Semiconducting Copper Oxide Nanostructure Material and Their Modified Electrode for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrazine and Glucose

Semiconducting Copper Oxide Nanostructure Material and Their Modified Electrode for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrazine and Glucose | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Semiconducting Copper Oxide Nanostructure Material and Their Modified Electrode for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrazine and Glucose Alexander M, Arjun Pandian, Pandian K This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2620328/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The semiconducting copper oxide (CuO) nanostructure material is synthesized by carbon sphere used as template. The copper nitrate Cu(NO 3 ) 2 used as precursor and it has converted into CuO material like a Kernel structure with diameter 350 nm. It is applied to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for electro catalytic property of glucose and hydrazine oxidation; it shows a fast response and exhibited higher electro catalyst electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine and glucose. The electro catalytic behavior and applications were carried out by cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The synthesized CuO nanomaterials have been characterized by FT-IR spectrum, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS), DRS-UV spectra, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray pattern (EDX). Cupric Oxide Semiconductor Glucose Hydrazine Electro-oxidation Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Nanostructure’s materials are more attention in the recent research activities due to its potential in various applications such as electro-catalysis, drug-delivery, sensitive biological molecules, filler materials and chemical industry [ 1 – 5 ]. The nanostructured CuO is promising development of the non-enzymatic glucose electrocatalytic oxidation, because of its high specific surface area, good electrochemical activity, and the possibility of promoting electron transfer reactions at a lower over potential. Previous attempts to utilize the CuO nanostructures for the amperometric determination of glucose are limited. Therefore, there still remains a need for simpler processes to synthesize CuO nanostructures with superior catalytic property for fast, stable determination of glucose [ 6 – 9 ]. Recently research work is being carried out by various scientific communities to develop the electrode was modified with the copper oxide (CuO) at low oxidation potentials. However, the modification of the electrode surface with nano-CuO plays an important role in the analysis of glucose [ 10 – 13 ]. And also, hydrazine is a reactive molecule with good reducing capabilities that can participate in diverse reactions resulting in numerous applications. It is widely used as a catalyst, emulsifier, corrosion inhibitor, antioxidant, reducing agent, and oxygen scavenger. More specifically, hydrazine is used for water treatment, in agriculture, in pharmaceuticals as a chemical blowing agent, as an oxygen scavenger in boilers and hot-water heating systems to control corrosion, and in a wide variety of other applications. Therefore, the electro-oxidation of hydrazine is very important in the field of environmental and biological analysis [ 14 – 16 ]. This article deals with the synthesis of copper oxide nanomaterials using carbon sphere assisted solution phase growth method and its effect on the surface modification of the glassy carbon electrode. The surface modified glassy carbon electrode was further studied for the electrochemical catalysis of glucose and hydrazine. 