Dietary supplementation with full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae and multi-probiotics as a substitute for antibiotics improves the growth performance, gut health, and antioxidative capacity of weaned pigs

Dietary supplementation with full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae and multi-probiotics as a substitute for antibiotics improves the growth performance, gut health, and antioxidative capacity of weaned pigs | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Dietary supplementation with full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae and multi-probiotics as a substitute for antibiotics improves the growth performance, gut health, and antioxidative capacity of weaned pigs Pheeraphong Phaengphairee, Waewaree Boontiam, Alexandra Wealleans, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1829674/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Jan, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Veterinary Research → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: The widespread use of antibiotics (such as amoxicillin) in the food animal production industry has led to the proliferation of multi-antibiotic resistant pathogens. In this study, we examined whether dietary supplementation with full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; alone or in combination with multi-probiotics) is an effective alternative to dietary antibiotics in weaning piglets. We also tested the effects of these diets on growth performance, nutrient digestion, intestinal morphology, and oxidative stress in weaned pigs. A total of 80 crossbred piglets [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] were randomly allotted to four diet groups: positive control (PC) diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin; negative control (NC) diet without addition; BSFL12 diet (NC + 12% full-fat BSFL); and BSFL + Pro diet (BSFL + 0.1% multi-probiotics, including Bacillus subtilis , B. licheniformis , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). All groups had five replicates, with four piglets per replicate. Results: Dietary BSFL + Pro improved the final body weight, overall average daily gain, gain-to-feed ratio, and decreased the diarrhoea rate of piglets. Compared to the NC diet, the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro diets improved nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, and ether extract) and increased the serum levels of immunoglobulin A and glutathione peroxidase, while reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor alpha) and serum malondialdehyde. The relative weight of the spleen was significantly higher and cecum pH was significantly lower in pigs fed the BSFL + Pro diet than in those fed the NC diet. Pigs fed the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro diets had longer duodenal villi, a higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and shorter crypt depth. The BSFL + Pro diet also increased faecal Lactobacillu s spp. counts and reduced Escherichia coli counts compared with PC and NC, respectively. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with BSFL or BSFL + multi-probiotics can improve the growth performance and intestinal health of pigs, and may be an effective strategy to replace antibiotic supplementation in weaned pigs. Black soldier fly Bacillus probiotics antibiotic-free piglets gut health oxidative stress Background For several years, amoxicillin has been widely used to control post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. However, the excessive use of antimicrobials in food animal production has led to concerns regarding the spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Since 28 January 2022, the use of amoxicillin in the food animal production industry has been regulated within the European Union [ 1 ] To curb this escalating problem, the bioactive properties of full-fat back soldier fly larva (BSFL) and multi-strain probiotics (i.e., Bacillus subtilis , B. licheniformis , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) have been suggested as effective alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. The BSFL is an attractive protein source for monogastric animals, especially due to its high crude protein content (40.11%), ether extract (32.54%), essential amino acid profile (0.7% methionine, 2.3% lysine, and 1.8% arginine), and lauric acid content (64%) [ 2 , 3 ]. BSFL-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and chitin also inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria and activate immunity [ 4 , 5 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the BSFL can be used in diet formulations at a concentration of 4–8% without any detrimental effects on the growth performance of weanling pigs [ 6 ]. In addition, multi-strain probiotics are well-established to have better antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties than single-strain probiotics [ 7 , 8 ]. Recently, a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis -based probiotic has been shown to improve the growth performance of pigs and the nutrient digestibility of essential amino acids [ 9 ]. Moreover, the inclusion of up to 0.3% probiotic mixture improves the growth performance of weaning pigs, inhibits the growth of harmful microbes, and reduces faecal NH 3 emissions [ 10 ]. To our knowledge, few studies have examined how BSFL and multi-strain probiotics (alone or in combination), when used as substitutes for amoxicillin, affect growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and oxidative stress in weaned pigs. We hypothesized that when use in combination, BSFL and multi-strain probiotics would interact to improve the growth performance and gut health of weaned pigs compared to in-feed antibiotics. This would help mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance due to the escalating use of amoxicillin. Results Growth performance and diarrheal rate Compared to the negative control diet (NC; basal diet with no supplementation), the diet supplemented with BSFL and 0.1% multi-probiotics (BSFL + Pro) significantly improved the body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) of pigs by 11.27, 18.16, and 18.21%, respectively, during the experimental period ( P < 0.05; Table 3). However, the outcomes of the BSFL + Pro diet were comparable to those of the positive control diet (PC, basal diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin). The BSFL + Pro diet also reduced the diarrheal rate compared to NC ( P = 0.049). However, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was unaffected by dietary treatments during Phases I and II ( P > 0.05). Table 3 Effect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on growth performance and diarrheal rate in weaning pigs 1,2 Item Dietary treatment PC NC BSFL12 BSFL+ Pro SEM P - value D0-14 BW d0 (kg) 7.32 7.36 7.35 7.34 0.208 0.999 BW d15 (kg) 10.46 9.97 10.32 10.78 0.236 0.164 ADG (g) 224.68 186.57 212.28 245.86 13.563 0.056 ADFI (g) 389 392 387 403 11.742 0.788 G:F 0.581 0.476 0.550 0.613 0.039 0.137 D15-28 BW d29 (kg) 17.43 a 16.06 b 16.92 ab 17.87 a 0.297 0.006 ADG (g) 497.68 434.78 471.96 506.36 26.512 0.272 ADFI (g) 694 676 681 670 7.676 0.376 G:F 0.718 0.644 0.692 0.736 0.041 0.443 d0-28 ADG (g) 361.18 a 310.68 b 341.82 ab 376.11 a 11.996 0.013 ADFI (g) 541 534 534 546 5.604 0.374 G:F 0.668 a 0.582 b 0.641 ab 0.688 a 0.023 0.032 Diarrhoea rate (%) 5.42 b 12.58 a 6.83 ab 4.28 b 1.968 0.049 1 Abbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics 2 Values shows means of five replicates (pen) per treatment. a,b Values within a row not sharing common lowercase superscripts differ significantly ( P < 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility The apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTP) of dry matter (DM; P = 0.047), crude protein (CP; P = 0.022), and ethanol extract (EE; P = 0.019) in the BSFL12 (basal diet supplemented with 12% full-fat BSFL) and BSFL + Pro groups was significantly higher than that in the NC-fed group (Table 4), but comparable to that in the PC-fed group. However, there were no significant differences in the ATTP of total ash among dietary treatments ( P > 0.05). Table 4 Effect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the apparent total tract digestibility in weaning pigs 1,2 Item Dietary treatment SEM P - value PC NC BSFL12 BSFL+ Pro ATTP (%) Dry matter 88.20 ab 83.65 b 90.82 a 90.32 a 1.642 0.047 Crude protein 83.57 ab 77.39 b 87.51 a 86.72 a 1.995 0.022 Total ash 53.06 52.56 61.52 62.97 7.865 0.700 Ether extract 67.89 ab 57.64 b 79.32 a 75.06 a 3.987 0.019 1 Abbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics 2 Values shows means of five replicates (pen) per treatment. a,b Values within a row not sharing common lowercase superscripts differ significantly ( P < 0.05). Blood-related gut health and antioxidative stress The levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly higher in the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro groups than in the NC group, whereas the levels of interleukin-1β (IL1β) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower ( P < 0.05; Table 5). The levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were lower in the BSFL + Pro group than in the NC group ( P = 0.044). However, the dietary treatments did not affect total antioxidant capacity (TAC) or the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin-6 (IL6), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ( P > 0.05). Table 5 Effect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the blood-related gut health and antioxidative stress in weaning pigs 1,2 Dietary treatment Item PC NC BSFL12 BSFL+ Pro SEM P - value Gut health IgA (g/L) 0.77 ab 0.52 b 0.84 a 0.93 a 0.092 0.044 IgG (g/L) 17.68 bc 12.84 c 21.02 ab 25.79 a 2.013 0.005 IgM (g/L) 2.15 1.97 2.09 2.13 0.143 0.812 IL1β (pg/mL) 298.20 ab 343.97 a 274.96 b 243.13 b 20.777 0.031 IL6 (pg/mL) 132.79 144.67 123.15 116.21 10.687 0.309 TNFα (pg/mL) 52.84 ab 74.83 a 54.54 ab 39.13 b 7.695 0.044 TAC (U/mL) 10.32 8.48 13.64 12.86 2.431 0.447 SOD (U/mL) 68.13 51.46 78.32 89.38 8.775 0.055 GSH-Px (U/mL) 650.36 ab 552.65 b 878.98 a 886.66 a 78.977 0.024 MDA (nmol/mL) 7.51 ab 8.84 a 6.31 bc 5.39 c 0.568 0.006 1 Abbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics; IgA = immunoglobulin A; IgM = immunoglobulin M; IL1β = interleukine-1β; IL6 = interleukine-6; TNFα = tumor necrosis factor alpha; TAC = total antioxidant capacity; SOD = superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px = glutathione peroxidase; MDA = malondialdehyde. 2 Data are shown as group mean ± SEM (n = 5 per treatment) a-c Values within a row not sharing common lowercase superscripts differ significantly ( P < 0.05). Organ weight and digesta pH Pigs fed the BSFL + Pro diet had the highest spleen weight ( P = 0.011; Table 6). Furthermore, the digesta pH in the cecum was lower in pigs fed the PC and BSFL + Pro diets than in those fed the NC diet ( P = 0.021). However, the organ weights (including the heart, liver, kidney, and stomach) and colonic pH were unaffected by dietary treatments ( P > 0.05). Table 6 Effect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the organ weight and digesta pH in weaning pigs 1,2 Item Dietary treatment SEM P - value PC NC BSFL12 BSFL+ Pro Organ weight (g/kg BW) Heart 4.07 4.21 4.19 4.42 0.452 0.956 Liver 27.48 33.08 30.27 28.33 3.961 0.760 Kidney 3.99 4.59 4.23 3.71 0.335 0.338 Stomach 8.51 8.38 7.79 8.94 0.784 0.781 Spleen 2.09 b 2.08 b 2.49 b 3.12 a 0.202 0.011 Digesta pH Cecum 4.51 b 6.29 a 5.08 ab 4.23 b 0.420 0.021 Proximal colon 5.87 5.26 5.48 5.31 0.344 0.605 Middle colon 5.39 4.97 5.44 5.32 0.454 0.879 Distal colon 4.87 5.62 4.76 4.27 0.458 0.267 1 Abbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics 2 Data are shown as group mean ± SEM (n = 5 per treatment) a,b Values within a row not sharing common lowercase superscripts differ significantly ( P < 0.05). Intestinal morphology The VH, CD, and VH:CD values were higher in the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro groups (P = 0.033, 0.017, and 0.004, respectively; Table 7). However, the intestinal morphology (including the jejunum and ileum) was similar among all treatment groups ( P > 0.05). Table 7 Effect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the intestinal morphology in weaning pigs Item Dietary treatment SEM P - value PC NC BSFL12 BSFL + Pro Duodenum Villus height (µm) 701.96 ab 578.18 b 770.45 a 774.98 a 45.527 0.033 Crypt depth (µm) 366.39 b 447.73 a 339.18 b 358.72 b 21.277 0.017 VH/CD 1.97 a 1.34 b 2.28 a 2.16 a 0.151 0.004 Jejunum Villus height (µm) 671.86 596.11 663.87 707.31 76.534 0.777 Crypt depth (µm) 370.53 339.16 347.31 357.41 26.434 0.851 VH/CD 1.94 1.85 1.95 2.29 0.317 0.781 Ieum Villus height (µm) 487.78 478.07 484.32 534.34 38.289 0.719 Crypt depth (µm) 297.21 271.84 262.69 298.61 43.468 0.912 VH/CD 1.76 1.87 2.06 2.11 0.368 0.898 1 Abbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics 2 Data are shown as group mean ± SEM (n = 5 per treatment) a,b Values within a row not sharing common lowerecase superscripts differ significantly ( P < 0.05). Microbial count The BSFL + Pro treatment significantly increased faecal Lactobacillus spp. by 29.26% and 64.90% compared with the PC and NC treatments, respectively ( P = 0.008; Table 8). Simultaneously, faecal Escherichia coli decreased in the BSFL + Pro treatment in comparison to the NC group ( P = 0.021). The faecal Salmonella spp. count was unaffected by dietary treatments. Table 8 Effect of dietary BSFL and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the microbial count (log colony-forming unit [CFU]/g faeces) in weaning pigs 1,2 Item Black soldier fly larva (%) SEM P - value PC NC BSFL12 BSFL+ Pro Lactobacillus spp. 7.45 bc 5.84 c 8.71 ab 9.63 a 0.652 0.008 Escherichia coli 6.08 b 8.61 a 6.92 ab 5.72 b 0.592 0.021 Salmonella spp. 5.58 7.23 6.51 5.97 0.564 0.239 1 Abbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics 2 Data are shown as group mean ± SEM (n = 5 per treatment) a-c Values within a row not sharing common lowerecase superscripts differ significantly ( P < 0.05). Discussion Growth performance and diarrheal rate The extensive in-feed administration of antibiotics in swine production and lack of awareness regarding its effects are driving the accelerated and widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria [11]. Dietary supplements, BSFL, and multi-probiotics have been proposed as substitutes for antibiotics for future generations of weanling pigs. However, the combined effects of these supplements on overall growth performance and diarrheal incidence in piglets have not well-established. Crossbie et al. [12] demonstrated that BSFL are excellent sources of essential amino acids and