Significance of ploidy on par with genotypic specificity in host resistance for Phytophthora in Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)

Significance of ploidy on par with genotypic specificity in host resistance for Phytophthora in Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Significance of ploidy on par with genotypic specificity in host resistance for Phytophthora in Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Mathew Paravanparampil Jacob, Thomson Davis, M. Abdul Jabbar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132196/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We estimated Disease Severity Indices (DSI) of 22 genotypes of Black pepper by subjecting them to screening against Phytophthora capsici for assessing the influence of ploidy as well as genotype in host resistance. The DSI of the genotypes showed significant variation and established the existence of genotypic specificity in host resistance in Black pepper. ‘PAJ’, a haploid genotype of the crop, exhibited the highest resistance to the pathogen, as evident by its lowest DSI (33.33 %), and rated it as ‘moderately resistant’. Its diploid progenitor ‘PMM’ and all the other diploid genotypes were rated as ‘susceptible’, since their DSI were > 40 %. ‘PAJ’ is genetically a product of haplodisation of ‘PMM’, and it showed significantly higher resistance than ‘PMM’ for the pathogen. Hence, it is inferred that ploidy has remarkable influence in Black pepper – Phytophthora pathosystem. This study is insightful on the possible genomic interventions for augmenting the inherent degree of resistance exhibited by the genotypes of the crop for the pathogen. Therefore, outcome of this study is a breakthrough, which can transform the present-day haphazard, less efficient approach in resistance breeding in Black pepper for Phytophthora foot rot to one which is systematic and efficient. Black pepper Piper nigrum Phytophthora capsici ploidy host resistance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. INTRODUCTION Phytophthora foot rot is a dreadful disease of the source plant ( Piper nigrum L.) of the most widely used spice of the world - Black pepper -, and it is caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian emend A. Alizadeh and P. H. Taso. This disease is one of the major causative factors for the present-day drastic decline in crop production in all Black pepper producing countries, and it is very hard to control (Nguyen, 2015 ). Almost all Black pepper cultivars are susceptible to this disease, and chemical fungicides are used extensively as curative as well as preventive measure for saving the vines. The high cost of using fungicides for controlling this disease, the harmful effects of chemical fungicides, and the demand for ‘clean spices’ free from chemical residues have led to an intensive search for host resistance in Black pepper (Vanaja et al., 2008 ) Samraj and Jose ( 1966 ) reported that foot rot is caused by Phytophthora , and following this first report on the causal organism, studies aimed at containment of this disease began in different parts of the world. Sarma and Nambiar ( 1979 ) developed a methodology for screening Black pepper genotypes against P . capsici . Subsequently, many workers screened thousands of genetic lines of Black pepper for locating sources of host resistance in the germplasm of the crop. A few genotypes of the crop are reported to possess considerable degree of resistance for the pathogen. But, only a single cultivar of the crop, ‘IISR-Shakti’, which is claimed to be ‘tolerant’ to the pathogen was released hitherto for cultivation, and it had been identified after screening around one million seedlings (Bhai et al., 2007; Bhai et al., 2010). Developing new varieties which are tolerant/resistant to P. capsici is significant in Black pepper production worldwide (Nguyen, 2015 ). Hence, continuing the search for host resistance by subjecting more genotypes of the species for screening against the pathogen for resistance is important. Availability of a wide range of genotypes of P. nigrum possessing unique and diverse traits at its centre-of-origin and diversity - the Western Ghats of India (Sen et al., 2019 ) - is advantageous for undertaking such studies. Anandaraj and Sarma ( 1991 ) observed that high degree of resistance had not been identified for Phytophthora in Black pepper. Limited success in finding out Black pepper genotypes possessing remarkable degree of resistance for the pathogen points to the need for a paradigm shift in the present-day approach in resistance breeding in the crop for Phytophthora , which is primarily aimed at selection of genotypes having comparatively better resistance from the gene pool of the crop, quite often, from open pollinated progenies of selected cultivars. In this backdrop, in addition to search for genotypes possessing considerable resistance to the pathogen, probing new possibilities for augmenting available host resistance in the crop germplasm through genomic interventions is the need of the hour. Hence, the present study has been undertaken for assessing the effect of ploidy on host resistance in Black pepper for P . capsici , hand in hand with search in the germplasm of the crop for genotypes possessing considerable resistance for the pathogen. In tune with this strategy, we carried out screening studies on 22 morphologically characterised and karyologically known genotypes (Anchana, 2020; Davis, 2017 ; Mathew, 1997 ) of P. nigrum for the pathogen. The genetic entities of the crop subjected to the present study include ‘PAJ’ (Fig. 1a), a haploid genotype of the species with the genome constitution 2n = 2x = 26 (Mathew et al., 2016 ) and ‘PMM’ (Fig. 1b), its gynogenetic diploid progenitor with the genome constitution 2n = 4x = 52 and twenty other diploid genotypes (2n = 4x = 52) of the crop (Mathew, 1997 ; Davis et al., 2013 ). Studies on host resistance in Black pepper – Phytophthora pathosystem is still in its infancy (Umadevi and Anandraj, 2017) and this is the pioneer investigation on the effect of ploidy in the system. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Plant materials Twenty two morphologically diverse and karyologically known accessions/genotypes of Black pepper maintained at identical environmental conditions in the ‘Prof. P. M. Mathew Field Gene Bank of Black pepper’ (PMM-FGB) at the Dept. of Botany, University of Kerala, were selected for screening studies for assessing their degree of resistance for P . capsici . Passport data showing the details of localities of collection of the 22 accessions/genotypes are given in Table 1 . The ploidy status of the haploid genotype ‘PAJ’ (2x) and its gynogenetic diploid progenitor ‘PMM’ (4x) was confirmed by employing Flow cytometric analysis (data not given). This study was undertaken at the Dept. of Botany, University of Kerala, in the year 2021, during the period of South-West monsoon (June - August), when the climatic conditions were congenial for host infection for the pathogen. Ten, three-month-old, vegetatively propagated (using stem cuttings) polybagged plants of each of the 22 genotypes having 3–4 nodes, maintained at identical greenhouse conditions in the PMM-FGB were subjected to the screening study. Disease Severity Indices (DSI) of leaf, stem and root of all the genotypes and overall average DSI of them were estimated following Eikemo et al. (2001). 2.2. Phytophthora capsici inoculum The isolates of P. capsici (Strain No. 05–06) maintained in the Phytophthora repository at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) – Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), Kozhikode, Kerala State, India, were procured and used for the screening study. The isolate was sub-cultured in carrot agar and grown for 72 h day/night period for inoculation. 2.3. Ariel inoculation Rooted cuttings were inoculated by making a pinprick in the stem using a sharp-edged needle, at the centre of the third internode from the tip and placed over it an inoculum disc of 5 mm size, extracted from the actively grown margin of 72 h old colony (Bhai et al., 2010). Simultaneous with stem inoculation, the third and fourth leaves from the tip of the plants were inoculated by placing inoculum discs at the centre of the abaxial side of the leaves. The inoculated portions on the stem and leaves were covered with a wet cotton pad and tied with a polythene strip to keep the inoculum in place and to avoid excessive drying. The inoculated cuttings were incubated for 72 h and maintained at 25–280c and 75–90% RH in a polyhouse. Diameter of lesions on the upper surface of the inoculated leaves were measured after 72 h. In the case of inoculated stem, cotton pads were removed and length of lesions were measured after splitting the stem. Leaf lesions were scored on 0–4 scale as, 0 for no lesion, 1 for 1–5 mm lesion, 2 for 6–10 mm, 3 for 11–15 mm and 4 for > 15 mm lesion size. Simultaneously, stem lesion length was scored on 0–4 scale as, 0 for no lesion, 1 for 1–5 mm lesion, 2 for 6–20 mm, 3 for 21–30 mm and 4 for > 30 mm lesion length. Based on this scoring, DSI of the leaf and stem were calculated using the formula proposed by Kim et al. ( 2000 ). 