2. Experimental 2.1. Synthesis of CuO nanomaterial The Copper nitrate (0.02M) is dissolved in 200 ml of distilled water and stirred for 10 hours with 2.00 g of carbon sphere at room temperature [ 17 ]. The resulting reaction mixture was centrifuged at 8000 rpm to reclaim the precipitated product. The final product was filtered, washed with deionized water and ethanol several times and finally dried at 100◦C for 3 h and followed by combustion at 700 o C using muffle furnace for 5 hours. It yields the copper oxide (CuO) material. 2.2. Instruments and modified electrode preparation The CuO material structure and size of is observed and analyzed by the FESEM (HI-2108-0002- FESEM SU6600 HITACHI Ltd., Japan), and HRTEM (JEOL-3010 300 kV). The FT-IR spectrum is recorded on Bruker instruments in the range of 4000–400 cm − 1 by using KBr disks. The X-ray diffraction pattern is carried out by XRD 3003 TT instrument, which acquires 2θ range in 10°–70°. The electrochemical experiment is carried out by the CHI620A electrochemical analyzer at 25°C, with three electrode systems. The reference and counter electrode are used as Ag/AgCl and Pt electrode respectively; all the potential is referred to Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The GCE is washed with concentrated ammonia and 1:1 ratio of concentrated nitric acid and water. Further, these GCE is polished with alumina powder (0.03 mm), and then washed with water, followed by drying, at room temperature. The CuO HNS is dispersed in 0.4% of nafion mixed with ethanol (used as binding agent), and dry at room temperature, then easily modified on the surface of GCE. The CuO material modified GCE is used as a working electrode in electrochemical oxidation. The NaOH (0.1M) solution is used as electrolyte for the electrochemical measurement; it is purged with nitrogen gas for 10 min to remove any dissolved oxygen. 3. Results And Discussion 3.1. DRS/UV analysis of CuO nanomaterial The DRS/UV spectrum of the CuO nanomaterial was shown in Fig. 1 (a). In accordance with the data published by Vicente Rives et al. [ 25 ]. The CuO peak appeared at 281 nm, correspond to the charge transfer transition between the oxygen and the metal ion (O → Cu 2+ ). It is relatively easy to realize the corresponding band gap which is found in 4.41 eV and it is used as P-type of semiconductors. The above-mentioned band gap of the CuO materials is calculated by using E g = hc / λ , where h = Plank’s constant, c = velocity of light, and λ = wavelength [ 17 ]. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles have nanometer scale; it is confirmed by the ban gap energy. 3.2. FT-IR analysis of CuO nanomaterial The FT-IR spectrum of the synthesized copper oxide (CuO) material is shown peaks at two regions. In the first region appeared strong absorption band is observed at 533 cm − 1 and 1035 cm − 1 , it is shown in Fig. 1 (b) due to the stretching vibration of Cu-O in monoclinic phase [ 18 ]. A weak absorption peak is observed in the second region at 1386 cm − 1 and 1624 cm − 1 due to the presence of moisture in air [ 19 , 20 ]. No other peak has appeared in FT-IR spectra. Finally, we can conclude the FT-IR spectrum confirms the strong characteristic peaks of Cu-O stretching vibration for the formation of CuO nanomaterial. 