energy for weaning-to-growing pigs [12]. This was agreement with Jin et al. [13], who showed that dietary supplementation with 8% BSFL improved overall growth performance in a dose-dependent manner. However, BSFL-supplemented diets did not affect the growth performance of piglets when fed at a concentration of below 4% [14]. BSFL is relatively high in lauric acid (12.83% DM) [3], which accounted for ~1.54% of our BSFL-supplemented diet. Additionally, 53 genes associated with AMPs have been identified, and these AMPs show potential antibiotic activity when supplied at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 25 mg/mL. This is agreement with the observation of Zhang et al. [15], who showed that the injection of 2 mg/kg AMPs increased ADG and decreased diarrheal incidence in piglets. Taken together, these findings suggest that probiotic mixtures may have strong antimicrobial and growth-promoting effects when at an inclusion level of > 0.1% [10]. In the present study, we found that compared with the NC diet, supplementation with BSFL alone did not have a significant effect on the growth performance of pigs in any period. This may be due to the presence of fibrous chitin components in BSFL that are not digestible by monogastric animals [16] and therefore impair their performance. Therefore, it may be necessary to incorporate other substances in the diet that allow faster gut recovery and better nutrient uptake, while inhibiting pathogenic invasion in piglets fed an antibiotic-free diet. This study suggests that the combination of BSFL and probiotic mixtures controlled the diarrhoea rate and promoted growth performance in weaning pigs fed the antibiotic-free diet. Apparent total tract digestibility The inclusion of insect protein (BSFL) and multi-probiotics has been shown to increase the nutrient digestibility of DM, CP, and EE in weaned pigs [17]. Previous studies have also reported that B. licheniformis and B. subtilis produce several extracellular enzymes that are beneficial to hosts, including α-amylase, proteinase, lipase, xylanase, cellulase, and pectinase [18]. Indeed, B. subtilis exceed B. licheniformis in producing glycosyl hydrolase, which assists the degradation of glycosidic linkages in complex sugars [19]. BSFL has high protein content and is a good source of amino acids that can further improve CP digestibility [20]. The addition of 12% BSFL in the diets did not impair CP digestibility due to the lower level of chitin (~0.52%). Furthermore, chitin and its derivatives have been reported to increase the activity of brush border digestive enzymes—especially maltase, lactase, sucrase, and proteinase—in the small intestine [21]. This increases the digestion and absorption of nutrients (Wang et al., 2020) in the dietary treatment supplemented with BSFL. The high fat content and degree of saturation of fatty acids may be a major reason for the improved digestibility of EE in BSFL-supplemented diets than in NC diets (7.02–7.53% vs. 3.72–3.83%). In this study, C 12 —which is rapidly utilized and passively absorbed by the animals—was the main component of saturated fatty acids in the BSFL12 diet. Combined with microbial lipase secretion from Bacillus -based probiotics, C 12 may have broad effects in the hydrolysed 1- and 3- positions of dietary triglycerides. Although the experimental dietary combinations showed improvement nutrient digestibility compared to the NC diet, their effects were comparable to those of the PC diet, suggesting their greater availability of nutrients beyond the antibiotic treatment. Blood-related gut health and antioxidative stress Serum immunoglobulins can be used to determine cellular responses and the ability of an animal’s body to recognize pathogenic invasion [22]. Our study showed that serum IgA concentrations increased in pigs fed the BSFL12 and BSFL+ Pro diets. Serum IgA can subsequently interact with lactoferrin and/or transferrin for bacteriostatic action by increasing the adhesion to epithelial cells (to improve their adhesion to the mucus) and neutralising bacterial toxins. Therefore, increased levels of serum IgA prompt the initial defence against infection by pathogens [23]. Serum IgG inhibits various stressors, including diseases and intestinal disorders, during the first week of post-weaning [24]. Therefore, higher levels of serum IgG can suppress invading pathogens and activate long-lasting immunity. The feedback regulation of IgG also induces the secretion of novel IgG antibodies through the activation of B lymphocytes [23]. This is consistent with previous reports showing that dietary inclusion of B. subtilis increased serum IgA and IgG levels in rabbits and neonatal piglets [25,26]. The higher C 12 content of BSFL-supplemented diets may also activate interleukin production, which in turn promotes the production of immunoglobulins [27]. However, the mechanism by which BSFL (alone or in combination with Bacillus -based probiotics) promotes immunoglobulin secretion is still unclear. It is possible that the binding site of Bacillus -based probiotics can bind with IgG Fc-receptors as additional ligands that subsequently influence immunoglobulin secretion [28]. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL1β, IL6, and TNFα) are known to be secreted as part of the innate immune response [29]. These factors have detrimental effects on intestinal mucosal injury and dysfunction, impair nutrient digestion and absorption, and subsequently lead to a poor growth rate [29]. However, dietary BSFL can activate intestinal development, immunity, and anti-inflammation [29,30] through the direct utilization of C 12 by enterocytes for energy production, thereby maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa in young piglets [31]. Peptidoglycans in the insect skeleton can also attach to the binding sites of pathogens, thus triggering IgA release into the intestinal lumen and inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Chitin and its derivatives have also been reported to polarize the faecal calprotectin, which is a sensitive and non-invasive marker of active inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. They also regulate a main receptor for commensal recognition in gut innate immunity [32], thus reducing inflammation in the lower intestine. It is unclear how BSFL supplementation lowers the serum TNFα concentration. Possible factors regulating this mechanism include the molecular weight, degree of saturation, particle size, source, and purification level of the BSFL [33]. However, these factors need to be investigated further. The combined use of BSFL and Bacillus -based microbes considerably downregulated the secretion of serum TNFα. Bacillus subtilis in involved in innate immunity via β-defensin, which has broad antimicrobial effects and is the first defence mechanism of the adaptive immune response [26]. An increase in the antioxidant enzyme activity of GSH-Px is also associated with antioxidant defence mechanisms. GSH-Px effectively inhibits the harmful accumulation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide, thus preventing damage to DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids in the animal body. The BSFL has appropriate amount of total phenolic compounds (32–35 mg/gallic acid equivalents g DM), which contributes to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species [34]. This positive effect can further contribute to an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and reduce oxidative stress, as shown in this study. Organ weight and digesta pH The spleen is an important immune organ that can be used to evaluate immune responses in weaned pigs. Changes in the immune organ index affect immune functions and resistance to pathogenic invasion in animals. In the present study, the relative weight of the spleen increased after 4 weeks of feeding with BSFL + Pro supplementation. Previous studies have reported an increase in the spleen weight following the dietary inclusion of B. subtilis (1 × 10 6 cfu/g) or chitin and its derivatives [26,35]. This increase in spleen weight may enhance the immune functions of weaned pigs, help them overcome weaning stress, and therefore improve their overall growth performance. Furthermore, the digesta pH was significantly lower in the BSFL + Pro treatment group, indicating that these pigs were capable of generating acidic condition to allow microbial growth and colonization. The underlying mechanism of this may be related to the larger amount of chitin and its derivatives (rather than the fibre content) passing through the large intestine [36]. This causes a shift in hindgut fermentation and leads to the generation of short-chain fatty acids that supply energy for the growth of lactic acid-producing bacteria, thus lowering the number of pathogens [37]. This is consistent with our observation of faecal microbial counts in this study. However, the levels of short-chain fatty acids should be assessed to explore this positive effect in more detail. Intestinal morphology Changes in intestinal morphology—including VH, CD, and VH:CD—are indicative of gut health in pigs. A longer VH increases the mucosal surface area, thus allowing for improved digestion and absorption of available nutrients. Moreover, a shorter CD suppresses the rapid turnover of the intestinal epithelium, thus permitting the renewal of villi in response to normal sloughing or inflammation from pathogenic invasion. The VH:CD ratio is typically associated with increased epithelial turnover [38]. Our results indicated that dietary BSFL and BSFL + Pro increased duodenal VH in weaned pigs. This may be because BSFL-supplemented diets promoted the activity of digestive enzymes (including membrane-bound peptidases) and allowed more efficient utilisation of CP, amino acids, and EE [21]. This likely increased the availability of nutrients for the maturation of undifferentiated cells. Han et al. [39] reported that chitin derivatives enhanced enterocyte proliferation and diminished villous atrophy. Although the chitin content was high (~0.52%) in this study, it had no detrimental effects on nutrient availability. Kawasaki et al. [40] showed that piglets can partially utilise chitin through the activity of a chitin-degrading enzyme in the stomach. Tian et al. [41] also reported an increase in VH and VH:CD in weaned pigs fed Bacillus -based probiotics. Taken together, these findings indicate that the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro diets have potential utility as an alternative to antibiotics, and can enhance the intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. Microbial count The presence of C 12 in the BSFL-supplemented diet (~9.17%) is beneficial for the intestinal microflora of weaning pigs, facilitates the semi-permeable membrane of pathogenic microbes, and improves the intestinal structure of piglets [42]. Therefore, in combination with chitin and it derivatives, C 12 may have desirable effects on the gut microflora of pigs. Chitin is a major fibrous compound in arthropod exoskeletons. It has highly attached with β-glucan in the chitin–glucan complex, which is selectively used as a fibrous substrate by host microorganisms for their own growth [43]. This promotes the adherence of beneficial microflora (such as Lactobacillus spp.) while reducing the number of faecal Escherichia coli in the hindgut [21,44]. A previous study demonstrated that the inclusion of lower amounts of chitin had a greater influence on colonic microbiota than chitin supplementation in high amounts [45]. In addition, Yu et al. [46] demonstrated that pigs fed 4% BSFL showed a significantly higher abundance of Lactobacillus spp. than those fed 8% BSFL (0.19% vs. 0.37% chitin, respectively). This may indicate that feeding low levels of BSFL has desirable effects on the faecal microflora of weaning pigs, comparable to those of the PC diet. However, our findings indicated that the BSFL + Pro diet had a greater influence on faecal Lactobacillus spp. than the BSFL12 diet. This result was consistent those of Wang et al. [47], who showed that the inclusion of 0.1% multi-probiotics (consisting of B. subtilis , B. licheniformis , and S. cerevisiae ) had a beneficial effect on maintaining faecal microflora counts in growing pigs. One possible explanation for this outcome is that Bacillus -based probiotics are considered facultative anaerobes with high resistance to acidic conditions (such as the gastrointestinal tract of animals) [48]. This unique characteristic may allow these microbes to attach with the gut surface and produce various bacteriolytic proteins [18]. This notion was supported by the finding that the digesta pH was appropriate for the increased activity and proliferation of lactic acid-producing bacteria in this study. Conclusion Dietary supplementation with BSFL + Pro improved the growth performance, nutrient digestion, and intestinal health of weaned pigs to a higher degree compared with the non-supplemented diet. This combination also had potent effects on spleen weight and reduced lipid peroxidation in pigs compared to those fed antibiotics. