The Prevalence and Factors Associated with Behavioural Problems among Primary School Children in Uganda

The Prevalence and Factors Associated with Behavioural Problems among Primary School Children in Uganda | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Prevalence and Factors Associated with Behavioural Problems among Primary School Children in Uganda Khamisi Musanje, Deborah Ojiambo, Douglas A. Candia, Simon Masiga, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8403520/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Behavioural problems are common among school-aged children in low-resource environments. These issues impact children's mental health, academic performance, and overall growth and development. Understanding the scope of these problems will help guide the implementation of support programmes. Although it is widely recognised that behavioural problems are common among children in Uganda, their true prevalence remains largely unknown, which hampers prioritising support efforts. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with common behavioural problems among children in Kampala. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 476 primary school children aged 10–14 years from four primary schools in Kampala, Uganda, between March and June 2025, using the Youth Self-Report. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to determine prevalence, while Pearson's chi-square test and logistic regression were used to identify associated factors at the 5% significance level. Overall, 64% of school-aged children exhibited behavioural problems, with 74% showing higher clinical levels of internalising issues. The most common behavioural symptoms were anxious/depressed (72.6%), followed by withdrawn/depressed (65.5%) and somatic complaints (65.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that gender, age, and school class were strongly associated with behavioural problems. Being male was associated with higher odds of reporting anxiety/depression (AOR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.26–2.99, p < .00), thought problems (AOR 1. 98, 95% CI: 1.35–2.91, p < .00), and rule- breaking behaviours (AOR 1. 53, 95% CI: 1.01–2.32, p < .05). Older children showed higher rates of aggressive behaviours (AOR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.21–3.91, p < .01). Additionally, being in primary five and six was associated with increased odds of total behavioural problems (AOR 3.46, 95% CI: 1.09–10.97, p < .05) and (AOR 3.10, 95% CI: 1.00- 9.63, p < .05), respectively. Conclusion Overall, behavioural problems are prevalent among school children in Uganda, with most at a clinical level, underscoring the need for immediate interventions. Boys should be prioritised when implementing support programmes. Behavioural problems Prevalence Mental health Children Uganda Introduction Behavioural problems frequently arise in children of school-going age [ 1 , 2 ]. These issues can hinder a child’s development, disrupt the formation of social bonds, impact school performance, and may persist, potentially leading to mental health disorders [ 3 ]. Behavioural problems encompass a range of actions that can hinder a child’s ability to function effectively in everyday life and interaction with peers [ 1 ]. Most often, these problems show up as aggressiveness, impulsivity, social withdrawal, and defiance at home and school [ 3 ]. When problematic behaviours are directed at others, are noticeable, and can affect social interactions, they are classified as externalising behaviours. Conversely, when they are directed at oneself and are concealed, they are considered internalising behaviours [ 4 ]. Although the global prevalence of behavioural problems among school-age children is not precisely known, some studies report it ranging from 13.9% to 22.7%, depending on the context [ 5 – 7 ]. While variability exists, as noted by the context, children in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) report higher prevalences, supposedly above 30%, due to poverty, hostile environments, and limited support interventions [ 8 , 9 ]. Even within LMICs, some countries have a higher prevalence than others. A nationwide study conducted in Kenya estimated the overall prevalence of behavioural problems to be 13%, with children exhibiting more internalising problems (22%) than externalising problems (10%), and somatic problems being the most common syndrome [ 7 ]. In studies conducted in developing countries in Asia, the prevalence ranged from 10% to 30%, with internalising problems showing the highest occurrence at 29.7% [ 6 ]. In Uganda, the prevalence of behavioural problems among children remains largely unknown, limiting understanding of the scope of the problem and potentially delaying the development of interventions to support school-aged children in the country. While some related studies have been conducted, these have specifically focused on children with underlying health conditions, such as epilepsy [ 10 ], and others focused on behavioural and attention-deficit disorders [ 11 ], which may not accurately represent the situation in the general population. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of behavioural problems among primary school children in Uganda (ages 10–14 years) and identify factors associated with these problems. Understanding prevalence helps parents, caregivers, school managers, and policy-makers grasp the scale of the problem and provides evidence to support the development of interventions. Since data from other LMICs shows a high prevalence, we thus hypothesised that; H1: The prevalence of behavioural problems among school-aged children in Uganda is high . When categorising behavioural problems, the occurrence of externalised and internalised problems among children has been reported differently across low-income settings. In some countries, like India and Nepal, externalised problems are twice as common as internalised problems [ 5 , 6 ], while in countries like Kenya, internalising problems were more common among children [ 7 ], which could reflect differences in cultural and contextual expressions among children. Since Uganda is more contextually similar to Kenya than to India and Nepal, we hypothesised that: H2: School-aged children in Uganda have more internalised behavioural problems than externalised ones. Additionally, several social and demographic factors have been linked to behavioural problems in children. First, although school is often seen as a protective environment for a child’s mental health, [ 12 ] the school environment can sometimes contribute to behavioural problems because children may be exposed to externalised difficulties of their peers, with those who have been in school longer exhibiting more behavioural problems than those who have spent less time there [ 2 ]. Children in overcrowded public schools are also more likely to report behavioural problems than those in private schools [ 2 ]. Secondly, age is a key factor that influences behavioural problems among children, with younger children reporting more issues than older ones [ 13 ]. Additionally, young children tend to report more externalising problems, whereas older children tend to report more internalising problems [ 13 ]. Furthermore, a child’s gender can also influence the likelihood of behavioural problems. Several studies have shown that although behavioural problems show up differently across genders, boys generally report more behavioural issues than girls [ 5 , 14 ] and mainly display externalised problems rather than internalised ones [ 14 ]. Finally, religion is another factor believed to influence the manifestation of behavioural problems in children. The importance of faith, understanding, and interpretation of behavioural situations among both parents and children relates to the development of internalising and externalising behavioural issues [ 15 ]. Specific religious practices can also serve as buffers against experiencing and displaying behavioural problems, although the mechanism is complex [ 16 ]. This compelled us to hypothesise that: H3: The school level (grade: reflecting time spent at school), school type (public versus private), child's age, gender, and religious affiliation significantly affect the level of behavioural problems among school-aged children in Uganda. Methods Study Design and Study Setting This cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2025 and involved selected primary schools in Kampala, Uganda. The study included both public and private schools, with representation from at least four of the five divisions that make up Kampala city: Rubaga, Kawempe, Central Division, and Nakawa Division. Kampala was chosen because it is the most diverse district in the country, reflecting a mix of social and economic backgrounds. Although the total number of children attending primary schools in Kampala varies by source, unpublished reports from the Kampala Capital City Authority indicate that approximately 123,134 children were registered in public primary schools by 2023. Study Population and Sample Children aged 10–14 years attending primary schools in Kampala were included in the study. According to Ugandan education standards, this age group corresponds to primary four through primary seven. We aimed to enrol 500 children from four primary schools (n = 3 public and 1 private). This sample size was chosen to provide adequate power to detect small to moderate effects commonly observed in school-based psychology and education research [ 28 ]. We used quota sampling, where each participating school served as a quota, and within each school, all children who met the 10–14 years criteria were contacted. However, only those whose parents consented and who assented were involved in the study. Measurement and Study Procedures Data were collected using the Youth Self-Report (YSR: Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), a paper-and-pencil screening tool for emotional and behavioural problems in youths aged 11 to 18 years [ 17 ]. The YSR comprises 112 items, some of which are open-ended and others scored on a 3-point Likert scale: 0 = Not true, 1 = Somewhat or sometimes true, and 2 = Very true or often true. These are organised into eight syndrome scales: anxious-depressed, withdrawal/depressed, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, rule-breaking behaviour, and aggressive behaviour. These syndrome scales are further categorised into internalising problems (including anxious-depressed, somatic complaints, and withdrawal/depressed) and externalising problems (covering rule-breaking and aggressive behaviour). Both internalising and externalising problems are combined to generate the overall problem score. The YSR score is categorised into three groups: Internalising and Externalising (Borderline = 60–63, Clinical > 63), Total Problems (Borderline = 60–63, Clinical > 63), and Syndrome scores (Borderline = 65–69, Clinical > 69). In this study, the categories were revised to two: Normal and Clinical (including borderline cases). After obtaining ethics approval, we contacted the Directorate of Education and Social Services at Kampala Capital City Authority for administrative approval to conduct the study within Kampala. Upon approval, we piloted the YSR with a sample of 30 children aged 10–14 years, selected from a public school not part of the study. This was then followed by reaching out to individual schools that were part of the study for administrative approval. Using school registries, the participating schools identified children aged 10–14 years. The children were briefed about the study, and their assent to participate was obtained. Those who agreed were given consent forms to take to their parents or caregivers. Only participants who returned signed consent forms were allowed to complete the questionnaire, which was conducted on school premises in the presence of teachers. Statistical Analysis The data were analysed at three levels using STATA Version 15. For univariate analysis, frequency distributions and percentages were used to describe respondents' characteristics. For bivariate analysis, Pearson’s chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between potential independent variables and the dependent variables. All potential independent variables with a significant association (p ≤ 0.05) with the dependent variable were included in further analysis. For multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model was employed, with a significance level set at 5%. The outcome variables were children's behavioural problems, categorised as internalising, externalising, and total problems (a combination of both). These refer to summary scales derived from the ASEBA: Youth Self-Report (YSR) for assessing behaviours. The outcome variables were recorded as binary, with a child classified as either Normal or Clinical. Children with T-scores of 60 and above on the tool were considered Clinical, while those with T-scores below 60 were considered normal. The independent variables in this study included the children’s demographic characteristics, such as gender, age, and religion, as well as school-related factors, including their current class/grade and school type (public vs. private). Results Characteristics of the study participants A total of 476 children participated in the study. The targeted sample size was 500; however, 24 children were excluded because their parents declined to provide consent. 