permittivity value at 10cm of cutting length and 50 minutes of boiling time. As stated by Peng Li et al. [ 13 ], the increase in fiber content could significantly increase the permittivity value of the fiber. Moreover, a higher boiling time will also increase the permittivity value as the removal of non-polar components reduces their insulating effect, leaving behind the more polar cellulose, which allows for stronger electric field interactions and potentially higher permittivity. 3.5 The best-suggested condition for dielectric material preparation Using Design-Expert software, cellulose content and permittivity were set to their maximum, while all other factors were set within their range to attain maximum desirableness. Table 5 displays six (6) methods proposed by the software to meet the goals. The ideal process condition is the solution closest to the value of one. As a result, solution one (1) was chosen as the optimal condition for producing the maximum cellulose content and permittivity. The expected levels of cellulose content and permittivity were 47.25% and 3.12, respectively, with the optimum recommended condition of 2.5g sugarcane waste, 1:20 SW: DW ratio, 10 cm cutting length, and 50 minutes of boiling time. Table 5 Solution obtained for maximum cellulose content and permittivity value Factor Goal Lower limit Upper limit Lower weight Upper weight Importance A: Sugarcane waste weight is in range 0.5 2.5 1 1 3 B: SW:DW is in range 1:15 1:20 1 1 3 C: Cutting Length is in range 5 10 1 1 3 D: Boiling Time is in range 30 50 1 1 3 Permittivity maximize 2.4298 3.3030 1 1 3 Cellulose Content maximize 34 49 1 1 3 Solutions for 2 combinations of categoric factor levels No. A B C D Permittivity Cellulose content Desirability 1 2.50 1:20 10.00 50.00 3.1165 47.25 0.8335 Selected 2 2.50 1:20 9.96 50.00 3.1131 47.25 0.8315 3 2.50 1:20 10.00 49.82 3.1146 47.21 0.8311 4 2.47 1:20 10.00 50.00 3.1093 47.26 0.8294 5 2.49 1:20 10.00 49.73 3.1119 47.19 0.8290 6 2.50 1:20 9.87 50.00 3.1040 47.26 0.8263 4. Conclusion The aim was achieved by using sugarcane waste as a base substance to produce dielectric material and using FFD to determine significant factors affecting sugarcane waste. FFD was used in the experiment to determine the optimal cellulose concentration and permittivity value. The usage of FFD in this study is beneficial in factor screening, range selection, and selecting relevant factors. All of the parameters tested were shown to impact the cellulose content and permittivity substantially. Meanwhile, the SW: DW ratio and boiling time are recognized as critical factors influencing the permittivity value of dielectric materials. Nevertheless, other important elements, such as sugarcane waste weight and cutting length, should not be overlooked. The best conditions examined by FFD were a sugarcane waste weight of 2.5 g, a ratio between sugarcane waste and distilled water of 1:20, a sugarcane waste cutting length of 10 cm, and 50 minutes boiling time. Under these conditions, the cellulose content and permittivity values obtained were 47.25% and 3.11654, respectively. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah for providing financial support under the UMPSA Distinguished Research Grant Scheme (RDU233006) and for laboratory facilities. Funding This study was funded by the Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA) under the UMPSA Distinguished Research Grant Scheme with grant number RDU233006. Conflicts of interest/Competing interests All authors declare that there is no competing interest. Data availability (data transparency) Data will be made available upon request Code availability Not applicable Authors’ contributions The manuscript was written through the contributions of all authors. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript. References Ngo, T.-D. (2020). Introduction to Composite. IntechOpen, 1. Faizal, M., Ang, W. Y., Amirah, A., & Tan, Y. H. (2019) Energy, Economic and Environmental Impact of Sugarcane Bagasse in Malaysia. 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Data Brief, 2018; 20: 1710-1720. Jamaluddin MF, Zainol N, Abdul-Rahman R, Abdul-Ghaffar NF, Salihon, J. Comparison of anaerobic lignin degradation of banana stem waste using mixed culture from Malaysian soil and pure strains from soil culture. Asian J Microbiol, Biotechnol Environ Sci, 2014; 16(3): 551–560. Ölmez T. The optimization of Cr(VI) reduction and removal by electrocoagulation using response surface methodology. J Hazard Mater, 2009; 162(2-3): 1371-1378. Ihwah A, Dewi IA, Sari AP, Utami AF, Mumpuni AP. Optimization of Delignification Process of Reeds as Raw Materials for Making Art Paper. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2022 Apr 1 (Vol. 1018, No. 1, p. 012011). IOP Publishing. Dinh Vu N, Thi Tran H, Bui ND, Duc Vu C, Viet Nguyen H. Lignin and cellulose extraction from Vietnam’s rice straw using ultrasound-assisted alkaline treatment method. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2017 Oct 25;2017. Bektashi FM, Salari D, Soleimanzadeh H (2020) Optimization of effective parameters in the extraction of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse by Taguchi method and synthesis of cellulose nanostructures. 11th Int Chem Eng Congr Exhibit (IChEC 2020). Peng Li, Y. T. (2014). Effect of Fiber Content and Temperature on the Dielectric Properties of Kenaf Fiber-filled Rigid Polyurethane Foam. bioresources.com, 2681-2688. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 13 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 08 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 29 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 09 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Apr, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 07 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 28 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3998059","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":277200955,"identity":"69c63097-9152-4c46-8855-366335ee6abf","order_by":0,"name":"Norazwina Zainol","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAwwMNjA2M9Fa0kjUAgSHSdDC33/G8HBBzfnEtbPbH35gqLBObBA7Y4BXi8SBMwaHZxy7nbjtzhljCYYz6YkN0jn4tTAc7N1wmIcNqOVGDoMEY9thwlrkD/MCtfw7B9SS/vgH4z8itBgcA2rhbTsA1JJgJsHYQIQWwzP8Hw7z9iUbA/1iZpFwLN24TTqtAK8WufPHkj/zfLOT3Xa7/fGNDzXWsv3SyRvwakEACSBOAGI2Bg4CIYaiBQLYHxCpZRSMglEwCkYIAAC7M03Ap6URrAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al Sultan Abdullah","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Norazwina","middleName":"","lastName":"Zainol","suffix":""},{"id":277200956,"identity":"b7adba40-a96e-418a-90c1-f57e6de57d2b","order_by":1,"name":"Mohamad Eizlan Mohammad Radzi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al Sultan Abdullah","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamad","middleName":"Eizlan