Achieving higher efficiency in solar panels using gold nanosphere arrays in structure of Grated CdS and especial materials

Achieving higher efficiency in solar panels using gold nanosphere arrays in structure of Grated CdS and especial materials | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Achieving higher efficiency in solar panels using gold nanosphere arrays in structure of Grated CdS and especial materials Sasan Kianjo, Amir Saman Nooramin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7488719/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The global energy crisis and urgency of transitioning to clean, sustainable energy sources have spurred advancements in solar cell technologies. This work presents a high-efficiency polymer solar cell with the architecture ZnO/CdS/PTB7:PC71BM/Au(NPs)/ZnWO\textsubscript{4}/Au. The key components include CdS (ETL), ZnWO\textsubscript{4}(HTL), PTB7:PC71BM (polymer absorber layer), Au (back- metal contact), and Au Nanoparticles (Au NPs). The structure leverages near-infrared (NIR) absorption (650–1100 nm) through gold nanoparticles, thereby enhancing the performance. CdS was chosen for its superior carrier mobility and conductivity, while ZnWO\textsubscript{4} provides high hole mobility. PTB7:PC71BM further contributes exceptional optical and electrical properties, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 44.02%. Various polymer solar cells and other approaches, such as color sensitive solar cells (DSSCs), quantum dot, multi-junction cells, and incorporating amorphous silicon (a–Si:H), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and cadmium telluride (CdTe) into solar cells were explored, but challenges like limited light absorption, high carrier recombination, and lower efficiencies ($<$30%) persisted, particularly in the NIR and visible spectra. This innovative architecture addresses these limitations, achieving significant advancements in solar energy conversion efficiency. CdS gratings PTB7:PC71BM double-layer Au Nanoparticles (Au NPs) plasmonic and organic solar cell PCE Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7488719","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":523797714,"identity":"2afa04e1-d44b-4503-a5e7-75eca1f00aaa","order_by":0,"name":"Sasan Kianjo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Iran University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sasan","middleName":"","lastName":"Kianjo","suffix":""},{"id":523797715,"identity":"a6db83de-1af0-4e3d-818c-3af8a5e912ef","order_by":1,"name":"Amir Saman Nooramin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIie3OoQrCQBzH8f8Qlv5zdTDZXuGOgdEXsUwGJtcFg0tn8QFWxFfwAQz/cWFlduNAMBm2vuCJGAzetBnu2/7w+3AHYDL9czYMiF4Hfd69ETtWS/YDAcDHnPXv3Mwp6vY4mQ79bSux68DdkCWXGuLRMOH5NUnF6HSQjmDgVTEUle4ZwrGPNEiFlyqSqY+dAYpMI8InWSuyqNXHGIR9hD2JfBCQaDNgfYQTRjynUpE5K3YiQl7NMi0JCHnd0Crd58mluXVBEJRStjoCYf1+I4ClBSaTyWT6ojsMy0zgjdBrsQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Iran University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amir","middleName":"Saman","lastName":"Nooramin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-29 12:38:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7488719/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7488719/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92688995,"identity":"c2a89f92-3076-4911-a0d0-bf508f598429","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-03 04:02:28","extension":"json","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"527efe54154241f6a7d68fe9b9b78206.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7488719/v1/ca0cc49d65cefda7f4f459aa.json"},{"id":92730419,"identity":"c0c22065-502a-449e-9405-d566240ba136","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-03 15:38:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":822076,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"DA.sc.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7488719/v1_covered_c6a50690-3dc6-427d-a683-545112f13da0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Achieving higher efficiency in solar panels using gold nanosphere arrays in structure of Grated CdS and especial materials","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CdS gratings, PTB7:PC71BM, double-layer Au Nanoparticles (Au NPs), plasmonic and organic solar cell, PCE, Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7488719/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7488719/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The global energy crisis and urgency of transitioning to clean, sustainable energy sources have spurred advancements in solar cell technologies. 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