56% of participants were female, most of whom were in primary six (53.6%) at the time of data collection. The highest proportion (44.5%) was aged 12–13 years. Additionally, 79.2% identified as Christians, and 56.5% attended a private school. See Table 1 below. Table 1 Characteristics of the respondents Variables Frequency Percentage Gender Female 241 50.6 Male 235 49.4 Class/Grade Primary four 16 3.4 Primary five 171 35.9 Primary six 255 53.6 Primary seven 34 7.1 Age group 10–11 years 199 41.8 12–13 years 212 44.5 14 years 65 13.7 Religion Christian 377 79.2 Muslim 77 16.2 Other 22 4.6 School type Public school 207 43.5 Private school 269 56.5 The prevalence of symptoms and behavioural problems among children aged 10–14 years Results in Table 2 show that school children in Kampala exhibit clinical behavioural problems that require urgent attention. Of the 476 children in the study, 346 (72.7%) reported clinical levels of anxious or depressed symptoms, indicating worry and sadness. A total of 312 (65.5%) showed clinical levels of social withdrawal, depression symptoms, and somatic complaints, respectively. Additionally, 305 (64.1%) reported difficulties in social interactions, and 277 (58.2%) reported unusual experiences such as strange ideas and problems (thought problems). Conversely, most children indicated that they had never experienced difficulties with concentration and focus (attention problems), displayed delinquent and defiant behaviours (rule-breaking behaviour), or exhibited hostile and aggressive behaviours. Overall, 64.1% of school children in the study exhibited clinical behavioural problems, with internalising problems being the most common (74%) as shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Prevalence of behavioural problems among children 11–14 years Behavioural symptom Normal Clinical Anxious / Depressed 130(27.3) 356 (72.7) Withdrawn / Depressed 164(34.5) 312 (65.5) Somatic complaints 164(34.5) 312 (65.5) Social problems 171(35.9) 305 (64.1) Thought problems 199(41.8) 277 (58.2) Attention problems 340 (71.4) 136(28.6) Rule-breaking behaviour 343 (72.1) 133(27.9) Aggressive behaviour 247 (51.9) 229(48.1) *Internalising problems 124(26.1) 352 (74.0) *Externalising problems 283 (59.5) 193(40.6) *Total problems 171(35.9) 305 (64.1) Correlates of behavioural problems among school children aged 10–14 years in Kampala From the bivariate analysis, the respondent's gender was significantly associated with the display of anxious/depressed symptoms, indicating worry and sadness ( p < .000), experiencing thought problems ( p < .000), and engaging in rule-breaking behaviours ( p < .021). Additionally, the respondent's religion was significantly associated with the experience of somatic problems ( p < .045), the class or grade of study was associated with display of attention problems ( p < .049), and age also significantly associated with the display of aggressive behaviours ( p < .034). Details are shown in Table 3 . Furthermore, only the class or grade of study and age were significantly associated with behavioural categorisation. The class or grade of study was significantly related to the overall experience of clinical problems (Total problems, p < .049), while the child's age was associated with the presentation of externalising problems (p < .010) and the overall experience of total problems (p < .019), as shown in Table 4 . Table 3 Factors associated with behavioural symptoms among children 10–14 years Variables Anxious / Depressed Withdrawn/ Depressed Somatic problems Social problems Normal Clinical p-value Normal Clinical p-value Normal Clinical p-value Normal Clinical p-value Gender Female 83(34.4) 158(65.5) .000 ** 83(34.4) 158(65.5) .995 86(35.6) 155(64.3) .567 85(35.2) 156(64.0) .763 Male 47(20.0) 188(80.0) 81(34.4) 154(65.5) 76(33.1) 157(66.8) 86(36.6) 149(63.4) Class Primary four 7(43.7) 9(56.2) .289 8(50.0) 8(50.0) .304 8(50.0) 8(50.0) .548 9(56.2) 7(43.7) .206 Primary five 41(23.9) 130(76.0) 61(35.6) 110(64.3) 58(33.9) 113(66.0) 56(32.7) 115(67.2) Primary six 74(29.0) 181(70.9) 87(34.1) 168(65.8) 88(34.5) 167(65.4) 96(37.6) 159(62.3) Primary seven 8(23.5) 26(76.4) 8(23.5) 26(76.4) 10(29.4) 24(70.5) 10(29.4) 24(70.5) Age 10–11 years 64(32.1) 135(67.8) .118 76(38.1) 123(61.8) .192 65(32.6) 134(67.3) .683 76(38.1) 123(61.8) .601 12–13 years 52(24.5) 160(75.4) 71(33.4) 141(66.5) 74(34.9) 138(65.0) 71(33.4) 141(66.5) 14 + years 14(21.5) 51(78.4) 17(26.1) 48(73.8) 25(38.4) 40(61.5) 24(36.9) 41(63.0) Religion Christian 104(27.5) 273(72.4) .775 129(34.2) 248(65.7) .255 125(33.0) 252(66.8) .045 ** 139(36.8) 238(63.1) .244 Muslim 19(24.6) 58(75.3) 24(31.1) 53(68.8) 26(33.7) 51(66.2) 22(28.5) 55(71.4) Other 7(31.8) 15(68.1) 11(50.0) 11(50.0) 13(59.0) 9(40.9) 10(45.4) 12(54.5) School Public school 48(23.1) 159(76.8) .077 66(31.8) 141(68.1) .301 80(38.6) 127(61.3) .091 66(31.8) 141(68.1) .107 Private school 82(30.4) 187(69.5) 98(36.4) 171(63.5) 84(31.2) 185(68.7) 105(39.0) 164(60.9) Variables Though problems Attention problems Rule-breaking problems Aggressive behaviour Normal Clinical P Normal Clinical P Normal Clinical P Normal Clinical P Gender Female 122(50.6) 119(49.3) .000 ** 178(73.8) 63(26.1) .235 185(76.7) 56(23.2) .021 ** 131(54.3) 110(45.6) .275 Male 77(32.77) 158(67.2) 162(68.9) 73(31.0) 158(67.2) 77(32.7) 116(49.3) 119(50.6) Class Primary four 10(62.5) 6(37.5) .058 10(62.5) 6(37.5) . 049 ** 13(81.2) 3(18.7) .853 11(68.7) 5(31.2) .263 Primary five 78(45.6) 93(54.3) 123(71.9) 48(28.0) 124(72.5) 47(27.4) 93(54.3) 78(45.6) Primary six 102(40.0) 153(60.0) 176(69.0) 79(30.9) 182(71.3) 73(28.6) 129(50.5) 126(49.4) Primary seven 9(26.4) 25(73.5) 31(91.1) 3(8.8) 24(70.5) 10(29.4) 14(41.1) 20(58.8) Age 10–11 years 89(44.7) 110(55.2) .136 140(70.3) 59(29.6) .735 152(76.3) 47(23.6) .138 115(57.7) 84(42.2) .034 ** 12–13 years 90(42.4) 122(57.5) 151(71.2) 61(28.7) 149(70.2) 63(29.7) 106(50.0) 106(50.0) 14 + years 20(30.7) 45(69.2) 49(75.3) 16(24.6) 42(64.6) 23(35.3) 26(40.0) 39(60.0) Religion Christian 153(40.5) 224(59.4) .227 268(71.0) 109(28.9) .823 276(73.2) 101(26.7) .289 201(53.3) 176(46.6) .194 Muslim 33(42.8) 44(57.1) 55(71.4) 22(28.5) 50(64.9) 27(35.0) 33(42.8) 44(57.1) Other 13(59.0) 9(40.9) 17(77.2) 5(22.7) 17(77.2) 5(22.7) 13(59.0) 9(40.9) School Public school 85(41.0) 122(58.9) .773 147(71.0) 60(28.9) .861 148(71.5) 59(28.5) .801 100(48.3) 107(51.6) .170 Private school 114(42.3) 155(57.6) 193(71.7) 76(28.2) 195(72.4) 74(27.5) 147(54.6) 122(45.3) ** p ≤ 0.05 Table 4 Factors associated with behavioural problems among children 10–14 years. Variables Internalizing problems Externalizing problems Total problems Normal Clinical p-value Normal Clinical p-value Normal Clinical p-value Gender Female 29.1 71.0 0.132 61.0 39.0 0.488 39.8 60.2 0.072 Male 23.0 77.0 57.9 42.1 31.9 68.1 Class Primary four 50 50 0.109 75.0 25.0 0.386 68.8 31.3 0.049** Primary five 23.4 76.6 60.8 39.2 35.1 64.9 Primary six 27.1 72.9 58.8 41.2 34.9 65.1 Primary seven 20.6 79.4 50.0 50.0 32.4 67.7 Age 10–11 years 29.2 70.9 0.421 66.3 33.7 0.010** 43.2 56.8 0.019** 12–13 years 23.6 76.4 57.1 42.9 31.1 68.9 14 + years 24.6 75.4 46.2 53.9 29.2 70.8 Religion Christian 25.5 74.5 0.264 60.7 39.3 0.180 36.3 63.7 0.717 Muslim 24.7 75.3 50.7 49.4 32.5 67.5 Other 40.9 59.1 68.2 31.8 40.9 59.1 School Public school 24.6 75.4 0.538 54.6 45.4 0.058 32.9 67.2 0.220 Private school 27.1 72.9 63.2 36.8 38.3 61.7 ** p ≤ 0.05 Results from a multivariate logistic regression showed that male children report higher levels of clinical anxiety/depression, indicating more worry and sadness (OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.97, p < .00), thought problems (OR 1.98, 95% CI: 1.35, 2.91, p < .00), and rule-breaking behaviour (OR 1.53, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35, p < .05) than females. Additionally, children who reported ‘other’ as their religious affiliation, which is outside the mainstream religions in Uganda, reported more clinical somatic problems than those in mainstream religions (OR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.74, p < .01). Finally, children aged 14 years reported more clinical aggressive behaviours compared to other ages (OR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.21, 3.91, p < .01) as shown in Table 5 . Furthermore, a multivariate analysis comparing risk factors to behavioural categorization showed that children in Primary five and Primary six, respectively, experience higher clinical levels of total problems than those in Primary seven and Primary four (OR 3.46, 95% CI: 1.09, 10.97, p < .05, and OR 3.10, 95% CI: 1.00, 9.63, p < .05). Similarly, children aged 12–13 years’ experience more clinical total problems compared to other age groups (OR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.71, p < .05). Finally, regarding externalizing problems, older children—specifically those aged 14 years and in the 12–13 years age range—report more clinical externalizing problems than the younger group aged 10–11 years (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.35, 4.35, p < .05, and OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.30, p < .05), as indicated in Table 6 . Table 5 Results of logistic regressions of the factors associated with behavioural symptoms among children 10–14 years Categories Anxious/Depressed Somatic problems Thought problems Attention problems AOR P > z 95%CI AOR P > z 95%CI AOR P > z 95%CI AOR P > z 95%CI Gender Female(ref) 1.00 .00** 1.00 Male 1.94 1.26, 2.97 1.98 .00 ** 1.35,2.91 Religion Christian (ref) 1.00 Muslims 1.03 Others 0.30 . 01 ** 0.12,0.74 Class Primary 4 (ref) 1.00 Primary 5 0.49 Primary 6 0.54 Primary 7 0.13 . 01 ** 0.03,0.62 Categories Rule-breaking problems Aggressive behaviour AOR P > z 95%CI AOR P > z 95%CI Gender Female (ref) 1.00 Male 1.53 .05 ** 1.01,2.32 Age 10–11(ref) 1.00 12–13 1.41 14 2.17 .01 ** 1.21,3.91 ** p ≤ 0.05 Table 6 Results of logistic regressions of the factors associated with behavioural problems Categories Internalizing problems Externalizing problems Total problems AOR 95% CI AOR 95% CI AOR 95% CI Class Primary four (ref.) 1.00 Primary five 3.46** 1.09 10.97 Primary six 3.10** 1.00 9.63 Primary seven 2.83 0.70 11.39 Age 10–11 years (ref.) 1.00 1.00 12–13 years 1.52** 1.01 2.30 1.76** 1.14 2.71 14 + years 2.42** 1.35 4.35 1.91 0.94 3.89 ** p ≤ 0.05 Discussion The current study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with common behavioural problems among schoolchildren aged 10–14 years in Uganda. Overall, the prevalence of behavioural problems was high at 64.1%, with more internalising problems than externalising ones. The most common behavioural symptoms included anxious/depressed states, withdrawal, and somatic complaints. A child's gender, age, and class in school were the most common risk factors associated with these behavioural problems. Although some Ugandan-based studies have examined behavioural problems in children with underlying medical conditions, to our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the prevalence of behavioural problems among school-aged children in a non-clinical population in Uganda, making a unique contribution to the literature and practice. A high prevalence of behavioural problems among children in Uganda is probably due to the country's socio-economic conditions and environmental factors, both at home and in the community. Poverty prevents children from accessing basic needs, including proper nutrition and recreation. Additionally, poverty destabilises families, which can negatively affect a child’s psychological health. Many children come from single-parent households, are exposed to harsh parenting, and, with numerous children at home, parental warmth is often limited. Furthermore, child-focused psychosocial programs are almost non-existent, not even in schools. The situation in Uganda is similar to other developing contexts. Our study findings are supported by several literature sources reporting a high prevalence of behavioural problems among school children in developing countries [ 5 , 6 , 8 , 10 ]. In a related Ugandan study by Ssewamala (2023), living in abject poverty was identified as a leading factor affecting the mental health of children in Uganda. [ 18 ]. Also, behavioural disorders and attention problems were identified to be common among school-aged children in South-western Uganda.[ 11 ]. Prior research has also found that limited access to psychosocial support and guidance within school settings can exacerbate students’ emotional distress, hinder coping strategies, and increase the risk of behavioural and academic problems [ 19 ]. Similarly, internalised problems were more severe than externalised ones. Children reported more inward-focused issues than outward issues. This finding illustrates the influence of context on psychological expression. While triggers for behavioural problems might be related across different settings, in high-context environments like Uganda, outward expressions of negative feelings such as anger or aggression are considered inappropriate, hence discouraged by adults. In this study, children reported on their own behavioural expressions; they might have been more comfortable mentioning internalising behaviours. In another study in Uganda, where teachers and house mothers were involved, they reported more externalising than internalising problem behaviours [ 20 ]. Additionally, the authoritative parenting style common in Uganda impacts children’s expressions and may promote more inward than outward expressions. Furthermore, with emotional difficulties often stigmatised and misunderstood, children may internalise problems rather than seek help for fear of being ridiculed, which further exacerbates the internalised problems. Our findings are consistent with those identified in other contexts. First, a Kenyan study found higher levels of internalised clinical problems than of externalised problems [ 7 ]. Similarly, a multi-country study conducted in sub-Saharan Africa that examined the correlates of internalised and externalised behaviours among school-aged children identified more internalising problems than externalising problems [ 21 ]. On the other hand, some studies conducted in low and middle-income countries in Asia reported a high prevalence of externalised behavioural problems among school-aged children [ 5 , 6 ], reflecting cultural differences even across LMICs. Findings from risk factors showed that older children report more behavioural problems than younger ones. Growth involves changes in thinking, physical traits, and social relationships. Older children in early adolescence not only experience physical changes that increase their anxiety but also develop a completely different view of the social environment. They begin to focus on things like the need to ‘fit in’ and have a likeable social identity, which leads to peer pressure. These developmental changes can lead to behavioural problems. Also, as children grow, their world expands. They compare themselves to other children at home, school, and