Synergy between plant essential oils and Pseudomonas isolate secondary metabolites against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch

Synergy between plant essential oils and Pseudomonas isolate secondary metabolites against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Synergy between plant essential oils and Pseudomonas isolate secondary metabolites against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch Khadija Basaid, Bouchra Chebli, Rachid Bouharroud, Rachid Elaini, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3911181/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the pursuit of developing effective bio-acaricidal agents, the toxicity by residual contact and repellency of the essential oils (EOs) of Origanum compactum , Mentha piperita and Artemisia herba-alba and their mixtures against adults of Tetranychus urticae was investigated. The oils demonstrated repellency and toxicity to mites based on dose. Combinations of the EOs in binary and ternary forms had antagonistic and additive effects on the mite's toxicity and repellency, with the exception of combined O. compactum and M. piperita EOs that displayed a synergistic acaricidal relationship. The chemical composition of the oils was identified via GC/MS analysis; major constituents were thymol (49%) in O. compactum , linalool (45.81%) in M. piperita and camphor (25.08%) in A. herba-alba . Further, we evaluated the acaricidal activity of secondary metabolites produced by Pseudomonas species using cell-free supernatants, and reported on the mode of entry of Pseudomonas supernatants into adult mites. The bioactive acaricidal compounds were most effective (57.6 to 96.1% mortality) when the entire integument of T. urticae was contacted compared to the ventral side only (15.3 to 80.7%). The toxicity of the most active bacterial supernatant was investigated at 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 dilutions in combination with the EOs. The combinations synergistically killed the mite. Lethal effects were seen 72h after exposure. Bio-acaricidal formulations may take use of synergistic combinations to manage the two-spotted spider mite. antagonistic additive aromatic Pseudomonas bio-acaricidal Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a cosmopolitan, polyphagous pest that damages economically viable crops grown in irrigated and protected agricultural systems worldwide (Migeon et al. 2019 ). With a host range of more than 1000 plant species, T. urticae targets cotton, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. The mite is considered a pest for tomato, raspberries and other vegetables (Bouharroud and Elaini 2021 ). Feeding punctures cause direct plant damage. Leaf-feeding inhibits the production of chlorophyll in plants, resulting in yellowing and necrotic brown spots (Cakmak et al. 2005 ). Moreover, the mites weave silk, and the webbing they make might cover the afflicted plants, slowing down photosynthesis. Persistent infection deforms fruit and inhibits the growth of plants. Adaptive strategies of the mite are based on high fecundity of females and a female-biased offspring sex ratio, which can lead to rapid population increases (Carey and Bradley 1982 ). When populations surpass an economic threshold, the use of synthetic acaricides is a requisite tool for T. urticae control. Overuse of such products has determined selection of resistant populations, resurgence and outbreak of new pests, environmental disruptions and toxicity to natural enemies, including predatory mites (Eroglu et al. 2019 ). Major emphasis is given to biocontrol approaches in the present context of environmental safety (Halder et al. 2013 ). There is an increasing interest in the use of biological control on mites (Attia et al. 2013 ; Chandler et al. 2000 ; McCoy 1996 ; Navajas et al. 2013 ; Poinar and Poinar 1998 ; Tixier 2018 ; Van der Geest et al. 2000 ). Scientists have widely investigated the use of predators and entomopathogenic fungi for control of spider mites. Few bacteria however have been investigated, due to the mites' piercing-sucking mouthparts, which make bacterial infection rare (Li et al. 2018 ). Use of Pseudomonas species has been investigated (Aksoy et al. 2008 ; Qessaoui et al. 2017 ; Waked et al. 2020 ), though reports are lacking on the effect of Pseudomonas secondary metabolites against T. urticae . Development of pesticides based on plant extracts is a promising means to decrease mite populations. Indeed, several plants have developed broad-spectrum chemical and physical defenses against a variety of insect groups (Ryan and Byrne 1988 ). In this situation, using plant extracts can be a good substitute for synthetic acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants are recognized as containing a rich array of bioactive chemicals (Attia et al. 2013 ). Moreover, some EOs and their components fulfill the requirements for low-risk pesticides and are readily available. EOs have toxicity, arresting and repellent effects in control of T. urticae (da Camara et al. 2015 ; de Araújo et al. 2020 ; Mahmoud et al. 2019 ; Reddy and Dolma 2018 ; Roh et al. 2013 ). Continuous use of any plant protection strategy poses unwarranted consequences, including development of resistance. In order to avoid or delay this process, combined microbial pesticides and botanical products can help in reducing the risk and also probability of simultaneous resistance development (Sudo et al. 2018 ), mainly when individual components of mixtures have diverse mechanisms of action (Zhu et al. 2016 ). Research on the toxicity of such mixtures and their potential for plant protection has innovative character and may result in the creation of novel biopesticides (Konecka et al. 2019 ). This strategy reduces costs and effects the dosage of preparations when insecticides enhance each other’s activity and act in synergy (Wraight and Ramos 2005 ). In searching for efficient biocontrol strategies of the two-spotted spider mite, the aims of our study were 1) to evaluate the acaricidal and repellent effects of EOs isolated from M. piperita , O. compactum and A. herba-alba , alone and in combination to identify possible combination effects (synergism, antagonism and additive effect); 2) to determine the acaricidal effect of the supernatants containing secondary metabolites produced by fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates and 3) to investigate the combined acaricidal effect of the EOs with the most effective bacterial supernatant on adults of T. urticae. Materials and methods Extraction and chemical analysis of plants essential oils Aerial parts of O. compactum were collected from Morocco’s Ouazzane region (34° 47' 43.343" N/5° 34' 3.209" W), while those of M. piperita and A. herba-alba were purchased at a local market of the Agadir region (30° 25' 39.918" N/9° 35' 53.185" W), in January of 2020. Voucher specimens (OC-20, ARA-20 and MP-20) were deposited in the herbarium of the Laboratory of Biotechnology, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco. Samples were air-dried at room temperature in the shade and the EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus for 4 h. Hydrodistillation was performed four times and the average yield (v/w) was calculated, based on dry plant material. The EOs were stored in hermetically sealed dark vials at 4°C for further analysis. The chemical composition of the EOs was identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID). GC/MS analysis of the oils was performed using a GC (Model Agilent Technologies 7890A, USA) equipped with a GsBP-5MS capillary column (30m×0.25mm ID×df 0.25 µm) and a mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, 5975 series, USA). GC/FID was performed with an HP-6890 instrument equipped with a GsBP-Inowax capillary column (30m×0.25mm ID×df 0.25 µm). Helium was used as a carrier gas. One µL of EO was injected. For GC/MS, the initial oven temperature was 50°C for 2min then regulated to obtain a linear ramp from 50 to 280°C (4°C/min), then remained at 280°C for 20min. For GC/FID, the initial oven temperature was 50°C, then regulated to obtain a linear ramp from 50 to 200°C (2°C/min) and then remained at 200°C for 5min. The EOs components were identified by matching their mass spectra value to NIST05 and HEFLAB database libraries. Quantification of the oils components was performed by calculation of their retention indices (RI exp) using a mixture of hydrocarbons (C 10 H 22 -C 40 H 82 ) as the standard. Components were further confirmed by comparison of their retention indices with those reported in the literature (RI lit) (Adams 2007 ). Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas species Pseudomonas species were isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants by serial dilution. 0.1 mL of soil suspension from dilutions (10 − 5 to 10 − 8 ) was aseptically added to sterile Petri plates containing 15mL of sterilized King’s B (KB) medium (King et al. 1954 ) and incubated at 29 ± 1°C for 48 h. Well-separated fluorescent colonies were selected after observing the plates under UV light (366nm) and sub-cultured twice before storage at 4°C on KB medium. Selected Pseudomonas isolates were first characterized at the genus level by microscopic appearance, gram staining, cytochrome oxidase and catalase activity (Falkow 1958 ). Biochemical characterization of the fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates was done using Analytical Profile Index (API 20NE) kit (Biomérieux, France) (Sarma et al. 2014 ). The current study employed twenty strains (designated SS-01 to SS-10, SS-12 to SS-20 and SS-22). Insect material The two-spotted spider mite utilized in the study was acquired through a mass-rearing trial conducted on bean plants by the natural enemy production unit of the SAOAS Company. The study employed adult mites. Acaricidal activity of essential oils Toxicity of individual essential oils A modified leaf dip bioassay by Bouharroud et al. ( 2007 ) was used to test the toxic effect. Five concentrations including 10, 100, 1000, 5000 and 8000 ppm of EOs were prepared using Tween-80 0.1% as an emulsifier. Bioassays were conducted in Petri dishes (9 cm diameter). Fresh bean leaves were harvested from unsprayed plants growing in a greenhouse of INRA experimental farm, Agadir, Morocco. Leaves were submerged for ten seconds. Each leaf was individually placed in the bottom of a Petri dish on a 9 cm diameter disc of Whatman paper that had been wetted with distilled water after it had dried at room temperature. Each Petri dish was filled with fifteen adult mites, which were positioned on top of the leaf and covered. Mites were kept on leaves in the control groups that were submerged in distilled water containing the adjuvant (Tween-80). Each treatment was run through four replicates, and the mortality rate was determined. each day for 6 days. After three replications of the bioassay, mortality rates (CrrM) were adjusted using Abbott’s formula (Abbott 1925 ): Where: dmn: number of dead mites in treatments, dmnc: number of dead mites in control, mtn: total mite number. Repellency of individual essential oils A modified choice test (Qessaoui et al. 2017 ) was used for the repellent activity assay. There were two boxes used: one with treated leaves and the other with untreated (control) leaves. The two boxes were connected with an 8 cm long translucent hose (1 cm in diameter) that is pierced in the middle, to allow the introduction of T. urticae adults. Test solutions were prepared by diluting EOs in Tween-80 0.1%. The concentrations tested were 10, 100, 1000, 5000 and 8000 ppm. After being submerged in an EO solution or distilled water mixed with Tween-80 for ten seconds, fresh bean leaves were allowed to air dry for five minutes before being inserted into the appropriate box. A hole was created in the middle of the linked hose, through which fifteen adults of T. urticae were carefully transported. The hole was then sealed. Mites were able to freely move to the control box and the treated box thanks to this structure. Four replicates of each treatment were created, and the repellent effect was evaluated 24, 48, and 72 hours after release. Three bioassay replications were conducted, and for each treatment, a repellency index (RI) was calculated at every period of time (24, 48 and 72 h) using the formula of Pascual-Villalobos and Robledo ( 1998 ): $$\text{R}\text{I}= \frac{\text{C}-\text{T}}{\text{C}+\text{T}} \times 100$$ 2 Where: C: mites number in the control box, T: mites number in the treated box. Toxicity and repellency of essential oil mixtures To examine the mixture effect of the EOs, binary mixtures and a ternary mixture of the oils were prepared at a concentration of 1000 ppm. Mixtures of the EOs were tested as previously described for toxicity and repellency bioassays. To determine the blending effects of the mixtures, an expected toxicity or repellency was calculated by the equation: $$\text{E}=\text{O}\text{a}+\text{O}\text{b} (1-\text{O}\text{a})$$ 3 Where E is the expected toxicity or repellency, and Oa and Ob are observed toxicity or repellency of individual EOs (Hummelbrunner and Isman 2001 ). The combination effect was determined to be synergistic or antagonistic (χ 2 > 3.84), or additive (χ 2 < 3.84) by the formula: $${\chi }2= \frac{{(Om-E)}^{2}}{E}$$ 4 Where Om is the observed toxicity or repellency of the combination. The interaction was determined as synergistic when Om was greater than E and antagonistic when Om was less than E. Acaricidal effect of secondary metabolites of Pseudomonas species Generation of bacterial supernatants Each bacterial isolate was streaked onto KB agar medium and allowed to grow for 24 h at 29 ± 1°C, then a loop of bacterial colony of each isolate was harvested and aseptically transferred to 50 mL KB Broth in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Each liquid culture was incubated on a rotary incubator shaker at 175 rpm for 72 h in the dark at 29 ± 1°C. After incubation, the cultures were adjusted to a concentration of 10 9 CFU/mL before filtration. To obtain a cell-free supernatant, each bacterial culture was centrifuged at 4200g for 1h at 4°C. Afterwards, the supernatant underwent filtration using a Millipore 0.22 µm filter. To confirm that there were no bacterial cells present, an aliquot of the filtrated supernatant was streaked over KB agar (Hazir et al. 2016 ). Toxicity of bacterial supernatants Two experiments were conducted on adults of T. urticae as described by Cevizci et al. ( 2020 ) to ascertain if the secondary metabolites of Pseudomonas species were absorbed by the body through the dorsal or ventral integument. Moistened cotton wool was placed in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes, a bean leaf with its abaxial side facing up was positioned on the cotton wool. - Exposure to the ventral side: Bean leaves were dipped in Pseudomonas spp. supernatants. After 1.5 h, 20 adults of T. urticae were transferred onto each treated leaf and incubated for 3 days. - Exposure to the dorsal and ventral sides: First, 20 T. urticae adults were transferred into the Petri dish; subsequently, using a hand sprayer (2 mL/Petri dish), each Pseudomonas spp. supernatant was sprayed onto the bean leaf that was infected with T. urticae . and incubated for 3 days. Control leaves were treated with sterile KB broth in both experiments. The number of living and dead mites was recorded 24, 48 and 72h post application. Assays were maintained at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity and a light: dark cycle of 16:8 h in a growth chamber (Ehret, type KLT/04). The experiment was conducted twice, with four replicates for each treatment. Toxicity of combinations of essential oils and Pseudomonas specie supernatant The EOs were tested in combination with the most toxic bacterial filtrate. Each EO was tested at 1000 ppm in combination with the bacterial filtrate, tested in 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 dilutions. The EOs were applied by dipping, whereas the bacterial filtrate by a spraying method. To determine the interaction of combinations, an expected toxicity was calculated and compared with the observed toxicity following the equations ( 3 ) and ( 4 ). Statistical analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the data from each experiment. The Newman-Keuls test was used to differentiate the significance of treatment means at P ≤ 0.01 level. Statistical analyses were carried out using STATISTICA 6 software. The LD 50 values (the concentration producing 50% mortality) of EOs and 95% confidence limit were calculated from probit regressions using SPSS 20 software. Results and discussion Chemical composition of essential oils The EOs chemical composition was determined and regrouped in Table 1 . Chemical analysis by GC/MS and GC/FID identified 32 compounds in M. piperita oil constituting 97.47% of the total oil composition, 26 compounds in O. compactum oil constituting 97.79% of the total oil composition and 34 compounds in A. herba-alba oil, which constitute 71.72% of the total oil composition. Among the major compounds in M. piperita oil, we found linalool (45.81%), linalyl anthranilate (18.24%), α-terpineol (7.46%) and geranyl acetate (4.45%). The EO of O. compactum was mainly composed of thymol (49.04%), carvacrol (14.59%), o-cymene (11.62%) and γ-terpinene (9.97%). A. herba-alba EO was mainly composed of camphor (25.08%), davana ether (9.42%), α-thujone (6.68%) and eucalyptol (4.59%). The three EOs were characterized by a predominant presence of oxygenated monoterpenes (60.78% for M. piperita , 67.09% for O. compactum and 48.29% for A. herba-alba ). Table 1 Chemical composition of the essential oils as determined by GC–MS and GC–FID No. Compounds RI exp RI lit Mentha piperita Origanum compactum Artemisia herba alba 1 3-Heptanone 888 889 - 0.04 - 2 Santolina triene 903 906 - 0.21 3 Tricyclene 920 921 - - 0.15 4 α-Thujene 922 924 - 0.71 - 5 α-Pinene 930 932 - 0.61 0.30 6 Camphene 943 946 - 0.09 3.01 7 Sabinene 966 969 0.14 - - 8 β-Pinene 971 974 0.19 0.12 0.24 9 1-Octen-3-ol 972 974 0.10 0.54 - 10 3-Octanone 978 979 - 0.45 - 11 Myrcene 985 988 1.94 1.27 0.35 12 3-Octanol 987 988 0.13 0.13 - 13 α-Phellandrene 1000 1002 - 0.18 - 14 (R)-α-pinene 1005 Nf - 0.07 - 15 α-Terpinene 1011 1014 - 1.60 - 16 O-cymene 1020 1022 - 11.62 0.88 17 Limonene 1020 1024 0.41 - - 18 β-Phellandrene 1023 1025 - - 0.20 19 Eucalyptol 1027 Nf 2.85 - 4.59 20 (Z)-β-ocimene 1030 1032 1.48 - - 21 Cis-β-ocimene 1042 1044 0.73 - - 22 γ-Terpinene 1053 1054 - 9.97 0.29 23 (+)-4-Carene 1056 Nf 0.39 - - 24 p-Mentha-1,4(8)-diene 1084 1085 - 0.14 - 25 Linalool 1094 1095 45.81 1.71 - 26 α-Thujone 1100 1101 - - 6.68 27 Octen-1-ol, acetate 1102 Nf 0.27 - - 28 β-Thujone 1110 1112 - - 4.50 29 1,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene 1123 Nf - - 0.96 30 Cis-β-terpineol 1139 1140 - 0.09 - 31 Camphor 1138 1141 - - 25.08 32 (-)-Menthone 1148 1148 0.23 - - 33 1-Borneol 1160 1165 - 0.25 1.81 34 (-)-Terpinen-4-ol 1170 1174 - 0.68 0.61 35 (-)-Terpinen-4 1172 1174 0.14 - - 36 α-Terpineol 1187 1186 7.46 0.33 - 37 (-)-Myrtenal 1190 1195 - - 0.91 38 l-Verbenone 1200 1204 - - 0.24 39 Nerol 1224 1227 1.44 - - 40 Pulegone 1230 1233 2.58 - 0.76 41 Bicyclo[3.1.1] hept-2-en-4-ol, 2,6,6-trimethyl-, acetate 1244 Nf - - 0.76 42 p-Mentha-1,8-dien-7-al 1256 Nf - - 0.51 43 Linalyl anthranilate 1274 Nf 18.24 - - 44 L-α-bornyl acetate 1285 1287 - - 0.48 45 p-Thymol 1286 1289 - 0.26 2.60 46 Thymol 1287 1289 - 49.04 - 47 Dihydroedulan I (trans) 1290 Nf 0.13 - - 48 Carvacrol 1296 1298 - 14.59 - 49 1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 5,5-dimethyl-2-ethyl 1300 Nf - - 0.21 50 Nerol acetate 1345 Nf 2.33 - - 51 Copaene 1371 1374 - - 0.28 52 Geranyl acetate 1377 1379 4.45 - - 53 β-Elemene 1386 1389 0.80 - - 54 Jasmone 1386 1390 - - 1.17 55 β-Caryophyllene 1404 1408 1.19 1.87 - 56 α-Caryophyllene 1414 1417 - 0.11 - 57 Davana ether 1449 1450 - - 9.42 58 Cis-β-farnesene 1450 1454 0.16 - - 59 para-Methoxybenzenethiol 1454 Nf - - 0.57 60 (-)-Bicyclosesquiphellandrene 1476 Nf 0.20 - - 61 (-)-Germacrene d 1480 1484 0.59 - 0.46 62 (-)-Calamenene 1519 1521 1.26 - - 63 Espatulenol 1574 1577 - - 1.68 64 Cryophyllene-oxide 1580 1582 - 1.32 0.39 65 Davanone 1612 1587 - - 0.40 66 Veridiflorol 1590 1592 0.48 - - 67 Ledol 1600 1602 - - 0.68 68 4-Chloro-n-methylbenzenesulfonamide 1610 Nf - - 0.34 69 γ-Eudesmol 1628 1630 0.36 - - 70 β-Eudesmol 1645 1649 0.29 - - 71 α-Eudesmol 1650 1652 0.48 - - 72 Phytol 1940 1942 0.22 - - Hydrocarbon compounds (%) 9.48 28.22 6.37 Monoterpene