Optimal Inertia Trading for Frequency Stability in Renewable-Rich Interconnected Grids: A Python–MATLAB Co- Simulation Approach

Optimal Inertia Trading for Frequency Stability in Renewable-Rich Interconnected Grids: A Python–MATLAB Co- Simulation Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimal Inertia Trading for Frequency Stability in Renewable-Rich Interconnected Grids: A Python–MATLAB Co- Simulation Approach Rajesh Kumar, Dipali Sarvate, Vipin Kumar, Meena Kumari, Aman Ganesh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7726290/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract As renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar continue to displace conventional synchronous generation, the power grid is facing a critical challenge: the steady loss of inertia. Lower inertia makes frequency more sensitive to sudden imbalances, leading to deeper nadirs, slower recovery, and greater risk of instability. Conventional load frequency control (LFC) cannot fully address these challenges, and while many studies explore new control strategies, few combine real-world inertia data, market signals, and dynamic optimization into a single framework.This paper introduces a Python–MATLAB co-simulation approach for inertia trading , designed to bridge this gap. Using inertia.csv data from National Grid ESO, we quantify how often outturn inertia falls short of market-provided values and flag unstable periods below 120 GVA·s. Auction results are analyzed to rank providers and reveal the true cost of securing inertia, while Indian renewable datasets track long-term penetration trends at national and state levels.Dynamic simulations in MATLAB/Simulink then evaluate three cases: (i) a conventional nominal-inertia system, (ii) a low-inertia RES-integrated system, and (iii) an optimized system after inertia trading using Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) . The optimized case shows clear benefits—frequency nadirs improve from − 0.20 Hz to − 0.08 Hz, tie-line deviations are limited to ± 0.05 p.u., and settling time is cut nearly in half.These results suggest that market-based inertia procurement, combined with GWO-optimized dynamic control, offers a practical path to restoring stability in renewable-dominated grids . The proposed framework provides both operators and policymakers with a realistic testbed for designing future inertia markets. Inertia trading load frequency control renewable integration Grey Wolf Optimization co-simulation ancillary services Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7726290","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":530302152,"identity":"a577d05d-5166-4387-9c27-de1a18d78934","order_by":0,"name":"Rajesh Kumar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAy0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACHjBpw8AG4TKDETFa0kjXchjGJaiegcG854zphp97zufxsXenfWCosE5sYOc9gFeLzNkes5s9z24Xs/Gc3TyD4Ux6YgMzXwJeLRL8PGY3eA7cTmyTyN3MwNh2GKiFx4Cglpt/DpxLbJN/C9TyjxgtvD1mt3kOHADawgvU0kCMFp5jZbdlDiQD/QJ0WMKxdOM2wlqSt918c8AuT7797GaGDzXWsv38Z/BrgYEEOMlGlHq4llEwCkbBKBgF2AAAputATttYTKYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Prestige Institute of Engineering Management \u0026 Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rajesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":530302153,"identity":"c6c72e68-4c31-447b-a5fc-d5098d638c46","order_by":1,"name":"Dipali Sarvate","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Prestige Institute of Engineering Management \u0026 Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dipali","middleName":"","lastName":"Sarvate","suffix":""},{"id":530302154,"identity":"9e0fe076-dd81-4d52-9e97-4b08254fe206","order_by":2,"name":"Vipin Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maharshi Dayanand University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vipin","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":530302155,"identity":"5c41fea0-88dc-4908-b9b1-4166a9aaa1f8","order_by":3,"name":"Meena Kumari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Maharshi Dayanand University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meena","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumari","suffix":""},{"id":530302156,"identity":"6bea091c-f8a4-4292-931d-81b17598b327","order_by":4,"name":"Aman Ganesh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aman","middleName":"","lastName":"Ganesh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-27 06:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7726290/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7726290/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93650766,"identity":"0638f9fa-c255-4c55-8010-b8ba418a63de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3592550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"InertiaTradingFrequencyRevised.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/12c1032ec18ad62fa955382f.docx"},{"id":93651781,"identity":"2f0665d3-0f29-40c5-a08a-1f2df2fec51c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:57:35","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"91077cc99f634099bffb92e004246f3c.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/663c944a64e4370f1ba17bfb.json"},{"id":93651078,"identity":"ceae2e1f-43f2-44c8-95c1-06da844fc242","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:49:35","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":134478,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"91077cc99f634099bffb92e004246f3c1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/d3acda39dcfa17169681ddd6.xml"},{"id":93650759,"identity":"c0b507d8-7e2e-4f8d-8c27-8e3b9d8f4574","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/e97a1c6d61ebb1c2fb02f93e.png"},{"id":93650762,"identity":"68a42672-e554-40b3-acdb-6d64a99e3580","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":168095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/3595764fe590037305bb59ee.png"},{"id":93650760,"identity":"61aa0d95-8fce-45ac-9bfd-ff48f439bee9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187063,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/d2a5e9e67a36437234cc067f.png"},{"id":93651079,"identity":"5ef2fee4-8c29-4a1f-b242-27bc5687b035","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:49:35","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":216571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/5739fca9e66995ce695960f3.png"},{"id":93651782,"identity":"f78bc3ce-6de9-4270-bb1a-5c2fc810407f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:57:35","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":258810,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/4d952d060b9a17f2bbdbd512.png"},{"id":93650765,"identity":"e098e1ef-d15b-4d75-8912-95caa91c29f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":404525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/f719922653cd58b04f6c4ae4.png"},{"id":93651083,"identity":"bebb98b9-5f87-408d-b21d-63fffb39ea78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:49:35","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":251276,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/bae9942afb4954ad9547bae4.png"},{"id":93650769,"identity":"d9e4312a-8e36-45be-ae2e-5143a07e9471","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":243539,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/9cc5cc147a52f97416030744.png"},{"id":93650773,"identity":"58ced33b-bfe5-475d