2.4. Root inoculation Three-month-old rooted cuttings in polybags were inoculated with 72 h old culture of P. capsici in the form of mycelial discs. Five mycelial discs of 10 mm diameter were incorporated into the root zone of the plants and observed for infection/mortality. Root/collar infection will be manifested as decay of the collar portion of the root, which extends upwards, resulting in collapse of the susceptible plant. The presence of the inoculum in the soil was determined by the baiting method proposed by Anandaraj and Sarma ( 1991 ). The number of plants that died within a period of seven days after inoculation was taken as the measure for calculating the DSI of the root, using the formula: $$\frac{\text{N}\text{o}. \text{o}\text{f} \text{p}\text{l}\text{a}\text{n}\text{t}\text{s} \text{d}\text{i}\text{e}\text{d} \text{w}\text{i}\text{t}\text{h}\text{i}\text{n} \text{s}\text{e}\text{v}\text{e}\text{n} \text{d}\text{a}\text{y}\text{s}}{\text{T}\text{o}\text{t}\text{a}\text{l} \text{N}\text{o}. \text{o}\text{f} \text{p}\text{l}\text{a}\text{n}\text{t}\text{s} \text{i}\text{n}\text{o}\text{c}\text{u}\text{l}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}} \text{X} 100$$ The overall average DSI of each of the 22 genotypes were calculated based on the average DSI of their leaf, stem and root. With reference to the overall average DSI of the genotypes, they were rated as follows: 40% - susceptible. 2.5. Statistical analysis One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the overall average DSI of the 22 genotypes and Tukey HSD Post hoc multiple comparison test was done for grouping the genotypes based on their DSI. 3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION We estimated the degree of resistance exhibited by the 22 genotypes of P. nigrum for P. capsici in terms of Disease Severity Indices (DSI) of their leaf, stem and root as well as overall average DSI. DSI of the leaf, stem and root and overall average DSI of all the genotypes are given in Table 2. The DSI of leaf, stem and root of the 22 genotypes and their overall average DSI showed variation and the latter ranged from 33.33–96.66% (henceforth, overall average DSI will be termed as DSI, unless otherwise mentioned specifically). The DSI of each genotype is a measure of their degree of resistance for the pathogen, which is manifested as the cumulative outcome of the effect of their preformed structures/chemicals and the products of gene action triggered on inoculation as regards to resistance for the pathogen. Variation in DSI exhibited by the genotypes denotes variability in their degree of resistance response for the pathogen. Variation showed by the 22 genotypes, both in their DSI and the DSI of leaf, stem and root of each genotype, implies that the resistance response of the genotypes for the pathogen is specific to the genotype as well as the organs. Previous studies have also revealed significant variability in resistance by different genotypes/cultivars of Black pepper for P. capsici (Bhai et al., 2007; Divya and Sharada, 2014 ; Mammootty et al., 2008 ) and elucidated genotypic specificity in resistance for the pathogen in Black pepper. Umadevi and Anandaraj (Umadevi and Anandraj, 2017) reported genotypic specificity in host resistance in Black pepper for P. capsici through studies on differential expression of important pathogenesis related genes from resistant and susceptible varieties of the crop. ANOVA (Table 2) of the DSI of the genotypes revealed that variation in the DSI among the 22 genotypes is significant at 1% level and this supported the findings of the previous studies (Bhai et al., 2007; Divya and Sharada, 2014 ; Mammootty et al., 2008 ) which reported genotypic specificity in resistance for P . capsici in Black pepper. The lowest DSI (33.33%) among the 22 genotypes was exhibited by the haploid genotype ‘PAJ’, and this implies that it possesses the highest resistance response against the pathogen. The DSI of ‘PAJ’ (33.33%) is within the range of DSI prescribed for moderate resistance for the pathogen (30–40%), and therefore ‘PAJ’ is rated as moderately resistant for P . capsici , whereas all the diploid genotypes subjected to the screening studies were rated as susceptible, including ‘PMM’, the gynogenetic diploid progenitor of the haploid genotype ‘PAJ’, since their DSI were > 40%. The proximity of DSI of ‘PAJ’ (33.33%) to the starting index (30%) of the range of DSI (< 30%) estimated for the resistant category indicates that ‘PAJ’ possesses high moderate resistance for the pathogen (Fig. 3). Hence, it is inferred that the genetic constitution of ‘PAJ’ is more efficient in resisting the pathogen, than ‘PMM’ and all the other diploid genotypes. Tukey multiple comparison test on the DSI of the 22 genotypes grouped the DSI of the genotypes into seven homogenous groups such as a, b, c, d, e, f & g (Table 2). This grouping denotes that the difference in DSI between any two genotypes, which comes under the same group is not significant, but on the other hand the difference between the DSI showed by the genotypes which belong to different groups is significant. The results of this analysis showed that the DSI of ‘PAJ’ belongs to the group ‘a’, and it is the sole member of that group, whereas DSI of all the other genotypes were grouped with the DSI of one or more genotypes, in one group or the other. This observation revealed that among the DSI of the 22 genotypes, the DSI of ‘PAJ’ is unique, since it differs significantly from DSI of all the other diploid genotypes, including the DSI of its diploid progenitor ‘PMM’. This inference further confirms that ‘PAJ’ is genetically exclusive for resisting the pathogen compared to ‘PMM’ and all the other diploid genotypes. Intraspecific ploidy level variation is associated with a suite of connections between polyploidy and biological phenomena (Leitch and Leitch, 2008 ) and has the potential to influence fitness-related traits. King et al., ( 2012 ) and Weider ( 1993 ) elucidated connections between ploidy variation and key factors determining resistance, including allelic diversity, gene expression and physiological condition, and they argued that systems featuring ploidy variation should be used to evaluate whether ploidy level influences host–parasite interactions. Previous workers have noted that ploidy level can profoundly influence infection dynamics and host-parasite evolution (Nuismer and Otto,2004; Oswald and Nuismer, 2007 ), and the data are scarce (Nuismer and Thompson, 2001 ; Stover, 1986 ). This study revealed that among the diploid genotypes of P. nigrum (2n = 4x = 52), the highest resistance response to the pathogen was shown by ‘PMM’, as evident by its DSI (47.91%), whereas DSI (33.33%) of ‘PAJ’ - the gynogenetic haploid genotype of ‘PMM’- is about 15% lower than the DSI of ‘PMM’. This points to the fact that the inherent capability of ‘PMM’ to resist the pathogen has been amplified significantly in ‘PAJ’ as a result of haplodisation. In this context, it may be noted that the haploid genotype ‘PAJ’ had been originated parthenogenetically from an egg cell of the genotype ‘PMM’ (Mathew et al., 2016 ), which is phylogenetically an allotetraploid (Mathew, 1958 ; Mathew and Mathew, 1982 ) having the genome constitution AABB. Therefore, the major genetically significant factor which varies between ‘PAJ’ and ‘PMM’ is the lack of two sets of genomes (AB) of ‘PMM’ in ‘PAJ, and hence its genome constitution (AB) is 2n = 2x = 26. So, it is inferred that the elimination of two sets of genomes (AB) of ‘PMM’ has resulted in significant increase in the resistant response of ‘PAJ’ for P . capsici . Protein (de Godoy et al., 2008 ) and RNA content (Neiman et al., 2009 ) often increase with ploidy level (Coate and Doyle 2010 ), suggesting that extra chromosome sets generally increase gene expression and resistance. However, certain loci or even whole genomes (generally in allopolyploids) are up- or downregulated (or even silenced) as ploidy increases (Guo et al., 1996 ). This among-locus variation may be system-specific (Coate and Doyle 2010 ; Guo et al., 1996 ), making it difficult to predict how polyploidy will affect particular genes. In this backdrop, it may be noted that all the diploid genotypes of Black pepper are allotetraploids phylogenetically, based on the basic chromosome number x = 13(Mathew, 1958 ; Mathew and Mathew, 1982 ). In line with the above-mentioned observation (Guo et al., 1996 ), the present study revealed that in the diploid genotypes of Black pepper, which are allotetraploids (2n = 4x = 52), certain loci concerned with resistance/susceptibility in Black pepper for Phytophthora or even their whole genomes might have up- or down-regulated (or even silenced), resulting in low resistance response as evident by their high DSI, compared to the remarkably low DSI of the haploid genotype ‘PAJ’. Hence, taking into consideration the DSI of ‘PAJ’ and its diploid progenitor ‘PMM’, in ‘PAJ’, as a result of the elimination of two sets of genomes (13 X 2 = 26) of ‘PMM’, it is assumed that certain loci responsible for resistance/susceptibility to the pathogen or whole genomes are up- or down-regulated, which in turn might have resulted in remarkable increase in resistance response for the pathogen, as evident from its significantly low DSI compared to ‘PMM’. Jansky et al. ( 2003 ) have reported higher levels of disease resistance in haploid potato clones than their tetraploid parents. Polyploidy (autopolyploidy) can directly influence the immune response to a parasite attack in at least two ways. Firstly, the addition of a new genome may increase