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with insect proteins and multi-probiotics is a viable alternative to antibiotic supplementation in nursery diets in the animal food production industry. Materials And Methods This study was reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines and was conducted in strict accordance with the guidelines of the National Research Council (NRC) of Thailand, and the protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use committee of Khon Kaen University (Khon Kaen, Thailand; approval number 125/64 on 18 November, 2021). Black soldier fly larvae and probiotics The BSFL ( Hermetia illucens ) were obtained locally (Ban Dangnoi, Khon Kaen, Thailand), reared on broiler feed substrate, and harvested on day 13 of larval development. BSFL samples were dried at 65 °C for 72 h, and their nutrient composition was analysed before they were added to the diet formulation. The main components of BSFL were CP (35.88%), EE (EE, 30.58), lysine (2.31%), total essential amino acids (15.81%), non-essential amino acids (18.59%), lauric acid (9.17%), total saturated fatty acids (21.09%), unsaturated fatty acids (11.62%), and chitin (4.26%, Table 1). The multi-probiotics included Bacillus subtilis (1 × 10 11 cfu/kg), Bacillus licheniformis (1 × 10 9 cfu/kg), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 × 10 9 cfu/kg). Table 1 Analysed values of BSF larvae ( Hermetia illucens, dry matter basis) 1 Item Amount (g/100 g) Item Amount (g/100 g) Dry matter 92.36 Saturated fatty acids (SFA) Total ash 11.74 Butyric acid (C4:0) ND Crude protein 35.88 Caproic acid (C6:0) ND Ether extract 30.58 Caprylic acid (C8:0) ND Crude fibre 6.58 Capric acid (C10:0) 0.33 Neutral detergent fibre 30.62 Undecanoic acid (C11:0) ND Acid detergent fibre 16.22 Lauric acid (C12:0) 9.17 Acid detergent lignin 1.85 Tridecanoic acid (C13:0) 0.02 Nitrogen free extract 7.58 Myristic acid (C14:0) 2.29 Calcium 3.59 Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) 0.07 Phosphorus 0.70 Palmitic acid (C16:0) 7.81 Chitin 4.32 Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) 0.07 Essential amino acids Steric acid (C18:0) 1.33 Isoleucine 1.61 Unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) Leucine 2.61 Palmitoleic acid (C16:1n7) 1.08 Lysine 2.31 cis-10-heptadecanoic acid (C17:1n10) 0.05 Methionine 0.58 cis-9-oleic acid (C18:1n9) 6.33 Phenylalanine 1.51 cis-9,12-linoleic acid (C18:2n6) 3.65 Threonine 1.47 α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) 0.28 Tryptophan 0.42 γ-linolenic acid (C18:3n6) ND Tyrosine 1.77 cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid (C20:2) ND Histidine 1.09 cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n3) 0.06 Valine 2.44 Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3) 0.14 Total 15.81 Erucic acid (C22:1n9) ND Non-essential amino acids Docosadienoic acid (C22:2) ND Alanine 3.24 Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) 0.01 Arginine 1.45 Nervonic acid (C24:1n9) 0.02 Aspartic acid 3.25 Total SFA 21.09 Cystine ND Total USFA 11.62 Glutamic acid 4.39 Glycine 2.08 Serine 1.71 Proline 2.47 Total 18.59 GE = gross energy; SFA = saturated fatty acids; USFA = unsaturated fatty acids; ND = not detected Animals, treatments, and management A total of 80 piglets [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] weaned at 28 ± 3 day of age (7.34 ± 0.21 kg body weight, BW) were divided into four experimental groups and fed the following diets: PC, basal diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin; NC, basal diet without supplementation; BSFL12, basal diet supplemented with 12% full-fat BSFL; and BSFL + Pro, basal diet supplemented with BSFL + 0.1% multi-probiotics. Each treatment had five replicates. Each animal pen had an equal number of gilts and barrows (1:1 ratio) in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight as the blocking factor. Pigs were housed in pens with slatted concrete flooring (20 pens, 1.6 × 2.1 m; stocking density, 0.8 m 2 /pig) furnished with a low-pressure nipple drinker, stainless trough, and heating lamp. Rice straw and gunny bags were supplied as bedding materials during the 14-day post weaning period and were changed twice daily (0600 and 1900) following the guidelines of EU Directive 2010/63/EC for animal experiments. All pigs were vaccinated against Aujeszky’s disease, salmonellosis, and transmissible gastroenteritis. Mash diets were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements for pigs weighing 11–25 kg. The diets were formulated in two phases (Phase I, 1–2 weeks post-weaning; Phase II, 3–4 weeks post-weaning) as suggested by the NRC [49] (Table 2). All pigs had access to feed and water throughout the experimental period. Table 2 Ingredients and nutrient values of the experimental diet (% as fed basis) 1,2 Ingredient Phase I (day 1 to 14) Phase II (day 15 to 28) PC NC BSFL12 BSFL + Pro PC NC BSFL12 BSFL + Pro Corn 40.39 40.41 40.07 39.88 50.57 50.59 50.84 50.67 Soybean meal (43.8%) 28.88 28.88 17.22 17.31 31.39 31.39 19.80 19.87 Broken rice 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Full-fat soybean meal 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Whey powder 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Skimmed milk 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Black soldier fly larva 0.00 0.00 12.00 12.00 0.00 0.00 12.00 12.00 Bacillus probiotic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 Amoxicillin 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 L-Lysine HCl (78%) 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 DL-Methionine (99%) 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 Dicalcium phosphate 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 Limestone 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.66 0.66 0.00 0.00 Sodium chloride 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 Vitamin-mineral premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Calculated values (%) Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 Crude protein 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 21.50 21.50 21.50 21.50 Ca 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 Total phosphorus 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 Lysine 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 Methionine + Cysteine 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 Tryptophan 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 Threonine 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.88 Crude fat 3.83 3.83 7.53 7.53 3.30 3.72 3.72 7.02 Crude fibre 3.41 3.41 3.40 3.40 3.64 3.64 3.66 3.66 Chitin 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.52 1 Provided (per kg of complete diet): vitamin A 8,000 IU; vitamin D 3 1,600 IU; vitamin E 34 IU; biotin 64 g; riboflavin 3.4 mg; calcium pantothenic acid 8 mg; niacin 16 mg; vitamin B 12 12 g; vitamin K 2.4 mg; Se as Na 2 SeO 3 0.1 mg; I as KI 0.32 mg; Mn as MnSO 4 25.2 mg; Cu as CuSO 4 53.9 mg; Fe as FeSO 4 127.3 mg; Zn as ZnSO 4 83.46 mg, and Co as CoSO 4 0.28 mg. 2 Calculated values were obtained the nutrient composition data from actual analysis and NRC [49] 3 Probiotic mixture consisted of Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Measurement of growth performance and diarrheal rate On days 1, 15, and 29 post-weaning, each pig was weighed individually at 0600. Following this, pen-based feed disappearance was recorded to determine the ADG, ADFI, and G:F (calculated as ADG/ADFI). The severity of diarrhoea was measured visually using a faecal consistency score: 0, firm and shape faeces; 1, soft and shaped faeces; 2, loose faeces; and 3, watery faeces. Scores of 0 and 1 represented normal faeces, whereas scores of 2 and 3 represented diarrhoea. Diarrheal rate (%) was calculated using the following formula: number of pigs with diarrhoea / (total number of pigs by treatment × days with diarrhoea) × 100. Apparent total-tract digestibility A total of 20 barrows (initial average BW, 10.26±2.36 kg) were chosen separately from the feeding trial and assigned to each dietary treatment in five replicates in a completely randomized design. The pigs were housed individually in cages (0.58 m × 0.83 m) equipped with a grid and slurry pit for a 7-d adaption and 5-d faecal collection period. The experimental diets were offered at every 12-h interval in an amount equalling 3× the maintenance energy requirement (106 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg of BW 0.75 [49] NRC, 2012). During the faecal collection period, chromic oxide and ferric oxide were homogenously mixed in all experimental diets (5 g/kg) as the indigestible indicator at the first and last meal, respectively. The collection of faecal output started when the initial marker appeared and ended when the final marker appeared in the faeces. Pooled faeces were weighed and dried in a forced air-drying oven (60 °C for 72 h) and subsequently ground in a hammer mill using a 0.88 mm screen. Representative samples of pooled faeces and diets were used to measure the levels of DM (method #930.15), CP (method #984.13), total ash (method #942.15), and EE (method #920.39) using standard AOAC protocols [50]. These values were used to calculate ATTP of these components [51]. Blood collection and analyses On day 29, one healthy pig per pen (n = 20) weighing the average weight per pen was selected for blood sampling (10 mL) through the anterior vena cava. Blood samples were collected in serum-coated tubes with silica (Grener Bio-one, Chonburi, Thailand), allowed to clot at room temperature for 60 min, centrifuged for 10 min at 4 °C at 13,000 × g , and then frozen at -20 °C. Serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, IL1β, IL6, and TNFα were quantified using porcine enzyme-linked immunosorbent kits (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). TAC and the levels of SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA were determined using commercial kits (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). All assays were performed as outlined by the manufacturer and conducted in triplicates to control for variations. Organ weight and digesta pH After blood collection, all selected pigs were slaughtered after 12 h of fasting. The digestive tract was eviscerated to harvest the heart, liver, kidney, stomach, and spleen. Each organ was separately flushed with 0.9% phosphate buffer saline solution, blot-dried, and weighed using a digital scale. Segments of the colon, cecum, and small intestine were also collected for later examination. The cecum and colon (proximal, middle, and distal portions) tissues collected were immediately used to measure the hindgut pH with a pH meter (AP 110, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Intestinal morphology Segments of the small intestine were collected immediately prior to euthanasia. Longitudinal dissections of the duodenum (50 cm caudal to pyloric sphincter), jejunum (5 cm from the pyloric sphincter), and ileum (20 cm from the ileocecal orifice) were performed carefully. Each sample was rinsed with saline solution and fixed with a neutral buffer (pH 7.0) and formaldehyde solution (10% vol/vol) for 72 hours. The tissue samples were embedded with ethanol and xylene and then transversely cut into a 5-µm-thick sections using a rotary microtome (Leica RM2235, Wetzlar, Germany). The tissue sections were placed on glass slides and stained with haematoxylin-eosin (H&E staining, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA). In total, 20 well-oriented villi (per stained section) and crypt columns were used to determine VH (from the tip of the villus to the basolateral membrane) and CD (from the villus–crypt junction and the submucosa) using an optical light microscope at 10× magnification. Average VH and CD values were recorded, and the VH:CD was calculated. Microbial count Faecal samples were collected by rectal massage of the pigs (5 samples per treatment) and suspended in 0.9% (w/v) sodium chloride solution at 1:10 dilution. A 0.1 mL aliquot of each dilution was spread-plated in triplicate onto Rogosa and Sharpe, MacConkey, and Salmonella–Shigella agar for the determination of Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp., respectively following the manufacturer’s guidelines. The average growth of each microbe was log-transformed and represented as log 10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/g of faeces. Statistical analysis Data were analysed with general linear models in SAS (version 9.4, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA) using a randomized complete block design with “pen” as the experimental unit for growth performance and diarrhoea rate, and “each pig” as the experimental unit for digestibility, blood analyses, organ weight, hindgut pH, intestinal morphology, and microbial counts. The statistical model was as follows: where Y ij is the j th observation of the i th treatment; µ is the overall mean; α i is the effect of the i th block (i = 1–5); β j is the effect of the j th treatment ( j = 1–4); and ε ij is the error term. Duncan’s new multiple range test was used to test for significant differences among dietary treatments. All data were represented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Abbreviations BSFL, black soldier fly larva; AMP, antimicrobial peptide; NRC, National Research Council (of Thailand); CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; G:F, gain-to-feed ratio; PC, positive control diet (basal diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin); NC, negative control diet (basal diet without supplementation); BSFL, basal diet supplemented with 12% full-fat BSFL; BSFL + Pro, basal diet supplemented with BSFL + 0.1% multi-probiotics; BW, body weight; ATTP, apparent total-tract digestibility; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; IL1β, interleukin-1β; IL6, interleukin-6; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor alpha; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; VH, villus height; CD, crypt depth; VH:CD, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio; SEM, standard error of the mean Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Animal trials were conducted in strict accordance with the guidelines of the National Research Council of Thailand, and the protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use committee of Khon Kaen University (Khon Kaen, Thailand; approval number 125/64 on 18 November, 2021). Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials All dataset are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Competing interests: All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Funding: The authors sincerely thank the Fundamental Fund of Khon Kaen University that received funding from the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund. Authors' contributions Conceptualization, WB and PP; methodology, WB and JH; data curation, PP and WB; formal analysis, PP, WB, YYK and JH; investigation, PP and WB; project administration, PP and WB; funding acquisition, PP and WB; writing—original draft preparation, WB, JH, AW; writing - review and editing, WB, YH, AW, and YYK. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements: Not applicable. References European Medicines Agency. 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Washington, DC: CRC Press; 2001. p. 923-36. