Single cell profiling reveals novel tumor and myeloid subpopulations in small cell lung cancer

ABSTRACT Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy that includes subtypes defined by differential expression of ASCL1 , NEUROD1 , and POU2F3 (SCLC-A, -N, and -P, respectively), which are associated with distinct therapeutic vulnerabilities. To define the heterogeneity of tumors and their associated microenvironments across subtypes, we sequenced 54,523 cellular transcriptomes from 21 human biospecimens. Our single-cell SCLC atlas reveals tumor diversity exceeding lung adenocarcinoma, driven by canonical, intermediate, and admixed subtypes. We discovered a PLCG2 -high tumor cell population with stem-like, pro-metastatic features that recurs across subtypes and predicts worse overall survival, and manipulation of PLCG2 expression in cells confirms correlation with key metastatic markers. Treatment and subtype are associated with substantial phenotypic changes in the SCLC immune microenvironment, with greater T-cell dysfunction in SCLC-N than SCLC-A. Moreover, the recurrent, PLCG2- high subclone is associated with exhausted CD8+ T-cells and a pro-fibrotic, immunosuppressive monocyte/macrophage population, suggesting possible tumor-immune coordination to promote metastasis.