allelic diversity. Higher allelic diversity at immune genes can help hosts for recognizing a greater diversity of parasites (Spurgin and Richardson, 2010 ). Secondly, if the additional genome copies are expressed, then polyploids may generate higher amounts of gene products related to immune function. The remarkable high resistance response of the haploid genotype ‘PAJ’ for P. capsici compared to its diploid progenitor ‘PMM’ and the other diploid genotypes indicates that the reduction from two copies of each of the two different genomes of ‘PMM’ (AABB) to single copies of the two different genomes in ‘PAJ’(AB) is genetically favourable for the expression of higher resistance response for the pathogen than its diploid counterpart (‘PMM’). The major hurdle in crop improvement programmes in Black pepper is its heterozygous genetic constitution (Ravindran et al.,2000). Taking into consideration the highly heterozygous genetic constitution of the crop, allelic pattern of ‘PMM’ in general can be depicted as A'A B' B. In this context, development of a doubled haploid (DH) of ‘PAJ’ through artificial doubling of its chromosomes can lead to homozygosity of alleles of the genomes through the occurrence of two exact copies (A'A' B' B' or AABB) of chromosomes in its putative dihaploids. Therefore, they may express better resistance than ‘PAJ’ to the pathogen, as an outcome of the attainment of homozygosity of alleles which control gene action of resistance response in Black pepper for P. capsici . In spite of the logical correctness of this prediction, since our present knowledge on molecular interactions in Black pepper – P. capsici pathosystem is limited (Umadevi and Anandaraj, 2017 ) and moreover, the effect of ploidy is system specific, development of dihaploids (DH) of ‘PAJ’ and comparing its resistance response with ‘PAJ’ is essential for a clear understanding on the performance of a dihaploid of ‘PAJ’ as regards to its resistance response for the pathogen. Wiśniewska et al. ( 2019 ) have reported production of wheat-doubled haploids, which are more resistant to eyespot disease supported by marker-assisted selection. The present finding of remarkably high resistance response exhibited by the haploid genotype of Black pepper ‘PAJ’ compared to its diploid progenitor ‘PMM’ also facilitates comparative analysis of gene action pertaining to resistance for P. capsici , operating in these two ploidy systems of Black pepper. Such a study is potential for shedding more light on the intricacies involved in the genetic mechanisms of resistance for P . capsici in Black pepper, which in turn can accelerate the process of resistance breeding for Phytophthora foot rot in the crop. Declarations CONFLICT OF INTEREST On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PJM and DD are indebted to the Executive Vice President, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), for financial support through the Emeritus Scientist Scheme and to the Head, Dept. of Botany, University of Kerala, for facilities. We are thankful to the Director, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Thiruvananthapuram and to Dr. Mathew Dan, Head, Plant Genetic Resource Division of the Institute for providing planting materials of the accessions of Black pepper for the development of PMM-FGB. The authors are also thankful to the Director, Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)– Indian Institute for Spices Research (IISR), Kozhikode, for providing inoculum of Phytophthora capsici. We are indebted to the late Dr. Y. R. Sarma and to Dr. K. Nirmal Babu, Former Directors, ICAR – IISR, Dr. R. Suseela Bhai, Former Principal Scientist and Ms. P. K. Chandravally, Technical Officer of the Institute for encouragement, guidance and help. References Anandaraj, M., & Sarma, Y. R. (1991). Use for baiting for assaying chemicals applied as soil drench to control P hytophthora foot-rot of black pepper ( Piper nigrum L). Indian Phytopathology , 44 , 543–544. Anchana, A. (2020). 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Banana breeding: polyploidy, disease resistance and productivity. Fruits (France) , 41 , 175–191. Suseela Bhai, R., Anandaraj, M., Sarma, Y. R., Veena, S. S., & Saji, K. V. (2007). Screening of black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) germplasm for resistance to foot rot disease caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops , 16 (2), 115–117. Suseela Bhai, R., Eapen, S. J., Anandaraj, M., & Saji, K. V. (2010). Identification of Phytophthora and nematode-resistant source-from opens pollinated progenies of black pepper ( Piper nigrum ) using a modified protocol. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences , 80 (10), 893–897. Umadevi, P., & Anandaraj, M. (2017). Genotype specific host resistance for Phytophthora in black pepper ( Piper nigrum L). Physiological and Molecular plant pathology , 100 , 237–241. Vanaja, T., Neema, V. P., Mammootty, K. P., & Rajeshkumar, R. (2008). Development of a promising interspecic hybrid in black pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) for Phytophthora foot rot resistance. Euphytica , 161 , 437–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9602-4 123 . Weider, L. J. (1993). A test of the ‘general-purpose’ geno- type hypothesis: differential tolerance to thermal and salinity stress among Daphnia clones. Evolution , 47 , 965–969. https://doi.org/10.2307/2410201 . Wiśniewska, H., Majka, M., Kwiatek, M., Gawłowska, M., Surma, M., Adamski, T., Kaczmarek, Z., Drzazga, T., Lugowska, B., Korbas, M., & Belter, J. (2019). Production of wheat-doubled haploids resistant to eyespot supported by marker-assisted selection. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology , 37 , 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.10.003 . Tables Table 1. Passport data showing details on localities of collection of the 22 accessions/genotypes of Black pepper Sl. No. Accession No. Accession code/ Genotypes Place of collection/ procurement Districts of Kerala State Altitude (m) Latitude Longitude 1 FGB/P/001 Edamalayar - I Edamalayar Ernakulam 341 10 ° 13’28.83” N 76 ° 41’29.34” E 2 FGB/P/004 Bonacaud - I Bonacaud Thiruvananthapuram 853 8 ° 38’54.39” N 77 ° 11’01.07” E 3 FGB/P/005 Cheenikkala -I Cheenikkala Thiruvananthapuram 254 8 ° 49’23.42” N 77 ° 07’44.42” E 4 FGB/P/006 Edamalayar - II Edamalayar Ernakulam 405 10 ° 12’ 55.18” N 76 ° 41’48.46” E 5 FGB/P/007 Sankili - I Sankili Thiruvananthapuram 237 8 ° 49’51.53” N 77 ° 05’15.41” E 6 FGB/P/008 Palaruvi - I Palaruvi Kollam 414 8 ° 56’30.40” N 77 ° 09’44.16” E 7 FGB/P/009 Pandimotta - I Pandimotta Thiruvananthapuram 882 8 ° 49’53.57” N 77 ° 10’50.68” E 8 FGB/P/010 Neryamangalam - I Neryamangalam Idukki 178 10 ° 10’08.91” N 76 ° 34’52.96” E 9 FGB/P/011 Pookkodu - I Pookkodu Wayanad 1214 11 ° 32’44.66” N 76 ° 01’17.41” E 10 FGB/P/012 Peechi - I Peechi Thrissur 145 10 ° 33’22.40” N 76 ° 24’04.81” E 11 FGB/P/013 Palode - I Palode Thiruvananthapuram 120 8 ° 37’39.68” N 77 ° 13’05.56” E 12 FGB/P/014 Bonacaud - II Bonacaud Thiruvananthapuram 808 8 ° 39’12.38” N 77 ° 11’53.69” E 13 FGB/P/015 Periya - I Periya Wayanad 898 11 ° 49’51.79” N 75 ° 47’56.68” E 14 FGB/P/018 Kochupamba – I Kochupamba Pathanamthitta 269 9°22”41.7” N 77°09’15.0” E 15 FGB/P/019 Palani - I Palani Dindigul* 341 10 ° 45’00.0” N 77 ° 51’99.97”E 16 FGB/P/020 PAJ JNTBGRI Thiruvananthapuram NA NA NA 17 FGB/P/021 PMM- I Bonacaud Thiruvananthapuram 853 8°65’34.39” N 77°19’82.5”E 18 FGB/P/023 Sholayar - I Sholayar Thrissur 438 10°18’52.7” N 76°42’35.1” E 19 FGB/P/024 Karimunda - I Vellayani Thiruvananthapuram 8 8°43’13.60” N 76°98’67.23” E 20 FGB/P/027 Edamalayar - III Edamalayar Ernakulam 420 10°13’15.6” N 76°41’20.3" E 21 FGB/P/029 Karimunda - III Peroorkada Thiruvananthapuram 53 8°54’75.1” N 76°96’59.4” E 22 FGB/P/030 Kuruvantherivalli ­- I Peroorkada Thiruvananthapuram 53 8°53’05.5” N 76°96’46.4” E *Tamil Nadu State Table 2. Disease Severity Indices (DSI) of leaf, stem, & root and overall average DSI of the 22 genotypes Sl. No. Accession No. Accession code/genotypes Leaf Stem Root Average DSI (%) 1 FGB/P/001 Edamalayar – I 100 82.50 80 87.50±11.28 defg 2 FGB/P/004 Bonacadu – I 97.50 85 70 84.16±15.30 defg 3 FGB/P/005 Cheenikala – I 86.25 72.5 70 76.25±14.37 cd 4 FGB/P/006 Edamalayar – II 100 62.5 80 80.83±17.22 def 5 FGB/P/007 Sankili – I 98.75 70 80 82.91±13.65 defg 6 FGB/P/008 Palaruvi – I 93.75 72.5 70 81.25±14.29 cde 7 FGB/P/009 Pandimotta – I 97.75 85 80 87.58±10.79 defg 8 FGB/P/010 Neryamangalam – I 97.75 92.5 90 93.41±8.00 fg 9 FGB/P/011 Pookodu – I 100 92.5 90 94.16±12.17 fg 10 FGB/P/012 Peechi – I 100 85 70 85.00±11.15 defg 11 FGB/P/013 Palode – I 95 87.5 100 94.16±10.17 fg 12 FGB/P/014 Bonacud – II 100 77.5 80 85.83±13.51 defg 13 FGB/P/015 Periya – I 100 80 90 90.00±14.58 defg 14 FGB/P/018 Kochupampa – I 96.25 85 70 83.75±13.51 defg 15 FGB/P/019 Palani – I 100 90 70 86.66±14.58 defg 16 FGB/P/020 ‘PAJ’ 22.50* 47.50 30 33.33±18.32 a 17 FGB/P/021 ‘PMM’ 28.75* 65 50 47.91±25.02 b 18 FGB/P/023 Sholayar – I 92.50 95 90 92.50±8.56 efg 19 FGB/P/024 Karimunda – I 80 50 70 66.66±14.36 c 20 FGB/P/027 Edamalayar – III 100* 75 70 81.86±14.87 def 21 FGB/P/029 Karimunda – II 100 90 100 96.66±8.64 g 22 FGB/P/030 Kuruvantherivalli – I 21.25 75 60 52.08±14.36 b *Fig. 2 Df (n-1) = 21 F value 35.77@ p< 0.001 