Mohammad","lastName":"Radzi","suffix":""},{"id":277200960,"identity":"cc1027c7-3c0e-4d77-b936-3bb2b7afed35","order_by":2,"name":"Nor Hazwani Aziz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al Sultan Abdullah","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nor","middleName":"Hazwani","lastName":"Aziz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-29 00:14:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3998059/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3998059/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52400326,"identity":"a6fa5c1d-1830-4139-87e1-10ae0244db37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:36:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94170,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverall sugarcane fiber extraction process portraying (a) preparation of dry pulp through soda pulping method, (b) cellulose content analysis, (c) production of dielectric material, and (d) setup for permittivity value analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3998059/v1/cbc664eae0cbd4dd32fc8448.jpg"},{"id":52400325,"identity":"2fb824eb-156b-41d0-a324-0b9066b5feac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:36:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23611,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of factors on cellulose content\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3998059/v1/3ef9fd8c73dcea36450518b3.jpg"},{"id":52400328,"identity":"f7d86ff1-e9d4-47d2-8a4c-4fc3d41401f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:36:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24507,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of (a) SW: DW and (b) boiling time on cellulose content.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3998059/v1/f0decd10638e86d14ecd75ff.jpg"},{"id":52400331,"identity":"3265902b-ec09-484e-8439-c88e3b6046cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:36:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27925,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInteraction effect between factors on cellulose content. (a) BD, (b) BC\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3998059/v1/75111409709a760c8a7aa7e9.jpg"},{"id":52400608,"identity":"b31dd620-0cb1-45fe-b9b5-c184066726a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:44:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of factors for permittivity value\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3998059/v1/77f8dadb752b08d8841b21b6.jpg"},{"id":52400327,"identity":"77c87738-5daa-48cf-9027-ee332e4445ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:36:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26594,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of main factors (a) sugarcane waste weight and (b) boiling time on permittivity value.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3998059/v1/6c39898c9070035698de86c8.jpg"},{"id":52400609,"identity":"ca6fbdc7-ee39-462c-bac0-661e254905b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:44:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29611,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInteraction effects between factors (a)sugarcane waste weight and boiling time, and (b) cutting length and boiling time on permittivity value.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3998059/v1/d264e29f5cfc9dd888ef0055.jpg"},{"id":52400732,"identity":"18319c1c-9a3d-4a58-9cd5-333e5e1a6ad4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 06:52:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":646266,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3998059/v1/ca3d2a45-b68b-438f-ad42-7bcde5917747.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Determination of Significant Factors for Sugarcane Fiber Extraction as Potential Dielectric Composite Material","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDifferent dielectric materials are combined to make a dielectric composite material with specific electrical properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This combination creates a composite material with tailored electrical properties, including high dielectric strength, low dielectric constant, and low loss factor. The development of dielectric composite material with the desired electrical properties involves several processes, encompassing material selection, mixing, shaping, sintering, and subsequent characterization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough various materials such as ceramics, metals, glass, and polymers are used to produce dielectric material, they differ in their functional properties, particularly in their capacity. These distinctions are evident in their respective energy storage, insulation, and power transmission applications. Due to their superior electrical performance, natural fiber-reinforced composites (NFCs) hold promises for future applications in integrated circuits and multilayer dielectric printed circuit boards. Polymer composites, for example, owing to their polarization mechanisms when subjected to an electric field, exhibit minimal dielectric loss and high dielectric constants resembling ceramic composites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaysian plantations yielded 700,000 tonnes of sugarcane in 2009, in which 1 tonne of sugarcane typically produces 280 kg of bagasse after extraction, equivalent to approximately 1.6 barrels of fuel in terms of energy resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFCs) emerge as a viable option for dielectric material production. The advantages of utilizing NFCs include their excellent thermal and insulating properties, lightweight nature, and low-cost production, all of which enhance their suitability for industrial applications. Research by Hazrol et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] highlights the environmental advantages of NFCs, emphasizing their potential to mitigate waste disposal issues, promote pollution reduction, and contribute to developing recyclable and biodegradable products. Moreover, many studies on producing dielectric materials rely on trial-and-error experimentation rather than factorial analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactorial analysis minimizes the number of experiments required while enabling researchers to tailor several parameters simultaneously. By carefully selecting the values of each factor and statistically analyzing the results, researchers can quickly identify significant factors, interactions, and optimum conditions compared to conventional trial-and-error methods. Factorial analysis determines the optimal parameters for producing dielectric materials from sugarcane waste as a base, potentially mitigating waste disposal concerns. Therefore, this study aims to identify the most significant factors affecting sugarcane fiber extraction as potential dielectric composite material through a two-level factorial analysis and identify the best extraction condition for maximum cellulose content and permittivity value. The findings of this study could be beneficial in producing dielectric composite by tailoring the process parameters involved during fiber extraction to obtain composites with the desired electrical properties.