Measuring Granger-causal effects in multivariate time series by system editing

1. What is the role of each node in a system of many interconnected nodes? This can be quantified by comparing the dynamics of the nodes in the intact system, with their modified dynamics in the edited system, where one node is deleted. In detail, the spectra are calculated from a causal multivariate autoregressive model for the intact system. Next, without re-estimation, one node is deleted from the model and the modified spectra at all other nodes are re-calculated. The change in spectra from the edited system to the intact system quantifies the role of the deleted node, giving a measure of its Granger-causal effects (CFX) on the system. A generalization of this novel measure is available for networks (i.e. for groups of nodes), which quantifies the role of each network in a system of many networks. For the sake of reproducible research, program codes (PASCAL), executable file, and toy data in human readable format are included in the supplementary material.