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4132196","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":287734729,"identity":"94f0000e-44f2-4cc8-a3bc-fef5c771de86","order_by":0,"name":"Mathew Paravanparampil Jacob","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACA4YCGx42hsMHGBgbYGIH8GlgBmoxSJPjZzyWQLwWoD2HjSWbzxgQp0W3/fyBgg8GzIkbjp35JvFzh40cA/vhA8w8Z3BrMTuTzGA4w4AtccOZs9ske8+kGTPwpCUw89zAo+VAMoMxjwFP4oYbZ7dJ8LYdTmyQ4DFg5vmAR8v5xyAtEokb7r95JvmXKC03wLYYGEs2nGGTRtiCz2E3HhsA/ZIgx89wzNhati3NmA3ol4Nz8Hn/fOIzgw8V/0FR+fDm2zYbOX72wwcfvDmGWwsQsBlAGSwSYC4DgYgEAuYHMAYeP4+CUTAKRsFIBgClk1TkgHflCAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1302-9788","institution":"University of Kerala","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mathew","middleName":"Paravanparampil","lastName":"Jacob","suffix":""},{"id":287734730,"identity":"86bbb899-58d7-4c1d-97d4-9ef88b1e5d12","order_by":1,"name":"Thomson Davis","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thomson","middleName":"","lastName":"Davis","suffix":""},{"id":287734731,"identity":"8145f697-d92c-4d07-b050-8e676e00b565","order_by":2,"name":"M. Abdul Jabbar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"Abdul","lastName":"Jabbar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-19 17:40:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132196/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132196/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54364325,"identity":"cc0e604f-ac11-4866-a4b9-7e6e1314f261","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 12:06:00","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3911378,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132196/v1/b25a94936b3a57cfe1d2d9f2.png"},{"id":54364326,"identity":"7d36d22c-7ea6-49d9-8032-baa24aa9064e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 12:06:01","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1112536,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132196/v1/fd1780483c2986c8c75896cf.png"},{"id":54364324,"identity":"03dfae89-8ba6-4761-ad20-7bce7e642020","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-09 12:06:00","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":682879,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132196/v1/86164f4abf070a06f9041b64.png"},{"id":58165960,"identity":"8da3fe9a-3ba5-4453-bb9a-d975c1d0d916","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-12 02:32:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8759845,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4132196/v1/b4d9bdb1-32ae-4bd0-a180-1db41843648f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Significance of ploidy on par with genotypic specificity in host resistance for Phytophthora in Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e foot rot is a dreadful disease of the source plant (\u003cem\u003ePiper nigrum\u003c/em\u003e L.) of the most widely used spice of the world - Black pepper -, and it is caused by \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora capsici\u003c/em\u003e Leonian emend A. Alizadeh and P. H. Taso. This disease is one of the major causative factors for the present-day drastic decline in crop production in all Black pepper producing countries, and it is very hard to control (Nguyen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Almost all Black pepper cultivars are susceptible to this disease, and chemical fungicides are used extensively as curative as well as preventive measure for saving the vines. The high cost of using fungicides for controlling this disease, the harmful effects of chemical fungicides, and the demand for \u0026lsquo;clean spices\u0026rsquo; free from chemical residues have led to an intensive search for host resistance in Black pepper (Vanaja et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) Samraj and Jose (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e) reported that foot rot is caused by \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e, and following this first report on the causal organism, studies aimed at containment of this disease began in different parts of the world. Sarma and Nambiar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e) developed a methodology for screening Black pepper genotypes against \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ecapsici\u003c/em\u003e. Subsequently, many workers screened thousands of genetic lines of Black pepper for locating sources of host resistance in the germplasm of the crop. A few genotypes of the crop are reported to possess considerable degree of resistance for the pathogen. But, only a single cultivar of the crop, \u0026lsquo;IISR-Shakti\u0026rsquo;, which is claimed to be \u0026lsquo;tolerant\u0026rsquo; to the pathogen was released hitherto for cultivation, and it had been identified after screening around one million seedlings (Bhai et al., 2007; Bhai et al., 2010). Developing new varieties which are tolerant/resistant to \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e is significant in Black pepper production worldwide (Nguyen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, continuing the search for host resistance by subjecting more genotypes of the species for screening against the pathogen for resistance is important. Availability of a wide range of genotypes of \u003cem\u003eP. nigrum\u003c/em\u003e possessing unique and diverse traits at its centre-of-origin and diversity - the Western Ghats of India (Sen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) - is advantageous for undertaking such studies. Anandaraj and Sarma (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e) observed that high degree of resistance had not been identified for \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e in Black pepper. Limited success in finding out Black pepper genotypes possessing remarkable degree of resistance for the pathogen points to the need for a paradigm shift in the present-day approach in resistance breeding in the crop for \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e, which is primarily aimed at selection of genotypes having comparatively better resistance from the gene pool of the crop, quite often, from open pollinated progenies of selected cultivars. In this backdrop, in addition to search for genotypes possessing considerable resistance to the pathogen, probing new possibilities for augmenting available host resistance in the crop germplasm through genomic interventions is the need of the hour. Hence, the present study has been undertaken for assessing the effect of ploidy on host resistance in Black pepper for \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ecapsici\u003c/em\u003e, hand in hand with search in the germplasm of the crop for genotypes possessing considerable resistance for the pathogen. In tune with this strategy, we carried out screening studies on 22 morphologically characterised and karyologically known genotypes (Anchana, 2020; Davis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mathew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eP. nigrum\u003c/em\u003e for the pathogen. The genetic entities of the crop subjected to the present study include \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1a), a haploid genotype of the species with the genome constitution 2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26 (Mathew et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1b), its gynogenetic diploid progenitor with the genome constitution 2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52 and twenty other diploid genotypes (2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52) of the crop (Mathew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Davis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Studies on host resistance in Black pepper \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e pathosystem is still in its infancy (Umadevi and Anandraj, 2017) and this is the pioneer investigation on the effect of ploidy in the system.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Plant materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwenty two morphologically diverse and karyologically known accessions/genotypes of Black pepper maintained at identical environmental conditions in the \u0026lsquo;Prof. P. M. Mathew Field Gene Bank of Black pepper\u0026rsquo; (PMM-FGB) at the Dept. of Botany, University of Kerala, were selected for screening studies for assessing their degree of resistance for \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ecapsici\u003c/em\u003e. Passport data showing the details of localities of collection of the 22 accessions/genotypes are given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The ploidy status of the haploid genotype \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; (2x) and its gynogenetic diploid progenitor \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; (4x) was confirmed by employing Flow cytometric analysis (data not given). This study was undertaken at the Dept. of Botany, University of Kerala, in the year 2021, during the period of South-West monsoon (June - August), when the climatic conditions were congenial for host infection for the pathogen. Ten, three-month-old, vegetatively propagated (using stem cuttings) polybagged plants of each of the 22 genotypes having 3\u0026ndash;4 nodes, maintained at identical greenhouse conditions in the PMM-FGB were subjected to the screening study. Disease Severity Indices (DSI) of