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Sample collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sugarcane waste was collected from a sugarcane plantation located in Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia. A total of 10 kilograms of sugarcane waste were collected to be used throughout the whole study. The chemicals, which include sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, and acetic acid, were purchased from a local supplier [4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Sugarcane extraction through soda pulping method\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe collected sugarcane was thoroughly cleaned with tap water before being cut into smaller pieces around 5 cm long. The soda pulping method was used for sugarcane fiber extraction, which uses sodium hydroxide with a constant weight of 13.5 g. The weight of the sugarcane waste (SW), the ratio of sugarcane waste to distilled water (DW) (1:15 and 1:20), cutting length (5cm and 10cm), and boiling duration (30 and 50 minutes) were the selected factors involved during this study. A glass rod was used to mix sodium hydroxide and distilled water. The sugarcane was cooked in a beaker on a hot plate until it reached 100°C [4]. The sugarcane was then placed into a beaker with a weighted sugarcane-to-distilled water ratio until immersed. A glass rod was used to mix sugarcane and soda. A variable boiling time was employed at a temperature of 100°C. After cooling, the cooked mixture was squeezed in a sieve tray to remove extra water. After that, the pulp spends 24 hours drying in an oven set to 105 °C. The whole extraction process is portrayed in Fig. 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Cellulose content analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cellulose content of sugarcane pulp was determined using the methods published by Kurschner and Hanack [5]. This approach was employed due to the properties of cellulose, which are insoluble in water and resistant to dilute acids and bases. The material was destroyed using a nitric and acetic acid solution before being cooked in a beaker. The mixture was then filtered via a Büchner funnel. After drying in the oven, the insoluble residue on the filter paper was measured. This procedure utilized 1.5 mL of concentrated nitric acid and 15 mL of 80% acetic acid. The two reagents were mixed with 1 g sugarcane waste in a test tube. The material was cooked in a beaker at 100°C for 20 minutes. The material was thoroughly cleaned and filtered through a filter funnel before being dried in an oven for 24 hours at 105 °C. The dry pulp was weighted to determine its cellulose content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Dielectric material production\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDielectric material from sugarcane pulp was produced with a combination of 0.5 or 2.5 g of sugarcane waste, 22.5 g of resin, and 7.5 g of hardener. The sample was priorly teared up to ensure that it could fit in the moulding and prevent air bubbles in the samples. The resin and hardener were combined with sugarcane powder and heated on a hot plate. The sample was placed into the mould and kept for 24 hours at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Permittivity value analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe permittivity value was calculated using the Agilent vector network analyzer (VNA) [6]. The produced samples were evaluated using a G-band waveguide with a fixed height of TE10 mode and frequencies ranging from 4 to 6 GHz. The sample must be the same height as the G-band waveguide, but it can be any width or length as long as it fits within the G-band waveguide. This study used a cube mould measuring 2.3 cm by 2.3 cm by 2.3 cm. Before the test began, the VNA underwent a comprehensive two-port Short-Open-Load-Thru calibration to eliminate systematic mistakes caused by VNA faults and incompatibilities between the VNA and the input and output ports.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6 Experimental setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study used 2\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e fractional factorial designs (FFD) with 16 experimental runs to investigate the effect of four factors on sugarcane cellulose percentage and permittivity value. The experimental design was constructed using Design-Expert software, with all factors generated randomly. Table 1 shows the lowest and maximum factor ranges for coding design parameters as -1 (low level) and +1 (high level).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to calculate the variance between two or more category groups. It assessed the mean differences and determined the degree of factor interactions. The results of the experiments were then used to calculate the percentage contribution of each parameter and their interaction. Table 1 visually represents the factor and actual values of coded levels used in the experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Factors and actual values of coded levels\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.312292358803987%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.906976744186046%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.136212624584717%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoded\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.940199335548172%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTypes of factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.239202657807308%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActual value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.465116279069768%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.05882352941177%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.94117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.312292358803987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.906976744186046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSugarcane waste weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.136212624584717%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.940199335548172%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumeric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.465116279069768%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.774086378737543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.465116279069768%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.312292358803987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.906976744186046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSW: DW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.136212624584717%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.940199335548172%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategoric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.465116279069768%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.774086378737543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.465116279069768%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eg: ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.312292358803987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.906976744186046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCutting length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.136212624584717%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.940199335548172%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumeric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.465116279069768%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.774086378737543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.465116279069768%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.312292358803987%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.906976744186046%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoiling time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.136212624584717%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.940199335548172%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumeric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.465116279069768%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.774086378737543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.465116279069768%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7 Factorial design methodology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesign-Expert software was used in this study to construct an experimental design table. The experimental variables and interactions of the cellulose content analysis were identified using FFD. Using a limited number of experiments, FFD can effectively examine the effects of numerous process-related components [7,8]. FFD was used to assess the experimental data and fit the first-order polynomial equation indicated in Eq. (1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere n is the number of variables, Y is the number of responses, βo is the constant coefficient, and i and Xi are the linear and interaction parameters, respectively. Table 2 displays 2\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e FFD constructed by the Design-Expert software with the outcomes of 16 runs for each component. The software was used to store and analyze all the collected data and establish the ideal circumstances for producing dielectric material.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e. Experimental design table constructed by the Design-Expert software with randomized factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"605\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"64.29752066115702%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePermittivity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCellulose content (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.447300771208226%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSugarcane waste weight (g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.223650385604113%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSW: DW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.47814910025707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCutting length (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.85089974293059%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoiling time (min)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.950413223140496%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.14876033057851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.074380165289256%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.024793388429753%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.049586776859504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.1900826446281%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.561983471074381%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"3. Result and Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Experimental data\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study analyzed the factors influencing cellulose content and permittivity value using a 2\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e fractional design. It aimed to determine the effectiveness of these factors and their effect on cellulose content and permittivity value. The results show that the cellulose content ranged from 34 to 49%, while the permittivity value ranged from 2.43 to 3.30 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Analysis of variance\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe significance of the model was determined through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The model coefficient was estimated, and the significance of each parameter was assessed using F-values and p-values. A p-value less than 0.05 indicated the model terms were significant. The significance of the model terms was crucial in determining the model's effectiveness. The F-values were 175.29 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) for cellulose content and 303.95 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) for permittivity. For cellulose content, the significant model terms include factors B (SW: DW), D (boiling time), BD interaction (SW: DW and boiling time), and BC interaction (SW: DW and cutting length). Meanwhile, the significant model terms for permittivity value include factors A (sugarcane waste weight), B (SW: DW), D (boiling time), AD interaction (sugarcane waste weight and boiling time), CD interaction (cutting length and boiling time), and BD interaction (SW: DW and boiling time). All main and interaction factors mentioned above have p-values of less than 0.05, signifying the significance of the model terms on cellulose content and permittivity value.