3.3. XRD analysis of CuO nanomaterial The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the synthesized CuO nanomaterial is shown in Fig. 2 (a). The peaks obtained and is found to be match well with the pattern of the mono clinic CuO (JCPDS No. 05-0661) with cell parameters a = 4.684 °A, b = 3.425 °A, c = 5.129 °A, and β = 99.47. The peaks are appeared at 2θ values of 32.4°, 35.4°, 38.6°, 48.7°, 53.5°, 58.2°, 61.5°, 65.75°, 66.2° and 68.0° corresponds to the crystal planes of (110), (002), (111), (200), (020), (202), (022), (310), (220), (113), respectively [ 21 , 22 ]. No impurity peaks are detected in the spectrum, which indicates the complete conversion of Cu(NO 3 ) 2 precursors into CuO nanomaterial and also confirms the complete removal of CS at 700 o C. 3.4. XPS analysis of the CuO nanomaterial X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique used for the study of transition metal oxide compounds having localized valence d orbitals. The typical characterization of the XPS measurement was shown in Fig. 2 (b). In CuO, the copper exists in the divalent state having mainly d 9 character. The XPS data detected the Cu 2 p 3/2 and Cu 2 p 1/2 peaks appeared at 933.6 and 953.7 eV, respectively confirming the same. The Cu 2 p 3/2 peak showed the main peak accompanied by a series of higher binding energy peaks at 941.4, and 943.5 eV [ 23 , 24 ]. The peaks are evident and indicative of an open 3 d 9 shell, corresponding to Cu 2+ state. 3.5. FE-SEM analysis of CuO nanomaterial The FESEM images of the synthesized CuO nanomaterial were shown in Fig. 3 . It is very interesting to observe that these material are formed in different morphology, especially kernel like structures as shown in the higher magnification images (Fig. 3 b,c). The size of kernels structure was found to be in the range of 350–400 nm [ 26 , 27 ]. The typical size of flower was observed to be around 600 nm [ 28 ]. The corresponding EDX pattern of CuO nanomaterial was shown in Fig. 3 (e) and the higher intensity peaks appeared at 1.0 keV and 8.0 keV correspond to Cu and the peak at 0.5 keV for the corresponding to O elements. 3.6. Electrochemical behavior and oxidation of glucose at CuO nanomaterial The electrochemical behavior of synthesized CuO nanomaterial is modified on the surface of GCE, shown in Fig. 4 . The studies were carried out using the deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH as electrolyte at different scan rate like 40, 60, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 mV/s, with the potential range from − 0.6 to 0.8 V. The results obtained were shown in Fig. 4 (A). The CuO-modified GCE displayed a single irreversible reduction peak appeared at 0.303 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), while it exhibits less reduction potentials. The electro catalytic study of the CuO nanomaterial modified GCE was carried out using deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH solution, in the presence and absence of glucose, corresponding results shown in Fig. 4 (B). A small background current was observed with the CuO nanomaterials modified GCE in the absence of glucose, which is indicated by dashed line in Fig. 4 B(a). Whereas a dramatic increase of current was observed with the CuO modified GCE in the presence of glucose, due to the catalytic oxidation of glucose by CuO nanomaterial, which is indicated by solid lines in Fig. 4 B(b-d). The significant oxidation of glucose at starting potential of 0.303 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), implies a strong electrocatalytic function towards glucose oxidation [ 29 , 30 ]. In contrast, no obvious redox activity is observed at the bare GCE over most of the potential range. The electrochemical oxidation of glucose take place at less concentrations with less over-potential at the surface of this CuO nanomaterial modified GCE, compared with the reported by C.B Mc Auley et.al [ 29 ]. The oxidation current vs. concentration glucose is increased linearly from 0.5 to 