leaf, stem and root of all the genotypes and overall average DSI of them were estimated following Eikemo et al. (2001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora capsici\u003c/em\u003e inoculum\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe isolates of \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e (Strain No. 05\u0026ndash;06) maintained in the \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e repository at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) \u0026ndash; Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), Kozhikode, Kerala State, India, were procured and used for the screening study. The isolate was sub-cultured in carrot agar and grown for 72 h day/night period for inoculation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Ariel inoculation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRooted cuttings were inoculated by making a pinprick in the stem using a sharp-edged needle, at the centre of the third internode from the tip and placed over it an inoculum disc of 5 mm size, extracted from the actively grown margin of 72 h old colony (Bhai et al., 2010). Simultaneous with stem inoculation, the third and fourth leaves from the tip of the plants were inoculated by placing inoculum discs at the centre of the abaxial side of the leaves. The inoculated portions on the stem and leaves were covered with a wet cotton pad and tied with a polythene strip to keep the inoculum in place and to avoid excessive drying. The inoculated cuttings were incubated for 72 h and maintained at 25\u0026ndash;280c and 75\u0026ndash;90% RH in a polyhouse. Diameter of lesions on the upper surface of the inoculated leaves were measured after 72 h. In the case of inoculated stem, cotton pads were removed and length of lesions were measured after splitting the stem. Leaf lesions were scored on 0\u0026ndash;4 scale as, 0 for no lesion, 1 for 1\u0026ndash;5 mm lesion, 2 for 6\u0026ndash;10 mm, 3 for 11\u0026ndash;15 mm and 4 for \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;15 mm lesion size. Simultaneously, stem lesion length was scored on 0\u0026ndash;4 scale as, 0 for no lesion, 1 for 1\u0026ndash;5 mm lesion, 2 for 6\u0026ndash;20 mm, 3 for 21\u0026ndash;30 mm and 4 for \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30 mm lesion length. Based on this scoring, DSI of the leaf and stem were calculated using the formula proposed by Kim et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Root inoculation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThree-month-old rooted cuttings in polybags were inoculated with 72 h old culture of \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e in the form of mycelial discs. Five mycelial discs of 10 mm diameter were incorporated into the root zone of the plants and observed for infection/mortality. Root/collar infection will be manifested as decay of the collar portion of the root, which extends upwards, resulting in collapse of the susceptible plant. The presence of the inoculum in the soil was determined by the baiting method proposed by Anandaraj and Sarma (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). The number of plants that died within a period of seven days after inoculation was taken as the measure for calculating the DSI of the root, using the formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{o}. \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\text{s} \\text{d}\\text{i}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{w}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{i}\\text{n} \\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{n} \\text{d}\\text{a}\\text{y}\\text{s}}{\\text{T}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{l} \\text{N}\\text{o}. \\text{o}\\text{f} \\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\text{s} \\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{o}\\text{c}\\text{u}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}} \\text{X} 100$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe overall average DSI of each of the 22 genotypes were calculated based on the average DSI of their leaf, stem and root. With reference to the overall average DSI of the genotypes, they were rated as follows: \u0026lt; 30% - resistant, 30\u0026ndash;40% - moderately resistant and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40% - susceptible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the overall average DSI of the 22 genotypes and Tukey HSD Post hoc multiple comparison test was done for grouping the genotypes based on their DSI.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS \u0026 DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe estimated the degree of resistance exhibited by the 22 genotypes of \u003cem\u003eP. nigrum\u003c/em\u003e for \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e in terms of Disease Severity Indices (DSI) of their leaf, stem and root as well as overall average DSI. DSI of the leaf, stem and root and overall average DSI of all the genotypes are given in Table\u0026nbsp;2. The DSI of leaf, stem and root of the 22 genotypes and their overall average DSI showed variation and the latter ranged from 33.33\u0026ndash;96.66% (henceforth, overall average DSI will be termed as DSI, unless otherwise mentioned specifically). The DSI of each genotype is a measure of their degree of resistance for the pathogen, which is manifested as the cumulative outcome of the effect of their preformed structures/chemicals and the products of gene action triggered on inoculation as regards to resistance for the pathogen. Variation in DSI exhibited by the genotypes denotes variability in their degree of resistance response for the pathogen. Variation showed by the 22 genotypes, both in their DSI and the DSI of leaf, stem and root of each genotype, implies that the resistance response of the genotypes for the pathogen is specific to the genotype as well as the organs. Previous studies have also revealed significant variability in resistance by different genotypes/cultivars of Black pepper for \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e (Bhai et al., 2007; Divya and Sharada, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Mammootty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and elucidated genotypic specificity in resistance for the pathogen in Black pepper. Umadevi and Anandaraj (Umadevi and Anandraj, 2017) reported genotypic specificity in host resistance in Black pepper for \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e through studies on differential expression of important pathogenesis related genes from resistant and susceptible varieties of the crop. ANOVA (Table\u0026nbsp;2) of the DSI of the genotypes revealed that variation in the DSI among the 22 genotypes is significant at 1% level and this supported the findings of the previous studies (Bhai et al., 2007; Divya and Sharada, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Mammootty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) which reported genotypic specificity in resistance for \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ecapsici\u003c/em\u003e in Black pepper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lowest DSI (33.33%) among the 22 genotypes was exhibited by the haploid genotype \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo;, and this implies that it possesses the highest resistance response against the pathogen. The DSI of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; (33.33%) is within the range of DSI prescribed for moderate resistance for the pathogen (30\u0026ndash;40%), and therefore \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; is rated as moderately resistant for \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ecapsici\u003c/em\u003e, whereas all the diploid genotypes subjected to the screening studies were rated as susceptible, including \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;, the gynogenetic diploid progenitor of the haploid genotype \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo;, since their DSI were \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40%. The proximity of DSI of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; (33.33%) to the starting index (30%) of the range of DSI (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30%) estimated for the resistant category indicates that \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; possesses high moderate resistance for the pathogen (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3). Hence, it is inferred that the genetic constitution of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; is more efficient in resisting the pathogen, than \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; and all the other diploid genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTukey multiple comparison test on the DSI of the 22 genotypes grouped the DSI of the genotypes into seven homogenous groups such as a, b, c, d, e, f \u0026amp; g (Table\u0026nbsp;2). This grouping denotes that the difference in DSI between any two genotypes, which comes under the same group is not significant, but on the other hand the difference between the DSI showed by the genotypes which belong to different groups is significant. The results of this analysis showed that the DSI of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; belongs