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Jan, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Veterinary Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 30 Sep, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Sep, 2022 Reviews received at journal 02 Aug, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jul, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jul, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Jul, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 11 Jul, 2022 Editor invited by journal 11 Jul, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Jul, 2022 First submitted to journal 06 Jul, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1829674","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":120228191,"identity":"18462047-b306-44ca-9ae9-2bbcec5fede8","order_by":0,"name":"Pheeraphong Phaengphairee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khon Kaen University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pheeraphong","middleName":"","lastName":"Phaengphairee","suffix":""},{"id":120228192,"identity":"6703ed2e-d357-46f2-a7bd-51e9dc1aeab1","order_by":1,"name":"Waewaree Boontiam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZgYGGwMJKCeBWC1pMC0GRGs5TIIWg+OHj0kXVJw3lpyRwPjhB8OfPMJazqSlSc84c9tMWiKBWbKHwaCYoBazAzlmt3nbbtvISSQwSAONSGwgqOX8+29ALedAWph/E6flRg4bUMsBkMPYiLPF/sYz898zziQbS/Y8bLPsMTAmrEWyP/mxcUGFneGM48mHb/yokCOsBQkwAhUbkKB+FIyCUTAKRgFuAACLoTmo6CG3+QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Khon Kaen University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Waewaree","middleName":"","lastName":"Boontiam","suffix":""},{"id":120228193,"identity":"6bf482d1-39f1-4392-a65f-57977c84e458","order_by":2,"name":"Alexandra Wealleans","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kemin Europa N.V","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexandra","middleName":"","lastName":"Wealleans","suffix":""},{"id":120228194,"identity":"ed530200-3d4e-410e-b224-f95be355a77b","order_by":3,"name":"Jinsu Hong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"South Dakota State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinsu","middleName":"","lastName":"Hong","suffix":""},{"id":120228196,"identity":"f8cbb028-c275-4b56-9da0-3ab36aff2790","order_by":4,"name":"YooYong Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"YooYong","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-07-06 04:29:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1829674/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1829674/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03550-8","type":"published","date":"2023-01-11T18:18:24+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":44716958,"identity":"59062946-924c-4745-af2f-b532ea06f036","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 18:31:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":475548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1829674/v1/edef5100-1ddd-45fd-86bd-a5e42af9dbf8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Dietary supplementation with full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae and multi-probiotics as a substitute for antibiotics improves the growth performance, gut health, and antioxidative capacity of weaned pigs","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor several years, amoxicillin has been widely used to control post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. However, the excessive use of antimicrobials in food animal production has led to concerns regarding the spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Since 28 January 2022, the use of amoxicillin in the food animal production industry has been regulated within the European Union [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] To curb this escalating problem, the bioactive properties of full-fat back soldier fly larva (BSFL) and multi-strain probiotics (i.e., \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB. licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e) have been suggested as effective alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. The BSFL is an attractive protein source for monogastric animals, especially due to its high crude protein content (40.11%), ether extract (32.54%), essential amino acid profile (0.7% methionine, 2.3% lysine, and 1.8% arginine), and lauric acid content (64%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. BSFL-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and chitin also inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria and activate immunity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the BSFL can be used in diet formulations at a concentration of 4\u0026ndash;8% without any detrimental effects on the growth performance of weanling pigs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, multi-strain probiotics are well-established to have better antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties than single-strain probiotics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Recently, a multi-strain \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e-based probiotic has been shown to improve the growth performance of pigs and the nutrient digestibility of essential amino acids [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the inclusion of up to 0.3% probiotic mixture improves the growth performance of weaning pigs, inhibits the growth of harmful microbes, and reduces faecal NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e emissions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, few studies have examined how BSFL and multi-strain probiotics (alone or in combination), when used as substitutes for amoxicillin, affect growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and oxidative stress in weaned pigs. We hypothesized that when use in combination, BSFL and multi-strain probiotics would interact to improve the growth performance and gut health of weaned pigs compared to in-feed antibiotics. This would help mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance due to the escalating use of amoxicillin.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth performance and diarrheal rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared to the negative control diet (NC; basal diet with no supplementation), the diet supplemented with BSFL and 0.1% multi-probiotics (BSFL +\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003ePro) significantly improved the body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) of pigs by 11.27, 18.16, and 18.21%, respectively, during the experimental period (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05; Table 3). However, the outcomes of the BSFL +\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003ePro diet were comparable to those of the positive control diet (PC, basal diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin). The BSFL + Pro diet also reduced the diarrheal rate compared to NC (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.049). However, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was unaffected by dietary treatments during Phases I and II (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEffect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture\u0026nbsp;to replace antibiotic on growth performance and diarrheal rate in weaning pigs\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5.154639175257732%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"21.649484536082475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"51.54639175257732%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDietary treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.942028985507246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.391304347826086%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"18.840579710144926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.391304347826086%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL+ Pro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.942028985507246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.492753623188406%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e - value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD0-14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"22.105263157894736%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBW d0 (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBW d15 (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADG (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG:F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"22.105263157894736%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD15-28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"22.105263157894736%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBW d29 (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.92\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.87\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADG (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e497.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e434.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e471.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e670\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG:F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.718\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"22.105263157894736%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed0-28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"22.105263157894736%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADG (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310.68\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341.82\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e376.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADFI (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e541\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e534\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e534\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG:F\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.668\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.582\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.641\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiarrhoea rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.42\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.444444444444445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.83\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.222222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eAbbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = \u0026nbsp; basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eValues shows means of five replicates (pen) per treatment. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003eValues within a row not sharing common lowercase superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApparent total tract digestibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTP) of dry matter (DM; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.047), crude protein (CP; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.022), and ethanol extract (EE; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.019) in the BSFL12 (basal diet supplemented with 12% full-fat BSFL) and BSFL + Pro groups\u0026nbsp;was significantly higher than that in the NC-fed group (Table 4), but comparable to that in the PC-fed group. However, there were no significant differences in the ATTP of total ash among dietary treatments (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Effect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the apparent total tract digestibility in weaning pigs\u003csup\u003e1,2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5.1020408163265305%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"19.387755102040817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"50%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDietary treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e - value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL+ Pro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.80821917808219%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"5.154639175257732%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eATTP (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.20\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.65\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.652173913043477%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.57\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.39\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.72\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.130434782608695%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.652173913043477%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal ash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.130434782608695%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.652173913043477%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEther extract\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.89\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.64\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.130434782608695%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eAbbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = \u0026nbsp;basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eValues shows means of five replicates (pen) per treatment. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003eValues within a row not sharing common lowercase superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood-related gut health and antioxidative stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and\u0026nbsp;glutathione peroxidase\u0026nbsp;(GSH-Px) were significantly higher in the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro groups than in the NC group, whereas the levels of interleukin-1\u0026beta; (IL1\u0026beta;) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05; Table 5). The levels of\u0026nbsp;tumour necrosis factor alpha\u0026nbsp;(TNF\u0026alpha;) were lower in the BSFL + Pro group than in the NC group (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.044). However, the dietary treatments did not affect\u0026nbsp;total\u0026nbsp;antioxidant capacity (TAC) or the\u0026nbsp;serum concentrations of immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin-6 (IL6), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEffect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the blood-related gut health and antioxidative stress in weaning pigs\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.154639175257732%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.587628865979383%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"51.54639175257732%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDietary treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.402061855670103%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.208333333333333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL+ Pro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e - value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"10\" width=\"5.208333333333333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGut health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIgA (g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIgG (g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.68\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.84\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIgM (g/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL1\u0026beta; (pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298.20\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e343.