hydrocarbons 5.28 26.24 5.63 Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 4.20 1.98 0.74 Oxygenated compounds (%) 62.39 68.41 60.86 Oxygenated monoterpenes 60.78 67.09 48.29 Oxygenated sesquiterpenes 1.61 1.32 12.57 Non-terpenic compounds (%) 25.6 1.16 4.49 Total of the identified compounds (%) 97.47 97.79 71.72 RI exp : Retention indices determined on GsBP-5MS and GsBP-Inowax capillary columns. RI lit : Retention indices reported in the literature (Adams 2007 ). Nf: retention indices on the same columns that were not found in literature. The chemical composition reported herein for M. piperita oil is similar to the profile reported by Benomari et al. ( 2018 ) on the Algerian species, that was dominated by linalool (40.4–47.6%), α-terpineol (6.4–10.4%) and geranyl acetate (2.5–5.3%). In the same line, El Asbahani et al. ( 2015 ) reported that EO of the Moroccan species contained mainly linalool (41.4%) and its ester form linalyl acetate (39.5%). Other authors have reported the predominance of menthone and menthol in the oil (Ainane et al. 2018 ; Chebli et al. 2003a ; Combrinck et al. 2011 ; Derwich et al. 2010 ; Moghaddam et al. 2013 ; Soković et al. 2009 ), trans‑carveol (Laghouiter et al. 2015 ), limonene oxide (Mehani et al. 2015 ), α‑terpinene (Yadegarinia et al. 2006 ), cyclohexanol (Xueuan et al. 2018 ) and carvone (Rezende et al. 2017 ). For O. compactum , a similar chemical profile was determined by Rahmouni et al. ( 2019 ) of the species from Northern Morocco, in which thymol (18.52%), carvacrol (29.26%), o-cymene (11.89%) and γ-terpinene (10.77%) were the main constituents. Other studies have shown the richness of O. compactum oil in carvacrol as the main constituent, followed by thymol, γ-teprinene and p-cymene, with notable variations in the proportions of the four main compounds (Aissaoui et al. 2018 ; Bouhdid et al. 2008 ; Bouyahya et al. 2017 ; Chebli et al. 2003b ; Lahlou 2002 ; Mezzoug et al. 2007 ; Roselló et al. 2015 ; Zantar et al. 2014 ). The chemical profile of A. herba-alba oil reported herein was dominated by camphor followed by α-thujone. This profile is similar to the one reported by Chebli et al. ( 2004 ), where the main constituents were camphor (46.0%) and α-thujone (33.2%). Santana et al. ( 2014 ) also investigated the composition of the Moroccan species and reported camphor (29.8%) and α-thujone (28.5%) as the main constituents. Other chemotypes reported from Morocco are characterized by the dominance of chrysanthenone (30.6%) (Ouachikh et al. 2009 ), verbenol (21.83%) (Tilaoui et al. 2011 ), α-thujone (59.07%) (Sbayou et al. 2014 ), β-thujone (24.34%) (Moussii et al. 2020 ), cis-thujone (25.5%) (Amor et al. 2019 ) and davanone (38.25%) (Ed-Dra et al. 2021 ). Variation in chemical composition of the oils of the same species may be related to drying as well as extraction methods, time of oil extraction, harvesting time at different stages or occurrence in different geographical location (Rohloff et al. 2005 ). Toxicity of individual essential oils The oils exhibited contact toxicity towards T. urticae . With an increase in concentration and length of exposure, mite mortality rose, from the first to the sixth day after treatment. After 6 days of observation and at the highest concentration, O. compactum oil was the most toxic to T. urticae (100% mortality), followed by M. piperita (98% mortality) and A. herba-alba (81% mortality) (Table 2 ). This was further confirmed by probit analysis, as O. compactum oil had the lowest LD 50 value of 3174.34 µl/L (Table 3 ). Table 2 Acaricidal activity of essential oils against adults of Tetranychus urticae Essential oils Concentrations (ppm) Days after treatment Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Mentha piperita 10 8.00 ± 1.03 a 7.57 ± 1.03 a 11.11 ± 1.05 a 11.79 ± 1.69 ab 15.75 ± 2.33 a 16.92 ± 2.01 a 100 11.95 ± 2.36 a 12.11 ± 1.16 a 15.40 ± 2.03 a 18.48 ± 2.15 ab 20.26 ± 2.56 ab 26.92 ± 2.36 ab 1000 25.39 ± 2.69 abc 28.38 ± 2.05 abc 26.87 ± 3.06 ab 27.44 ± 2.99 ab 30.83 ± 2.13 ab 33.08 ± 3.01 ab 5000 32.04 ± 3.12 abcd 33.11 ± 2.87 abc 36.69 ± 4.05 ab 40.05 ± 3.07 bc 45.94 ± 2.89 bc 50.77 ± 3.09 bc 8000 63.37 ± 3.02 e 64.91 ± 3.69 de 69.14 ± 3.26 c 78.56 ± 3.56 e 88.77 ± 3.48 e 98.46 ± 2.56 e Origanum compactum 10 6.65 ± 0.56 a 5.14 ± 0.69 a 7.57 ± 1.02 a 9.13 ± 1.05 a 9.34 ± 0.58 a 10.02 ± 1.22 a 100 9.76 ± 1.63 a 9.82 ± 1.98 a 14.67 ± 1.89 a 16.31 ± 2.04 ab 19.17 ± 2.15 ab 19.55 ± 1.99 a 1000 18.54 ± 1.87 abc 19.08 ± 2.98 ab 22.27 ± 2.96 ab 24.99 ± 2.89 ab 28.04 ± 1.99 ab 29.61 ± 4.56 ab 5000 40.03 ± 2.69 bcde 45.12 ± 3.78 cd 47.42 ± 3.16 bc 52.93 ± 3.06 cd 59.21 ± 2.39 cd 66.95 ± 3.58 cd 8000 59.85 ± 3.74 e 70.20 ± 3.47 e 73.03 ± 1.89 c 83.68 ± 4.18 e 92.62 ± 2.89 e 100.00 ± 0.00 e Artemisia herba alba 10 5.98 ± 0.96 a 6.31 ± 0.99 a 7.62 ± 1.65 a 10.14 ± 2.16 a 11.44 ± 2.89 a 13.13 ± 2.69 a 100 6.84 ± 0.85 a 9.01 ± 1.87 a 9.52 ± 2.13 a 11.11 ± 1.89 ab 12.44 ± 2.87 a 14.14 ± 2.85 a 1000 17.09 ± 2.15 ab 24.32 ± 3.15 abc 23.81 ± 3.14 ab 24.64 ± 3.99 ab 25.37 ± 4.16 ab 28.28 ± 4.16 ab 5000 43.59 ± 3.25 cde 43.24 ± 3.12 bcd 48.57 ± 4.06 bc 51.69 ± 3.69 cd 55.22 ± 2.55 cd 59.60 ± 3.69 cd 8000 55.56 ± 3.12 de 56.76 ± 3.03 de 65.71 ± 4.12 c 71.98 ± 4.16 de 77.11 ± 4.55 de 81.81 ± 4.15 de Within each column, the rates followed by the same letters are not statistically different at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test. Table 3 Log-dose probit mortality data for Tetranychus urticae adults by the essential oils after 6 days of incubation Essential oils LD 50 (ppm) Fiducial limits Mentha piperita 3476.55 1344.12 to 8696.02 Origanum compactum 3174.34 2412.60 to 4171.04 Artemisia herba alba 4322.15 3324.03 to 5686.29 The EOs of M. piperita and O. compactum proved toxicity against T. urticae . The Egyptian M. piperita oil showed acaricidal activity against adults of the two-spotted spider mite by direct contact with an LC 50 of 186 ppm (El-Zemity et al. 2009 ), which indicated a higher acaricidal activity than the one observed in this study. Alternatively, the Bulgarian M. piperita oil produced a mortality of 6.7% at 10000 ppm (Yoon and Tak 2018 ) and the Brazilian M. piperita oil showed no effect on adults at 20000 ppm (Ataide et al. 2021a ) by direct contact. Other studies reported the efficiency of M. piperita oil as a fumigant against the two-spotted spider mite. The Indian species oil showed complete mortality of T. urticae adults by fumigation at 100 mg/L air (Reddy and Dolma 2018 ). In the same line, complete mortality of adults was achieved at 19×10 3 µl/mL air by the Korean peppermint oil (Choi et al. 2004 ). The EO of O. compactum collected from Tetouan reportedly produced complete mortality of T. urticae adults at a concentration of 4000 ppm, which is lower than what we found (Aissaoui et al. 2018 ). In another study by Pavela et al. ( 2016 ), O. compactum oil showed 66% mortality of female adults of T. urticae at 15 ppm, in addition to inhibition of fertility. The use of various T. urticae populations, various plant parts for EO extraction, and various collection sites may be responsible for the variability in toxicity noted by other researchers and the current results for O. compactum and M. piperita oils (da Camara et al. 2017 ). A. absinthium oil was reportedly toxic to T. urticae adults by fumigation and to female adults by direct contact (Chiasson et al. 2001 ; Choi et al. 2004 ). A. maritima and A. annua EOs showed excellent fumigant activity against T. urticae adults (Esmaeily et al. 2017 ; Walia et al. 2019 ). Similarly, plant extracts of A. judaica and A. monosperma displayed toxicity against adult females of T. urticae (El-Sharabasy 2010 ; Soliman et al. 2005 ). Exploring other testing methods may improve the toxicity of the EOs. The variability of Piper aduncum EO's residual effect against T. urticae through fumigation and contact was documented by Araújo et al. ( 2012 ). Similarly, Mahmoud et al. ( 2019 ) evaluated direct contact and fumigant acaricidal activities of EOs and concluded that the oils were more toxic to T. urticae by fumigation rather than contact. de Araújo et al. ( 2020 ) also reported that fumigation with P. aduncum, Melaleuca leucadendra and Schinus terebinthifolius oils, binary blends and selected constituents was more toxic to the mite than exposure through residual contact. This may be because the examined EOs have a high degree of volatility, which enables them to travel through the respiratory system to target sites faster than the tarsi. Similar results regarding the toxicity of monoterpenes against T. urticae were also noted (Badawy et al. 2010 ). EO composition has a critical effect on achievement of toxicity against T. urticae . The higher the share of oxygenated monoterpenes in EOs, the higher the efficacy they display (Pavela et al. 2016 ). In our case, the oil that showed the highest mortality was O. compactum oil, which also contains the highest percentage (67%) of oxygenated monoterpenes. The shape, level of saturation, and kinds of functional groups that make up the structure of monoterpenoids also influence acaricidal activity. Lee et al. ( 1997 ) investigated the acute toxicities of 34 naturally occurring monoterpenoids against adults of T. urticae . Thymol and carvacrol, the main constituents of O. compactum oil, were found to be the most potent inhibitors. Furthermore the monoterpenes thymol and cavacrol have been described as potent acaricidal compounds in the case of adult T. urticae (Badawy et al. 2010 ; El-Zemity et al. 2009 ; Tak and Isman 2017a). Minor constituents may also act synergistically with the major constituents of the oils, thereby potentiating the acaricidal activity of the oils. Synergistic toxicity among constituents of plant EOs has been well demonstrated on T. urticae (Miresmailli and Isman 2006 ). According to earlier research on the mechanisms of action of various commercial acaricides, the primary targets in the neurological system of a mite are enzymes, receptors, or channel sites, at which specific binding triggers physiological changes (Abdelgaleil et al. 2019 ). Accordingly, different mechanisms of action may explain the toxicity of the oils against the two-spotted spider mite. EOs are effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors of T. urticae (Mahmoud et al. 2019 ). It has been demonstrated that monoterpenes inhibited acetylcholinesterase and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase activities in T. urticae (Abdelgaleil et al. 2019 ). There is also evidence for the effects of EOs on glutathione-S-transferases, esterase, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, alkaline phosphatase and protease enzymes in T. urticae (Afify et al. 2012 ; Farahani et al. 2020 ). Because EOs have numerous toxic action modes, they can be effectively used to control the two-spotted spider mite (Mahmoud et al. 2019 ). Repellency of individual essential oils The data showed that RI increased with increase in doses for all of the EOs. However, the level of repellency observed for each treatment did not differ much during the course of exposure. M. piperita oil also exhibited an attractive effect at the lowest concentration of 10 ppm with RI values ranging from − 13% to -17 during the three days of exposure. The rest of the treatments all produced a repellent effect. After 72h, the highest degree of repellency was recorded for O. compactum oil (RI = 90.9%) at the highest concentration, followed by M. piperita oil (RI = 86.6%) and A. herba-alba (RI = 55.8%) (Figs. 1 – 3 ). Our results are in accordance with the repellent activity of EOs to T. urticae (Araújo et al. 2012 ; Motazedian et al. 2012 ; Reddy and Dolma 2018 ; Yeşilayer and Aslan 2018 ). EO obtained from Indian peppermint exhibited complete repellency against adults of T. urticae at 5000 ppm (Reddy and Dolma 2018 ). Egyptian M. piperita oil strongly repelled adult females of T. urticae by 85% at 1000 ppm (Momen et al. 2001 ), whereas, Brazilian M. piperita oil showed moderate repellency at 2000 ppm (Ataide et al. 2021a ). Korean peppermint oil on the other hand attracted adults of the two-spotted spider mite at 1000 ppm (Yoon and Tak 2018 ). Differences in chemical composition can affect the activity of the oil, hence the various results of repellency obtained for M. piperita oil. Besides chemical composition, interspecific differences in repellency of the same species result from several factors, the first being the type of test surface. Tak and Isman (2017a) reported a notable difference in the spread of EO compounds according to the plant leaf used, exhibiting a broader dispersion on a leaf disc of cabbage as opposed to beans. Surface tension of the leaf is influenced by variations in the amount of wax in the cuticle layer of plants or by physical characteristics such the size, shape, and roughness of the stomata. The latter influences adhesion and adsorption of the test compounds and consequently the repellency of EOs; this difference has been observed between cultivars of the same plant species (Lu et al. 2015 ). Other factors include application and volumes and the mode of delivery (e.g., direct contact through topical application or spraying versus residual contact through painting or dipping leaves versus inhaling or absorbing evaporating substances through fumigation). The interaction between EO compounds and the target insect including the degree of penetration, degree of delivery to the target sites/receptors, body size and thickness of the cuticle barrier also significantly influence the repellency of EO compounds (Tak and Isman 2017a). For O. compactum oil no previous study has investigated its repellency effect on T. urticae , though, other species of Origanum have been investigated. Yoon and Tak ( 2018 ) reported the repellent effect of O. majorana EO on adults of the two-spotted spider mite (73% at 10000 pm) and EOs of O. onites , O. vulgare and O. marjorana all exhibited high repellency to adult females of T. urticae (Yeşilayer and Aslan ( 2018 ). Although repellency of A. herba-alba oil has not been as yet reported, our results agree with other species of the genus, Walia et al. ( 2019 ) reported high repellency (95%) of A. maritima EO to adults of T. urticae when applied at a high concentration (10000 ppm). Ethanolic leaf extract of A. judaica also exhibited complete repellency at 5000 ppm against adult females of T. urticae (El-Sharabasy 2010 ). Isman and Miresmailli ( 2011 ) linked the efficacy of EOs as repellents to the volatilization pattern of constituents. He demonstrated that the volatilization pattern of rosemary oil changes within the course of one hour, which affects the behavior of the two-spotted spider mite. It is possible to formulate a mixture that stays more biologically active by preserving quantities of volatiles that deteriorate progressively over extended periods. Microencapsulation and nanoparticle technologies applied on garlic oil can be effective methods for obtaining sustained release of volatiles (Yang et al. 2009 ). Toxicity and repellency of essential oil mixtures Data of the toxicity and repellency of EO mixtures is presented in Table 4 . Mortality and repellency percentages were both time dependent for all the tested combinations, as they increased from the first to the third day of exposure. Mortality rates differed statistically with time for each of the tested combinations, while repellency rates did not differ statistically, except for the combination of M. piperita + A. herba-alba EOs. EO combinations showed low to moderate toxicity after three days of exposure. The binary combination of O. compactum + M. piperita EOs was the most toxic to the mite with 57.14% mortality after 72h, which differed from other treatments, followed by the ternary combination of the EOs (46.43% mortality), while the lowest mortality was obtained from the combination of M. piperita + A. herba-alba EOs (30.36%). The binary combinations of EOs provided good repellency on adults of T. urticae (over 64% repellency). The highest repellency was achieved by the combination of M. piperita + A. herba-alba EOs, with 70.95 and 75.56% repellency after 48 and 72h respectively. The two values differed statistically from those of other treatments. Interestingly, the ternary combination of the EOs displayed the lowest repellency on the mite (30.34%). Table 4 Toxicity and repellent activities of combinations of the essential oils against Tetranychus urticae adults Treatments Mortality (%) Repellency (%) After 24h After 48h After 72h After 24h After 48h After 72h O. compactum + M. piperita 20.53 ± 1.20 ac 31.43 ± 2.30 b 57.14 ± 3.60 g 57.18 ± 4.56 d 58.52 ± 5.13 d 66.67 ± 3.46 ef O. compactum + A. herba-alba 22.81 ± 2.30 c 36.79 ± 5.50 f 42.86 ± 4.00 d 62.46 ± 4.88 a 63.03 ± 2.99 a 64.07 ± 5.10 ae M. piperita + A. herba-alba 11.75 ± 1.36 e 17.14 ± 2.65 a 30.36 ± 4.50 b 66.67 ± 4.13 f 70.95 ± 4.66 g 75.56 ± 4.99 h M. piperita + O. compactum + A. herba-alba 17.02 ± 1.02 a 30.71 ± 3.70 b 46.43 ± 3.80 d 25.71 ± 2.69 b 27.98 ± 1.69 bc 30.34 ± 3.58 c Values of mortality or repellency followed by the same letters do not differ at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test. Combination effects of the binary and ternary mixtures of the EOs in either toxicity or repellency were examined. O. compactum EO, which was the most toxic produced a synergistic effect in combination with M. piperita EO and an additive effect with A. herba-alba oil in killing the mite. Whereas, the combination of M. piperita and A. herba-alba EOs and the ternary combination of the EOs were classified as antagonistic (Table 5 ). Table 5 Effect of combinations of the essential oils on mortality of Tetranychus urticae adults after 72h of exposure Treatment a Treatment b Treatment c Adult mortality (%) χ 2 Effect Individual treatments Mixtures Observed for a Observed for b Observed for c Expected Observed O. compactum M. piperita - 22.27 26.87 - 43.15 57.14 c 4.53 Synergistic O. compactum A. herba-alba - 22.27 23.81 - 40.77 42.86 a 0.10 Additive M. piperita A. herba-alba - 26.87 23.81 - 44.28 30.36 b 7.37 Antagonistic M. piperita O. compactum A. herba-alba 26.87 22.27 23.81 71.52 46.43 a 8.80 Antagonistic Values of observed mortality of mixtures followed by the same letters do not differ at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test. When different kinds of oils with distinct active components are combined, the interaction may be antagonistic, additive, neutral, or synergistic (de Araújo et al. 2020 ). In this context, few studies have investigated the acaricidal properties of blends of EOs on T. urticae . The combination of M. piperita and O. compactum EOs was synergistic at causing mortality of T. urticae adults. Our result agree with those of Ataíde et al. ( 2020 ) and Ataide et al. ( 2021b ), who reported that the binary mixtures of EOs of M. piperita with Cymbopogon citratus, M. piperita with Syzygium aromaticum and M. piperita with Commiphora myrrha displayed increased toxicity on female adults of T. urticae , although the interaction effect was not characterized. Another study by Kim et al. ( 2021 ) has demonstrated that eighteen out of 27 insecticidal combinations of EOs were determined as synergistic and seven were additive against the third instar larvae of S. litura. The binary mixture of M. piperita and A. herba-alba oils and the ternary mixture of the oils showed an antagonistic effect. Antagonistic interactions have been reported in binary blends prepared with Santalum album EO combined with Origanum majorana , Cymbopogon citratus , Salvia sclarea , Cupressus sempervirens and Lavandula angustifolia EOs on T. urticae adults (Yoon and Tak 2018 ). In another study, blends of Piper aduncum , Schinus terebinthifolius and Melaleuca leucadendra oils, tested in varying proportions (25/75, 50/50 and 75/25%) were classified as either antagonistic or indifferent, except for the combination (50/50%) between oils of M. leucadendra and S. terebinthifolius , which displayed an additive effect in killing female adults of T. urticae (de Araújo et al. 2020 ). Mixtures of EOs may have an antagonistic effect due to the complexity of their constituents (Pavela 2015 ). Indeed, Ataíde et al. ( 2020 ) related the antagonistic effect between M. piperita and S. aromaticum EOs to the major components of the oils belonging to different classes, monoterpenes and phenols. On the repellent activity of the mixtures, all the binary combinations of the EOs displayed additive effects, while the ternary combination produced an antagonistic effect (Table 6 ). Table 6 Effect