online. This wide range of comparisons creates unnecessary pressure, worsening behavioural issues. Our findings are in line with studies that found that older children aged 10–14 years are more prone to behavioural and emotional problems [ 22 ], and studies that found that experience of behavioural symptoms shifts with age, and older children experience high levels of anxiety and depression due to developmental pressures [ 23 ]. Furthermore, literature indicates that adolescence is a stage for developing social and emotional habits for mental well-being, and the development process is associated with heightened experience of behavioural problems [ 24 ]. Our results, however, contrast with studies that have identified more problems and behavioural issues in young children than in older children, such as the Kenyan study by Magai (2018) [ 13 ]. It is important to note, however, that the results in this study were based on parents' reports, not children's self-reports. Parental reports might not accurately reflect how children truly feel. Similarly, males reported more behavioural problems than females, indicating a gender difference. This was observed in both internalising and externalising symptoms. The finding reflects social and cultural views of psychological experiences. In Ugandan society, as in other predominantly masculine settings, males are not expected to appear emotionally vulnerable or show weakness, and this identity is shaped early in childhood through social modelling. This mindset prevents males from seeking full healing or support when they struggle, which may explain why males, when given the opportunity, report more problems than females. Studies from other masculine societies also show similar results [ 5 , 14 ]. The results, however, differ from studies that found girls to experience more behavioural and emotional problems due to their high emotional intensity and poor regulation [ 25 , 26 ]. But these studies also acknowledge that boys tend to show more externalising symptoms such as aggression and rule-breaking. [ 25 , 26 ]. The interaction between gender and the occurrence of behavioural problems may require further investigation to clarify the underlying pathways. Finally, although it might be expected that children in higher grades or classes have stayed longer in school, have better peer networks, and are more mature—and therefore should report fewer behavioural problems—the study results showed otherwise. Being in a higher grade in school had a higher odds of reporting behavioural problems. In addition to the earlier observation highlighting the association between age and behavioural problems, school pressures are also higher for those in higher classes. The school hours exceed ten, classwork is extensive, time for rest and physical exercise is limited, and academic expectations at school increase. Such life pressures can lead to behavioural problems. These findings are supported by a previous study that showed that high expectations of academic achievement among children in higher grades were associated with both internalising and externalising behavioural problems [ 27 ]. Also, children in higher grades/classes experience more frustration, unmet needs, and school pressures, which fuel behavioural problems [ 28 ]. Strengths and limitations of the study This study has several strengths. First, it was conducted in Kampala, a diverse environment encompassing nearly all social, economic, and educational levels in Uganda. This enabled us to work with a more diverse sample, making it easier to generalise the results. Second, we recruited participants from both public and private schools, thereby balancing background variables. Although the type of school attended was not linked to any behavioural issues, recruiting from both settings provided a balanced representation and increased the credibility of the findings. Third, we used the Youth Self Report (YSR) to gather data. The YSR is a globally recognised tool for assessing behavioural problems in children. Using a standardised instrument enhanced the quality of the data, the results, and the conclusions. Finally, the total number of participants was 476, providing a solid basis for valid conclusions and generalisations. Our study also had some limitations, which suggest exercising caution when interpreting the results. First, because data were collected only from children attending schools in Kampala, they may not fully reflect behavioural problems among school-aged children across Uganda. Kampala, as the capital, might reflect families with slightly higher socioeconomic status, but environmental and economic factors also influence behavioural issues. Nonetheless, the public schools involved were located in slum areas, indicating high-poverty environments. Second, although the YSR is recommended for use with 11- to 18-year-olds, we included children as young as 10, which could affect the results. However, other studies have also used the YSR with children younger than 11. Conclusion The study revealed a high prevalence of behavioural problems among school-aged children in Uganda and emphasises the need for immediate action. Children reported more internalising problems, which raises further concerns because much emotional baggage remains unshared and unresolved, yet it affects their mental health, school performance, and overall growth and development. Boys reported greater vulnerability across all issues, indicating a need for their priority. Since children spend a significant amount of time at school, and it can serve as an ideal environment for targeted psychosocial support, school-based programs focusing on both internalised and externalised problems among children should be implemented. Declarations Ethics approval and informed consent to participate The study was approved by the Mildmay Research Ethics Committee in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol number for this approval is MUREC-202-792. The study also received clearance from the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (SS3757ES). Because the study involved minors, we obtained written informed consent from parents and oral assent from children before participation. Consent to publish Not applicable Availability of data and materials All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article as supplementary files named “Data sets”. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This study received financial support from the AfriChild Centre in Kampala, Uganda to support data collection. Authors' contributions KM conceptualised the study, led the study team, and participated in writing the manuscript. DO supervised and guided manuscript writing and data collection. DAC analysed the data. SM headed data collection and participated in drafting the manuscript. RN collected data and participated in the analysis. YR collected data and undertook data cleaning. BN wrote the proposal and participated in manuscript writing. CN collected data. LKM supported data analysis and writing up results. YN coordinated the project. CK participated in proposal writing and reviewed the manuscript. HMM, proofread the manuscript. DO identified funds supporting data collection and also edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements This work was conducted with support from The AfriChild Centre, as part of the Interuniversity Child-Focused Research Methods Training and Mentorship Programme. The authors also wish to thank the head teachers in the participating schools for granting access, as well as the children who provided data. References CDC. Children's mental health 2005 [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/about/about-behavior-or-conduct-problems-in-children.html. Thomas DE, Bierman KL. The impact of classroom aggression on the development of aggressive behavior problems in children. Dev Psychopathol. 2006;18(2):471-87. MentalHealth.com. Types of Behavioral Disorders 2025 [Available from: https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/behavioral-disorders#. Nikstat A, Riemann R. On the etiology of internalizing and externalizing problem behavior: A twin-family study. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0230626. Gupta AK, Mongia M, Garg AK. A descriptive study of behavioral problems in schoolgoing children. Ind Psychiatry J. 2017;26(1):91-4. Ma J, Mahat P, Brøndbo PH, Handegård BH, Kvernmo S, Javo AC. Parent reports of children's emotional and behavioral problems in a low- and middle- income country (LMIC): An epidemiological study of Nepali schoolchildren. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255596. Kariuki SM, Abubakar A, Kombe M, Kazungu M, Odhiambo R, Stein A, et al. Burden, risk factors, and comorbidities of behavioural and emotional problems in Kenyan children: a population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(2):136-45. Huaqing Qi C, Kaiser A. Behavior Problems of Preschool Children From Low-Income Families. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education. 2003;23(4). Peisch V, Breslend NL, Jones DJ, MacFarlane M, Forehand R. Young Children with Behavior Disorders in Low-Income Families: The Role of Clinic Observations in the Assessment of Parenting. Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017;2(3-4):201-11. Josias KS, Bangirana P, Rujumba J, Kakooza-Mwesige A. Prevalence and factors associated with behavioural problems in children with epilepsy attending Mulago hospital, Uganda: A cross-sectional study. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy. 2021;88:109-15. Kivumbi A, Byansi W, Damulira C, Namatovu P, Mugisha J, Sensoy Bahar O, et al. Prevalence of behavioral disorders and attention deficit/hyperactive disorder among school going children in Southwestern Uganda. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):105. Fabbri C, Powell-Jackson T, Leurent B, Rodrigues K, Shayo E, Barongo V, et al. School violence, depression symptoms, and school climate: a cross-sectional study of Congolese and Burundian refugee children. Conflict and Health. 2022;16(1):42. Magai DN, Malik JA, Koot HM. Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children and Adolescents in Central Kenya. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2018;49(4):659-71. Sun H-L, He F, Rao W-W, Qi Y, Rao S-Y, Ho TI, et al. Gender differences in behavioral and emotional problems among school children and adolescents in China: National survey findings from a comparative network perspective. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2025;369:227-33. Kim J, McCullough ME, Cicchetti D. Parents' and Children's Religiosity and Child Behavioral Adjustment among Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Children. J Child Fam Stud. 2009;18(5):594-605. Elzamzamy K, Naveed S, Dell ML. Religion, spirituality, and pediatric mental health: a scoping review of research on religion and spirituality in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry from 2000 to 2023. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1472629. Achenbach TM, & Rescorla, L.A,. Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families. 2001. Ssewamala FM, Brathwaite R, Sensoy Bahar O, Namatovu P, Neilands TB, Kiyingi J, et al. The Post-intervention Impact of Amaka Amasanyufu on Behavioral and Mental Health Functioning of Children and Adolescents in Low-Resource Communities in Uganda: Analysis of a Cluster-Randomized Trial From the SMART Africa-Uganda Study (2016–2022). Journal of Adolescent Health. 2023;72(5, Supplement):S3-S10. Byansi W, Namatovu P, Bahar OS, Kiyingi J, Nabayinda J, Mwebembezi A, et al. Family-level correlates of disruptive behavior challenges among children in Southwestern Uganda. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2022;140. Ojiambo D, Bratton SC. Effects of group activity play therapy on problem behaviors of preadolescent Ugandan orphans. Journal of Counseling & Development. 2014;92(3):355-65. Shinde S, Perumal N, Vandormael A, Tadesse AW, Mwanyika-Sando M, Baernighausen T, et al. Correlates of internalizing and externalizing problems among school-going young adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. Matern Child Nutr. 2025;21 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):e13492. Ogundele MO. Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief overview for paediatricians. World J Clin Pediatr. 2018;7(1):9-26. Sørlie M-A, Hagen KA, Nordahl KB. Development of social skills during middle childhood: Growth trajectories and school-related predictors. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology. 2021;9(sup1):S69-S87. WHO. Mental health of adolescenets 2025 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health#:. Levkovich I, Yatzkar U, Shenaar-Golan V. Age and Gender Differences in Emotional and Behavioral Functioning Among Youth Referred to a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic at a Public Hospital. Children (Basel). 2025;12(6). Yoon Y, Eisenstadt M, Lereya ST, Deighton J. Gender difference in the change of adolescents' mental health and subjective wellbeing trajectories. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023;32(9):1569-78. Dias P, Veríssimo L, Carneiro A, Figueiredo B. Academic achievement and emotional and behavioural problems: The moderating role of gender. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2022;27(4):1184-96. Álvaro Rodríguez-Mora1, Pilar Fornell, Yolanda Sánchez-Sandoval. Emotional and Behavioural Symptoms in Adolescents: Age, Sex, and Psychosocial Risk. Psicologia Educativa. 2025;31(1):11-8. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementalmaterials.zip Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 25 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 10 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 25 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 06 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 02 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 31 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 31 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8403520","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":577016336,"identity":"857eda10-78c1-46c7-9507-f0dd35a0717e","order_by":0,"name":"Khamisi Musanje","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQkgkcAgAeXyMMgxMLCRqMWYOC3IILGBkBbJ2c1PNzz4Y8GgOyP94ecCGZv0te3HEhh+1DAkznfArkVa5pjZjcQ2CQazGznG0jN40nK3nUk7wNhzjCFx4wHsWuQkEoBaGsBaGKR5eA7nbjuQ3sDA2wDU0oBLS/q3Gwl/QFrSH//m4fmfbnb+eQPjXzxapCVyzG4ksIG0JJgBbTkAtDTtADPIlvm4vD8jpwzkFx6zM2/MrHl4kg233XiWcFjmmITxBhxaJG6kb7v540+dnNnx9Me3eXvs5M3Opxk+fFNjIzsfh8NggAdMMvZAeAeAZjEYHMCvBQp+ILHlCdgyCkbBKBgFIwYAAEq8XPC70nagAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khamisi","middleName":"","lastName":"Musanje","suffix":""},{"id":577016337,"identity":"b99baba5-3fad-45bf-8adc-d4d7c69d1b19","order_by":1,"name":"Deborah Ojiambo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Deborah","middleName":"","lastName":"Ojiambo","suffix":""},{"id":577016338,"identity":"b713d1dc-74d7-479d-9720-0b80fe36f1fc","order_by":2,"name":"Douglas A. Candia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Douglas","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Candia","suffix":""},{"id":577016339,"identity":"a41b4d3d-2eb2-4fb7-a57a-760b7f91456b","order_by":3,"name":"Simon Masiga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simon","middleName":"","lastName":"Masiga","suffix":""},{"id":577016340,"identity":"9cb2aeef-cd56-4cdd-b80d-9ad71515817f","order_by":4,"name":"Rogers Namwiyiri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rogers","middleName":"","lastName":"Namwiyiri","suffix":""},{"id":577016341,"identity":"cfecaedc-c6a1-4cae-9254-88272105f3b4","order_by":5,"name":"Yoweri Rwakasole","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yoweri","middleName":"","lastName":"Rwakasole","suffix":""},{"id":577016342,"identity":"56de3dbf-a055-4e9b-956e-9ef186e4c534","order_by":6,"name":"Bernadette Nakabazzi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bernadette","middleName":"","lastName":"Nakabazzi","suffix":""},{"id":577016343,"identity":"133d5859-f231-43ca-8df3-e247f165ddc6","order_by":7,"name":"Cathy N. Nakamya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cathy","middleName":"N.","lastName":"Nakamya","suffix":""},{"id":577016344,"identity":"cfdf2ab0-ea84-4a89-a066-2d37e7cd9fc0","order_by":8,"name":"Yvonne Niwamanya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yvonne","middleName":"","lastName":"Niwamanya","suffix":""},{"id":577016345,"identity":"20d7a765-43b0-49a0-ad4b-32ce9bf2aac8","order_by":9,"name":"Levi K. Masereka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Levi","middleName":"K.","lastName":"Masereka","suffix":""},{"id":577016346,"identity":"16e33c80-ecca-42df-b44f-b79b51b4657f","order_by":10,"name":"Charlotte Komuhangi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Charlotte","middleName":"","lastName":"Komuhangi","suffix":""},{"id":577016347,"identity":"e2e8b629-f63a-4f9f-b05f-9b1c64a495ff","order_by":11,"name":"Hilary M. Mukula","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ohio University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hilary","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Mukula","suffix":""},{"id":577016348,"identity":"1d98707d-1f04-4098-9a4a-5fe7965c3ada","order_by":12,"name":"David Onen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"David","middleName":"","lastName":"Onen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-19 10:23:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8403520/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8403520/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100784379,"identity":"c2fe6899-2a9c-4436-8661-ed4589aeffdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 11:53:07","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":118431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Musanjeet.alPrevalanceandFactorsAssociatedwithBehaviouralProblemsamongprimaryschoolchildreninUganda.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8403520/v1/f84ea86399dd1ba0a2dd7cf9.docx"},{"id":100784111,"identity":"db485428-531d-42f2-ae27-37ccad396e13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 11:52:22","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"9fe0423764c5497a89aa0ad618e34e96.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8403520/v1/7fedf2a570080bb28fce06fc.json"},{"id":100784156,"identity":"5d337fc9-2033-4b16-9199-e9301ad1af44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 11:52:33","extension":"zip","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":412363,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementalmaterials.zip","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8403520/v1/6fbc73ec893e7b03e348afd6.zip"},{"id":100784293,"identity":"cb50d13d-e50d-45d1-b21b-bd295f881cd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 11:52:53","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160086,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"9fe0423764c5497a89aa0ad618e34e961enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8403520/v1/1013ec849e4c9fbeb399603a.xml"},{"id":100784369,"identity":"1017eca7-0658-4701-914f-fbd5bd0522d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 11:53:06","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":157215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"9fe0423764c5497a89aa0ad618e34e961structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8403520/v1/e98f4087c9dfcc0f6f212347.xml"},{"id":100784036,"identity":"af8069ec-8822-4b56-b759-33a96cb61652","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 11:52:08","extension":"html","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":173792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8403520/v1/5e46548ffa8037f3206d3625.html"},{"id":100786534,"identity":"9082150d-cf6e-4158-a958-b87ff46ca89a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 11:59:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1652103,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8403520/v1/482bdbd1-9057-4383-9426-2d6204fb12b5.pdf"},{"id":100784373,"identity":"5805fc40-62cd-4dee-b8eb-422982e97ffc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 11:53:06","extension":"zip","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":412363,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementalmaterials.zip","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8403520/v1/b8a3e20bb133798c723d8e84.zip"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Prevalence and Factors Associated with Behavioural Problems among Primary School Children in Uganda","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBehavioural problems frequently arise in children of school-going age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. These issues can hinder a child\u0026rsquo;s development, disrupt the formation of social bonds, impact school performance, and may persist, potentially leading to mental health disorders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Behavioural problems encompass a range of actions that can hinder a child\u0026rsquo;s ability to function effectively in everyday life and interaction with peers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Most often, these problems show up as aggressiveness, impulsivity, social withdrawal, and defiance at home and school [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. When problematic behaviours are directed at others, are noticeable, and can affect social interactions, they are classified as externalising behaviours. Conversely, when they are directed at oneself and are concealed, they are considered internalising behaviours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the global prevalence of behavioural problems among school-age children is not precisely known, some studies report it ranging from 13.9% to 22.7%, depending on the context [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. While variability exists, as noted by the context, children in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) report higher prevalences, supposedly above 30%, due to poverty, hostile environments, and limited support interventions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Even within LMICs, some countries have a higher prevalence than others. A nationwide study conducted in Kenya estimated the overall prevalence of behavioural problems to be 13%, with children exhibiting more internalising problems (22%) than externalising problems (10%), and somatic problems being the most common syndrome [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In studies conducted in developing countries in Asia, the prevalence ranged from 10% to 30%, with internalising problems showing the highest occurrence at 29.7% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Uganda, the prevalence of behavioural problems among children remains largely unknown, limiting understanding of the scope of the problem and potentially delaying the development of interventions to support school-aged children in the country. While some related studies have been conducted, these have specifically focused on children with underlying health conditions, such as epilepsy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], and others focused on behavioural and attention-deficit disorders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], which may not accurately represent the situation in the general population. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of behavioural problems among primary school children in Uganda (ages 10\u0026ndash;14 years) and identify factors associated with these problems. Understanding prevalence helps parents, caregivers, school managers, and policy-makers grasp the scale of the problem and provides evidence to support the development of interventions. Since data from other LMICs shows a high prevalence, we thus hypothesised that;\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH1: The prevalence of behavioural problems among school-aged children in Uganda is high\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen categorising behavioural problems, the occurrence of externalised and internalised problems among children has been reported differently across low-income settings. In some countries, like India and Nepal, externalised problems are twice as common as internalised problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], while in countries like Kenya, internalising problems were more common among children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], which could reflect differences in cultural and contextual expressions among children. Since Uganda is more contextually similar to Kenya than to India and Nepal, we hypothesised that:\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH2: School-aged children in Uganda have more internalised behavioural problems than externalised ones.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, several social and demographic factors have been linked to behavioural problems in children. First, although school is often seen as a protective environment for a child\u0026rsquo;s mental health, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] the school environment can sometimes contribute to behavioural problems because children may be exposed to externalised difficulties of their peers, with those who have been in school longer exhibiting more behavioural problems than those who have spent less time there [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Children in overcrowded public schools are also more likely to report behavioural problems than those in private schools [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondly, age is a key factor that influences behavioural problems among children, with younger children reporting more issues than older ones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, young children tend to report more externalising problems, whereas older children tend to report more internalising problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, a child\u0026rsquo;s gender can also influence the likelihood of behavioural problems. Several studies have shown that although behavioural problems show up differently across genders, boys generally report more behavioural issues than girls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] and mainly display externalised problems rather than internalised ones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Finally, religion is another factor believed to influence the manifestation of behavioural problems in children. The importance of faith, understanding, and interpretation of behavioural situations among both parents and children relates to the development of internalising and externalising behavioural issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Specific religious practices can also serve as buffers against experiencing and displaying behavioural problems, although the mechanism is complex [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This compelled us to hypothesise that:\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH3: The school level (grade: reflecting time spent at school), school type (public versus private), child's age, gender, and religious affiliation significantly affect the level of behavioural problems among school-aged children in Uganda.