to the group \u0026lsquo;a\u0026rsquo;, and it is the sole member of that group, whereas DSI of all the other genotypes were grouped with the DSI of one or more genotypes, in one group or the other. This observation revealed that among the DSI of the 22 genotypes, the DSI of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; is unique, since it differs significantly from DSI of all the other diploid genotypes, including the DSI of its diploid progenitor \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;. This inference further confirms that \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; is genetically exclusive for resisting the pathogen compared to \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; and all the other diploid genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntraspecific ploidy level variation is associated with a suite of connections between polyploidy and biological phenomena (Leitch and Leitch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and has the potential to influence fitness-related traits. King et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) and Weider (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) elucidated connections between ploidy variation and key factors determining resistance, including allelic diversity, gene expression and physiological condition, and they argued that systems featuring ploidy variation should be used to evaluate whether ploidy level influences host\u0026ndash;parasite interactions. Previous workers have noted that ploidy level can profoundly influence infection dynamics and host-parasite evolution (Nuismer and Otto,2004; Oswald and Nuismer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), and the data are scarce (Nuismer and Thompson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Stover, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). This study revealed that among the diploid genotypes of \u003cem\u003eP. nigrum\u003c/em\u003e (2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52), the highest resistance response to the pathogen was shown by \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;, as evident by its DSI (47.91%), whereas DSI (33.33%) of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; - the gynogenetic haploid genotype of \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;- is about 15% lower than the DSI of \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;. This points to the fact that the inherent capability of \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; to resist the pathogen has been amplified significantly in \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; as a result of haplodisation. In this context, it may be noted that the haploid genotype \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; had been originated parthenogenetically from an egg cell of the genotype \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; (Mathew et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), which is phylogenetically an allotetraploid (Mathew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Mathew and Mathew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e) having the genome constitution AABB. Therefore, the major genetically significant factor which varies between \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; is the lack of two sets of genomes (AB) of \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; in \u0026lsquo;PAJ, and hence its genome constitution (AB) is 2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26. So, it is inferred that the elimination of two sets of genomes (AB) of \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; has resulted in significant increase in the resistant response of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; for \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ecapsici\u003c/em\u003e. Protein (de Godoy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and RNA content (Neiman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) often increase with ploidy level (Coate and Doyle \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting that extra chromosome sets generally increase gene expression and resistance. However, certain loci or even whole genomes (generally in allopolyploids) are up- or downregulated (or even silenced) as ploidy increases (Guo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). This among-locus variation may be system-specific (Coate and Doyle \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Guo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e), making it difficult to predict how polyploidy will affect particular genes. In this backdrop, it may be noted that all the diploid genotypes of Black pepper are allotetraploids phylogenetically, based on the basic chromosome number x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13(Mathew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e; Mathew and Mathew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). In line with the above-mentioned observation (Guo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e), the present study revealed that in the diploid genotypes of Black pepper, which are allotetraploids (2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52), certain loci concerned with resistance/susceptibility in Black pepper for \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e or even their whole genomes might have up- or down-regulated (or even silenced), resulting in low resistance response as evident by their high DSI, compared to the remarkably low DSI of the haploid genotype \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo;. Hence, taking into consideration the DSI of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; and its diploid progenitor \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;, in \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo;, as a result of the elimination of two sets of genomes (13 X 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26) of \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;, it is assumed that certain loci responsible for resistance/susceptibility to the pathogen or whole genomes are up- or down-regulated, which in turn might have resulted in remarkable increase in resistance response for the pathogen, as evident from its significantly low DSI compared to \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;. Jansky et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) have reported higher levels of disease resistance in haploid potato clones than their tetraploid parents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyploidy (autopolyploidy) can directly influence the immune response to a parasite attack in at least two ways. Firstly, the addition of a new genome may increase allelic diversity. Higher allelic diversity at immune genes can help hosts for recognizing a greater diversity of parasites (Spurgin and Richardson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Secondly, if the additional genome copies are expressed, then polyploids may generate higher amounts of gene products related to immune function. The remarkable high resistance response of the haploid genotype \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; for \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e compared to its diploid progenitor \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; and the other diploid genotypes indicates that the reduction from two copies of each of the two different genomes of \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; (AABB) to single copies of the two different genomes in \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo;(AB) is genetically favourable for the expression of higher resistance response for the pathogen than its diploid counterpart (\u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;). The major hurdle in crop improvement programmes in Black pepper is its heterozygous genetic constitution (Ravindran et al.,2000). Taking into consideration the highly heterozygous genetic constitution of the crop, allelic pattern of \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; in general can be depicted as A'A B' B. In this context, development of a doubled haploid (DH) of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; through artificial doubling of its chromosomes can lead to homozygosity of alleles of the genomes through the occurrence of two exact copies (A'A' B' B' or AABB) of chromosomes in its putative dihaploids. Therefore, they may express better resistance than \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; to the pathogen, as an outcome of the attainment of homozygosity of alleles which control gene action of resistance response in Black pepper for \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e. In spite of the logical correctness of this prediction, since our present knowledge on molecular interactions in Black pepper \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e pathosystem is limited (Umadevi and Anandaraj, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and moreover, the effect of ploidy is system specific, development of dihaploids (DH) of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; and comparing its resistance response with \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; is essential for a clear understanding on the performance of a dihaploid of \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; as regards to its resistance response for the pathogen. Wiśniewska et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) have reported production of wheat-doubled haploids, which are more resistant to eyespot disease supported by marker-assisted selection. The present finding of remarkably high resistance response exhibited by the haploid genotype of Black pepper \u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo; compared to its diploid progenitor \u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo; also facilitates comparative analysis of gene action pertaining to resistance for \u003cem\u003eP. capsici\u003c/em\u003e, operating in these two ploidy systems of Black pepper. Such a study is potential for shedding more light on the intricacies involved in the genetic mechanisms of resistance for \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ecapsici\u003c/em\u003e in Black pepper, which in turn can accelerate the process of resistance breeding for \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e foot rot in the crop.