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe ANOVA model was used to assess the fit of the data to the regression line, with a good fit of R-squared (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) of over 80% (0.80) [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The coefficient of determination for cellulose content and permittivity value were both 0.99, indicating a good fit and well-explained mechanism. The final empirical model was determined as the regression equations (Eqs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), expressing the cellulose content and permittivity value as a function of independent variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere A is sugarcane waste weight, B is SW: DW, C is cutting length, and D is boiling time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificance of regression coefficient for cellulose content test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSquares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProb \u0026gt; F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-Sugarcane waste weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB-SW:DW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-Cutting length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Boiling time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e672.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCor Total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-Squared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdj R-Squared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9894\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificance of regression coefficient for permittivity value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSquares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProb \u0026gt; F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA-Sugarcane Waste Weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e344.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB-SW:DW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-Cutting Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Boiling Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e939.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e294.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBCD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1085.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00059142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCor Total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71964486\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-Squared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9992\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdj R-Squared\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Cellulose content analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1 Effects of main and interaction factors on cellulose content\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Pareto chart (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) was used to analyze the significant factors in the cellulose content test. The t-value bars were generated using the F-value square root from ANOVA, and the t-value of the effects was displayed using the Bonferroni limit line and the t-value limit line. The results showed that factors B, C, D, BC, and BD interactions significantly affect the cellulose content test, with 4.35528 and 2.36462 readings respectively. Boiling time (D) is the factor with the most significant contribution to cellulose content, followed by SW: DW (B) and cutting length (C). Positive interaction effects were observed between BD (SW: DW and boiling time) and BC (SW: DW and cutting length), increasing cellulose content. Conversely, the relationship between AD (sugarcane waste weight and boiling time) negatively impacted cellulose content.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2 Effect of main factor\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effect of four independent factors on the cellulose content is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The cellulose content decreases with the increase of SW: DW, as presented in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(a). Cellulose content achieved 48.25% at 1:15; at 1:20, it only achieved 47.25%, with approximately 2.12% reduction from 1:15 to 1:20 ratios. Furthermore, cellulose content increases with the increase of boiling time, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(b). Cellulose content gained at 30 minutes was 43% and 47.25% at 60 minutes. It has a significant difference of 9% increment. Ihwah et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] stated that the length of cooking time affects the temperature, so the longer the cooking time, the higher the temperature, and it causes a decrease in lignin levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3.3 Interaction between factors\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates the effect of interaction between factors on cellulose content. The interaction between B and D (SW: DW and boiling time) is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(a). It gave the highest positive contribution effect in cellulose content based on the Pareto chart (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Higher cellulose content is achieved as the ratio of SW: DW at 1:15 and 50 minutes of boiling time. At a ratio of 1:20, higher cellulose content was achieved at 50 minutes of boiling time compared to 30 minutes. Dinh Vu [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrated that a longer pulping time could enhance lignin removal from straw, resulting in a 68.3% extraction, indicating the potential for more efficient cellulose extraction.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(b) presents two behaviours in the interaction between B and C (SW: DW and cutting length). A higher cellulose content is gained at a SW: DW ratio of 1:15 and a cutting length of 10 cm. Bektashi et al. studied the sugarcane bagasse extraction to obtain optimum conditions by analyzing solvent ratio, sodium chlorite concentration, and delignification pH. The solvent ratio is deemed significant for sugarcane bagasse extraction. The highest cellulose content was observed at cutting lengths of 10cm and 5cm, with a large amount of water reducing fiber content due to faster degradation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Permittivity value\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1 Effects of the main and interaction factors\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Bonferroni and t-value limits for permittivity analysis were 8.57517 and 3.18245, respectively. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows that factors A, B, D, AC, AD, CD, and BD have a considerable impact on the permittivity value, as seen by the bar above the t-value line. The boiling time (D) had the most significant effect on permittivity value, followed by sugarcane waste weight (A) and SW: DW (B). There were three positive significant interaction effects, including AD (sugarcane waste weight and boiling time), CD (cutting length and boiling time), and AC (sugarcane waste weight and cutting length). The interaction BD (SW: DW and boiling time) has negative effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2 Effect of main factors\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo significant independent variables affected the permittivity value, including sugarcane waste weight and boiling time. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(a) depicts the relationship between sugarcane waste weight and permittivity value; the higher the sugarcane waste weight, the higher the permittivity value obtained. Peng Li et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] stated that the dielectric constant increases with fiber content. Moreover, a higher boiling time will also increase the permittivity value, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(b). This is due to an increase in fiber content within the material, which will increase the permittivity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.3 Interaction between factors\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(a) indicates that the relationship between factors A and D (sugarcane waste weight and boiling time) significantly influences the permittivity value. It had the most positive contributing effect on permittivity value based on the Pareto chart (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The permittivity value at 2.5g sugarcane waste weight and 50 minutes of boiling time is more significant than that at 0.5g sugarcane waste weight and 30 minutes of boiling time. For the interaction between C and D (cutting length and boiling time) shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(b), the permittivity value at 5cm of cutting length and 30 minutes of boiling time is almost similar to the permittivity value at 10cm of cutting length and 50 minutes of boiling time. As stated by Peng Li et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], the increase in fiber content could significantly increase the permittivity value of the fiber. Moreover, a higher boiling time will also increase the permittivity value as the removal of non-polar components reduces their insulating effect, leaving behind the more polar cellulose, which allows for stronger electric field interactions and potentially higher permittivity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5 The best-suggested condition for dielectric material preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsing Design-Expert software, cellulose content and permittivity were set to their maximum, while all other factors were set within their range to attain maximum desirableness. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e displays six (6) methods proposed by the software to meet the goals. The ideal process condition is the solution closest to the value of one. As a result, solution one (1) was chosen as the optimal condition for producing the maximum cellulose content and permittivity. The expected levels of cellulose content and permittivity were 47.25% and 3.12, respectively, with the optimum recommended condition of 2.5g sugarcane waste, 1:20 SW: DW ratio, 10 cm cutting length, and 50 minutes of boiling time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolution obtained for maximum cellulose content and permittivity value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower limit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper limit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImportance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA: Sugarcane waste weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eis in range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB: SW:DW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eis in range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC: Cutting Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eis in range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD: Boiling Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eis in range\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermittivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emaximize\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCellulose Content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emaximize\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolutions for 2 combinations of categoric factor levels\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermittivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCellulose content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesirability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim was achieved by using sugarcane waste as a base substance to produce dielectric material and using FFD to determine significant factors affecting sugarcane waste. FFD was used in the experiment to determine the optimal cellulose concentration and permittivity value. The usage of FFD in this study is beneficial in factor screening, range selection, and selecting relevant factors. All of the parameters tested were shown to impact the cellulose content and permittivity substantially. Meanwhile, the SW: DW ratio and boiling time are recognized as critical factors influencing the permittivity value of dielectric materials. Nevertheless, other important elements, such as sugarcane waste weight and cutting length, should not be overlooked. The best conditions examined by FFD were a sugarcane waste weight of 2.5 g, a ratio between sugarcane waste and distilled water of 1:20, a sugarcane waste cutting length of 10 cm, and 50 minutes boiling time. Under these conditions, the cellulose content and permittivity values obtained were 47.25% and 3.11654, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah for providing financial support under the UMPSA Distinguished Research Grant Scheme (RDU233006) and for laboratory facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by the Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA) under the UMPSA\u0026nbsp;Distinguished Research Grant Scheme with grant number RDU233006.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that there is no competing interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability (data transparency)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be made available upon request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript was written through the contributions of all authors. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNgo, T.-D. (2020). Introduction to Composite. IntechOpen, 1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFaizal, M., Ang, W. Y., Amirah, A., \u0026amp; Tan, Y. H. (2019) Energy, Economic and Environmental Impact of Sugarcane Bagasse in Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, 4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHazrol MD, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MY, Zainudin ES, Wahab NI, Ilyas RA. Recent development in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)-based biocomposites and their potential industrial applications: A review. Design for Sustainability. 