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274.96\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL6 (pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTNF\u0026alpha; (pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.84\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.54\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.13\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.695\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAC\u0026nbsp;(U/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOD\u0026nbsp;(U/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGSH-Px\u0026nbsp;(U/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e650.36\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e552.65\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e878.98\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e886.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.977\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMDA\u0026nbsp;(nmol/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.84\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.31\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.989010989010989%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eAbbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = \u0026nbsp;basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics; IgA =\u0026nbsp;immunoglobulin A; IgM =\u0026nbsp;immunoglobulin M; IL1\u0026beta; =\u0026nbsp;interleukine-1\u0026beta;; IL6 =\u0026nbsp;interleukine-6; TNF\u0026alpha; =\u0026nbsp;tumor necrosis factor alpha; TAC = total\u0026nbsp;antioxidant capacity; SOD =\u0026nbsp;superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px =\u0026nbsp;glutathione peroxidase; MDA = malondialdehyde.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eData are shown as group mean \u0026plusmn; SEM (n = 5 per treatment)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea-c\u003c/sup\u003eValues within a row not sharing common lowercase superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrgan weight and digesta pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePigs fed the BSFL + Pro diet had the highest spleen weight (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.011; Table 6). Furthermore, the digesta pH in the cecum was lower in pigs fed the PC and BSFL + Pro diets than in those fed the NC diet (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.021). However, the organ weights (including the heart, liver, kidney, and stomach) and colonic pH were unaffected by dietary treatments (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEffect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the organ weight and digesta pH in weaning pigs\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.154639175257732%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.587628865979383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"51.54639175257732%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDietary treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.371134020618557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e- value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.8493150684931505%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"26.027397260273972%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.80821917808219%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL+ Pro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" width=\"5.208333333333333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrgan weight \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (g/kg BW)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeart\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.087912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKidney\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.087912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStomach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.087912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpleen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.087912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.208333333333333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"5.208333333333333%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDigesta pH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCecum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.08\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.541666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProximal colon\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.344\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.087912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle colon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.087912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.87912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistal colon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.186813186813186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.087912087912088%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eAbbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = \u0026nbsp; basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eData are shown as group mean \u0026plusmn; SEM (n = 5 per treatment)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003eValues within a row not sharing common lowercase superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntestinal morphology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe VH, CD, and VH:CD values were higher in the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro groups \u003cem\u003e(P\u003c/em\u003e = 0.033, 0.017, and 0.004, respectively; Table 7). However, the intestinal morphology (including the jejunum and ileum) was similar among all treatment groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEffect of dietary BSF and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the intestinal morphology in weaning pigs\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"5.1020408163265305%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"48.97959183673469%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDietary treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e- value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.8493150684931505%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"27.397260273972602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.068493150684931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.438356164383563%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.80821917808219%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL + Pro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"5.1020408163265305%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuodenum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVillus height (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.224489795918368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e701.96\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e578.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e770.45\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e774.98\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.50537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrypt depth (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.827956989247312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e366.39\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e447.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339.18\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e358.72\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.50537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVH/CD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.827956989247312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.50537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.827956989247312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"5.1020408163265305%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJejunum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVillus height (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.224489795918368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e671.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e596.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e663.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e707.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.534\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.50537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrypt depth (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.827956989247312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e370.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e347.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e357.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.50537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVH/CD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.827956989247312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.50537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.827956989247312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"5.1020408163265305%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIeum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.408163265306122%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVillus height (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.224489795918368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e487.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e484.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e534.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.50537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrypt depth (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.827956989247312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e262.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.50537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVH/CD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.827956989247312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eAbbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = \u0026nbsp; basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eData are shown as group mean \u0026plusmn; SEM (n = 5 per treatment)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003eValues within a row not sharing common lowerecase superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrobial count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe BSFL + Pro treatment significantly increased faecal \u003cem\u003eLactobacillus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eby 29.26% and 64.90% compared with the PC and NC treatments, respectively (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.008; Table 8). Simultaneously, faecal \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003edecreased in the BSFL + Pro treatment in comparison to the NC group (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.021). The faecal \u003cem\u003eSalmonella\u003c/em\u003e spp. count was unaffected by dietary treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEffect of dietary BSFL and probiotic mixture to replace antibiotic on the microbial count \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (log colony-forming unit [CFU]/g faeces)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein weaning pigs\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"22.448979591836736%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"53.06122448979592%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack soldier fly larva (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e- value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"30.985915492957748%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.492957746478874%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.718309859154928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.901408450704224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.901408450704224%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL+ Pro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.157894736842106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.45\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.84\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.71\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.63\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.157894736842106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.92\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.72\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.157894736842106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalmonella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.578947368421053%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eAbbreviations: PC = basal diet with amoxicillin 0.02%; NC = \u0026nbsp;basal diet without addition; BSFL12 = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva; BSFL + Pro = basal diet plus 12% black solder fly larva and 0.1% multiprobiotics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eData are shown as group mean \u0026plusmn; SEM\u0026nbsp;(n = 5 per treatment)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea-c\u003c/sup\u003eValues within a row not sharing common lowerecase superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth performance and diarrheal rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe extensive in-feed administration of antibiotics in swine production and lack of awareness regarding its effects are driving the accelerated and widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria [11]. Dietary supplements, BSFL, and multi-probiotics have been proposed as substitutes for antibiotics for future generations of weanling pigs. However, the combined effects of these supplements on overall growth performance and diarrheal incidence in piglets have not well-established. Crossbie et al. [12] demonstrated that BSFL are excellent sources of essential amino acids and energy for weaning-to-growing pigs [12]. This was agreement with Jin et al. [13], who showed that dietary supplementation with 8% BSFL improved overall growth performance in a dose-dependent manner. However, BSFL-supplemented diets did not affect the growth performance of piglets when fed at a concentration of below 4% [14]. BSFL is relatively high in lauric acid (12.83% DM) [3], which accounted for ~1.54% of our BSFL-supplemented diet. Additionally, 53 genes associated with AMPs have been identified, and these AMPs show potential antibiotic activity when supplied at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 25 mg/mL. This is agreement with the observation of Zhang et al. [15], who showed that the injection of 2 mg/kg AMPs increased ADG and decreased diarrheal incidence in piglets. Taken together, these findings suggest that probiotic mixtures may have strong antimicrobial and growth-promoting effects when at an inclusion level of \u0026gt; 0.1% [10].