of combinations of the essential oils on repellency of Tetranychus urticae adults after 72h of exposure Treatment a Treatment b Treatment c Adult repellency (%) χ 2 Effect Individual treatments Mixtures Observed for a Observed for b Observed for c Expected Observed O. compactum M. piperita - 42.86 44.23 - 68.13 66.67 a 0.03 Additive O. compactum A. herba-alba - 42.86 41.79 - 66.73 64.07 a 0.10 Additive M. piperita A. herba-alba - 44.23 41.79 - 67.53 75.56 c 0.95 Additive M. piperita O. compactum A. herba-alba 44.23 42.86 41.79 120.95 30.34 b 7.19 Antagonistic Values of observed repellency of mixtures followed by the same letters do not differ at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test. Yoon and Tak ( 2018 ) reported an additive repellent effect for the combination of Lavandula angustifolia and Santalum album EOs as well as an antagonistic repellent effect for binary mixtures of Origanum majorana , Cymbopogon citratus , Salvia sclarea and Cupressus sempervirens EOs with Santalum album EO on T. urticae adults. On the other hand, Peach et al. ( 2019 ) reported that several ternary blends of EOs expressed antagonism against A. aegypti , possibly because of the dilution of the most effective EO components in the mixtures. Although we found no synergistic repellent effects in the present study, this type of interaction has been described on other insect pests. In fact, binary and ternary combinations of M. piperita, Pimpinella anisum and Eucalyptus camaldulensis EOs enhanced the repellent effects of single EOs against adults of Sitophilus oryzae through additive and synergistic interactions (Hategekimana and Erler 2020). Likewise, Peach et al. ( 2019 ) reported that binary combinations of Cinnamomum verum , Cymbopogum flexuosus and Rosemarinus officinalis EOs enhanced the repellent activity of single EOs against A. aegypti through synergistic interactions. If the combined EOs are used via a topical application (directly on mites), the combinations increased or decreased surface tension determines whether the effects are synergistic or antagonistic, and this in turn influences how well the active ingredients penetrate the insect's cuticle (Tak and Isman 2017b ). Conversely, when the combined EOs are applied on a surface prior to the release of mites such as in the present study, additional aspects must be taken into account to comprehend the underlying process of synergistic/antagonistic effects,. The amount of chemicals that are absorbed or firmly adhered to the leaf wax layer may be influenced by the physico-chemical affinity of the essential oils (EOs), which could limit the amount of compounds released into the atmosphere. A few hypotheses have been suggested to explain the mechanism of synergy including multi-target effect, inhibition of metabolism (i.e., inhibition of detoxifying enzymes), increased permeability and the removal of adverse effects (Norris et al. 2018 ; Wagner and Ulrich-Merzenich 2009 ). In the same line, Kim et al. ( 2021 ) postulated that the synergistic impact of basil and mandarin oils against S. litura larvae is caused by greater penetration through the cuticle layer and intensified neurophysiological response. Toxicity of bacterial supernatants of Pseudomonas species The toxicity of Pseudomonas species supernatants on T. urticae adults using the dipping method ranged from 15.3 to 80.7% after 72h of exposure (Table 7 ). Mortality increased with exposure time for all the isolates. The earliest deaths occurred within the first day after treatments for the majority of the isolates except for isolates SS-15 and SS-16, which recorded no mortality. After 72h, supernatant of the isolate SS-07 resulted in the highest mortality (80.7%), followed by the supernatants of the isolates SS-18, SS-19 and SS-22, all of which produced 73% mortality of the mite. The symptoms caused by the Pseudomonas isolates supernatants on T. urticae were reduction of movement and occurrence of brown-black coloration. Table 7 Toxicity of supernatants of Pseudomonas species on adults of Tetranychus urticae by dipping Pseudomonas isolates Hours after application 24h 48h 72h SS-01 37.04 ± 3.06 j 38.46 ± 2.16 abcdef 42.31 ± 3.06 bc SS-02 14.81 ± 1.26 cefghi 34.62 ± 2.08 abcdef 42.31 ± 3.09 bc SS-03 25.93 ± 1.03 i 46.15 ± 3.16 cdefg 69.23 ± 4.95 cde SS-04 3.70 ± 0.23 abcd 26.92 ± 2.33 abcde 57.69 ± 3.11 bcde SS-05 44.44 ± 3.06 j 53.85 ± 3.77 fg 65.38 ± 2.79 bcde SS-06 22.22 ± 1.69 ghi 30.77 ± 2.11 abcdef 69.23 ± 3.33 cde SS-07 40.74 ± 4.11 j 50.00 ± 3.87 efg 80.77 ± 4.16 e SS-08 7.41 ± 1.02 abcdef 15.38 ± 2.60 a 15.38 ± 2.09 a SS-09 22.22 ± 2.16 ghi 42.31 ± 1.04 bcdefg 57.69 ± 4.44 bcde SS-10 22.22 ± 2.19 gi 30.77 ± 3.56 abcdef 61.54 ± 2.19 bcde SS-12 7.41 ± 1.03 abcdf 23.08 ± 2.69 abd 53.85 ± 4.15 bcde SS-13 11.11 ± 2.99 bcdefgh 19.23 ± 2.87 ab 38.46 ± 3.69 b SS-14 18.52 ± 2.16 eghi 50.00 ± 3.68 efg 65.38 ± 4.15 bcde SS-15 0.00 ± 0.00 ac 23.08 ± 2.69 abcd 53.85 ± 2.99 bcde SS-16 0.00 ± 0.00 a 26.92 ± 3.06 abcde 50.00 ± 3.99 bcd SS-17 11.11 ± 2.13 abcdefh 30.77 ± 1.99 abcde 46,15 ± 3.49 bcd SS-18 18.52 ± 2.69 efghi 61.54 ± 4.18 g 73.08 ± 5.06 de SS-19 14.81 ± 1.50 cdefghi 46.15 ± 2.69 cdefg 73.08 ± 3.48 de SS-20 3.70 ± 0.89 abd 19.23 ± 2.36 ab 53.85 ± 3.16 bcde SS-22 25.93 ± 2.11 i 46.15 ± 3.33 cefg 73.08 ± 3.47 de Within each column, the rates followed by the same letters are not statistically different at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test. Spraying application of the supernatants resulted in higher mortality for all the isolates. Mortality rate ranged from 57.6 to 96.1%, 72h after treatment. The supernatant of the isolate SS-03 produced the highest mortality with 88.8, 92.3 and 96.1% mortality after 24, 48 and 72h respectively. In addition, supernatants of the isolates SS-05, SS-09, SS-19 and SS-22 produced high mortality (over 92% mortality) after 72h of exposure (Table 8 ). Table 8 Toxicity of supernatants of Pseudomonas species on adults of Tetranychus urticae by spraying Pseudomonas isolates Hours after application 24h 48h 72h SS-01 70.37 ± 3.99 bcdef 73.08 ± 4.05 cdef 73.08 ± 2.69 bcd SS-02 62.96 ± 3.45 abcd 69.23 ± 3.69 cdef 80.77 ± 5.02 defgh SS-03 88.89 ± 4.66 f 92.31 ± 4.44 h 96.15 ± 3.69 i SS-04 85.19 ± 4.09 ef 88.46 ± 3.88 gh 88.46 ± 3.99 efghi SS-05 77.78 ± 3.15 cdef 80.77 ± 4.58 efgh 92.31 ± 4.79 gi SS-06 66.67 ± 2.89 abcde 65.38 ± 3.66 bcde 73.08 ± 4.06 cd SS-07 70.37 ± 3.46 bcdef 69.23 ± 2.12 cdef 88.46 ± 4.15 eghi SS-08 59.26 ± 1.23 abc 57.69 ± 2.35 abc 57.69 ± 3.26 a SS-09 62.96 ± 3.58 abcd 92.31 ± 3.99 h 92.31 ± 2.89 ghi SS-10 74.07 ± 3.16 bcdef 76.92 ± 4.16 defgh 80.77 ± 5.17 defh SS-12 70.37 ± 2.13 bcdef 76.92 ± 3.09 defgh 76.92 ± 3.07 cdf SS-13 48.15 ± 2.78 a 50.00 ± 4.05 a 61.54 ± 3.08 ab SS-14 74.07 ± 2.99 bcdef 73.08 ± 3.69 cdefg 80.77 ± 4.18 defgh SS-15 48.15 ± 3.16 a 50.00 ± 2.16 ab 73.08 ± 2.89 cd SS-16 55.56 ± 2.78 ab 76.92 ± 3.46 defgh 73.08 ± 4.08 bcd SS-17 59.26 ± 2.69 abc 61.54 ± 3.69 abcd 65.38 ± 3.77 abc SS-18 81.48 ± 3.16 def 84.62 ± 4.05 fgh 88.46 ± 4.06 efghi SS-19 85.19 ± 3.69 ef 88.46 ± 4.55 gh 92.31 ± 5.06 ghi SS-20 66.67 ± 2.39 abcde 76.92 ± 1.69 defgh 76.92 ± 1.99 cdef SS-22 85.19 ± 2.69 ef 88.46 ± 3.28 gh 92.31 ± 3.88 ghi Within each column, the rates followed by the same letters are not statistically different at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test. The results presented herein indicate that fluorescent Pseudomonas have a high biological control efficacy on T. urticae . Pseudomonas species can effectively control insect mites. Aksoy et al. ( 2008 ) proved that the Biotype B of P. putida had strong efficacy in killing female adults of T. urticae . Qessaoui et al. ( 2017 ) showed that the survival rate of adults of T. urticae was reduced by three fluorescent Pseudomonas bacterial isolates Q110B, Q036B and Q172B. Field efficacy of P. fluorescens on T. urticae adults has also been demonstrated. Waked et al. ( 2020 ) reported that soil and foliar application of P. fluorescens showed great reduction of the population of T. urticae infesting cucumber plants. This is the first study that reports the effect of Pseudomonas spp. secondary metabolites on the two-spotted spider mite, as we used only cell-free bacterial supernatants. The effectiveness of cell-free supernatants and bacterial growth culture on pests has been compared by researchers, who found the latter to be more active. For instance, Bussaman et al. ( 2006 ) found that bacterial culture and cell-free supernatant of Photorhabdus luminescens ssp. laumondii (GPS12) produced 76% and 90% mortality on the females of the mushroom mite Luciaphorus spp., respectively. In the same line, Sobanboa et al. ( 2009 ) showed that cell-free supernatant of Xenorhabdus spp. (X1) caused higher mortality to females of Luciaphorus spp. than the bacterial culture. Our data show that Pseudomonas species' bioactive acaricidal substances may be able to pass through T. urticae 's dorsal and ventral integument. Compared to mites that only fed on previously treated leaves, more mites died when the supernatants were administered to their entire body. Therefore, the bioactive compounds are contact effective on mites and mostly penetrate through the cuticle (Cevizci et al. 2020 ). Findings of Aksoy et al. ( 2008 ) corroborate our results, as they found bacterial spraying of P. putida biotype to be significantly more effective than dipping. Dipping application of the bacterial suspension at 10 8 -10 9 CFU/mL resulted in 78.5% mite mortality, whereas spraying application produced complete mortality. Similarly, Cevizci et al. ( 2020 ) reported that supernatants of Xenorhabdus szentirmaii and Xenorhabdus nematophila were more effective when the entire integument of adult females of T. urticae came in contact with them (86.5–89% mortality respectively) compared to contact of the ventral side only (32–34% mortality respectively). In both of our experiments, adult mites fed on leaves coated with supernatants (by dipping or spraying). Therefore, contact of mite mouthparts (ingestion) while feeding on leaves coated with supernatants is a possible route of entry of bioactive compounds. Fluorescent Pseudomonas act by several mechanisms on insect and mite pests, though degradation capacity of chitin is frequently regarded as the main contributing factor. In insects and mites, chitin is a structural component of the gut lining. Therefore, chitin metabolism can be a great target for selective pest management (Aksoy et al. 2008 ). Bacterial chitinase was reportedly effective in providing control of insects and mites by hydrolyzing their chitins exoskeleton (Broadway et al. 1998 ). Roobak Kumar et al. ( 2011 ) suggested that the acaricidal activity of P. putida against T. urticae was related to its chitinolytic activity. Bacterial hemolysins are exotoxins that cause cell rupture by targeting blood cell membranes, according to Wilson et al. ( 2002 ). This could also have an impact on how pathogenic Pseudomonas strains are against T. urticae . Considering that supernatants of the isolates SS-03, SS-05, SS-09, SS-19 and SS-22 killed over 90% of T. urticae adults, these cell-free bacterial supernatants have the potential for direct use as bioacaricides. There are numerous benefits of using bacterial supernatants. First, producing the bacteria is relatively easy and inexpensive. Second, the supernatants can easily be implemented by the farmers with conventional equipment. Furthermore, they are deemed to be safe to humans and non-target organisms (Grewal et al. 2005 ; Morgan et al. 1997 ). Investigating other formulation types of supernatants such as concentrated or dried material can also be very useful to reduce the weight and cost of transportation (Eroglu et al. 2019 ). Toxicity of combinations of the essential oils with the supernatant of Pseudomonas isolate SS-03 The toxicity of the combinations of the EOs with the supernatant of the highest performing Pseudomonas isolate (SS-03) was evaluated on the two-spotted spider mite (Table 9 ). All the combinations showed toxicity in varying degrees against the mite. Toxicity was time dependent. Furthermore, the decrease in dilution of the bacterial supernatant resulted in lower toxicity. Combinations using O. compactum oil showed the highest values of toxicity in combination with the isolate supernatant at the three dilutions. Combinations of O. compactum (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/2) and A. herba-alba (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/2) produced the highest toxicity among the tested combinations with complete mortality after 72h of exposure. Both combinations differed statistically from other treatments. The combination of M. piperita (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/2) followed in terms of toxicity with 92.86% mortality after 72h of exposure. Table 9 Toxicity of combinations of the essential oils with the supernatant of Pseudomonas isolate SS-03 against Tetranychus urticae adults Combinations Hours after treatment After 24H After 48H After 72H M. piperita (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/2) 61.40 ± 3.26 g 85.71 ± 4.11 m 92.86 ± 5.16 n M. piperita (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/4) 54.39 ± 4.12 e 61.43 ± 3.12 g 64.29 ± 3.17 h M. piperita (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/8) 50.88 ± 3.02 d 57.14 ± 3.16 f 60.96 ± 4.12 g A. herba-alba (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/2) 78.95 ± 5.16 k 82.14 ± 5.99 l 100.00 ± 0.00 o A. herba-alba (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/4) 42.14 ± 4.88 b 47.37 ± 4.22 c 66.07 ± 3.16 h A. herba-alba (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/8) 38.60 ± 4.66 a 42.86 ± 1.63 b 48.21 ± 4.11 c O. compactum (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/2) 75.09 ± 6.09 j 78.57 ± 3.45 k 100.00 ± 0.00 o O. compactum (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/4) 56.84 ± 5.11 f 71.43 ± 4.77 i 75.00 ± 4.16 j O. compactum (1000 ppm) + SS-03 (1/8) 42.86 ± 3.27 b 53.51 ± 4.66 e 60.71 ± 4.11 g Values of observed mortality followed by the same letters do not differ at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test. The combinatorial effect of mixtures of the EOs with the Pseudomonas supernatant in causing toxicity is reported in Table 10 . Eight out of nine tested combinations exhibited a synergistic relationship, while the combination of M. piperita + SS-03 (1/2) displayed an additive effect. The combination of O. compactum + SS-03 (1/4) showed the highest difference between observed and expected mortality ( χ 2 = 25.86), followed by that of O. compactum + SS-03 (1/8) ( χ 2 = 21.15). Table 10 Effect of combinations of the essential oils with the supernatant of Pseudomonas isolate SS-03 on mortality of adults of Tetranychus urticae after 72h of exposure Treatment a Treatment b Adult mortality (%) χ 2 Effect Individual treatments Mixtures Observed for a Observed for b Expected Observed M. piperita (1000 ppm) SS-03 (1/2) 26.87 70.54 78.54 92.86 f 2.61 Additive M. piperita (1000 ppm) SS-03 (1/4) 26.87 25.43 45.46 64.29 b 7.79 Synergy M. piperita (1000 ppm) SS-03 (1/8) 26.87 15.00 37.83 60.96 a 14.14 Synergy A. herba-alba (1000 ppm) SS-03 (1/2) 23.81 70.54 77.55 100.00 c 6.49 Synergy A. herba-alba (1000 ppm) SS-03 (1/4) 23.81 25.43 43.18 66.07 b 12.13 Synergy A. herba-alba (1000 ppm) SS-03 (1/8) 23.81 15.00 35.23 48.21 d 4.78 Synergy O. compactum (1000 ppm) SS-03 (1/2) 22.27 70.54 77.10 100.00 c 6.80 Synergy O. compactum (1000 ppm) SS-03 (1/4) 22.27 25.43 42.03 75.00 e 25.86 Synergy O. compactum (1000 ppm) SS-03 (1/8) 22.27 15.00 33.92 60.71 a 21.15 Synergy Values of observed mortality of mixtures followed by the same letters do not differ at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test. The identification of synergistic mixtures enables the development of more effective and economical biopesticides (Shaalan et al. 2005 ). In fact, the joint-action of the mixtures may be an ideal solution to delay the capacity of the two-spotted spider mite to adapt to a single mortality mechanism, when they are applied to populations that are susceptible to both compounds. B. thuringiensis applied in combination with plant extracts showed synergy against different agricultural pests (Han et al. 2015 ; Nathan et al. 2006 ; Rajguru and Sharma 2012 ). Other studies have investigated the combination of B. thuringiensis toxins with plant products (Konecka et al. 2020 ; Konecka et al. 2019 ; Maulina et al. 2020 ; Mhalla et al. 2018 ). Research data on the combination of Pseudomonas species with botanicals is very scarce. Halder et al. ( 2013 ) reported that P. fluorescens (1×10 8 CFU/g) mixed with neem oil showed additive effects in controlling major sucking insect pests of vegetables, Lipaphis erysimi, Aphis craccivora, Phenacoccus solenopsis and Dysdercus cingulatus. The synergistic effect between the supernatant of Pseudomonas isolate SS-03 and the plant EOs is the result of a combination of the action of these two acaricidal factors ingested simultaneously. Conclusion In summary, the EOs exhibited toxicity and repellency to T. urticae adults and the highest activities were recorded with O. compactum oil. With the exception of the combination of O. compactum and M. piperita EOs, which showed a synergistic acaricidal interaction, binary and ternary combinations of the EOs caused additive and antagonistic effects in terms of toxicity and repellency towards the mite. On another note, the supernatants of the Pseudomonas isolates exhibited high toxicity on mites mainly by spraying, indicating that the bioactive acaricidal compounds in the culture supernatants might penetrate through the ventral and dorsal integument of mites. The highest performing supernatant, produced by the Pseudomonas isolate SS-03 acted synergistically with the EOs in causing mortality of mites. The mode of action of the combinations against T. urticae adults may be a complex process that deserves further investigation by additional experimental studies. Future studies should also include field trials to validate the toxicity of the combinations and evaluation of safety to non-target organisms and humans. Synergistic mixtures have potential usefulness for development of new bioacaricides. Though, further research is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of these combinations in fields and greenhouses as well as their effects on non-target organisms. Declarations Acknowledgements We are grateful to Rachid Elaini for his help in obtaining adult mites for study. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other supports were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Author contributions B.C., E.H.M., and R.B. conceived and designed the research. K.B. carried out the research. K.B. wrote the manuscript. J.N.F. contributed to the revision of the manuscript draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability Not applicable Ethics approval Not applicable Consent to participate Not applicable Consent to publish All the authors have approved the manuscript for publication. References Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 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(2017) Ecological applications of Pseudomonas as a biopesticide to control two-spotted mite Tetranychus urticae: chitinase and HCN production. J Plant Prot Res 57:409-416 Rahmouni A, Saidi R, Khaddor M, Pinto E, Gomes EDSJC, Maouni A (2019) Chemical composition and antifungal activity of five essential oils and their major components against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis of Moroccan palm tree. Euro-Med J Environ Integr 4:27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-019-0117-x Rajguru M, Sharma AN (2012) Comparative efficacy of plant extracts alone and in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis sub sp. kurstaki against Spodoptera litura Fab. larvae. J Biopestic 5:81-86 Reddy SE, Dolma SK (2018) Acaricidal activities of essential oils against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Toxin Rev 37:62-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2017.1320805 Rezende DACS et al. (2017) Characterization of the biological potential of the essential oils from five species of medicinal plants. 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J Plantation Crops 39:236-238 Roselló J, Sempere F, Sanz-Berzosa I, Chiralt A, Santamarina MP (2015) Antifungal activity and potential use of essential oils against Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium verticillioides . J Essent Oil Bear Plant 18:359-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2015.1010601 Ryan M, Byrne O (1988) Plant-insect coevolution and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. J Chem Ecol 14:1965-1975. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01013489 Santana O, Andres MF, Sanz J, Errahmani N, Abdeslam L, González-Coloma A (2014) Valorization of essential oils from Moroccan aromatic plants. Nat Prod Commun 9:1109 -1114. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1400900812 Sarma B, Acharya C, Joshi SR (2014) Plant growth promoting and metal bioadsorption activity of metal tolerant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate characterized from uranium ore deposit. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 84:157-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-012-0136-8 Sbayou H, Ababou B, Boukachabine K, Manresa A, Zerouali K, Amghar S (2014) Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Artemisia herba-alba and Mentha pulegium essential oils. J Life Sci 8:35-41 Shaalan EA-S, Canyon DV, Younes MWF, Abdel-Wahab H, Mansour A-H (2005) Synergistic efficacy of botanical blends with and without synthetic insecticides against Aedes aegypti and Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. J Vector Ecol 30:284-288 Sobanboa S, Bussaman P, Chandrapatya A (2009) Efficacy of Xenorhabdus sp.(X1) as biocontrol against for controlling mushroom mites ( Luciaphorus sp.). Asian J Food Agro-Ind 2:S145-S154 Soković MD, Vukojević J, Marin PD, Brkić DD, Vajs V, Van Griensven LJ (2009) Chemical composition of essential oilsof Thymus and Mentha species and their antifungal activities. Molecules 14:238-249. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14010238 Soliman MMM, Saber SA, Amer SAA (2005) Toxicological evaluation of the desert plant, Artemisia monosperma Delile extracts and their isolates on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Egypt J Biol Pest Control 15:113-116 Sudo M, Takahashi D, Andow DA, Suzuki Y, Yamanaka T (2018) Optimal management strategy of insecticide resistance under various insect life histories: Heterogeneous timing of selection and interpatch dispersal. Evolut Appl 11:271-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12550 Tak J-H, Isman MB (2017a) Acaricidal and repellent activity of plant essential oil-derived terpenes and the effect of binary mixtures against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Ind Crop Prod 108:786-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.003 Tak J-H, Isman MB (2017b) Penetration-enhancement underlies synergy of plant essential oil terpenoids as insecticides in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni . Sci Rep 7:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42432 Tilaoui M, Mouse HA, Jaafari A, Aboufatima R, Chait A, Zyad A (2011) Chemical composition and antiproliferative activity of essential oil from aerial parts of a medicinal herb Artemisia herba-alba . Rev Bras Farmacogn 21:781-785. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2011005000114 Tixier M-S (2018) Predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in agro-ecosystems and conservation biological control: a review and explorative approach for forecasting plant-predatory mite interactions and mite dispersal. Front Ecol Evol 6:192. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00192 Van der Geest L, Elliot S, Breeuwer J, Beerling E (2000) Diseases of mites. Exp Appl Acarol 24:497-560. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026518418163 Wagner H, Ulrich-Merzenich G (2009) Synergy research: approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals. Phytomedicine 16:97-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.12.018 Waked DA, Mahgoub H, Eleawa M, Rataba A (2020) Bioefficacy of bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens using foliar spray and cultivated soil application against Tetranychus urticae on cucumber plants comparing with an acaricide. J Plant Prot Pathol 11:259-262. https://doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2020.103576 Walia S, Rana A, Singh A, Sharma M, Eswara Reddy S, Kumar R (2019) Influence of harvesting time on essential oil content, chemical composition and pesticidal activity of Artemisia maritima growing wild in the cold desert region of western Himalayas. J Essent Oil Bear Plant 22:396-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1610077 Wilson M, Henderson B, McNab R (2002) Bacterial disease mechanisms: an introduction to cellular microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Wraight S, Ramos M (2005) Synergistic interaction between Beauveria bassiana -and Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis -based biopesticides applied against field populations of Colorado potato beetle larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 90:139-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2005.09.005 Xueuan R, Dandan S, Zhuo L, Qingjun K (2018) Effect of mint oil against Botrytis cinerea on table grapes and its possible mechanism of action. Eur J Plant Pathol 151:321-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1375-6 Yadegarinia D, Gachkar L, Rezaei MB, Taghizadeh M, Astaneh SA, Rasooli I (2006) Biochemical activities of Iranian Mentha piperita L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils. Phytochemistry 67:1249-1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.04.025 Yang F-L, Li X-G, Zhu F, Lei C-L (2009) Structural characterization of nanoparticles loaded with garlic essential oil and their insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J Agric Food Chem 57:10156-10162. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9023118 Yeşilayer A, Aslan HN (2018) Repellent effect of essential oils frome some thyme species on two spotted spider mites ( Tetranychus urticae Koch, Acari: Tetranychidae). COMU J Agric Fac 6:13-20 Yoon J, Tak J-H (2018) Toxicity and repellent activity of plant essential oils and their blending effects against two spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Korean J Appl Entomol 57:199-207. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2018.08.0.032 Zantar S, Yedri F, Mrabet R, Laglaoui A, Bakkali M, Zerrouk MH (2014) Effect of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum compactum essential oils on the shelf life of fresh goat cheese. J Essent Oil Res 26:76-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2013.871673 Zhu F, Lavine L, O’Neal S, Lavine M, Foss C, Walsh D (2016) Insecticide resistance and management strategies in urban ecosystems. Insects 7:2. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7010002 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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The repellency index (%) followed by the same letters do not differ at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3911181/v1/a002b5aca5b6fa479f0ffffb.png"},{"id":50552412,"identity":"37b9e4f0-5eaa-47f4-a20e-3e3aebbf412d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-02 11:37:49","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22671,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepellent effect of Origanum compactumessential oil on Tetranychus urticae adults. The repellency index (%) followed by the same letters do not differ at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3911181/v1/e42e85fb020565edd6fc095e.png"},{"id":50552415,"identity":"b81190be-3533-435e-ad61-d20913199fed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-02 11:37:52","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepellent effect of Artemisia herba albaessential oil on Tetranychus urticae adults. The repellency index (%) followed by the same letters do not differ at p ≤ 0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3911181/v1/89ed203d502f969ea1d75985.png"},{"id":50725042,"identity":"1062fa4f-caf0-4914-8d78-e2da4a90b913","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-06 10:56:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":829131,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3911181/v1/8bdd9750-74fb-49a7-84f7-e83c36ed9cd1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Synergy between plant essential oils and Pseudomonas isolate secondary metabolites against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe two-spotted spider mite, \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a cosmopolitan, polyphagous pest that damages economically viable crops grown in irrigated and protected agricultural systems worldwide (Migeon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). With a host range of more than 1000 plant species, \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e targets cotton, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants. The mite is considered a pest for tomato, raspberries and other vegetables (Bouharroud and Elaini \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Feeding punctures cause direct plant damage. Leaf-feeding inhibits the production of chlorophyll in plants, resulting in yellowing and necrotic brown spots (Cakmak et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the mites weave silk, and the webbing they make might cover the afflicted plants, slowing down photosynthesis. Persistent infection deforms fruit and inhibits the growth of plants. Adaptive strategies of the mite are based on high fecundity of females and a female-biased offspring sex ratio, which can lead to rapid population increases (Carey and Bradley \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). When populations surpass an economic threshold, the use of synthetic acaricides is a requisite tool for \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e control. Overuse of such products has determined selection of resistant populations, resurgence and outbreak of new pests, environmental disruptions and toxicity to natural enemies, including predatory mites (Eroglu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor emphasis is given to biocontrol approaches in the present context of environmental safety (Halder et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). There is an increasing interest in the use of biological control on mites (Attia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Chandler et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; McCoy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Navajas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Poinar and Poinar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Tixier \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Van der Geest et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Scientists have widely investigated the use of predators and entomopathogenic fungi for control of spider mites. Few bacteria however have been investigated, due to the mites' piercing-sucking mouthparts, which make bacterial infection rare (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Use of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species has been investigated (Aksoy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Qessaoui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Waked et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), though reports are lacking on the effect of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e secondary metabolites against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of pesticides based on plant extracts is a promising means to decrease mite populations. Indeed, several plants have developed broad-spectrum chemical and physical defenses against a variety of insect groups (Ryan and Byrne \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). In this situation, using plant extracts can be a good substitute for synthetic acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants are recognized as containing a rich array of bioactive chemicals (Attia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, some EOs and their components fulfill the requirements for low-risk pesticides and are readily available. EOs have toxicity, arresting and repellent effects in control of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (da Camara et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; de Ara\u0026uacute;jo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Mahmoud et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Reddy and Dolma \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Roh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous use of any plant protection strategy poses unwarranted consequences, including development of resistance. In order to avoid or delay this process, combined microbial pesticides and botanical products can help in reducing the risk and also probability of simultaneous resistance development (Sudo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), mainly when individual components of mixtures have diverse mechanisms of action (Zhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Research on the toxicity of such mixtures and their potential for plant protection has innovative character and may result in the creation of novel biopesticides (Konecka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This strategy reduces costs and effects the dosage of preparations when insecticides enhance each other\u0026rsquo;s activity and act in synergy (Wraight and Ramos \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn searching for efficient biocontrol strategies of the two-spotted spider mite, the aims of our study were 1) to evaluate the acaricidal and repellent effects of EOs isolated from \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e, alone and in combination to identify possible combination effects (synergism, antagonism and additive effect); 2) to determine the acaricidal effect of the supernatants containing secondary metabolites produced by fluorescent \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolates and 3) to investigate the combined acaricidal effect of the EOs with the most effective bacterial supernatant on adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExtraction and chemical analysis of plants essential oils\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerial parts of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e were collected from Morocco\u0026rsquo;s Ouazzane region (34\u0026deg; 47\u0026apos; 43.343\u0026quot; N/5\u0026deg; 34\u0026apos; 3.209\u0026quot; W), while those of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e were purchased at a local market of the Agadir region (30\u0026deg; 25\u0026apos; 39.918\u0026quot; N/9\u0026deg; 35\u0026apos; 53.185\u0026quot; W), in January of 2020. Voucher specimens (OC-20, ARA-20 and MP-20) were deposited in the herbarium of the Laboratory of Biotechnology, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco. Samples were air-dried at room temperature in the shade and the EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus for 4 h. Hydrodistillation was performed four times and the average yield (v/w) was calculated, based on dry plant material. The EOs were stored in hermetically sealed dark vials at 4\u0026deg;C for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe chemical composition of the EOs was identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID). GC/MS analysis of the oils was performed using a GC (Model Agilent Technologies 7890A, USA) equipped with a GsBP-5MS capillary column (30m\u0026times;0.25mm ID\u0026times;df 0.25 \u0026micro;m) and a mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, 5975 series, USA). GC/FID was performed with an HP-6890 instrument equipped with a GsBP-Inowax capillary column (30m\u0026times;0.25mm ID\u0026times;df 0.25 \u0026micro;m). Helium was used as a carrier gas. One \u0026micro;L of EO was injected. For GC/MS, the initial oven temperature was 50\u0026deg;C for 2min then regulated to obtain a linear ramp from 50 to 280\u0026deg;C (4\u0026deg;C/min), then remained at 280\u0026deg;C for 20min. For GC/FID, the initial oven temperature was 50\u0026deg;C, then regulated to obtain a linear ramp from 50 to 200\u0026deg;C (2\u0026deg;C/min) and then remained at 200\u0026deg;C for 5min.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe EOs components were identified by matching their mass spectra value to NIST05 and HEFLAB database libraries. Quantification of the oils components was performed by calculation of their retention indices (RI exp) using a mixture of hydrocarbons (C\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e82\u003c/sub\u003e) as the standard. Components were further confirmed by comparison of their retention indices with those reported in the literature (RI lit) (Adams \u003cspan\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolation and characterization of\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003especies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species were isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants by serial dilution. 0.1 mL of soil suspension from dilutions (10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e to 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/sup\u003e) was aseptically added to sterile Petri plates containing 15mL of sterilized King\u0026rsquo;s B (KB) medium (King et al. \u003cspan\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e) and incubated at 29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C for 48 h. Well-separated fluorescent colonies were selected after observing the plates under UV light (366nm) and sub-cultured twice before storage at 4\u0026deg;C on KB medium. Selected \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolates were first characterized at the genus level by microscopic appearance, gram staining, cytochrome oxidase and catalase activity (Falkow \u003cspan\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e). Biochemical characterization of the fluorescent \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolates was done using Analytical Profile Index (API 20NE) kit (Biom\u0026eacute;rieux, France) (Sarma et al. \u003cspan\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The current study employed twenty strains (designated SS-01 to SS-10, SS-12 to SS-20 and SS-22).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eInsect material\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe two-spotted spider mite utilized in the study was acquired through a mass-rearing trial conducted on bean plants by the natural enemy production unit of the SAOAS Company. The study employed adult mites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eAcaricidal activity of essential oils\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eToxicity of individual essential oils\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA modified leaf dip bioassay by Bouharroud et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) was used to test the toxic effect. Five concentrations including 10, 100, 1000, 5000 and 8000 ppm of EOs were prepared using Tween-80 0.1% as an emulsifier. Bioassays were conducted in Petri dishes (9 cm diameter). Fresh bean leaves were harvested from unsprayed plants growing in a greenhouse of INRA experimental farm, Agadir, Morocco. Leaves were submerged for ten seconds. Each leaf was individually placed in the bottom of a Petri dish on a 9 cm diameter disc of Whatman paper that had been wetted with distilled water after it had dried at room temperature. Each Petri dish was filled with fifteen adult mites, which were positioned on top of the leaf and covered. Mites were kept on leaves in the control groups that were submerged in distilled water containing the adjuvant (Tween-80). Each treatment was run through four replicates, and the mortality rate was determined. each day for 6 days. After three replications of the bioassay, mortality rates (CrrM) were adjusted using Abbott\u0026rsquo;s formula (Abbott \u003cspan\u003e1925\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/122228_c8a1650c59388082/122228_custom_files/img1706873540.png\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere: dmn: number of dead mites in treatments, dmnc: number of dead mites in control, mtn: total mite number.