1.5 µM of glucose (inset figure, Fig. 4 B). The limit of detection was found to be 1.7×10 − 7 M with a correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.998, intercept = 4.66 and slope = 6.8 µA/µM. 3.7. Amperometric study of glucose The amperometric response of CuO nanomaterial modified GCE toward glucose oxidation was investigated by successively adding glucose to a continuous stirring deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH solution. This measurement was carried out by an operation potential at 0.6 V (according to anodic peak potential ≥ 0.603 V). The typical current–time curve of the CuO nanomaterial modified GCE is shown in Fig. 5 (a). There is a linear relation of the oxidation current with concentration of glucose between 0.5 µM and 2.5 µM with a correlation coefficient of 0.987, as shown in Fig. 5 (b). From the slope of the calibration curve, the detection limit is calculated to be 2.38×10 − 7 M. The steady-state current responses were obtained in 0.60 V applied potential, and the currents increased stepwise with successive additions of glucose [ 31 , 32 ]. Such a fast response time may be attributed to fast diffusion of glucose. In order to study the stability of the modified electrode, amperometric measurements were performed in the presence of 0.5 µM glucose periodically. When not in use, the electrode was suspended above 0.1M NaOH at 4°C in a refrigerator. The response to 0.5 µM glucose was tested intermittently. After storage for 1 week, the response of the electrode was maintained 95% of the initial values. The electrode still retained 93% of its original values after 2 weeks. The storage stability may be attributed to the stable film of CuO nanomaterial. 3.8. Electrochemical oxidation of N 2 H 4 The electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ) at the CuO nanomodified GCE was explored in Fig. 6 , in the presence of deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH solution containing 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 µM of N 2 H 4 , at the scan rate of 50 mV/s. Only charging current was obtained at the bare GCE. However, presence of N 2 H 4 exhibited an obvious anodic peak at the CuO nanomaterial modified GCE, representing that electrocatalytic function at higher concentration of N 2 H 4 , the starting oxidation potential was at 0.525 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) [ 33 – 35 ]. The electrochemical oxidation response was irreversible, as no cathodic current was observed during the reverse sweep. The electro oxidation of hydrazine is much sharper, which reflects a faster electron-transfer reaction and owing to less required over potential for oxidation of hydrazine. 4. Conclusion The flower and kernel like CuO nanomaterial is synthesized by carbon sphere assisted solution phase growth method, using aqueous solutions of copper nitrate. Here the carbon sphere is used to assist in the formation of kernel-like structure material, which is exhibits an excellent non-enzymatic glucose and hydrazine electro catalytic oxidation at various concentration. The synthesized CuO nanomaterial modified GCE shows fast response, good stability to oxidation, which may be attributed to the chemical stability, preferred to the oxidation of hydrazine and glucose. These results indicate that, this CuO nanomaterial will have great potential application in electrochemical determination of glucose and hydrazine. Declarations Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. References Hu JS, Guo YG, Liang HP, Wan LJ, Bai CL, Wang YG (2004) J Phys Chem B 108:9734-9738 Xu H, Wang WZ, Zhu W, Zhou L (2006) Nanotechnology 17:3649-3654 Xu L, Chen