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, we found that compared with the NC diet, supplementation with BSFL alone did not have a significant effect on the growth performance of pigs in any period. This may be due to the presence of fibrous chitin components in BSFL that are not digestible by monogastric animals [16] and therefore impair their performance. Therefore, it may be necessary to incorporate other substances in the diet that allow faster gut recovery and better nutrient uptake, while inhibiting pathogenic invasion in piglets fed an antibiotic-free diet. This study suggests that the combination of BSFL and probiotic mixtures controlled the diarrhoea rate and promoted growth performance in weaning pigs fed the antibiotic-free diet.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApparent total tract digestibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion of insect protein (BSFL) and multi-probiotics has been shown to increase the nutrient digestibility of DM, CP, and EE in weaned pigs [17]. Previous studies have also reported that \u003cem\u003eB.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elicheniformis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e produce several extracellular enzymes that are beneficial to hosts, including \u0026alpha;-amylase, proteinase, lipase, xylanase, cellulase, and pectinase [18]. Indeed, \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e exceed \u003cem\u003eB. licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e in producing glycosyl hydrolase, which assists the degradation of glycosidic linkages in complex sugars [19]. BSFL has high protein content and is a good source of amino acids that can further improve CP digestibility [20]. The addition of 12% BSFL in the diets did not impair CP digestibility due to the lower level of chitin (~0.52%). Furthermore, chitin and its derivatives have been reported to increase the activity of brush border digestive enzymes\u0026mdash;especially maltase, lactase, sucrase, and proteinase\u0026mdash;in the small intestine [21]. This increases the digestion and absorption of nutrients (Wang et al., 2020) in the dietary treatment supplemented with BSFL. The high fat content and degree of saturation of fatty acids may be a major reason for the improved digestibility of EE in BSFL-supplemented diets than in NC diets (7.02\u0026ndash;7.53% vs. 3.72\u0026ndash;3.83%). In this study, C\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026mdash;which is rapidly utilized and passively absorbed by the animals\u0026mdash;was the main component of saturated fatty acids in the BSFL12 diet. Combined with microbial lipase secretion from \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e-based probiotics, C\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e may have broad effects in the hydrolysed 1- and 3- positions of dietary triglycerides. Although the experimental dietary combinations showed improvement nutrient digestibility compared to the NC diet, their effects were comparable to those of the PC diet, suggesting their greater availability of nutrients beyond the antibiotic treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood-related gut health and antioxidative stress\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSerum immunoglobulins can be used to determine cellular responses and the ability of an animal\u0026rsquo;s body to recognize pathogenic invasion [22]. Our study showed that serum IgA concentrations increased in pigs fed the BSFL12 and BSFL+ Pro diets. Serum IgA can subsequently interact with lactoferrin and/or transferrin for bacteriostatic action by increasing the adhesion to epithelial cells (to improve their adhesion to the mucus) and neutralising bacterial toxins. Therefore, increased levels of serum IgA prompt the initial defence against infection by pathogens [23]. \u0026nbsp;Serum IgG inhibits various stressors, including diseases and intestinal disorders, during the first week of post-weaning [24]. Therefore, higher levels of serum IgG can suppress invading pathogens and activate long-lasting immunity. The feedback regulation of IgG also induces the secretion of novel IgG antibodies through the activation of B lymphocytes [23]. This is consistent with previous reports showing that dietary inclusion of \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e increased serum IgA and IgG levels in rabbits and neonatal piglets [25,26]. The higher C\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e content of BSFL-supplemented diets may also activate interleukin production, which in turn promotes the production of immunoglobulins [27]. However, the mechanism by which BSFL (alone or in combination with \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e-based probiotics) promotes immunoglobulin secretion is still unclear. It is possible that the binding site of \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e-based probiotics can bind with IgG Fc-receptors as additional ligands that subsequently influence immunoglobulin secretion [28].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL1\u0026beta;, IL6, and TNF\u0026alpha;) are known to be secreted as part of the innate immune response [29]. These factors have detrimental effects on intestinal mucosal injury and dysfunction, impair nutrient digestion and absorption, and subsequently lead to a poor growth rate [29]. However, dietary BSFL can activate intestinal development,\u0026nbsp;immunity, and anti-inflammation [29,30] through the direct utilization of\u0026nbsp;C\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e by enterocytes for energy production, thereby maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa in young piglets [31]. Peptidoglycans in the insect skeleton can also attach to the binding sites of pathogens, thus triggering IgA release into the intestinal lumen and inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Chitin and its derivatives have also been reported to polarize the faecal calprotectin, which is a sensitive and non-invasive marker of active inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. They also regulate a main receptor for commensal recognition in gut innate immunity [32], thus reducing inflammation in the lower intestine. It is unclear how BSFL supplementation lowers the serum TNF\u0026alpha; concentration. Possible factors regulating this mechanism include the molecular weight, degree of saturation, particle size, source, and purification level of the BSFL [33]. However, these factors need to be investigated further. The combined use of BSFL and \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e-based microbes considerably downregulated the secretion of serum TNF\u0026alpha;. \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e in involved in innate immunity via \u0026beta;-defensin, which has broad antimicrobial effects and is the first defence mechanism of the adaptive immune response [26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn increase in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;antioxidant enzyme activity of GSH-Px is also associated with antioxidant defence mechanisms. GSH-Px effectively inhibits the harmful accumulation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide, thus preventing damage to DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids in the animal body. The BSFL has appropriate amount of total phenolic compounds (32\u0026ndash;35 mg/gallic acid equivalents g DM), which contributes to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species [34]. This positive effect can further contribute to an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and reduce oxidative stress, as shown in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrgan weight and digesta pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe spleen is an important immune organ that can be used to evaluate immune responses in weaned pigs. Changes in the immune organ index affect immune functions and resistance to pathogenic invasion in animals. In the present study, the relative weight of the spleen increased after 4 weeks of feeding with BSFL + Pro supplementation. Previous studies have reported an increase in the spleen weight following the dietary inclusion of \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (1 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e cfu/g) or chitin and its derivatives [26,35]. This increase in spleen weight may enhance the immune functions of weaned pigs, help them overcome weaning stress, and therefore improve their overall growth performance. Furthermore, the digesta pH was significantly lower in the BSFL + Pro treatment group, indicating that these pigs were capable of generating acidic condition to allow microbial growth and colonization. The underlying mechanism of this may be related to the larger amount of chitin and its derivatives (rather than the fibre content) passing through the large intestine [36]. This causes a shift in hindgut fermentation and leads to the generation of short-chain fatty acids that supply energy for the growth of lactic acid-producing bacteria, thus lowering the number of pathogens [37]. This is consistent with our observation of faecal microbial counts in this study. However, the levels of short-chain fatty acids should be assessed to explore this positive effect in more detail.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntestinal morphology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChanges in intestinal morphology\u0026mdash;including VH, CD, and VH:CD\u0026mdash;are indicative of gut health in pigs. A longer VH increases the mucosal surface area, thus allowing for improved digestion and absorption of available nutrients. Moreover, a shorter CD suppresses the rapid turnover of the intestinal epithelium, thus permitting the renewal of villi in response to normal sloughing or inflammation from pathogenic invasion. The VH:CD ratio is typically associated with increased epithelial turnover [38]. Our results indicated that dietary BSFL and BSFL + Pro increased duodenal VH in weaned pigs. This may be because BSFL-supplemented diets promoted the activity of digestive enzymes (including membrane-bound peptidases) and allowed more efficient utilisation of CP, amino acids, and EE [21]. This likely increased the availability of nutrients for the maturation of undifferentiated cells. Han et al. [39] reported that chitin derivatives enhanced enterocyte proliferation and diminished villous atrophy. Although the chitin content was high (~0.52%) in this study, it had no detrimental effects on nutrient availability. Kawasaki et al. [40] showed that piglets can partially utilise chitin through the activity of a chitin-degrading enzyme in the stomach. Tian et al. [41] also reported an increase in VH and VH:CD in weaned pigs fed \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e-based probiotics. Taken together, these findings indicate that the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro diets have potential utility as an alternative to antibiotics, and can enhance the intestinal morphology of weaned pigs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrobial count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of C\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e in the BSFL-supplemented diet (~9.17%) is beneficial for the intestinal microflora of weaning pigs, facilitates the semi-permeable membrane of pathogenic microbes, and improves the intestinal structure of piglets [42]. Therefore, in combination with chitin and it derivatives, C\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e may have desirable effects on the gut microflora of pigs. Chitin is a major fibrous compound in arthropod exoskeletons. It has highly attached with \u0026beta;-glucan in the chitin\u0026ndash;glucan complex, which is selectively used as a fibrous substrate by host microorganisms for their own growth [43]. This promotes the adherence of beneficial microflora (such as \u003cem\u003eLactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e spp.) while reducing the number of faecal \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e in the hindgut [21,44]. A previous study demonstrated that the inclusion of lower amounts of chitin had a greater influence on colonic microbiota than chitin supplementation in high amounts [45]. In addition, Yu et al. [46] demonstrated that pigs fed 4% BSFL showed a significantly higher abundance of \u003cem\u003eLactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e spp. than those fed 8% BSFL (0.19% vs. 0.37% chitin, respectively). This may indicate that feeding low levels of BSFL has desirable effects on the faecal microflora of weaning pigs, comparable to those of the PC diet. However, our findings indicated that the BSFL + Pro diet had a greater influence on faecal \u003cem\u003eLactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e spp. than the BSFL12 diet. This result was consistent those of Wang et al. [47], who showed that the inclusion of 0.1% multi-probiotics (consisting of \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB. licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e) had a beneficial effect on maintaining faecal microflora counts in growing pigs. One possible explanation for this outcome is that \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e-based probiotics are considered facultative anaerobes with high resistance to acidic conditions (such as the gastrointestinal tract of animals) [48]. This unique characteristic may allow these microbes to attach with the gut surface and produce various bacteriolytic proteins [18]. This notion was supported by the finding that the digesta pH was appropriate for the increased activity and proliferation of lactic acid-producing bacteria in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDietary supplementation with BSFL\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Pro improved the growth performance, nutrient digestion, and intestinal health of weaned pigs to a higher degree compared with the non-supplemented diet. This combination also had potent effects on spleen weight and reduced lipid peroxidation in pigs compared to those fed antibiotics. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with insect proteins and multi-probiotics is a viable alternative to antibiotic supplementation in nursery diets in the animal food production industry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines and was conducted in strict accordance with the guidelines of the National Research Council (NRC) of Thailand, and the protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use committee of Khon Kaen University (Khon Kaen, Thailand; approval number 125/64 on 18 November, 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlack soldier fly larvae and probiotics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe BSFL (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e) were obtained locally (Ban Dangnoi, Khon Kaen, Thailand), reared on broiler feed substrate, and harvested on day 13 of larval development. BSFL samples were dried at 65 \u0026deg;C for 72 h, and their nutrient composition was analysed before they were added to the diet formulation. The main components of BSFL were CP (35.88%), EE (EE, 30.58), lysine (2.31%), total essential amino acids (15.81%), non-essential amino acids (18.59%), lauric acid (9.17%), total saturated fatty acids (21.09%), unsaturated fatty acids (11.62%), and chitin (4.26%, Table 1). The multi-probiotics included \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (1 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e cfu/kg), \u003cem\u003eBacillus licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e (1 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e cfu/kg), and \u003cem\u003eSaccharomyces cerevisiae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(1 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e cfu/kg).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; Analysed values of BSF larvae (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens,\u003c/em\u003e dry matter basis)\u003csup\u003e1 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount (g/100 g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount (g/100 g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaturated fatty acids (SFA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal ash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Butyric acid (C4:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Caproic acid (C6:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEther extract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Caprylic acid (C8:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude fibre\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 6.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Capric acid (C10:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutral detergent fibre\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Undecanoic acid (C11:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcid detergent fibre\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Lauric acid (C12:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcid detergent lignin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Tridecanoic acid (C13:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen free extract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 7.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Myristic acid (C14:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalcium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Palmitic acid (C16:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChitin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEssential amino acids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Steric acid (C18:0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Isoleucine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsaturated fatty acids (USFA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Leucine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Palmitoleic acid (C16:1n7) \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Lysine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; cis-10-heptadecanoic acid (C17:1n10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Methionine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; cis-9-oleic acid (C18:1n9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Phenylalanine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; cis-9,12-linoleic acid (C18:2n6)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Threonine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026alpha;-linolenic acid (C18:3n3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Tryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gamma;-linolenic acid (C18:3n6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Tyrosine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid (C20:2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Histidine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (C20:3n3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Valine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Erucic acid (C22:1n9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-essential amino acids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Docosadienoic acid (C22:2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Alanine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Arginine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Nervonic acid (C24:1n9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Aspartic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal SFA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Cystine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal USFA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Glutamic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Glycine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Serine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Proline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.673469387755105%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Total\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"40.816326530612244%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.244897959183673%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGE = gross energy; SFA = saturated fatty acids; USFA = unsaturated fatty acids; ND = not detected\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimals, treatments, and management\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 80 piglets [(Landrace \u0026times; Large White) \u0026times; Duroc] weaned at 28 \u0026plusmn; 3 day of age (7.34 \u0026plusmn; 0.21 kg body weight, BW) were divided into four experimental groups and fed the following diets: PC, basal diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin; NC, basal diet without supplementation; BSFL12, basal diet supplemented with 12% full-fat BSFL; and BSFL + Pro, basal diet supplemented with BSFL + 0.1% multi-probiotics. Each treatment had five replicates. Each animal pen had an equal number of gilts and barrows (1:1 ratio) in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight as the blocking factor. Pigs were housed in pens with slatted concrete flooring (20 pens, 1.6 \u0026times; 2.1 m; stocking density, 0.8 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/pig) furnished with a low-pressure nipple drinker, stainless trough, and heating lamp. Rice straw and gunny bags were supplied as bedding materials during the 14-day post weaning period and were changed twice daily (0600 and 1900) following the guidelines of EU Directive 2010/63/EC for animal experiments. All pigs were vaccinated against Aujeszky\u0026rsquo;s disease, salmonellosis, and transmissible gastroenteritis. Mash diets were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements for pigs weighing 11\u0026ndash;25 kg. The diets were formulated in two phases (Phase I, 1\u0026ndash;2 weeks post-weaning; Phase II, 3\u0026ndash;4 weeks post-weaning) as suggested by the NRC [49] (Table 2). All pigs had access to feed and water throughout the experimental period.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIngredients and nutrient values of the experimental diet (% as fed basis)\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"25.510204081632654%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIngredient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.734693877551024%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhase I (day 1 to 14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.0408163265306123%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"35.714285714285715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhase II (day 15 to 28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.594202898550725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.594202898550725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL + Pro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.898550724637681%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.594202898550725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.594202898550725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.594202898550725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.043478260869565%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBSFL + Pro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal (43.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBroken rice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull-fat soybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhey powder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkimmed milk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack soldier fly larva\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eprobiotic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-Lysine HCl (78%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDL-Methionine (99%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSodium chloride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin-mineral premix\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"36.8421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculated values (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.1052631578947367%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Crude protein\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Ca\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Total phosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Lysine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Methionine + Cysteine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Tryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Threonine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Crude fat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Crude fibre\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"26.595744680851062%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Chitin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"2.127659574468085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eProvided (per kg of complete diet): vitamin A 8,000 IU; vitamin D\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 1,600 IU; vitamin E 34 IU; biotin 64 g; riboflavin 3.4 mg; calcium pantothenic acid 8 mg; niacin 16 mg; vitamin B\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e 12 g; vitamin K 2.4 mg; Se as Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSeO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e0.1 mg; I as KI 0.32 mg; Mn as MnSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 25.2 mg; Cu as CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 53.9 mg; Fe as FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e127.3 mg; Zn as ZnSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e 83.46 mg, and Co as CoSO\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e0.28 mg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eCalculated values were obtained the nutrient composition data from actual analysis and NRC [49]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eProbiotic mixture consisted of \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of growth performance and diarrheal rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn days 1, 15, and 29 post-weaning, each pig was weighed individually at 0600. Following this, pen-based feed disappearance was recorded to determine the ADG, ADFI, and G:F (calculated as ADG/ADFI). The severity of diarrhoea was measured visually using a faecal consistency score: 0, firm and shape faeces; 1, soft and shaped faeces; 2, loose faeces; and 3, watery faeces. Scores of 0 and 1 represented normal faeces, whereas scores of 2 and 3 represented diarrhoea. Diarrheal rate (%) was calculated using the following formula: number of pigs with diarrhoea / (total number of pigs by treatment \u0026times; days with diarrhoea) \u0026times; 100.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApparent total-tract digestibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 20 barrows (initial average BW, 10.26\u0026plusmn;2.36 kg) were chosen separately from the feeding trial and assigned to each dietary treatment in five replicates in a completely randomized design. The pigs were housed individually in cages (0.58 m \u0026times; 0.83 m) equipped with a grid\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eand slurry pit for a 7-d adaption and 5-d faecal collection period. The experimental diets were offered at every 12-h interval in an amount equalling 3\u0026times; the maintenance energy requirement (106 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg of BW\u003csup\u003e0.75\u003c/sup\u003e [49] NRC, 2012). During the faecal collection period, chromic oxide and ferric oxide were homogenously mixed in all experimental diets (5 g/kg) as the indigestible indicator at the first and last meal, respectively. The collection of faecal output started when the initial marker appeared and ended when the final marker appeared in the faeces. Pooled faeces were weighed and dried in a forced air-drying oven (60 \u0026deg;C for 72 h) and subsequently ground in a hammer mill using a 0.88 mm screen. Representative samples of pooled faeces and diets were used to measure the levels of DM (method #930.15), CP (method #984.13), total ash (method #942.15), and EE (method #920.39) using standard AOAC protocols [50]. These values were used to calculate ATTP of these components [51].