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design and Study Setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2025 and involved selected primary schools in Kampala, Uganda. The study included both public and private schools, with representation from at least four of the five divisions that make up Kampala city: Rubaga, Kawempe, Central Division, and Nakawa Division. Kampala was chosen because it is the most diverse district in the country, reflecting a mix of social and economic backgrounds. Although the total number of children attending primary schools in Kampala varies by source, unpublished reports from the Kampala Capital City Authority indicate that approximately 123,134 children were registered in public primary schools by 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Population and Sample\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildren aged 10\u0026ndash;14 years attending primary schools in Kampala were included in the study. According to Ugandan education standards, this age group corresponds to primary four through primary seven. We aimed to enrol 500 children from four primary schools (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 public and 1 private). This sample size was chosen to provide adequate power to detect small to moderate effects commonly observed in school-based psychology and education research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. We used quota sampling, where each participating school served as a quota, and within each school, all children who met the 10\u0026ndash;14 years criteria were contacted. However, only those whose parents consented and who assented were involved in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasurement and Study Procedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected using the Youth Self-Report (YSR: Achenbach \u0026amp; Rescorla, 2001), a paper-and-pencil screening tool for emotional and behavioural problems in youths aged 11 to 18 years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The YSR comprises 112 items, some of which are open-ended and others scored on a 3-point Likert scale: 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Not true, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Somewhat or sometimes true, and 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Very true or often true. These are organised into eight syndrome scales: anxious-depressed, withdrawal/depressed, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, rule-breaking behaviour, and aggressive behaviour. These syndrome scales are further categorised into internalising problems (including anxious-depressed, somatic complaints, and withdrawal/depressed) and externalising problems (covering rule-breaking and aggressive behaviour). Both internalising and externalising problems are combined to generate the overall problem score.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe YSR score is categorised into three groups: Internalising and Externalising (Borderline\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60\u0026ndash;63, Clinical\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;63), Total Problems (Borderline\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60\u0026ndash;63, Clinical\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;63), and Syndrome scores (Borderline\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65\u0026ndash;69, Clinical\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;69). In this study, the categories were revised to two: Normal and Clinical (including borderline cases). After obtaining ethics approval, we contacted the Directorate of Education and Social Services at Kampala Capital City Authority for administrative approval to conduct the study within Kampala. Upon approval, we piloted the YSR with a sample of 30 children aged 10\u0026ndash;14 years, selected from a public school not part of the study. This was then followed by reaching out to individual schools that were part of the study for administrative approval. Using school registries, the participating schools identified children aged 10\u0026ndash;14 years. The children were briefed about the study, and their assent to participate was obtained. Those who agreed were given consent forms to take to their parents or caregivers. Only participants who returned signed consent forms were allowed to complete the questionnaire, which was conducted on school premises in the presence of teachers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analysed at three levels using STATA Version 15. For univariate analysis, frequency distributions and percentages were used to describe respondents' characteristics. For bivariate analysis, Pearson\u0026rsquo;s chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between potential independent variables and the dependent variables. All potential independent variables with a significant association (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) with the dependent variable were included in further analysis. For multivariate analysis, a logistic regression model was employed, with a significance level set at 5%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outcome variables were children's behavioural problems, categorised as internalising, externalising, and total problems (a combination of both). These refer to summary scales derived from the ASEBA: Youth Self-Report (YSR) for assessing behaviours. The outcome variables were recorded as binary, with a child classified as either Normal or Clinical. Children with T-scores of 60 and above on the tool were considered Clinical, while those with T-scores below 60 were considered normal. The independent variables in this study included the children\u0026rsquo;s demographic characteristics, such as gender, age, and religion, as well as school-related factors, including their current class/grade and school type (public vs. private).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics of the study participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 476 children participated in the study. The targeted sample size was 500; however, 24 children were excluded because their parents declined to provide consent. 56% of participants were female, most of whom were in primary six (53.6%) at the time of data collection. The highest proportion (44.5%) was aged 12\u0026ndash;13 years. Additionally, 79.2% identified as Christians, and 56.5% attended a private school. See Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClass/Grade\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary four\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary five\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary six\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary seven\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;11 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;13 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSchool type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe prevalence of symptoms and behavioural problems among children aged 10–14 years\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e show that school children in Kampala exhibit clinical behavioural problems that require urgent attention. Of the 476 children in the study, 346 (72.7%) reported clinical levels of anxious or depressed symptoms, indicating worry and sadness. A total of 312 (65.5%) showed clinical levels of social withdrawal, depression symptoms, and somatic complaints, respectively. Additionally, 305 (64.1%) reported difficulties in social interactions, and 277 (58.2%) reported unusual experiences such as strange ideas and problems (thought problems). Conversely, most children indicated that they had never experienced difficulties with concentration and focus (attention problems), displayed delinquent and defiant behaviours (rule-breaking behaviour), or exhibited hostile and aggressive behaviours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, 64.1% of school children in the study exhibited clinical behavioural problems, with internalising problems being the most common (74%) as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of behavioural problems among children 11\u0026ndash;14 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioural symptom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxious / Depressed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e356\u003cb\u003e(72.7)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithdrawn / Depressed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164(34.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312\u003cb\u003e(65.5)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSomatic complaints\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164(34.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312\u003cb\u003e(65.5)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171(35.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305\u003cb\u003e(64.1)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThought problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199(41.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277\u003cb\u003e(58.2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttention problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003cb\u003e(71.4)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136(28.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRule-breaking behaviour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e343\u003cb\u003e(72.1)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133(27.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAggressive behaviour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003cb\u003e(51.9)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229(48.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*Internalising problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124(26.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e352\u003cb\u003e(74.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*Externalising problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283\u003cb\u003e(59.5)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193(40.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*Total problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171(35.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305\u003cb\u003e(64.1)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCorrelates of behavioural problems among school children aged 10–14 years in Kampala\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the bivariate analysis, the respondent's gender was significantly associated with the display of anxious/depressed symptoms, indicating worry and sadness (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.000), experiencing thought problems (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.000), and engaging in rule-breaking behaviours (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.021). Additionally, the respondent's religion was significantly associated with the experience of somatic problems (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.045), the class or grade of study was associated with display of attention problems (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.049), and age also significantly associated with the display of aggressive behaviours (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.034). Details are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, only the class or grade of study and age were significantly associated with behavioural categorisation. The class or grade of study was significantly related to the overall experience of clinical problems (Total problems, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.049), while the child's age was associated with the presentation of externalising problems (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.010) and the overall experience of total problems (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.019), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with behavioural symptoms among children 10\u0026ndash;14 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxious / Depressed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithdrawn/ Depressed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSomatic problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(34.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158(65.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(34.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158(65.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(35.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155(64.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85(35.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156(64.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.763\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188(80.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(34.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154(65.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(33.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157(66.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86(36.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149(63.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClass\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary four\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(43.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(56.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.548\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(56.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(43.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary five\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(23.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130(76.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(35.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(64.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(33.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113(66.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(32.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115(67.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary six\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(29.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181(70.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87(34.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168(65.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88(34.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167(65.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(37.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159(62.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary seven\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(76.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(23.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(76.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(29.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(70.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(29.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(70.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;11 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64(32.