X, Wu Y, Chen C, Li W, Pan W, Wang Y (2006) Nanotechnology 17:1501-1505 Yao BD, Chan YF, Zhang XY, Zhang WF, Yang ZY, Wang N (2003) Appl Phys Lett 82:281-283 Sander MS, Cote MJ, Gu W, Kile BM, Tripp CP (2004) Adv Mater 16:2052-2057 Zhang J, Liu J, Peng Q, Wang X, Li Y (2006) Chem Mater 18:867-871 Zhang H, Zhu Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Yu B (2007) Adv Funct Mater 17:2766-2771 Rahman MM, Saleh Ahammad AJ, Jin JH, Jung AS, Lee JJ (2010) Sensors 10:4855-4886 Umar A, Rahman MM, Al-Hajry A, Hahn YB (2009) Electrochem Commun 11:278-281 Rakow NA, Suslick KS (2000) Nature 406:710-713 Morris N, Cardosi M, Birch B, Turner AP (1992) Electroanalysis 4:1-9 Park S, Booa H, Chunga TD (2006) Analytica Chimica Acta 556:46-57 Kano K, Torimura M, Esaka Y, Goto M (1994) J Electroanal Chem 372:137-143 Garrod S, Bollard ME, Nicholls AW, Connor SC, Connelly J, Nicholson JK, Holmes E (2005) Chem Res Toxicol 18:115-122 Vernot EH, MacEwen JD, Bruner RH, Haus CC, Kinkead ER (1985) Fundam Appl Toxicol 5:1050-1064 Ki Kim S, Jeong YN, Ahmed MS, You JM, Choi HC, Jeon S (2011) Sensors and Actuators B 153:246–251 Alexander M, Suriyadharshini S, Raghu S, Kalaivani Ra, Gnanam S (2019) Materials Science In Semiconductor Processing 99: 62–67 Xiaomig S, Yadong L, (2004) Angen Chem Int Ed, 43:597 Wiedemann HG, Tets AV, Giovanoli R, (1992) Thermochim Acta, 203:241 Nyquist R A , Kagel R O, Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Compounds, 220, Academic Press Inc, New York, and London 1971 Wu H Q, Wei X W, Shao M W, Gu J S, (2002) Chem Phys Lett, 364:152 Wangab W, Zhana Y, Wang G, (2001) Chem Commun, 727 Yao W T, Yu S H, Zhou Y, Jiang J, Wu Q S, Zhang L, Jiang J, (2005), J Phys Chem B, 109:14011 Yin M, Wu C K, Lou Y, Burda C, Koberstein J T, Zhu Y, O’Brien S, (2005) J Am Chem Soc, 127:9506 Rives V, Kannan S, (2000) J Mater Chem, 10:489 Eliot Reitz, Wenzhao Jia, Michael Gentile, Ying Wang, Yu Lei Electroanalysis 20, 2008, 2482 – 2486 Liu J, Xue D, (2008) Adv Mater, 20:2622 Mohammad Vaseem, Ahmad Umar, Sang Hoon Kim, and Yoon-Bong Hahn J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 5729-5735 Mc Auley C B, Dub Y, Wildgoosea G G, Comptona R G, (2008) Sens and Actu B, 135:230 Miao X M, Yuan R, Chai Y Q, Shi Y T, (2006) J Electroanal Chem, 612:157 Wang W, Zhang L, Tong S, Li X, (2009) Biosens and Bioelectro, 25:708 E Reitz, W Jia, M Gentile, Y Wang, Y Lei, (2008) Electroanalysis, 22:2482 Li Wang, Hui Wang, (2018) Micro & Nano Letters, 13:138–142 W T Yao, S H Yu, Y Zhou, J Jiang, Q S Wu, L Zhang, J Jiang, (2005) J Phys Chem, B 109:14011 Alexander M, Pandian K, (2013) J Solid State Electrochem 17:1117–1125 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2620328","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":180772868,"identity":"7c83dacc-d807-40b6-bf8b-762b4b841c52","order_by":0,"name":"Alexander M","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Saveetha School of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexander","middleName":"","lastName":"M","suffix":""},{"id":180772869,"identity":"6fac1759-5962-46c2-bc2e-701d6169ab55","order_by":1,"name":"Arjun Pandian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Saveetha School of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arjun","middleName":"","lastName":"Pandian","suffix":""},{"id":180772870,"identity":"e75318c0-eb88-4f5b-a6d2-025e31143c14","order_by":2,"name":"Pandian K","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Madras - Guindy Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pandian","middleName":"","lastName":"K","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-02-23 