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePJM and DD are indebted to the Executive Vice President, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), for financial support through the Emeritus Scientist Scheme and to the Head, Dept. of Botany, University of Kerala, for facilities. We are thankful to the Director, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Thiruvananthapuram and to Dr. Mathew Dan, Head, Plant Genetic Resource Division of the Institute for providing planting materials of the accessions of Black pepper for the development of PMM-FGB. The authors are also thankful to the Director, Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)\u0026ndash; Indian Institute for Spices Research (IISR), Kozhikode, for providing inoculum of \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora capsici.\u003c/em\u003e We are indebted to the late Dr. Y. R. Sarma and to Dr. K. Nirmal Babu, Former Directors, ICAR \u0026ndash; IISR, Dr. R. Suseela Bhai, Former Principal Scientist and Ms. P. K. Chandravally, Technical Officer of the Institute for encouragement, guidance and help.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnandaraj, M., \u0026amp; Sarma, Y. R. (1991). 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A test of the \u0026lsquo;general-purpose\u0026rsquo; geno- type hypothesis: differential tolerance to thermal and salinity stress among Daphnia clones. \u003cem\u003eEvolution\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e, 965\u0026ndash;969. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2307/2410201\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2307/2410201\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWiśniewska, H., Majka, M., Kwiatek, M., Gawłowska, M., Surma, M., Adamski, T., Kaczmarek, Z., Drzazga, T., Lugowska, B., Korbas, M., \u0026amp; Belter, J. (2019). Production of wheat-doubled haploids resistant to eyespot supported by marker-assisted selection. \u003cem\u003eElectronic Journal of Biotechnology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c/em\u003e, 11\u0026ndash;17. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.10.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.10.003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePassport data showing details on localities of collection of the 22 accessions/genotypes of Black pepper\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"945\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSl. No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccession\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccession code/\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenotypes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace of collection/\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprocurement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistricts of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKerala State\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAltitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLatitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLongitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEdamalayar - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEdamalayar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErnakulam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e13\u0026rsquo;28.83\u0026rdquo; N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e41\u0026rsquo;29.34\u0026rdquo; E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonacaud - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonacaud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e38\u0026rsquo;54.39\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e11\u0026rsquo;01.07\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheenikkala -I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheenikkala\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e49\u0026rsquo;23.42\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e07\u0026rsquo;44.42\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEdamalayar - II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEdamalayar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErnakulam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e12\u0026rsquo; 55.18\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e41\u0026rsquo;48.46\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSankili - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSankili\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e49\u0026rsquo;51.53\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e05\u0026rsquo;15.41\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalaruvi - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalaruvi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKollam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e56\u0026rsquo;30.40\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e09\u0026rsquo;44.16\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePandimotta - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePandimotta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e49\u0026rsquo;53.57\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e10\u0026rsquo;50.68\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeryamangalam - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeryamangalam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdukki\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e10\u0026rsquo;08.91\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e34\u0026rsquo;52.96\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePookkodu - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePookkodu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWayanad\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e32\u0026rsquo;44.66\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e01\u0026rsquo;17.41\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeechi - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeechi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThrissur\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e33\u0026rsquo;22.40\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e24\u0026rsquo;04.81\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalode - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e37\u0026rsquo;39.68\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e13\u0026rsquo;05.56\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonacaud - II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonacaud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e39\u0026rsquo;12.38\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e11\u0026rsquo;53.69\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeriya - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeriya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWayanad\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e898\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e49\u0026rsquo;51.79\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e47\u0026rsquo;56.68\u0026rdquo;\u0026nbsp;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKochupamba \u0026ndash; I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKochupamba\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePathanamthitta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026deg;22\u0026rdquo;41.7\u0026rdquo; N\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u0026deg;09\u0026rsquo;15.0\u0026rdquo; E\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalani - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalani\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDindigul*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e45\u0026rsquo;00.0\u0026rdquo; N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e51\u0026rsquo;99.97\u0026rdquo;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAJ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJNTBGRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePMM- I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonacaud\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u0026deg;65\u0026rsquo;34.39\u0026rdquo; N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u0026deg;19\u0026rsquo;82.5\u0026rdquo;E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSholayar - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSholayar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThrissur\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026deg;18\u0026rsquo;52.7\u0026rdquo; N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u0026deg;42\u0026rsquo;35.1\u0026rdquo; E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKarimunda - I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVellayani\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u0026deg;43\u0026rsquo;13.60\u0026rdquo; N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u0026deg;98\u0026rsquo;67.23\u0026rdquo; E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEdamalayar - III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEdamalayar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErnakulam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026deg;13\u0026rsquo;15.6\u0026rdquo; N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u0026deg;41\u0026rsquo;20.3\u0026quot; E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKarimunda - III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeroorkada\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u0026deg;54\u0026rsquo;75.1\u0026rdquo; N\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u0026deg;96\u0026rsquo;59.4\u0026rdquo; E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.973544973544974%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.005291005291005%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKuruvantherivalli \u0026shy;- I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.97883597883598%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeroorkada\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.98941798941799%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThiruvananthapuram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.042328042328043%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u0026deg;53\u0026rsquo;05.5\u0026rdquo; N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.015873015873016%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u0026deg;96\u0026rsquo;46.4\u0026rdquo; E\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Tamil Nadu State \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDisease Severity Indices (DSI) of leaf, stem, \u0026amp; root and overall average DSI of the 22 genotypes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"577\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSl. No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccession\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccession code/genotypes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeaf\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoot\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDSI (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEdamalayar \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.50\u0026plusmn;11.28\u003csup\u003edefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonacadu \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.16\u0026plusmn;15.30\u003csup\u003edefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheenikala \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.25\u0026plusmn;14.37\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEdamalayar \u0026ndash; II\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.83\u0026plusmn;17.22\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSankili \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.91\u0026plusmn;13.65\u003csup\u003edefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalaruvi \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.25\u0026plusmn;14.29\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePandimotta \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.58\u0026plusmn;10.79\u003csup\u003edefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeryamangalam \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.41\u0026plusmn;8.00\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePookodu \u0026ndash; I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.16\u0026plusmn;12.17\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeechi \u0026ndash; I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.00\u0026plusmn;11.15\u003csup\u003edefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalode \u0026ndash; I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.16\u0026plusmn;10.17\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonacud \u0026ndash; II\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.83\u0026plusmn;13.51\u003csup\u003edefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeriya \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.00\u0026plusmn;14.58\u003csup\u003edefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKochupampa \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.75\u0026plusmn;13.51\u003csup\u003edefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalani \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.66\u0026plusmn;14.58\u003csup\u003edefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;PAJ\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.50*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u0026plusmn;18.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;PMM\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.75*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.91\u0026plusmn;25.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSholayar \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.50\u0026plusmn;8.56\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKarimunda \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.66\u0026plusmn;14.36\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEdamalayar \u0026ndash; III\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.86\u0026plusmn;14.87\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKarimunda \u0026ndash; II \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.66\u0026plusmn;8.64\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.58578856152513%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.464471403812826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFGB/P/030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.16984402079723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKuruvantherivalli \u0026ndash; I\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.43847487001733%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.878682842287695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.705372616984402%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.75736568457539%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.08\u0026plusmn;14.36\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Fig. 2 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Df (n-1) = 21 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;F value 35.77@ p\u0026lt; 0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Black pepper, Piper nigrum, Phytophthora capsici, ploidy, host resistance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132196/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132196/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWe estimated Disease Severity Indices (DSI) of 22 genotypes of Black pepper by subjecting them to screening against \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora capsici \u003c/em\u003efor assessing the influence of ploidy as well as genotype in host resistance. The DSI of the genotypes showed significant variation and established the existence of genotypic specificity in host resistance in Black pepper. ‘PAJ’, a haploid genotype of the crop, exhibited the highest resistance to the pathogen, as evident by its lowest DSI (33.33 %), and rated it as ‘moderately resistant’. Its diploid progenitor ‘PMM’ and all the other diploid genotypes were rated as ‘susceptible’, since their DSI were \u0026gt; 40 %. ‘PAJ’ is genetically a product of haplodisation of ‘PMM’, and it showed significantly higher resistance than ‘PMM’ for the pathogen. Hence, it is inferred that ploidy has remarkable influence in Black pepper – \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003epathosystem. This study is insightful on the possible genomic interventions for augmenting the inherent degree of resistance exhibited by the genotypes of the crop for the pathogen. Therefore, outcome of this study is a breakthrough, which can transform the present-day haphazard, less efficient approach in resistance breeding in Black pepper for \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e foot rot to one which is systematic and efficient.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Significance of ploidy on par with genotypic specificity in host resistance for Phytophthora in Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-09 12:05:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4132196/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9eed6b4c-f75e-4542-8296-9461903d4c14","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-12T02:24:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-09 12:05:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4132196","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4132196","identity":"rs-4132196","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}