Neural hierarchical models of ecological populations

Neural networks are increasingly being used in science to infer hidden dynamics of natural systems from noisy observations, a task typically handled by hierarchical models in ecology. This paper describes a class of hierarchical models parameterized by neural networks: neural hierarchical models. The derivation of such models analogizes the relationship between regression and neural networks. A case study is developed for a neural dynamic occupancy model of North American bird populations, trained on millions of detection/non-detection time series for hundreds of species, providing insights into colonization and extinction at a continental scale. Flexible models are increasingly needed that scale to large data and represent ecological processes. Neural hierarchical models satisfy this need, providing a bridge between deep learning and ecological modeling that combines the function representation power of neural networks with the inferential capacity of hierarchical models.