11:40:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2620328/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2620328/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":34042460,"identity":"a2b5ab1a-1d1b-4f4d-89da-7e128c7ea13a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-10 00:09:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe synthesized CuOnanomaterial(a) DRS/UV-vis. spectrum (b) FT-IR spectrum (inset figure enlarge FTIR peak)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2620328/v1/c5a11bac9594c29ce6fb7590.png"},{"id":34043518,"identity":"b74c183c-ac66-41ec-acef-f817a582f478","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-10 00:17:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe synthesized CuO nanomaterial(a) the XRD pattern (b) XPS pattern,\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2620328/v1/5c09bab907608d781c7644c8.png"},{"id":34041717,"identity":"2dfb625a-7647-43d1-ab7e-8a0240b81209","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-10 00:01:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":301721,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe FESEM images of (a) the CuOnanomaterial at lower magnification;(b-c) flower like structure and (d) kernel structure of CuOnanomaterial at higher magnification with diameter350nm;(e) The corresponding EDX patterns.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2620328/v1/ee5a4310a7148849492c4d2c.jpeg"},{"id":34041712,"identity":"e9b176bc-9655-4fd3-a2cf-051bf53b1031","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-10 00:01:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40990,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe electrocatalytic behavior of (A) CuOnanomaterial modified GCE at different scan rates 40, 60, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 mV/sin 0.1 M NaOH. (B)the electro oxidation of glucose at the CuO nanomaterial modified GCE in the absence ((a) dash dot line), and presence of glucose (solid line): 0.5 µM (b), 1 µM (c), 1.5 µM (d), in 0.1 M NaOH at scan rate 60 mV/s, the corresponding calibration plot given in inset figure.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2620328/v1/98978edbcae4593bcf8b8cce.png"},{"id":34041715,"identity":"ba110f88-aa6c-42fc-8d2f-390986ffd4a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-10 00:01:33","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe amperometric responses of CuO nanomaterial modifiedGCE; (a) the addition of 0.5 µM glucose (from standard solution) in deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH at an applied detection potential 0.6 V; (b) the corresponding calibration plot, related to current versus concentration of glucose.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2620328/v1/65c11f01c8c0775282225d7e.png"},{"id":34041714,"identity":"a3acc722-4729-4df9-b02b-d6fe61640a78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-10 00:01:33","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe electro oxidation of CuO nanomaterialmodified GCE in(dash dot line) the absence of N\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e and presence (solid line) of N\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e: 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 µM in deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH at scan rate 60 mV/s, the corresponding calibration plot given in inset figure.