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRepellency of individual essential oils\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA modified choice test (Qessaoui et al. \u003cspan\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) was used for the repellent activity assay. There were two boxes used: one with treated leaves and the other with untreated (control) leaves. The two boxes were connected with an 8 cm long translucent hose (1 cm in diameter) that is pierced in the middle, to allow the introduction of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults. Test solutions were prepared by diluting EOs in Tween-80 0.1%. The concentrations tested were 10, 100, 1000, 5000 and 8000 ppm. After being submerged in an EO solution or distilled water mixed with Tween-80 for ten seconds, fresh bean leaves were allowed to air dry for five minutes before being inserted into the appropriate box. A hole was created in the middle of the linked hose, through which fifteen adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e were carefully transported. The hole was then sealed. Mites were able to freely move to the control box and the treated box thanks to this structure. Four replicates of each treatment were created, and the repellent effect was evaluated 24, 48, and 72 hours after release. Three bioassay replications were conducted, and for each treatment, a repellency index (RI) was calculated at every period of time (24, 48 and 72 h) using the formula of Pascual-Villalobos and Robledo (\u003cspan\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\text{R}\\text{I}= \\frac{\\text{C}-\\text{T}}{\\text{C}+\\text{T}} \\times 100$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere: C: mites number in the control box, T: mites number in the treated box.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eToxicity and repellency of essential oil mixtures\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo examine the mixture effect of the EOs, binary mixtures and a ternary mixture of the oils were prepared at a concentration of 1000 ppm. Mixtures of the EOs were tested as previously described for toxicity and repellency bioassays. To determine the blending effects of the mixtures, an expected toxicity or repellency was calculated by the equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\text{E}=\\text{O}\\text{a}+\\text{O}\\text{b} (1-\\text{O}\\text{a})$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere E is the expected toxicity or repellency, and Oa and Ob are observed toxicity or repellency of individual EOs (Hummelbrunner and Isman \u003cspan\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). The combination effect was determined to be synergistic or antagonistic (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3.84), or additive (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3.84) by the formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$${\\chi }2= \\frac{{(Om-E)}^{2}}{E}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere Om is the observed toxicity or repellency of the combination. The interaction was determined as synergistic when Om was greater than E and antagonistic when Om was less than E.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcaricidal effect of secondary metabolites of\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003especies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eGeneration of bacterial supernatants\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEach bacterial isolate was streaked onto KB agar medium and allowed to grow for 24 h at 29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C, then a loop of bacterial colony of each isolate was harvested and aseptically transferred to 50 mL KB Broth in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Each liquid culture was incubated on a rotary incubator shaker at 175 rpm for 72 h in the dark at 29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C. After incubation, the cultures were adjusted to a concentration of 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL before filtration. To obtain a cell-free supernatant, each bacterial culture was centrifuged at 4200g for 1h at 4\u0026deg;C. Afterwards, the supernatant underwent filtration using a Millipore 0.22 \u0026micro;m filter. To confirm that there were no bacterial cells present, an aliquot of the filtrated supernatant was streaked over KB agar (Hazir et al. \u003cspan\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eToxicity of bacterial supernatants\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo experiments were conducted on adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e as described by Cevizci et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) to ascertain if the secondary metabolites of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species were absorbed by the body through the dorsal or ventral integument. Moistened cotton wool was placed in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes, a bean leaf with its abaxial side facing up was positioned on the cotton wool.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e- Exposure to the ventral side:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBean leaves were dipped in \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp. supernatants. After 1.5 h, 20 adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e were transferred onto each treated leaf and incubated for 3 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e- Exposure to the dorsal and ventral sides:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst, 20 \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults were transferred into the Petri dish; subsequently, using a hand sprayer (2 mL/Petri dish), each \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp. supernatant was sprayed onto the bean leaf that was infected with \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e. and incubated for 3 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl leaves were treated with sterile KB broth in both experiments. The number of living and dead mites was recorded 24, 48 and 72h post application. Assays were maintained at 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C, 70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% relative humidity and a light: dark cycle of 16:8 h in a growth chamber (Ehret, type KLT/04). The experiment was conducted twice, with four replicates for each treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eToxicity of combinations of essential oils and\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003especie supernatant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe EOs were tested in combination with the most toxic bacterial filtrate. Each EO was tested at 1000 ppm in combination with the bacterial filtrate, tested in 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 dilutions. The EOs were applied by dipping, whereas the bacterial filtrate by a spraying method. To determine the interaction of combinations, an expected toxicity was calculated and compared with the observed toxicity following the equations (\u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and (\u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the data from each experiment. The Newman-Keuls test was used to differentiate the significance of treatment means at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 level. Statistical analyses were carried out using STATISTICA 6 software. The LD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values (the concentration producing 50% mortality) of EOs and 95% confidence limit were calculated from probit regressions using SPSS 20 software.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChemical composition of essential oils\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EOs chemical composition was determined and regrouped in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Chemical analysis by GC/MS and GC/FID identified 32 compounds in \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil constituting 97.47% of the total oil composition, 26 compounds in \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil constituting 97.79% of the total oil composition and 34 compounds in \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e oil, which constitute 71.72% of the total oil composition. Among the major compounds in \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil, we found linalool (45.81%), linalyl anthranilate (18.24%), α-terpineol (7.46%) and geranyl acetate (4.45%). The EO of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e was mainly composed of thymol (49.04%), carvacrol (14.59%), o-cymene (11.62%) and γ-terpinene (9.97%). \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e EO was mainly composed of camphor (25.08%), davana ether (9.42%), α-thujone (6.68%) and eucalyptol (4.59%). The three EOs were characterized by a predominant presence of oxygenated monoterpenes (60.78% for \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e, 67.09% for \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e and 48.29% for \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition of the essential oils as determined by GC\u0026ndash;MS and GC\u0026ndash;FID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u003csub\u003eexp\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u003csub\u003elit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOriganum compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtemisia herba alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-Heptanone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSantolina triene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTricyclene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e921\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Thujene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Pinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCamphene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e946\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSabinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e966\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Pinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Octen-3-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e974\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-Octanone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyrcene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-Octanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Phellandrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(R)-α-pinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Terpinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO-cymene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimonene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Phellandrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEucalyptol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Z)-β-ocimene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCis-β-ocimene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eγ-Terpinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(+)-4-Carene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Mentha-1,4(8)-diene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinalool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Thujone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOcten-1-ol, acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Thujone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCis-β-terpineol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCamphor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Menthone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Borneol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Terpinen-4-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Terpinen-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Terpineol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Myrtenal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003el-Verbenone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulegone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBicyclo[3.1.1] hept-2-en-4-ol, 2,6,6-trimethyl-, acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Mentha-1,8-dien-7-al\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinalyl anthranilate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-α-bornyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Thymol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThymol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDihydroedulan I (trans)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarvacrol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1296\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3-Cyclopentadiene, 5,5-dimethyl-2-ethyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerol acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCopaene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1371\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeranyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Elemene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJasmone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDavana ether\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1449\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCis-β-farnesene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epara-Methoxybenzenethiol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Bicyclosesquiphellandrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Germacrene d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Calamenene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEspatulenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCryophyllene-oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDavanone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1612\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1587\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVeridiflorol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLedol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-Chloro-n-methylbenzenesulfonamide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1610\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eγ-Eudesmol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Eudesmol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Eudesmol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrocarbon compounds (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonoterpene hydrocarbons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSesquiterpene hydrocarbons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygenated compounds (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygenated monoterpenes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygenated sesquiterpenes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-terpenic compounds (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal of the identified compounds (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u003csub\u003eexp\u003c/sub\u003e: Retention indices determined on GsBP-5MS and GsBP-Inowax capillary columns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u003csub\u003elit\u003c/sub\u003e: Retention indices reported in the literature (Adams \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNf: retention indices on the same columns that were not found in literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical composition reported herein for \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil is similar to the profile reported by Benomari et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) on the Algerian species, that was dominated by linalool (40.4\u0026ndash;47.6%), α-terpineol (6.4\u0026ndash;10.4%) and geranyl acetate (2.5\u0026ndash;5.3%). In the same line, El Asbahani et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) reported that EO of the Moroccan species contained mainly linalool (41.4%) and its ester form linalyl acetate (39.5%). Other authors have reported the predominance of menthone and menthol in the oil (Ainane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Chebli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003a\u003c/span\u003e; Combrinck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Derwich et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Moghaddam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Soković et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), trans‑carveol (Laghouiter et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), limonene oxide (Mehani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), α‑terpinene (Yadegarinia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), cyclohexanol (Xueuan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and carvone (Rezende et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). For \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e, a similar chemical profile was determined by Rahmouni et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) of the species from Northern Morocco, in which thymol (18.52%), carvacrol (29.26%), o-cymene (11.89%) and γ-terpinene (10.77%) were the main constituents. Other studies have shown the richness of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil in carvacrol as the main constituent, followed by thymol, γ-teprinene and p-cymene, with notable variations in the proportions of the four main compounds (Aissaoui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Bouhdid et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Bouyahya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chebli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003b\u003c/span\u003e; Lahlou \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Mezzoug et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Rosell\u0026oacute; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Zantar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The chemical profile of \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e oil reported herein was dominated by camphor followed by α-thujone. This profile is similar to the one reported by Chebli et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), where the main constituents were camphor (46.0%) and α-thujone (33.2%). Santana et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) also investigated the composition of the Moroccan species and reported camphor (29.8%) and α-thujone (28.5%) as the main constituents. Other chemotypes reported from Morocco are characterized by the dominance of chrysanthenone (30.6%) (Ouachikh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), verbenol (21.83%) (Tilaoui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), α-thujone (59.07%) (Sbayou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), β-thujone (24.34%) (Moussii et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), cis-thujone (25.5%) (Amor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and davanone (38.25%) (Ed-Dra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Variation in chemical composition of the oils of the same species may be related to drying as well as extraction methods, time of oil extraction, harvesting time at different stages or occurrence in different geographical location (Rohloff et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eToxicity of individual essential oils\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe oils exhibited contact toxicity towards \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e. With an increase in concentration and length of exposure, mite mortality rose, from the first to the sixth day after treatment. After 6 days of observation and at the highest concentration, \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil was the most toxic to \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (100% mortality), followed by \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e (98% mortality) and \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e (81% mortality) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This was further confirmed by probit analysis, as \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil had the lowest LD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of 3174.34 \u0026micro;l/L (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcaricidal activity of essential oils against adults of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oils\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays after treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDay 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.57 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.01 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.95 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.40 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.48 