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(67.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(38.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123(61.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(32.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134(67.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(38.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123(61.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;13 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(24.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160(75.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(33.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141(66.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(34.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138(65.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(33.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141(66.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(21.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(78.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(26.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(73.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(38.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(61.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(36.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(63.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104(27.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273(72.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129(34.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248(65.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125(33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252(66.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.045\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139(36.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238(63.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(24.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(75.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(31.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53(68.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(33.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(66.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(28.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(71.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(31.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(68.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(59.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(40.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(45.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSchool\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(23.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159(76.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(31.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141(68.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80(38.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127(61.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(31.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141(68.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(30.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187(69.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171(63.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(31.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185(68.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105(39.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164(60.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVariables\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThough problems\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAttention problems\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRule-breaking problems\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAggressive behaviour\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122(50.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119(49.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.000\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178(73.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(26.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185(76.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.021\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131(54.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(45.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(32.77)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158(67.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162(68.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(31.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158(67.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(32.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116(49.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119(50.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClass\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary four\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(62.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(62.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e049\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(81.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(18.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(68.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(31.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary five\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(45.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93(54.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123(71.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(28.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124(72.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(27.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93(54.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(45.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary six\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176(69.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79(30.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182(71.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73(28.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129(50.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126(49.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary seven\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(26.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(73.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(91.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(8.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(70.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(29.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(41.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(58.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;11 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(44.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(55.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140(70.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(29.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152(76.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(23.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115(57.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(42.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.034\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;13 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(42.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122(57.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151(71.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(28.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149(70.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(29.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(30.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(69.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(75.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(24.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(64.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(35.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153(40.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224(59.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268(71.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109(28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276(73.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.289\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201(53.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176(46.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(42.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(57.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55(71.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(28.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(64.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(35.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(42.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(57.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(59.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(40.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(77.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(22.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(77.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(22.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(59.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(40.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSchool\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85(41.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122(58.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.773\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147(71.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148(71.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(28.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100(48.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107(51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114(42.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155(57.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193(71.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(28.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195(72.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(27.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147(54.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122(45.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e**\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with behavioural problems among children 10\u0026ndash;14 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternalizing problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternalizing problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.488\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClass\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary four\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.049**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary five\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary six\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary seven\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;11 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.010**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.019**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;13 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSchool\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e**\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults from a multivariate logistic regression showed that male children report higher levels of clinical anxiety/depression, indicating more worry and sadness (OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.97, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.00), thought problems (OR 1.98, 95% CI: 1.35, 2.91, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.00), and rule-breaking behaviour (OR 1.53, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.35, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05) than females. Additionally, children who reported \u0026lsquo;other\u0026rsquo; as their religious affiliation, which is outside the mainstream religions in Uganda, reported more clinical somatic problems than those in mainstream religions (OR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.74, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Finally, children aged 14 years reported more clinical aggressive behaviours compared to other ages (OR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.21, 3.91, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01) as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Furthermore, a multivariate analysis comparing risk factors to behavioural categorization showed that children in Primary five and Primary six, respectively, experience higher clinical levels of total problems than those in Primary seven and Primary four (OR 3.46, 95% CI: 1.09, 10.97, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, and OR 3.10, 95% CI: 1.00, 9.63, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). Similarly, children aged 12\u0026ndash;13 years\u0026rsquo; experience more clinical total problems compared to other age groups (OR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.71, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). Finally, regarding externalizing problems, older children\u0026mdash;specifically those aged 14 years and in the 12\u0026ndash;13 years age range\u0026mdash;report more clinical externalizing problems than the younger group aged 10\u0026ndash;11 years (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.35, 4.35, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, and OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.30, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05), as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of logistic regressions of the factors associated with behavioural symptoms among children 10\u0026ndash;14 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnxious/Depressed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSomatic problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThought problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttention problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.00**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26, 2.