-8627-9b437f9da287","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1308619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/f3f741158c8c86674f066b87.png"},{"id":93651783,"identity":"f1f5d95e-d09b-4fd4-a4ef-7918374cdacf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:57:35","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":201428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/f7ab91d89595be2a113a216d.png"},{"id":93650781,"identity":"b69776d1-a21a-4eb8-a127-d25d58eb32c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":351679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/686b87c2c6607775f630da14.jpeg"},{"id":93651085,"identity":"6445bc08-fd82-43d1-a1a0-40efc18cacd3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:49:35","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18652,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/ca209404d47721ce789ce2fa.png"},{"id":93650771,"identity":"f365553e-c0e4-4666-a58d-90ff52f07ce4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37637,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/b11b50cd7d09b869251cf1c9.png"},{"id":93650780,"identity":"93a3d3b1-7b36-44be-b2a8-b66faaf808d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31561,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/66c183e05089a5b46dec40c0.png"},{"id":93650784,"identity":"d8aec422-56b3-4888-83ef-84cd180a8d8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42848,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/675d62f33d2f859f2631b136.png"},{"id":93651081,"identity":"b5352c72-d626-48ab-a503-31215ec5753e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:49:35","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/d573499d7a11e10840f7f04e.png"},{"id":93650778,"identity":"3fecc1bc-3803-4ebc-89a2-54a7feba1a36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":85265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/badb1f8f70bd3a2f5707b65c.png"},{"id":93651972,"identity":"3aec10ef-ad86-43ef-b14c-180235eeeca9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 06:05:35","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43481,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/7c6e920d135a782461cc0a13.png"},{"id":93650772,"identity":"8cfde910-12ea-4b8c-94f1-6cd1ecc73f7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50572,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/9d9d64ca24cfd7c3dd7b32e5.png"},{"id":93650782,"identity":"d1b03064-369d-480b-9f48-e53ff32f0db0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52191,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/fd198b9062306de94520f624.png"},{"id":93651088,"identity":"d43c6fae-0c04-44b5-af5c-94b50fefe58d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:49:35","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33818,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/e99098b764f7006fd59b1c59.png"},{"id":93651084,"identity":"4875eeb8-96e8-4e12-a614-c2461bfdea60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:49:35","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60652,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/c65e4e46e57f462bb27b69c3.png"},{"id":93650783,"identity":"251a2c30-4e9e-4577-a55d-fff2ed0ba10b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:35","extension":"xml","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":132423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"91077cc99f634099bffb92e004246f3c1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/bba9960bded015ea8a3a8efb.xml"},{"id":93650785,"identity":"8d9a6c7b-34ba-4332-ace4-a089affb510e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-16 05:41:36","extension":"html","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1/c365f0114ee5f73b8487c5e5.html"},{"id":99770091,"identity":"910a36a1-2c2a-4689-8995-f609f6bbcbe7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 08:41:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1433290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"InertiaTradingFrequencyRevised.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7726290/v1_covered_52fd26de-c35f-4cfe-b278-1b15cac28bfb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Optimal Inertia Trading for Frequency Stability in Renewable-Rich Interconnected Grids: A Python–MATLAB Co- Simulation Approach","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Inertia trading, load frequency control, renewable integration, Grey Wolf Optimization, co-simulation, ancillary services","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7726290/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7726290/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAs renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar continue to displace conventional synchronous generation, the power grid is facing a critical challenge: the steady loss of inertia. Lower inertia makes frequency more sensitive to sudden imbalances, leading to deeper nadirs, slower recovery, and greater risk of instability. Conventional load frequency control (LFC) cannot fully address these challenges, and while many studies explore new control strategies, few combine real-world inertia data, market signals, and dynamic optimization into a single framework.This paper introduces a \u003cb\u003ePython\u0026ndash;MATLAB co-simulation approach for inertia trading\u003c/b\u003e, designed to bridge this gap. Using \u003cem\u003einertia.csv\u003c/em\u003e data from National Grid ESO, we quantify how often outturn inertia falls short of market-provided values and flag unstable periods below 120 GVA\u0026middot;s. Auction results are analyzed to rank providers and reveal the true cost of securing inertia, while Indian renewable datasets track long-term penetration trends at national and state levels.Dynamic simulations in MATLAB/Simulink then evaluate three cases: (i) a conventional nominal-inertia system, (ii) a low-inertia RES-integrated system, and (iii) an optimized system after inertia trading using \u003cb\u003eGrey Wolf Optimization (GWO)\u003c/b\u003e. The optimized case shows clear benefits\u0026mdash;frequency nadirs improve from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.20 Hz to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.08 Hz, tie-line deviations are limited to \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 p.u., and settling time is cut nearly in half.These results suggest that \u003cb\u003emarket-based inertia procurement, combined with GWO-optimized dynamic control, offers a practical path to restoring stability in renewable-dominated grids\u003c/b\u003e. The proposed framework provides both operators and policymakers with a realistic testbed for designing future inertia markets.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimal Inertia Trading for Frequency Stability in Renewable-Rich Interconnected Grids: A Python–MATLAB Co- Simulation Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-16 05:41:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7726290/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a0fc27fc-e59a-4745-b188-d8f75963bc9e","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-08T08:40:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-16 05:41:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7726290","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7726290","identity":"rs-7726290","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}