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.26 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.92 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.39 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.38 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.87 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.44 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.99 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.83 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.08 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.04 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.11 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.69 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.05 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.07 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.94 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.77 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.37 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.91 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.69 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.14 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.56 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.77 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.46 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOriganum compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.57 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.34 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.02 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.76 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.82 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.67 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.31 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.17 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.55 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.54 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.08 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.27 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.99 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.04 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.61 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.56 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.03 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.12 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.78 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.42 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.93 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.21 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.95 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.85 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.20 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.03 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.68 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.18 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.62 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtemisia herba alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.98 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.31 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.44 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.84 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.01 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.87 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.52 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.44 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.09 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.32 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.81 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.64 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.37 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.28 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.59 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.24 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.57 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.06 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.69 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.69 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.22 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.60 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.69 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.12 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.76 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.71 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.98 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.11 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.55 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.81 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin each column, the rates followed by the same letters are not statistically different at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLog-dose probit mortality data for \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults by the essential oils after 6 days of incubation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oils\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiducial limits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3476.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1344.12 to 8696.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOriganum compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3174.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2412.60 to 4171.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArtemisia herba alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4322.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3324.03 to 5686.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EOs of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e proved toxicity against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e. The Egyptian \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil showed acaricidal activity against adults of the two-spotted spider mite by direct contact with an LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of 186 ppm (El-Zemity et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), which indicated a higher acaricidal activity than the one observed in this study. Alternatively, the Bulgarian \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil produced a mortality of 6.7% at 10000 ppm (Yoon and Tak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and the Brazilian \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil showed no effect on adults at 20000 ppm (Ataide et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e) by direct contact. Other studies reported the efficiency of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil as a fumigant against the two-spotted spider mite. The Indian species oil showed complete mortality of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults by fumigation at 100 mg/L air (Reddy and Dolma \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In the same line, complete mortality of adults was achieved at 19\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026micro;l/mL air by the Korean peppermint oil (Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe EO of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e collected from Tetouan reportedly produced complete mortality of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults at a concentration of 4000 ppm, which is lower than what we found (Aissaoui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In another study by Pavela et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), O. \u003cem\u003ecompactum\u003c/em\u003e oil showed 66% mortality of female adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e at 15 ppm, in addition to inhibition of fertility. The use of various \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e populations, various plant parts for EO extraction, and various collection sites may be responsible for the variability in toxicity noted by other researchers and the current results for \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oils (da Camara et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eA. absinthium\u003c/em\u003e oil was reportedly toxic to \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults by fumigation and to female adults by direct contact (Chiasson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eA. maritima\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. annua\u003c/em\u003e EOs showed excellent fumigant activity against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults (Esmaeily et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Walia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, plant extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. judaica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. monosperma\u003c/em\u003e displayed toxicity against adult females of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (El-Sharabasy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Soliman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploring other testing methods may improve the toxicity of the EOs. The variability of \u003cem\u003ePiper aduncum\u003c/em\u003e EO's residual effect against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e through fumigation and contact was documented by Ara\u0026uacute;jo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Mahmoud et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) evaluated direct contact and fumigant acaricidal activities of EOs and concluded that the oils were more toxic to \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e by fumigation rather than contact. de Ara\u0026uacute;jo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) also reported that fumigation with \u003cem\u003eP. aduncum, Melaleuca leucadendra\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSchinus terebinthifolius\u003c/em\u003e oils, binary blends and selected constituents was more toxic to the mite than exposure through residual contact. This may be because the examined EOs have a high degree of volatility, which enables them to travel through the respiratory system to target sites faster than the tarsi. Similar results regarding the toxicity of monoterpenes against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e were also noted (Badawy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEO composition has a critical effect on achievement of toxicity against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e. The higher the share of oxygenated monoterpenes in EOs, the higher the efficacy they display (Pavela et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In our case, the oil that showed the highest mortality was \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil, which also contains the highest percentage (67%) of oxygenated monoterpenes. The shape, level of saturation, and kinds of functional groups that make up the structure of monoterpenoids also influence acaricidal activity. Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the acute toxicities of 34 naturally occurring monoterpenoids against adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e. Thymol and carvacrol, the main constituents of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil, were found to be the most potent inhibitors. Furthermore the monoterpenes thymol and cavacrol have been described as potent acaricidal compounds in the case of adult \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (Badawy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; El-Zemity et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Tak and Isman 2017a). Minor constituents may also act synergistically with the major constituents of the oils, thereby potentiating the acaricidal activity of the oils. Synergistic toxicity among constituents of plant EOs has been well demonstrated on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (Miresmailli and Isman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to earlier research on the mechanisms of action of various commercial acaricides, the primary targets in the neurological system of a mite are enzymes, receptors, or channel sites, at which specific binding triggers physiological changes (Abdelgaleil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, different mechanisms of action may explain the toxicity of the oils against the two-spotted spider mite. EOs are effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (Mahmoud et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It has been demonstrated that monoterpenes inhibited acetylcholinesterase and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase activities in \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (Abdelgaleil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). There is also evidence for the effects of EOs on glutathione-S-transferases, esterase, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, alkaline phosphatase and protease enzymes in \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (Afify et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Farahani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Because EOs have numerous toxic action modes, they can be effectively used to control the two-spotted spider mite (Mahmoud et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRepellency of individual essential oils\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data showed that RI increased with increase in doses for all of the EOs. However, the level of repellency observed for each treatment did not differ much during the course of exposure. \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil also exhibited an attractive effect at the lowest concentration of 10 ppm with RI values ranging from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;13% to -17 during the three days of exposure. The rest of the treatments all produced a repellent effect. After 72h, the highest degree of repellency was recorded for \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil (RI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90.9%) at the highest concentration, followed by \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil (RI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;86.6%) and \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e (RI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55.8%) (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur results are in accordance with the repellent activity of EOs to \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (Ara\u0026uacute;jo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Motazedian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Reddy and Dolma \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yeşilayer and Aslan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). EO obtained from Indian peppermint exhibited complete repellency against adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e at 5000 ppm (Reddy and Dolma \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Egyptian \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil strongly repelled adult females of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e by 85% at 1000 ppm (Momen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), whereas, Brazilian \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil showed moderate repellency at 2000 ppm (Ataide et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e). Korean peppermint oil on the other hand attracted adults of the two-spotted spider mite at 1000 ppm (Yoon and Tak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences in chemical composition can affect the activity of the oil, hence the various results of repellency obtained for \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e oil. Besides chemical composition, interspecific differences in repellency of the same species result from several factors, the first being the type of test surface. Tak and Isman (2017a) reported a notable difference in the spread of EO compounds according to the plant leaf used, exhibiting a broader dispersion on a leaf disc of cabbage as opposed to beans. Surface tension of the leaf is influenced by variations in the amount of wax in the cuticle layer of plants or by physical characteristics such the size, shape, and roughness of the stomata. The latter influences adhesion and adsorption of the test compounds and consequently the repellency of EOs; this difference has been observed between cultivars of the same plant species (Lu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Other factors include application and volumes and the mode of delivery (e.g., direct contact through topical application or spraying versus residual contact through painting or dipping leaves versus inhaling or absorbing evaporating substances through fumigation). The interaction between EO compounds and the target insect including the degree of penetration, degree of delivery to the target sites/receptors, body size and thickness of the cuticle barrier also significantly influence the repellency of EO compounds (Tak and Isman 2017a).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil no previous study has investigated its repellency effect on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e, though, other species of \u003cem\u003eOriganum\u003c/em\u003e have been investigated. Yoon and Tak (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) reported the repellent effect of \u003cem\u003eO. majorana\u003c/em\u003e EO on adults of the two-spotted spider mite (73% at 10000 pm) and EOs of \u003cem\u003eO. onites\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. vulgare\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. marjorana\u003c/em\u003e all exhibited high repellency to adult females of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (Yeşilayer and Aslan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Although repellency of \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e oil has not been as yet reported, our results agree with other species of the genus, Walia et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) reported high repellency (95%) of \u003cem\u003eA. maritima\u003c/em\u003e EO to adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e when applied at a high concentration (10000 ppm). Ethanolic leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eA. judaica\u003c/em\u003e also exhibited complete repellency at 5000 ppm against adult females of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (El-Sharabasy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsman and Miresmailli (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) linked the efficacy of EOs as repellents to the volatilization pattern of constituents. He demonstrated that the volatilization pattern of rosemary oil changes within the course of one hour, which affects the behavior of the two-spotted spider mite. It is possible to formulate a mixture that stays more biologically active by preserving quantities of volatiles that deteriorate progressively over extended periods. Microencapsulation and nanoparticle technologies applied on garlic oil can be effective methods for obtaining sustained release of volatiles (Yang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eToxicity and repellency of essential oil mixtures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData of the toxicity and repellency of EO mixtures is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Mortality and repellency percentages were both time dependent for all the tested combinations, as they increased from the first to the third day of exposure. Mortality rates differed statistically with time for each of the tested combinations, while repellency rates did not differ statistically, except for the combination of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e EOs. EO combinations showed low to moderate toxicity after three days of exposure. The binary combination of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e EOs was the most toxic to the mite with 57.14% mortality after 72h, which differed from other treatments, followed by the ternary combination of the EOs (46.43% mortality), while the lowest mortality was obtained from the combination of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e EOs (30.36%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe binary combinations of EOs provided good repellency on adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (over 64% repellency). The highest repellency was achieved by the combination of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e EOs, with 70.95 and 75.56% repellency after 48 and 72h respectively. The two values differed statistically from those of other treatments. Interestingly, the ternary combination of the EOs displayed the lowest repellency on the mite (30.34%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxicity and repellent activities of combinations of the essential oils against \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMortality (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepellency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 24h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 48h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 72h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 24h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 48h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 72h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;M. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20 ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.30 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.60 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.56 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.13 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.46 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;A. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.30 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.50 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.00 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.88 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.99 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.10 ae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;A. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.65 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.50 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.13 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.66 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.99 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O. compactum\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;A. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.70 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.80 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.58 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues of mortality or repellency followed by the same letters do not differ at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombination effects of the binary and ternary mixtures of the EOs in either toxicity or repellency were examined. \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e EO, which was the most toxic produced a synergistic effect in combination with \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e EO and an additive effect with \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e oil in killing the mite. Whereas, the combination of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e EOs and the ternary combination of the EOs were classified as antagonistic (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of combinations of the essential oils on mortality of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults after 72h of exposure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult mortality (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixtures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved for a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved for b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved for c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.14 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynergistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.86 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.36 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntagonistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.43 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntagonistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues of observed mortality of mixtures followed by the same letters do not differ at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen different kinds of oils with distinct active components are combined, the interaction may be antagonistic, additive, neutral, or synergistic (de Ara\u0026uacute;jo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, few studies have investigated the acaricidal properties of blends of EOs on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e. The combination of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e EOs was synergistic at causing mortality of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults. Our result agree with those of Ata\u0026iacute;de et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and Ataide et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that the binary mixtures of EOs of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eCymbopogon citratus, M. piperita\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eSyzygium aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eCommiphora myrrha\u003c/em\u003e displayed increased toxicity on female adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e, although the interaction effect was not characterized. Another study by Kim et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) has demonstrated that eighteen out of 27 insecticidal combinations of EOs were determined as synergistic and seven were additive against the third instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eS. litura.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe binary mixture of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e oils and the ternary mixture of the oils showed an antagonistic effect. Antagonistic interactions have been reported in binary blends prepared with \u003cem\u003eSantalum album\u003c/em\u003e EO combined with \u003cem\u003eOriganum majorana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCymbopogon citratus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCupressus sempervirens\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLavandula angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e EOs on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults (Yoon and Tak \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, blends of \u003cem\u003ePiper aduncum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSchinus terebinthifolius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMelaleuca leucadendra\u003c/em\u003e oils, tested in varying proportions (25/75, 50/50 and 75/25%) were classified as either antagonistic or indifferent, except for the combination (50/50%) between oils of \u003cem\u003eM. leucadendra\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. terebinthifolius\u003c/em\u003e, which displayed an additive effect in killing female adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e (de Ara\u0026uacute;jo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Mixtures of EOs may have an antagonistic effect due to the complexity of their constituents (Pavela \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, Ata\u0026iacute;de et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) related the antagonistic effect between \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e EOs to the major components of the oils belonging to different classes, monoterpenes and phenols.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the repellent activity of the mixtures, all the binary combinations of the EOs displayed additive effects, while the ternary combination produced an antagonistic effect (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of combinations of the essential oils on repellency of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults after 72h of exposure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult repellency (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixtures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved for a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved for b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved for c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.07 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.56 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.34 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntagonistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues of observed repellency of mixtures followed by the same letters do not differ at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoon and Tak (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) reported an additive repellent effect for the combination of \u003cem\u003eLavandula angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSantalum album\u003c/em\u003e EOs as well as an antagonistic repellent effect for binary mixtures of \u003cem\u003eOriganum majorana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCymbopogon citratus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSalvia sclarea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCupressus sempervirens\u003c/em\u003e EOs with \u003cem\u003eSantalum album\u003c/em\u003e EO on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults. On the other hand, Peach et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) reported that several ternary blends of EOs expressed antagonism against \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e, possibly because of the dilution of the most effective EO components in the mixtures. Although we found no synergistic repellent effects in the present study, this type of interaction has been described on other insect pests. In fact, binary and ternary combinations of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita, Pimpinella anisum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus camaldulensis\u003c/em\u003e EOs enhanced the repellent effects of single EOs against adults of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e through additive and synergistic interactions (Hategekimana and Erler 2020). Likewise, Peach et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) reported that binary combinations of \u003cem\u003eCinnamomum verum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCymbopogum flexuosus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRosemarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e EOs enhanced the repellent activity of single EOs against \u003cem\u003eA. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e through synergistic interactions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf the combined EOs are used via a topical application (directly on mites), the combinations increased or decreased surface tension determines whether the effects are synergistic or antagonistic, and this in turn influences how well the active ingredients penetrate the insect's cuticle (Tak and Isman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017b\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, when the combined EOs are applied on a surface prior to the release of mites such as in the present study, additional aspects must be taken into account to comprehend the underlying process of synergistic/antagonistic effects,. The amount of chemicals that are absorbed or firmly adhered to the leaf wax layer may be influenced by the physico-chemical affinity of the essential oils (EOs), which could limit the amount of compounds released into the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA few hypotheses have been suggested to explain the mechanism of synergy including multi-target effect, inhibition of metabolism (i.e., inhibition of detoxifying enzymes), increased permeability and the removal of adverse effects (Norris et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Wagner and Ulrich-Merzenich \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). In the same line, Kim et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) postulated that the synergistic impact of basil and mandarin oils against \u003cem\u003eS. litura\u003c/em\u003e larvae is caused by greater penetration through the cuticle layer and intensified neurophysiological response.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eToxicity of bacterial supernatants of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003especies\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe toxicity of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species supernatants on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults using the dipping method ranged from 15.3 to 80.7% after 72h of exposure (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Mortality increased with exposure time for all the isolates. The earliest deaths occurred within the first day after treatments for the majority of the isolates except for isolates SS-15 and SS-16, which recorded no mortality. After 72h, supernatant of the isolate SS-07 resulted in the highest mortality (80.7%), followed by the supernatants of the isolates SS-18, SS-19 and SS-22, all of which produced 73% mortality of the mite. The symptoms caused by the \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolates supernatants on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e were reduction of movement and occurrence of brown-black coloration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxicity of supernatants of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species on adults of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e by dipping\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHours after application\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06 j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.16 abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26 cefghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08 abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.09 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.03 i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16 cdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.95 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33 abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.11 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06 j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.77 fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.79 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69 ghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11 abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33 cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.11 j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.87 efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.16 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02 abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.60 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.16 ghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04 bcdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.44 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19 gi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.56 abcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.03 abcdf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69 abd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.15 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.99 bcdefgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.87 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.69 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.16 eghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68 efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.15 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 ac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.99 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06 abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.99 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13 abcdefh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.99 abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46,15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.49 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69 efghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.06 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50 cdefghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69 cdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.48 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89 abd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.36 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11 i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33 cefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47 de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin each column, the rates followed by the same letters are not statistically different at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpraying application of the supernatants resulted in higher mortality for all the isolates. Mortality rate ranged from 57.6 to 96.1%, 72h after treatment. The supernatant of the isolate SS-03 produced the highest mortality with 88.8, 92.3 and 96.1% mortality after 24, 48 and 72h respectively. In addition, supernatants of the isolates SS-05, SS-09, SS-19 and SS-22 produced high mortality (over 92% mortality) after 72h of exposure (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxicity of supernatants of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species on adults of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e by spraying\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHours after application\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.99 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.05 cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.69 cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.02 defgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.66 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.44 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.69 i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.09 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.88 gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.99 efghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.15 cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.58 efgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.79 gi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89 abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.66 bcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.06 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.46 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.12 cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.15 eghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.35 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.26 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.58 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.99 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89 ghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.16 defgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.17 defh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.09 defgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.07 cdf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.78 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.05 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.08 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.99 bcdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.69 cdefg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18 defgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.16 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89 cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.78 ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.46 defgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.08 bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.69 abcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.77 abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16 def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.05 fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.06 efghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.69 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.55 gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.06 ghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.39 abcde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69 defgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.99 cdef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69 ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.28 gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.88 ghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin each column, the rates followed by the same letters are not statistically different at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results presented herein indicate that fluorescent \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e have a high biological control efficacy on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species can effectively control insect mites. Aksoy et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) proved that the Biotype B of \u003cem\u003eP. putida\u003c/em\u003e had strong efficacy in killing female adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e. Qessaoui et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) showed that the survival rate of adults of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e was reduced by three fluorescent \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e bacterial isolates Q110B, Q036B and Q172B. Field efficacy of \u003cem\u003eP. fluorescens\u003c/em\u003e on \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults has also been demonstrated. Waked et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported that soil and foliar application of \u003cem\u003eP. fluorescens\u003c/em\u003e showed great reduction of the population of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e infesting cucumber plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is the first study that reports the effect of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp. secondary metabolites on the two-spotted spider mite, as we used only cell-free bacterial supernatants. The effectiveness of cell-free supernatants and bacterial growth culture on pests has been compared by researchers, who found the latter to be more active. For instance, Bussaman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) found that bacterial culture and cell-free supernatant of \u003cem\u003ePhotorhabdus luminescens\u003c/em\u003e ssp. laumondii (GPS12) produced 76% and 90% mortality on the females of the mushroom mite \u003cem\u003eLuciaphorus\u003c/em\u003e spp., respectively. In the same line, Sobanboa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) showed that cell-free supernatant of \u003cem\u003eXenorhabdus\u003c/em\u003e spp. (X1) caused higher mortality to females of \u003cem\u003eLuciaphorus\u003c/em\u003e spp. than the bacterial culture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur data show that \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species' bioactive acaricidal substances may be able to pass through \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e's dorsal and ventral integument. Compared to mites that only fed on previously treated leaves, more mites died when the supernatants were administered to their entire body. Therefore, the bioactive compounds are contact effective on mites and mostly penetrate through the cuticle (Cevizci et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Findings of Aksoy et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) corroborate our results, as they found bacterial spraying of \u003cem\u003eP. putida\u003c/em\u003e biotype to be significantly more effective than dipping. Dipping application of the bacterial suspension at 10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e-10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL resulted in 78.5% mite mortality, whereas spraying application produced complete mortality. Similarly, Cevizci et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported that supernatants of \u003cem\u003eXenorhabdus szentirmaii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eXenorhabdus nematophila\u003c/em\u003e were more effective when the entire integument of adult females of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e came in contact with them (86.5\u0026ndash;89% mortality respectively) compared to contact of the ventral side only (32\u0026ndash;34% mortality respectively). In both of our experiments, adult mites fed on leaves coated with supernatants (by dipping or spraying). Therefore, contact of mite mouthparts (ingestion) while feeding on leaves coated with supernatants is a possible route of entry of bioactive compounds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluorescent \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e act by several mechanisms on insect and mite pests, though degradation capacity of chitin is frequently regarded as the main contributing factor. In insects and mites, chitin is a structural component of the gut lining. Therefore, chitin metabolism can be a great target for selective pest management (Aksoy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Bacterial chitinase was reportedly effective in providing control of insects and mites by hydrolyzing their chitins exoskeleton (Broadway et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Roobak Kumar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that the acaricidal activity of \u003cem\u003eP. putida\u003c/em\u003e against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e was related to its chitinolytic activity. Bacterial hemolysins are exotoxins that cause cell rupture by targeting blood cell membranes, according to Wilson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). This could also have an impact on how pathogenic \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e strains are against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering that supernatants of the isolates SS-03, SS-05, SS-09, SS-19 and SS-22 killed over 90% of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults, these cell-free bacterial supernatants have the potential for direct use as bioacaricides. There are numerous benefits of using bacterial supernatants. First, producing the bacteria is relatively easy and inexpensive. Second, the supernatants can easily be implemented by the farmers with conventional equipment. Furthermore, they are deemed to be safe to humans and non-target organisms (Grewal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Morgan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Investigating other formulation types of supernatants such as concentrated or dried material can also be very useful to reduce the weight and cost of transportation (Eroglu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eToxicity of combinations of the essential oils with the supernatant of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eisolate SS-03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe toxicity of the combinations of the EOs with the supernatant of the highest performing \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolate (SS-03) was evaluated on the two-spotted spider mite (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). All the combinations showed toxicity in varying degrees against the mite. Toxicity was time dependent. Furthermore, the decrease in dilution of the bacterial supernatant resulted in lower toxicity. Combinations using \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil showed the highest values of toxicity in combination with the isolate supernatant at the three dilutions. Combinations of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/2) and \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/2) produced the highest toxicity among the tested combinations with complete mortality after 72h of exposure. Both combinations differed statistically from other treatments. The combination of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/2) followed in terms of toxicity with 92.86% mortality after 72h of exposure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToxicity of combinations of the essential oils with the supernatant of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolate SS-03 against \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombinations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHours after treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 24H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 48H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter 72H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.26 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.11 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.86 \u0026plusmn; 5.16 n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.12 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.12 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.17 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.02 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.12 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.16 k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.99 l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 o\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.88 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.22 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16 h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.66 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.11 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.09 j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45 k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 o\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.11 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.77 i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.16 j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.27 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.66 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.11 g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues of observed mortality followed by the same letters do not differ at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe combinatorial effect of mixtures of the EOs with the \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e supernatant in causing toxicity is reported in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. Eight out of nine tested combinations exhibited a synergistic relationship, while the combination of \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/2) displayed an additive effect. The combination of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/4) showed the highest difference between observed and expected mortality (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25.86), followed by that of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SS-03 (1/8) (\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.15).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of combinations of the essential oils with the supernatant of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolate SS-03 on mortality of adults of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e after 72h of exposure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult mortality (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixtures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved for a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved for b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03 (1/2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.86 f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03 (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.29 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynergy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03 (1/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.96 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynergy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03 (1/2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynergy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03 (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.07 b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynergy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03 (1/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.21 d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynergy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03 (1/2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynergy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03 (1/4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.00 e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynergy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e (1000 ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSS-03 (1/8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.71 a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynergy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues of observed mortality of mixtures followed by the same letters do not differ at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.01 according to the Newman-Keuls test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe identification of synergistic mixtures enables the development of more effective and economical biopesticides (Shaalan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, the joint-action of the mixtures may be an ideal solution to delay the capacity of the two-spotted spider mite to adapt to a single mortality mechanism, when they are applied to populations that are susceptible to both compounds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e applied in combination with plant extracts showed synergy against different agricultural pests (Han et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Nathan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Rajguru and Sharma \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Other studies have investigated the combination of \u003cem\u003eB. thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e toxins with plant products (Konecka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Konecka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Maulina et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Mhalla et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Research data on the combination of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species with botanicals is very scarce. Halder et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) reported that \u003cem\u003eP. fluorescens\u003c/em\u003e (1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/g) mixed with neem oil showed additive effects in controlling major sucking insect pests of vegetables, \u003cem\u003eLipaphis erysimi, Aphis craccivora, Phenacoccus solenopsis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eDysdercus cingulatus.\u003c/em\u003e The synergistic effect between the supernatant of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolate SS-03 and the plant EOs is the result of a combination of the action of these two acaricidal factors ingested simultaneously.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the EOs exhibited toxicity and repellency to \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults and the highest activities were recorded with \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e oil. With the exception of the combination of \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e EOs, which showed a synergistic acaricidal interaction, binary and ternary combinations of the EOs caused additive and antagonistic effects in terms of toxicity and repellency towards the mite. On another note, the supernatants of the \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolates exhibited high toxicity on mites mainly by spraying, indicating that the bioactive acaricidal compounds in the culture supernatants might penetrate through the ventral and dorsal integument of mites. The highest performing supernatant, produced by the \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e isolate SS-03 acted synergistically with the EOs in causing mortality of mites. The mode of action of the combinations against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e adults may be a complex process that deserves further investigation by additional experimental studies. Future studies should also include field trials to validate the toxicity of the combinations and evaluation of safety to non-target organisms and humans. Synergistic mixtures have potential usefulness for development of new bioacaricides. Though, further research is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of these combinations in fields and greenhouses as well as their effects on non-target organisms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe are grateful to Rachid Elaini for his help in obtaining adult mites for study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other supports were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eB.C., E.H.M., and R.B. conceived and designed the research. K.B. carried out the research. K.B. wrote the manuscript. J.N.F. contributed to the revision of the manuscript draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll the authors have approved the manuscript for publication.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18:265-267\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdelgaleil SAM, Badawy MEI, Mahmoud NF, Marei AEM (2019) Acaricidal activity, biochemical effects and molecular docking of some monoterpenes against two-spotted spider mite (\u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch). 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Insects 7:2. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7010002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"antagonistic, additive, aromatic, Pseudomonas, bio-acaricidal","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3911181/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3911181/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the pursuit of developing effective bio-acaricidal agents, the toxicity by residual contact and repellency of the essential oils (EOs) of \u003cem\u003eOriganum compactum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eArtemisia herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e and their mixtures against adults of \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e was investigated. The oils demonstrated repellency and toxicity to mites based on dose. Combinations of the EOs in binary and ternary forms had antagonistic and additive effects on the mite's toxicity and repellency, with the exception of combined \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e EOs that displayed a synergistic acaricidal relationship. The chemical composition of the oils was identified via GC/MS analysis; major constituents were thymol (49%) in \u003cem\u003eO. compactum\u003c/em\u003e, linalool (45.81%) in \u003cem\u003eM. piperita\u003c/em\u003e and camphor (25.08%) in \u003cem\u003eA. herba-alba\u003c/em\u003e. Further, we evaluated the acaricidal activity of secondary metabolites produced by \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species using cell-free supernatants, and reported on the mode of entry of \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e supernatants into adult mites. The bioactive acaricidal compounds were most effective (57.6 to 96.1% mortality) when the entire integument of \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e was contacted compared to the ventral side only (15.3 to 80.7%). The toxicity of the most active bacterial supernatant was investigated at 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 dilutions in combination with the EOs. The combinations synergistically killed the mite. Lethal effects were seen 72h after exposure. Bio-acaricidal formulations may take use of synergistic combinations to manage the two-spotted spider mite.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synergy between plant essential oils and Pseudomonas isolate secondary metabolites against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-02 11:37:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3911181/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"83c5bf5d-15fd-4a37-ab7c-0faa1508363a","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 2nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-06T10:48:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-02 11:37:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3911181","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3911181","identity":"rs-3911181","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}