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.00\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35,2.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReligion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChristian (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuslims\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e01\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12,0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eClass\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary 4 (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cb\u003e01\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03,0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRule-breaking problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAggressive behaviour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale (ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.05\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01,2.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;11(ref)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.01\u003c/b\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21,3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e**\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of logistic regressions of the factors associated with behavioural problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternalizing problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternalizing problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary four (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary five\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.46**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary six\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.10**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary seven\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;11 years (ref.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;13 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.52**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.76**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.42**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e**\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with common behavioural problems among schoolchildren aged 10\u0026ndash;14 years in Uganda. Overall, the prevalence of behavioural problems was high at 64.1%, with more internalising problems than externalising ones. The most common behavioural symptoms included anxious/depressed states, withdrawal, and somatic complaints. A child's gender, age, and class in school were the most common risk factors associated with these behavioural problems. Although some Ugandan-based studies have examined behavioural problems in children with underlying medical conditions, to our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the prevalence of behavioural problems among school-aged children in a non-clinical population in Uganda, making a unique contribution to the literature and practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA high prevalence of behavioural problems among children in Uganda is probably due to the country's socio-economic conditions and environmental factors, both at home and in the community. Poverty prevents children from accessing basic needs, including proper nutrition and recreation. Additionally, poverty destabilises families, which can negatively affect a child\u0026rsquo;s psychological health. Many children come from single-parent households, are exposed to harsh parenting, and, with numerous children at home, parental warmth is often limited. Furthermore, child-focused psychosocial programs are almost non-existent, not even in schools. The situation in Uganda is similar to other developing contexts. Our study findings are supported by several literature sources reporting a high prevalence of behavioural problems among school children in developing countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. In a related Ugandan study by Ssewamala (2023), living in abject poverty was identified as a leading factor affecting the mental health of children in Uganda. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, behavioural disorders and attention problems were identified to be common among school-aged children in South-western Uganda.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Prior research has also found that limited access to psychosocial support and guidance within school settings can exacerbate students\u0026rsquo; emotional distress, hinder coping strategies, and increase the risk of behavioural and academic problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, internalised problems were more severe than externalised ones. Children reported more inward-focused issues than outward issues. This finding illustrates the influence of context on psychological expression. While triggers for behavioural problems might be related across different settings, in high-context environments like Uganda, outward expressions of negative feelings such as anger or aggression are considered inappropriate, hence discouraged by adults. In this study, children reported on their own behavioural expressions; they might have been more comfortable mentioning internalising behaviours. In another study in Uganda, where teachers and house mothers were involved, they reported more externalising than internalising problem behaviours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the authoritative parenting style common in Uganda impacts children\u0026rsquo;s expressions and may promote more inward than outward expressions. Furthermore, with emotional difficulties often stigmatised and misunderstood, children may internalise problems rather than seek help for fear of being ridiculed, which further exacerbates the internalised problems. Our findings are consistent with those identified in other contexts. First, a Kenyan study found higher levels of internalised clinical problems than of externalised problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, a multi-country study conducted in sub-Saharan Africa that examined the correlates of internalised and externalised behaviours among school-aged children identified more internalising problems than externalising problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, some studies conducted in low and middle-income countries in Asia reported a high prevalence of externalised behavioural problems among school-aged children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], reflecting cultural differences even across LMICs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings from risk factors showed that older children report more behavioural problems than younger ones. Growth involves changes in thinking, physical traits, and social relationships. Older children in early adolescence not only experience physical changes that increase their anxiety but also develop a completely different view of the social environment. They begin to focus on things like the need to \u0026lsquo;fit in\u0026rsquo; and have a likeable social identity, which leads to peer pressure. These developmental changes can lead to behavioural problems. Also, as children grow, their world expands. They compare themselves to other children at home, school, and online. This wide range of comparisons creates unnecessary pressure, worsening behavioural issues. Our findings are in line with studies that found that older children aged 10\u0026ndash;14 years are more prone to behavioural and emotional problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], and studies that found that experience of behavioural symptoms shifts with age, and older children experience high levels of anxiety and depression due to developmental pressures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, literature indicates that adolescence is a stage for developing social and emotional habits for mental well-being, and the development process is associated with heightened experience of behavioural problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Our results, however, contrast with studies that have identified more problems and behavioural issues in young children than in older children, such as the Kenyan study by Magai (2018) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. It is important to note, however, that the results in this study were based on parents' reports, not children's self-reports. Parental reports might not accurately reflect how children truly feel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, males reported more behavioural problems than females, indicating a gender difference. This was observed in both internalising and externalising symptoms. The finding reflects social and cultural views of psychological experiences. In Ugandan society, as in other predominantly masculine settings, males are not expected to appear emotionally vulnerable or show weakness, and this identity is shaped early in childhood through social modelling. This mindset prevents males from seeking full healing or support when they struggle, which may explain why males, when given the opportunity, report more problems than females. Studies from other masculine societies also show similar results [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. The results, however, differ from studies that found girls to experience more behavioural and emotional problems due to their high emotional intensity and poor regulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. But these studies also acknowledge that boys tend to show more externalising symptoms such as aggression and rule-breaking. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The interaction between gender and the occurrence of behavioural problems may require further investigation to clarify the underlying pathways.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, although it might be expected that children in higher grades or classes have stayed longer in school, have better peer networks, and are more mature\u0026mdash;and therefore should report fewer behavioural problems\u0026mdash;the study results showed otherwise. Being in a higher grade in school had a higher odds of reporting behavioural problems. In addition to the earlier observation highlighting the association between age and behavioural problems, school pressures are also higher for those in higher classes. The school hours exceed ten, classwork is extensive, time for rest and physical exercise is limited, and academic expectations at school increase. Such life pressures can lead to behavioural problems. These findings are supported by a previous study that showed that high expectations of academic achievement among children in higher grades were associated with both internalising and externalising behavioural problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Also, children in higher grades/classes experience more frustration, unmet needs, and school pressures, which fuel behavioural problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths and limitations of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several strengths. First, it was conducted in Kampala, a diverse environment encompassing nearly all social, economic, and educational levels in Uganda. This enabled us to work with a more diverse sample, making it easier to generalise the results. Second, we recruited participants from both public and private schools, thereby balancing background variables. Although the type of school attended was not linked to any behavioural issues, recruiting from both settings provided a balanced representation and increased the credibility of the findings. Third, we used the Youth Self Report (YSR) to gather data. The YSR is a globally recognised tool for assessing behavioural problems in children. Using a standardised instrument enhanced the quality of the data, the results, and the conclusions. Finally, the total number of participants was 476, providing a solid basis for valid conclusions and generalisations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study also had some limitations, which suggest exercising caution when interpreting the results. First, because data were collected only from children attending schools in Kampala, they may not fully reflect behavioural problems among school-aged children across Uganda. Kampala, as the capital, might reflect families with slightly higher socioeconomic status, but environmental and economic factors also influence behavioural issues. Nonetheless, the public schools involved were located in slum areas, indicating high-poverty environments. Second, although the YSR is recommended for use with 11- to 18-year-olds, we included children as young as 10, which could affect the results. However, other studies have also used the YSR with children younger than 11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed a high prevalence of behavioural problems among school-aged children in Uganda and emphasises the need for immediate action. Children reported more internalising problems, which raises further concerns because much emotional baggage remains unshared and unresolved, yet it affects their mental health, school performance, and overall growth and development. Boys reported greater vulnerability across all issues, indicating a need for their priority. Since children spend a significant amount of time at school, and it can serve as an ideal environment for targeted psychosocial support, school-based programs focusing on both internalised and externalised problems among children should be implemented.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and informed consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Mildmay Research Ethics Committee in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol number for this approval is MUREC-202-792. The study also received clearance from the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (SS3757ES). Because the study involved minors, we obtained written informed consent from parents and oral assent from children before participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article as supplementary files named “Data sets”.