Repetition-controllable gain-managed nonlinear fiber amplifier enables ultrashort, multiphoton imaging with reduced photodamage

2026 · doi:10.64898/2026.04.22.720141
preprint OA: closed
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The paper describes a repetition-controllable gain-managed nonlinear fiber amplifier (GMNA) that produces near-infrared 50-fs pulses with up to 150 nJ pulse energy and tunable repetition rates from 1–20 MHz, maintaining stable pulse quality across the range. Using this laser source, the authors perform label-free multiphoton imaging in live cells, human lung spheroids, and hard tissues, demonstrating two- and three-photon autofluorescence, second/third-harmonic generation, and SLAM microscopy. They also report preliminary measurements of how laser repetition rate affects photodamage at fixed pulse energy, finding reduced photodamage at lower repetition rate. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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Abstract

1. We report a repetition-controllable gain-managed nonlinear fiber amplifier (GMNA) that delivers near-infrared 50-fs pulses with pulse energies up to 150 nJ and a widely tunable repetition rate from 1–20 MHz, while maintaining stable pulse quality across the full range. Using this source, we demonstrate label-free multiphoton imaging—including metabolic autofluorescence (2PF/3PF), second/third-harmonic generation, and Simultaneous Label-free Autofluorescence Multiharmonic (SLAM) microscopy imaging—across live cells, human lung spheroids, and hard tissues. We further assess the impact of laser repetition rate on photodamage at fixed pulse energy, supported by preliminary measurements indicating lower damage at lower repetition rate. Collectively, the compact architecture and repetition-rate agility of the GMNA enable real-time optimization of imaging speed, depth, and sample safety for advanced biological microscopy.
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1. Abstract We report a repetition-controllable gain-managed nonlinear fiber amplifier (GMNA) that delivers near-infrared 50-fs pulses with pulse energies up to 150 nJ and a widely tunable repetition rate from 1–20 MHz, while maintaining stable pulse quality across the full range. Using this source, we demonstrate label-free multiphoton imaging—including metabolic autofluorescence (2PF/3PF), second/third-harmonic generation, and Simultaneous Label-free Autofluorescence Multiharmonic (SLAM) microscopy imaging—across live cells, human lung spheroids, and hard tissues. We further assess the impact of laser repetition rate on photodamage at fixed pulse energy, supported by preliminary measurements indicating lower damage at lower repetition rate. Collectively, the compact architecture and repetition-rate agility of the GMNA enable real-time optimization of imaging speed, depth, and sample safety for advanced biological microscopy. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes ↵* James.Read{at}soton.ac.uk and Duanyang.Xu{at}soton.ac.uk

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