A time series analysis of group cohesion, group flow, and mood changes that occur throughout quasi-therapeutic singing sessions

Introduction: Group singing sessions have been observed to result in positive mood changes. One reason for this mood enhancement property is the sense of unity generated by the resulting group cohesion. Based on this sense of unity, the concept of group flow is then likely related to the overall group’s cohesion to a certain degree. However, a question remains surrounding the time changes in the factors of group cohesion and flow during sessions in accordance with the therapist’s expectations. Method: To investigate this, quasi-therapeutic group singing sessions were employed. The present study conducted a time series analysis to examine changes in group cohesion, group flow, and participants’ moods by examining the influence of the song orders that a therapist used for effective mood enhancement. Results: The main findings were that (1) group singing sessions enhanced group cohesion and flow between members; (2) group cohesion and group flow of participants was altered in accordance with the order of the presentation of songs, as per our original expectation. Finally, we found that group singing sessions enhance participants’ positive mood through the resulting changes to the group cohesion and flow. Discussion: These results are applicable for those involved in the organizing of the structures of music therapy sessions, as well as future research into this therapeutic mode.