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study received financial support from the AfriChild Centre in Kampala, Uganda to support data collection.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKM conceptualised the study, led the study team, and participated in writing the manuscript. DO supervised and guided manuscript writing and data collection. DAC analysed the data. SM headed data collection and participated in drafting the manuscript. RN collected data and participated in the analysis. YR collected data and undertook data cleaning. BN wrote the proposal and participated in manuscript writing. CN collected data. LKM supported data analysis and writing up results. YN coordinated the project. CK participated in proposal writing and reviewed the manuscript. HMM, proofread the manuscript. DO identified funds supporting data collection and also edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was conducted with support from The AfriChild Centre, as part of the Interuniversity Child-Focused Research Methods Training and Mentorship Programme. The authors also wish to thank the head teachers in the participating schools for granting access, as well as the children who provided data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCDC. Children\u0026apos;s mental health 2005 [Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/children-mental-health/about/about-behavior-or-conduct-problems-in-children.html.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThomas DE, Bierman KL. The impact of classroom aggression on the development of aggressive behavior problems in children. Dev Psychopathol. 2006;18(2):471-87.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMentalHealth.com. Types of Behavioral Disorders 2025 [Available from: https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/behavioral-disorders#.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNikstat A, Riemann R. On the etiology of internalizing and externalizing problem behavior: A twin-family study. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0230626.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGupta AK, Mongia M, Garg AK. A descriptive study of behavioral problems in schoolgoing children. Ind Psychiatry J. 2017;26(1):91-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMa J, Mahat P, Br\u0026oslash;ndbo PH, Handeg\u0026aring;rd BH, Kvernmo S, Javo AC. Parent reports of children\u0026apos;s emotional and behavioral problems in a low- and middle- income country (LMIC): An epidemiological study of Nepali schoolchildren. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255596.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKariuki SM, Abubakar A, Kombe M, Kazungu M, Odhiambo R, Stein A, et al. Burden, risk factors, and comorbidities of behavioural and emotional problems in Kenyan children: a population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(2):136-45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuaqing Qi C, Kaiser A. Behavior Problems of Preschool Children From Low-Income Families. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education. 2003;23(4).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeisch V, Breslend NL, Jones DJ, MacFarlane M, Forehand R. Young Children with Behavior Disorders in Low-Income Families: The Role of Clinic Observations in the Assessment of Parenting. Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017;2(3-4):201-11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJosias KS, Bangirana P, Rujumba J, Kakooza-Mwesige A. Prevalence and factors associated with behavioural problems in children with epilepsy attending Mulago hospital, Uganda: A cross-sectional study. Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy. 2021;88:109-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKivumbi A, Byansi W, Damulira C, Namatovu P, Mugisha J, Sensoy Bahar O, et al. Prevalence of behavioral disorders and attention deficit/hyperactive disorder among school going children in Southwestern Uganda. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):105.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFabbri C, Powell-Jackson T, Leurent B, Rodrigues K, Shayo E, Barongo V, et al. School violence, depression symptoms, and school climate: a cross-sectional study of Congolese and Burundian refugee children. Conflict and Health. 2022;16(1):42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMagai DN, Malik JA, Koot HM. Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children and Adolescents in Central Kenya. Child Psychiatry \u0026amp; Human Development. 2018;49(4):659-71.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSun H-L, He F, Rao W-W, Qi Y, Rao S-Y, Ho TI, et al. Gender differences in behavioral and emotional problems among school children and adolescents in China: National survey findings from a comparative network perspective. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2025;369:227-33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim J, McCullough ME, Cicchetti D. Parents\u0026apos; and Children\u0026apos;s Religiosity and Child Behavioral Adjustment among Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Children. J Child Fam Stud. 2009;18(5):594-605.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElzamzamy K, Naveed S, Dell ML. Religion, spirituality, and pediatric mental health: a scoping review of research on religion and spirituality in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry from 2000 to 2023. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1472629.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAchenbach TM, \u0026amp; Rescorla, L.A,. Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms \u0026amp; Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, \u0026amp; Families. 2001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSsewamala FM, Brathwaite R, Sensoy Bahar O, Namatovu P, Neilands TB, Kiyingi J, et al. The Post-intervention Impact of Amaka Amasanyufu on Behavioral and Mental Health Functioning of Children and Adolescents in Low-Resource Communities in Uganda: Analysis of a Cluster-Randomized Trial From the SMART Africa-Uganda Study (2016\u0026ndash;2022). Journal of Adolescent Health. 2023;72(5, Supplement):S3-S10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eByansi W, Namatovu P, Bahar OS, Kiyingi J, Nabayinda J, Mwebembezi A, et al. Family-level correlates of disruptive behavior challenges among children in Southwestern Uganda. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2022;140.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOjiambo D, Bratton SC. Effects of group activity play therapy on problem behaviors of preadolescent Ugandan orphans. Journal of Counseling \u0026amp; Development. 2014;92(3):355-65.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShinde S, Perumal N, Vandormael A, Tadesse AW, Mwanyika-Sando M, Baernighausen T, et al. Correlates of internalizing and externalizing problems among school-going young adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. Matern Child Nutr. 2025;21 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):e13492.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOgundele MO. Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief overview for paediatricians. World J Clin Pediatr. 2018;7(1):9-26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS\u0026oslash;rlie M-A, Hagen KA, Nordahl KB. Development of social skills during middle childhood: Growth trajectories and school-related predictors. International Journal of School \u0026amp; Educational Psychology. 2021;9(sup1):S69-S87.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Mental health of adolescenets 2025 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health#:.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLevkovich I, Yatzkar U, Shenaar-Golan V. Age and Gender Differences in Emotional and Behavioral Functioning Among Youth Referred to a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic at a Public Hospital. Children (Basel). 2025;12(6).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoon Y, Eisenstadt M, Lereya ST, Deighton J. Gender difference in the change of adolescents\u0026apos; mental health and subjective wellbeing trajectories. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023;32(9):1569-78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDias P, Ver\u0026iacute;ssimo L, Carneiro A, Figueiredo B. Academic achievement and emotional and behavioural problems: The moderating role of gender. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2022;27(4):1184-96.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Aacute;lvaro Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Mora1, Pilar Fornell, Yolanda S\u0026aacute;nchez-Sandoval. Emotional and Behavioural Symptoms in Adolescents: Age, Sex, and Psychosocial Risk. Psicologia Educativa. 2025;31(1):11-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Psychology](https://www.springer.com/44202)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Psychology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Behavioural problems, Prevalence, Mental health, Children, Uganda","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8403520/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8403520/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioural problems are common among school-aged children in low-resource environments. These issues impact children's mental health, academic performance, and overall growth and development. Understanding the scope of these problems will help guide the implementation of support programmes. Although it is widely recognised that behavioural problems are common among children in Uganda, their true prevalence remains largely unknown, which hampers prioritising support efforts. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with common behavioural problems among children in Kampala.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a cross-sectional survey of 476 primary school children aged 10\u0026ndash;14 years from four primary schools in Kampala, Uganda, between March and June 2025, using the Youth Self-Report. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to determine prevalence, while Pearson's chi-square test and logistic regression were used to identify associated factors at the 5% significance level. Overall, 64% of school-aged children exhibited behavioural problems, with 74% showing higher clinical levels of internalising issues. The most common behavioural symptoms were anxious/depressed (72.6%), followed by withdrawn/depressed (65.5%) and somatic complaints (65.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that gender, age, and school class were strongly associated with behavioural problems. Being male was associated with higher odds of reporting anxiety/depression (AOR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.26\u0026ndash;2.99, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.00), thought problems (AOR 1. 98, 95% CI: 1.35\u0026ndash;2.91, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.00), and rule- breaking behaviours (AOR 1. 53, 95% CI: 1.01\u0026ndash;2.32, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). Older children showed higher rates of aggressive behaviours (AOR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.21\u0026ndash;3.91, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Additionally, being in primary five and six was associated with increased odds of total behavioural problems (AOR 3.46, 95% CI: 1.09\u0026ndash;10.97, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05) and (AOR 3.10, 95% CI: 1.00- 9.63, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, behavioural problems are prevalent among school children in Uganda, with most at a clinical level, underscoring the need for immediate interventions. Boys should be prioritised when implementing support programmes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Prevalence and Factors Associated with Behavioural Problems among Primary School Children in Uganda","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-21 10:50:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8403520/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-26T11:39:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-25T09:00:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"244867087952817280345289155416968377812","date":"2026-02-16T08:06:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-10T12:36:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"126707849943737556376791077816523931287","date":"2026-01-26T11:50:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"187631450268702583533897716337368395066","date":"2026-01-26T04:12:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-25T19:06:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"296460471489546433602844390178649294530","date":"2026-01-25T19:01:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"52678370895531855449947518935210348438","date":"2026-01-25T17:12:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T11:07:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-06T13:53:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-02T12:34:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-31T12:10:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Psychology","date":"2025-12-31T12:03:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Psychology](https://www.springer.com/44202)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Psychology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0e615dc0-1be5-4e9f-895c-d9cc372480ae","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 21st, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-18T13:08:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-21 10:50:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8403520","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8403520","identity":"rs-8403520","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}