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2620328/v1/6ef22decd66d3bb104bc1aa8.png"},{"id":40061035,"identity":"1bbe8c88-ed43-4e25-8461-9f59b32abe25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-15 02:03:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":703939,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2620328/v1/7b951620-647a-4710-b441-bd9a01a1b0b4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Semiconducting Copper Oxide Nanostructure Material and Their Modified Electrode for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrazine and Glucose","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNanostructure\u0026rsquo;s materials are more attention in the recent research activities due to its potential in various applications such as electro-catalysis, drug-delivery, sensitive biological molecules, filler materials and chemical industry [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The nanostructured CuO is promising development of the non-enzymatic glucose electrocatalytic oxidation, because of its high specific surface area, good electrochemical activity, and the possibility of promoting electron transfer reactions at a lower over potential. Previous attempts to utilize the CuO nanostructures for the amperometric determination of glucose are limited. Therefore, there still remains a need for simpler processes to synthesize CuO nanostructures with superior catalytic property for fast, stable determination of glucose [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecently research work is being carried out by various scientific communities to develop the electrode was modified with the copper oxide (CuO) at low oxidation potentials. However, the modification of the electrode surface with nano-CuO plays an important role in the analysis of glucose [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. And also, hydrazine is a reactive molecule with good reducing capabilities that can participate in diverse reactions resulting in numerous applications. It is widely used as a catalyst, emulsifier, corrosion inhibitor, antioxidant, reducing agent, and oxygen scavenger. More specifically, hydrazine is used for water treatment, in agriculture, in pharmaceuticals as a chemical blowing agent, as an oxygen scavenger in boilers and hot-water heating systems to control corrosion, and in a wide variety of other applications. Therefore, the electro-oxidation of hydrazine is very important in the field of environmental and biological analysis [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This article deals with the synthesis of copper oxide nanomaterials using carbon sphere assisted solution phase growth method and its effect on the surface modification of the glassy carbon electrode. The surface modified glassy carbon electrode was further studied for the electrochemical catalysis of glucose and hydrazine.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Synthesis of CuO nanomaterial\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Copper nitrate (0.02M) is dissolved in 200 ml of distilled water and stirred for 10 hours with 2.00 g of carbon sphere at room temperature [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The resulting reaction mixture was centrifuged at 8000 rpm to reclaim the precipitated product. The final product was filtered, washed with deionized water and ethanol several times and finally dried at 100◦C for 3 h and followed by combustion at 700\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC using muffle furnace for 5 hours. It yields the copper oxide (CuO) material.