2021;1:329-68.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM.S. Abdul Karim, N. Z. (2022). Effect of processing parameters on cellulose content extracted. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 12.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoshi AAM, Ravindran D, Bharati SRS, Suganthan V, Singh GKS. Characterization of new natural cellulosic fibers \u0026ndash; A comprehensive review. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng, 2019; 574: 012013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM.S. Abdul Karim, N. Z. (2023). Dielectric material preparation from pineapple leaf fiber based on two-level factorial analysis and its morphological structure. Journal of Engineering Research, 9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDzulkefli NA, Zainol N. Data on modeling mycelium growth in Pleurotus sp. cultivation by using agricultural wastes via two level factorial analysis. Data Brief, 2018; 20: 1710-1720.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJamaluddin MF, Zainol N, Abdul-Rahman R, Abdul-Ghaffar NF, Salihon, J. Comparison of anaerobic lignin degradation of banana stem waste using mixed culture from Malaysian soil and pure strains from soil culture. Asian J Microbiol, Biotechnol Environ Sci, 2014; 16(3): 551\u0026ndash;560.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;lmez T. The optimization of Cr(VI) reduction and removal by electrocoagulation using response surface methodology. J Hazard Mater, 2009; 162(2-3): 1371-1378.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIhwah A, Dewi IA, Sari AP, Utami AF, Mumpuni AP. Optimization of Delignification Process of Reeds as Raw Materials for Making Art Paper. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2022 Apr 1 (Vol. 1018, No. 1, p. 012011). IOP Publishing.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDinh Vu N, Thi Tran H, Bui ND, Duc Vu C, Viet Nguyen H. Lignin and cellulose extraction from Vietnam\u0026rsquo;s rice straw using ultrasound-assisted alkaline treatment method. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2017 Oct 25;2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBektashi FM, Salari D, Soleimanzadeh H (2020) Optimization of effective parameters in the extraction of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse by Taguchi method and synthesis of cellulose nanostructures. 11th Int Chem Eng Congr Exhibit (IChEC 2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeng Li, Y. T. (2014). Effect of Fiber Content and Temperature on the Dielectric Properties of Kenaf Fiber-filled Rigid Polyurethane Foam. bioresources.com, 2681-2688.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-mechanical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discmecheng","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Mechanical Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/44245)","snPcode":"44245","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44245/3","title":"Discover Mechanical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Dielectric materials, Sugarcane waste, Factorial analysis, Cellulose content, Permittivity value","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3998059/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3998059/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to determine the significant factors involved in the extraction of sugarcane fiber as a potential dielectric composite material. The factors include sugarcane waste weight (0.5 and 2.5 g), ratio of sugarcane waste to distilled water (1:15 and 1:20), boiling time (30 and 50 minutes), and cutting length (5 and 10 cm). The factors were analyzed using the Design-Expert software through a two-level factorial analysis to determine the significant factor. The extracted fiber was analyzed for cellulose content using a Kurschner-Hanack method, and the permittivity value was determined through an Agilent vector network analyzer (VNA). The results show that the ratio of sugarcane waste to distilled water and boiling time were the two most significant factors contributing to the cellulose content and permittivity value of the extracted fiber. The best conditions for sugarcane extraction were obtained at 2.5 g sugarcane waste, 1:20 ratio of sugarcane waste to distilled water, 50 minutes boiling time, and cutting length of 10 cm, resulting in 47.25% cellulose and 3.12 permittivity value. The findings of this study suggest that sugarcane waste could be a potent material for dielectric composite with a suitable application as a microwave absorber.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Determination of Significant Factors for Sugarcane Fiber Extraction as Potential Dielectric Composite Material","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-11 06:36:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3998059/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-05-13T07:02:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-05-09T01:06:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-29T12:09:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"137989706643392601173158457368151895124","date":"2024-04-28T00:29:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"35767014407415823904035266198900374242","date":"2024-04-26T11:14:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"234934458673236725922137220651887384624","date":"2024-04-25T23:55:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-09T07:40:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"fdf4d0dc-c441-415b-b9a4-02b22e63c885","date":"2024-04-05T01:14:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-04-02T19:39:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-07T19:02:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-07T19:02:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Mechanical Engineering","date":"2024-02-28T23:49:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-mechanical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discmecheng","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Mechanical Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/44245)","snPcode":"44245","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44245/3","title":"Discover Mechanical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6f3b75b9-0976-4b5b-abc0-c6abf54885e4","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-28T07:06:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-11 06:36:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3998059","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3998059","identity":"rs-3998059","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}