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood collection and analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn day 29, one healthy pig per pen (n = 20) weighing the average weight per pen was selected for blood sampling (10 mL) through the anterior vena cava. Blood samples were collected in serum-coated tubes with silica (Grener Bio-one, Chonburi, Thailand), allowed to clot at room temperature for 60 min, centrifuged for 10 min at 4 \u0026deg;C at 13,000 \u0026times;\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e, and then frozen at -20 \u0026deg;C. Serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, IL1\u0026beta;,\u0026nbsp;IL6, and\u0026nbsp;TNF\u0026alpha;\u0026nbsp;were quantified using porcine enzyme-linked immunosorbent kits (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). TAC and the levels of SOD,\u0026nbsp;GSH-Px, and\u0026nbsp;MDA were determined using commercial kits (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). All assays were performed as outlined by the manufacturer and conducted in triplicates to control for variations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrgan weight and digesta pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter blood collection, all selected pigs were slaughtered after 12 h of fasting. The digestive tract was eviscerated to harvest the heart, liver, kidney, stomach, and spleen. Each organ was separately flushed with 0.9% phosphate buffer saline solution, blot-dried, and weighed using a digital scale. Segments of the colon, cecum, and small intestine were also collected for later examination. The cecum and colon (proximal, middle, and distal portions) tissues collected were immediately used to measure the hindgut pH with a pH meter (AP 110, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntestinal morphology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSegments of the small intestine were collected immediately prior to euthanasia. Longitudinal dissections of the duodenum (50 cm caudal to pyloric sphincter), jejunum (5 cm from the pyloric sphincter), and ileum (20 cm from the ileocecal orifice) were performed carefully. Each sample was rinsed with saline solution and fixed with a neutral buffer (pH 7.0) and formaldehyde solution (10% vol/vol) for 72 hours. The tissue samples were embedded with ethanol and xylene and then transversely cut into a 5-\u0026micro;m-thick sections using a rotary microtome (Leica RM2235, Wetzlar, Germany). The tissue sections were placed on glass slides and stained with haematoxylin-eosin (H\u0026amp;E staining, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA). In total, 20 well-oriented villi (per stained section) and crypt columns were used to determine VH (from the tip of the villus to the basolateral membrane) and CD (from the villus\u0026ndash;crypt junction and the submucosa) using an optical light microscope at 10\u0026times; magnification. Average VH and CD values were recorded, and the VH:CD was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrobial count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFaecal samples were collected by rectal massage of the pigs (5 samples per treatment) and suspended in 0.9% (w/v) sodium chloride solution at 1:10 dilution. A 0.1 mL aliquot of each dilution was spread-plated in triplicate onto Rogosa and Sharpe, MacConkey, and Salmonella\u0026ndash;Shigella agar for the determination of \u003cem\u003eLactobacillus\u003c/em\u003e spp., \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Salmonella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp., respectively following the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s guidelines. The average growth of each microbe was log-transformed and represented as log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e colony-forming unit (CFU)/g of faeces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analysed with general linear models in SAS (version 9.4, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA) using a randomized complete block design with \u0026ldquo;pen\u0026rdquo; as the experimental unit for growth performance and diarrhoea rate, and \u0026ldquo;each pig\u0026rdquo; as the experimental unit for digestibility, blood analyses, organ weight, hindgut pH, intestinal morphology, and microbial counts. The statistical model was as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAW0AAAA9CAYAAABm+DhhAAAIL0lEQVR4Ae2ZAXHcPBCFQyEYSqEcAqEYSqEMyiAMgqAISiAEwqAc7p+Xf15nZ6v12ZbPJyWfZm5sy5b8/K30tPY9XCgQgAAEIDANgYdplCIUAhCAAAQumDaDAAIQgMBEBDDtiYKFVAhAAAKYNmMAAhCAwEQEMO2JgoVUCEAAApg2YwACEIDARAQw7YmChVQIQAACmDZjAAIQgMBEBDDtiYKFVAhAAAKYNmMAAhCAwEQEMO2JgoVUCEAAApg2YwACEIDARAQw7YmChVQIjErg169fl6enp8vDw8P77+vXr5eXl5dR5U6t63TTfn19vfz8+fOiIMfy58+f93oCHamwD4HxCXz//v2vWcu4Zdg2b+bz8fHbbNoORjbdKO3Hjx/vQfv27Vusft//8uVL85wD//j4+E8bKiAAgTEJeN7KqN/e3v6K1NyXV8jEKccS2GzaDpLMt1UUOBv779+//7lEpqzz2fQdZBk+BQIQGJ+A5rfmsrxAb8qxLCVu8Tr2txPYbNoKjo239epjU2eF3R4MWkBgJgJ+a84JmD6B2iPyuZmeb1Stm01bD6Jv0l5h44PFLFuBo0DgsxDQnFCiEj8RjPzsvXplxtkD9OxO2nTuqLfmXq0jx2GPtl2mXWXbDpi2rfL8/Pwe6BxMGbyCrO9iFAjcikA1/nw/Z4f5Vd/nl7YybI3h1ifBpXb5nNr7U6HnRMxW/Sdfb1LUqzfOdc1n65JmZeC9HCKXXq3qSzFV/LNOPUcvy6j1jP1dpi1hOduOWXaVbXgwCl4snkw6/5mLMwoN0qWfrqNsJ1CNP/XkxEHGvaccYSz63CjTs1lHg9Gc8hyr/k/aortXrxc4681b9b9n8Ws9Q69W6Ygs1Z9+8RlmMu7dpi0QfmhlAv7jocqyFQx/A8ursFftz25GNpU8AfLxZ1/cWhN7TV01/tTWhqnJvKf0GovmhOMc/ytycqSt93PSc7Zea9X817zX/LdBy/zsC0fN51629hcZd04o9SwaF7l+D9Oz2uw2bQn0IIqrVvXwCqoHZX44r4LZzPN1HENgL4Gl8ac+nXTsNZpeY/GCku/vNwD172tskGbheejjNdsevb5flTx4AZTeXNy28ol8vY57tKq9F5G1/mL91rhHc+s5jqrrMm2J8ECSIS9l2V6dZdC52MzzYMzXcQyBvQSWxp/6tDHE78fVvWSkuj7+bAwa37FeE/5a0T01B9RHaw54flRzTPdrGaTve7ReZ67Vs5m19Obitrnex0drVb/2qLVvKFljPrbWe23/pbpRiVclBcgrU6sLf7cWgFgc4KVBF69nHwJ7CDhbyuPPfdkYl8awr/WYdZulbZWNui9tneVf03ZtjsU+4/7RerVISEv8jFPdL9av2T9aq+6pRbFaVNdoGu2abtOOkJcezqtVXu1s5msG91L/H+GcGCwZgM/Banu0zbaVHcZMd3vP/7ewkWk+bC1uW5mg497SrkVG57fe1/fc2k7Pdq2tPaGViElr9ZwVt2v3q9qpXm8u9h5z9Fb9tkrWmI9bbc6sO820q+/WBtoakGeCGOFeYqCBdO0Hq+3R8ityy6RsCtUkXnM399Hq/1p7Z4Gttk5qZBytTyd+013zhhB19Oi91rZ6czh7gREv+440r/n05QXHsdirObI+ev800/bqlgeeoRrS0Q9IfxDQmPP4y+MsmmLPYnjNyJaiUGnzn5A+3+pDmlsZbevaWNej123zW7P6l8lVi5AXmKhjzb7vl2N3ra3vJz1ri9v4+nzs+ntuTzFtwdbAaw0uD8hs5veEwr0/FgGPP421mG3ZsJ2F38u0bUrxm7a/w0qbE5tWNq22sd3ayPmeW41Q/TuTlrY4b6XPWluaVKf7bi17tSqe9hctgLFItww568ka83Hs4177p5i2J0f+FuvJ1DLzewHhvh+PQJy8yro0UZ0NalL6vMahzu0xMn8zz+awhqazORmMTM/Gp636c9828KhPdXsWG/e5R2/Mps3TmvUM6juauRmIrXhvLXu1Rp1mKw1Ra9aTNebjrdpvcX23aSvoArL0CuKVOb9OVWZ+iwelz89LwJM+TlbtO+vW5Jb5aRxr2zKcW9OT8UYNOrYOzbF4zvXSLc3RxG+t0/3HxUQa9BNnLUBV0TVL56t2PfXSKWM2P2mQV1Vas8Z83KPlqLbdpt0jRDAFZU+m0HNf2n4uAp6w9zC3W5J2hi7zHr3cc4FZy0bjQ37kcTKq5rua9kedTGsHCdfdnoCyUk1E/T5acXY+w3N5gRlZa9aYj0fRfreR7FVt6bPKKJDQMS8BjzMlCJT7EZhpgTGlUTWfbtr6lqSP+85+tJpRIHArApp4Gmv5D6db3Y9+2wS0aCoWM5VRNZ9u2sqsNYkExH8EzRRItM5FwP+b5D/B53qKedU6QdN2ljK65tNNe5bAoRMCEIDAiAQw7RGjgiYIQAACBQFMuwBDNQQgAIERCWDaI0YFTRCAAAQKAph2AYZqCEAAAiMSwLRHjAqaIAABCBQEMO0CDNUQgAAERiSAaY8YFTRBAAIQKAhg2gUYqiEAAQiMSADTHjEqaIIABCBQEMC0CzBUQwACEBiRAKY9YlTQBAEIQKAggGkXYKiGAAQgMCIBTHvEqKAJAhCAQEEA0y7AUA0BCEBgRAKY9ohRQRMEIACBggCmXYChGgIQgMCIBDDtEaOCJghAAAIFAUy7AEM1BCAAgREJYNojRgVNEIAABAoCmHYBhmoIQAACIxLAtEeMCpogAAEIFAQw7QIM1RCAAARGJIBpjxgVNEEAAhAoCGDaBRiqIQABCIxI4D9rAx+lOt0EOgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere Y\u003cem\u003eij\u003c/em\u003e is the \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003eth observation of the \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003eth treatment; \u003cem\u003e\u0026micro;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis the overall mean; \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis the\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eeffect of the \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003eth block (i = 1\u0026ndash;5); \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is the\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eeffect of the \u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003eth treatment (\u003cem\u003ej\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 1\u0026ndash;4); and \u0026epsilon;\u003csub\u003eij\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eis the error term. Duncan\u0026rsquo;s new multiple range test was used to test for significant differences among dietary treatments. All data were represented as the mean \u0026plusmn; standard error of the mean (SEM), and \u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBSFL, black soldier fly larva; AMP, antimicrobial peptide; NRC, National Research Council (of Thailand); CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; G:F, gain-to-feed ratio; PC, positive control diet (basal diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin); NC, negative control diet (basal diet without supplementation); BSFL, basal diet supplemented with 12% full-fat BSFL; BSFL + Pro, basal diet supplemented with BSFL + 0.1% multi-probiotics; BW, body weight; ATTP, apparent total-tract digestibility; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; IL1\u0026beta;, interleukin-1\u0026beta;; IL6, interleukin-6; TNF\u0026alpha;, tumour necrosis factor alpha; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; VH, villus height; CD, crypt depth; VH:CD, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio; SEM, standard error of the mean\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e Animal trials were conducted in strict accordance with the guidelines of the National Research Council of Thailand, and the protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use committee of Khon Kaen University (Khon Kaen, Thailand; approval number 125/64 on 18 November, 2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll dataset are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors sincerely thank the Fundamental Fund of Khon Kaen University that received funding from the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, WB and PP; methodology, WB and JH; data curation, PP and WB; formal analysis, PP, WB, YYK and JH; investigation, PP and WB; project administration, PP and WB; funding acquisition, PP and WB; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, WB, JH, AW; writing - review and editing, WB, YH, AW, and YYK. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEuropean Medicines Agency. Final programming document 2022-2024. 2022. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/final-programming-document-2022-2024_en.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpranghers T, Ottoboni M, Klootwijk C, Ovyn A, Deboosere S, De Meulenaer B, et al. Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e) prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates. J Sci Food Agric. 2017;97:2594-600. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ede Souza Vilela J, Andronicos NM, Kolakshyapati M, Hilliar M, Sibanda TZ, Andrew NR, et al. 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Washington, DC: CRC Press; 2001. p. 923-36.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Black soldier fly, Bacillus probiotics, antibiotic-free, piglets, gut health, oxidative stress","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1829674/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1829674/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e The widespread use of antibiotics (such as amoxicillin) in the food animal production industry has led to the proliferation of multi-antibiotic resistant pathogens. In this study, we examined whether dietary supplementation with full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; alone or in combination with multi-probiotics) is an effective alternative to dietary antibiotics in weaning piglets. We also tested the effects of these diets on growth performance, nutrient digestion, intestinal morphology, and oxidative stress in weaned pigs. A total of 80 crossbred piglets [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] were randomly allotted to four diet groups: positive control (PC) diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin; negative control (NC) diet without addition; BSFL12 diet (NC + 12% full-fat BSFL); and BSFL + Pro diet (BSFL + 0.1% multi-probiotics, including \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB. licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e). All groups had five replicates, with four piglets per replicate. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Dietary BSFL + Pro improved the final body weight, overall average daily gain, gain-to-feed ratio, and decreased the diarrhoea rate of piglets. Compared to the NC diet, the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro diets improved nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, and ether extract) and increased the serum levels of immunoglobulin A and glutathione peroxidase, while reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor alpha) and serum malondialdehyde. The relative weight of the spleen was significantly higher and cecum pH was significantly lower in pigs fed the BSFL + Pro diet than in those fed the NC diet. Pigs fed the BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro diets had longer duodenal villi, a higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and shorter crypt depth. The BSFL + Pro diet also increased faecal \u003cem\u003eLactobacillu\u003c/em\u003es spp. counts and reduced \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e counts compared with PC and NC, respectively. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e Dietary supplementation with BSFL or BSFL + multi-probiotics can improve the growth performance and intestinal health of pigs, and may be an effective strategy to replace antibiotic supplementation in weaned pigs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Dietary supplementation with full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae and multi-probiotics as a substitute for antibiotics improves the growth performance, gut health, and antioxidative capacity of weaned pigs","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-07-19 17:06:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1829674/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-09-30T17:03:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"f658b62b-0133-4f7e-b6a7-1837849f6aa0","date":"2022-09-05T17:27:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-08-02T13:12:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"f0c28454-2d8f-4040-9777-1b7dd90d3897","date":"2022-07-18T12:40:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"fa9bd105-29bc-4221-b91b-438950fa0681","date":"2022-07-13T04:37:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-07-12T02:32:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-07-12T02:20:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2022-07-11T15:26:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-07-11T15:08:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Veterinary Research","date":"2022-07-06T04:22:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f3e287e0-807b-434c-85f7-72d2be0ef345","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 19th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T18:27:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-1829674","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03550-8","journal":{"identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},"publishedOn":"2023-01-11 18:18:24","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 11th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-07-19 17:06:48","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12917-022-03550-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03550-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1829674","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1829674","identity":"rs-1829674","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}