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAA1IAAAB5CAYAAAAzpRBvAAATmElEQVR4nO3dvXK60BaG8Zcz51I0RSb1KeAKNE2qtOmg1CZdynRpoNQubao0gSvQK8ik+MO97FMoShIFtoKIeX4zzmQS+dYV1mKzcIwxRgAAAACA2v7T9QoAAAAAQN+QSAEAAACAJRIpAAAAALBEIgUAAAAAlkikAAAAAMASiRQAAAAAWCKRAgAAAABLJFIAAAAAYIlECgAAAAAskUgBAAAAgCUSKQAAAACwRCIFAAAAAJZIpAAAAADAEokUAAAAAFgikQIAAAAASyRSAAAAAGCJRAoAAAAALJFIAQAAAIAlEikAAAAAsEQiBQAAAACWSKQAAAAAwBKJFAAAAABYIpECAAAAAEskUgAAAABgiUQKAAAAACyRSAEAAACAJRIpAAAAALBEIgUAAAAAlkikAAAAAMASiRQAAAAAWCKRAgAAAABLJFIAAAAAYIlECgAAAAAskUgBAAAAgCUSKQAAAACwRCIFAAAAAJZIpAAAAADAEokUgFZkWaIkihR4njzHUZDUnTBR4HlyHEeO48jzAiVZC9PUXp3tNjiblycviJRkmaRMSRAoamh5AACgH0ikADQuCTw9vLzr/W2q+XKpZf0J5Q3Hmt88KTVGxqR6uvnUeOjtT1QOmaaOLFHgORqOp/q8edJramRM/nrV692XnodDOc5Q4/nnEQsCAAB95BhjTNcrAeBSJQqcseaS/NhoNip5axbJG061dEOli4kG2z8o8oaaLn3FZqbRsdPUWu1A3niupVyF6UKTwd43KvDGmi+r3gcAAC4NV6QAnIXkZaqlJPf+Vt/zkYFu711Jc41/jA88ZJpKWbROoiQ/rkqORpq9hnK11FdqtxgAANBvJFIAupdFep5Lkqv729+Zy+D2Xq4kzd+VHDNN9YooelglZ3JDPda5lDWY6DV0ay8BAABcBhIpAJ3LPt7W91Hd6GrXFaDBlW4kSXO9J4dPUyl50XR9Q9fvq1z7DW7vpX90mwAA4C8hkQLQufSrqh3FUNfriz6f64TlkGmqJO/zzc83O7OzPQYTzbhBCmhVFnmFzpklr33DeekICqBhJFIAOpbpX970zr3WsOLdy6/0wGks1kOurqtmCuCEMn281ev/6d/tGJNLR1AALSCRAgBJUqrtRa49wwUBdCP70Jt8hXFaSDq+v9LQleTrVx6VN5BxQ6Wz0XrI7kCj2atCd6npMPh9H+Uh09SRJ2dLV2FqtJiNNPgWawYajGZamFg+t14CZ49ECgAAnLXk40tPi5kmo30VjvUVK//u1+MO6AgKoC0kUgAA4KyNJhXPg8s+tMqjfryLjqAAWkQiBaBjA13dVL1nO+zOvR4eOE2VbXMK6ZMmfECPrK4g/R7WR0dQAG0ikQLQuWGewSy/VDWKJe+md8g05fIhO5IYTgP0SKL3uXYO66MjKIA2kUgB6NxmqMy+K0HZP616V20rzodMU7kekyf565/nz5Hq14EzRdFBt54DOFbyrlUe9avLBB1BAbSKRApA9wYTPfmStNTbx+/0ZTPUplhxPmSaSiM95vckLKd6qZkbJcGLdFt/KQCas7raU79gcnp0BAUuFYkUgLMwegzlSlq+ffy4EpQ/P8ZXPBsdPU2VwWSheN13eD72FFQ8fTOLAr3fzSo6cAFox2pYnxs+WhRMAKAZJFIA2rMZXid9viflQ+UGEy1iX1pO9RDl780UeUNNl67CdEfXrkOmqWE0WygNfblaaj4eygsiJdmPVC1LFASBPq5msszVADQledd8T3c9AGgbiRSA5iWBHMeRM1y3+5W0nI81dBw5Xsm9R6OZTBrq5m39Xmeot5tQcVryzJVDpqlhMJlpYVLFoS99vmk8HK62yXHkeJ5ePqTH2UwTkiigM8n7XHLvtTuPoiMogHb9t+sVAHCBRjMZMzts2sFEs8VEVlMfMk29Ga+eXzNpfMYAjpYP69vfTnzV3XO56e5ZVlv53hHUbppyq46g0+VSm46gXEADLgJXpAAAQP/UGNZHR1AAbSKRAgAAvVM+rG+NjqAAWkQiBQAAemY9rO9+/7C+HB1BAbSFRAoAAPSLTbc+OoICaAmJFAAA6JVaw/qK6AgKoAWOMcZ0vRIAAAAA0CdckQIAAAAASyRSypQEnoJL6S6aBPKCxKK1KgAAAABbnSdSWRIp8Dx5+fhgx5HjeIUbMDMlQaCojcwgi+Q5Qz1fP+l/78Xl52OVy5/1kEXe72kcR05pVpZttvn7sjwFUQMJ0OhRT9fPGjpeO/vslLLkx37KPxe/35oEO47DzuOYKNj3PseRd/ROa/n4AhetR4UtilYAvjkwfhFL+s10JY2N78pIMq4fmzT99keTxr5xtfq75Jow3TejA63n78c/VquwXpKMfr5hh3xd3TA2Zau52SbXN2FcfGdq0jhcL9c1fnz8xqahu57X0bPqxGr9tee1b7tSExen88uOR2rCwnFuZJ+f8PgCbVl9Vt1C/F19bl0/NHGaGmNSE/t+8zE5DWvE0XSzft9igusavyL+xv6+eCIjNyxMGxt/b+yRcTcbnsebFv4/AX9EZ/FmtfSD48nvWdWJX/vX4xxjSfMx81ANHqcWdJNIbZKkqg9NvDn5bPTDtfnA75np+u/1PwSx8SvWcZMYfPvw/XrX5uT++A9e/iU49RczNr58c1T+tjMg/UiS9i2jcOyqkshtsnbk+ppuji/QqC6LW3sKW99Xr4lCRfPFlr4XrYBOdFxMb7TwWSN+1Vqns4wlFKirnD6RsjjRLb6/uQ9WfqBLTp5/JFK1Er6y98R+/WBgu39KrasEpSf3TTs+kYr9kkCy2Zd7kpEuEqnOji/QkC6LW1WFLdNwoaKFGNFN0QroqY6L6W3Ek6aKo83GkgYK28ZQoK5w4kSqkK1anNynYXMZen5gqr8YrgnjYkJV9qEoS6QKlzxrbsT2cmpzH8TTfcCO/eKmJizdT4XP0K73nfwL3+3xBY7WaXGrRmGr6UJFKzGii6IV0ENdF9MbjSc14pf9CjYYS3qcSPWoQH3aZhPJi6bL1Y/u/a3qPs9ucHsv/WviNrxMH29Lqe7T0IfrJ5tLkuYaVzSf2LnE6Fnz9c/+Xb2n643utst8PrL5weD2Xq6k5dtHT25kHGhS+ij3ga5uVj+518OTrFGZro8vzkexuUh/ZIoeplpKkhvqsc5HeDDRa+g2s/ToQdOl5IaP2r3oRMF4/Q3zn6ofgjqY6Gn99ZqPA52uZ8VIj6ErLad64DsN7NFtvGk6nlTHr0MQS/oT91dOmkgl7/PNzzdXFo8FH0w0K+zJnx3avnVaS4IfndgKO3WTyN2o9uJHM6X5l3g51dCqHUueuEmSq9rn/cNr5WHj6ARocKUbSVpO9dKHTliVMv37XP1k9RlqxRkcX5wNU3i2+c9ukGer0+JWdWGrT4WK/hWtgBPruJjebDyxLMxb+OuxpE9xXzppIrU9AbY66dxhNDMyJpa/q0gxmskYs01+imuQr4B7LZvFDyYLbS9MjS1aZKf6ys+zbZK3PPmRpOWX0pqT7TbU9XpXfDZyVa9r631at5p1inWR1N3xRR+ca2LVRHGrvcJWzwoVF1e0AprVabxpOp7ULcxnkQIvfwxKoCjJpCQob5H+p2NJz+K+TppIHXjSuddQ1yV/HVzd/PhN4eDcXNWuhORGs1h5LrWcPvToGU3boXAXUd1I3jWXq/B1UnkM5+OSZ0s5jobTZcUcADvFq1JlziOxaqa41V5hq2+FiksrWqFL51Z0OV638abpeFKrMJ9F8oZvun5KZYyRWTzq6t+DnPF83xRrfzmW9C3un8EDeU+neHAOMdIsDdcZ71LT4enHYR6twQ/X3ocRO2PNNde4lQfersbNuuFr9ZhZSX5sVsFrz2t3sAVOr5vEqsni1mkLW01ptthyYUUrdCovypxH0aUJXcabptWLX8nLVEv3Xrej/B0DjSavqj71ON9YQoH6tz+USG0d3KRgcHzziS4Mr5tPGAaTxZ4EJZYvX/Ge5GVRJwPaI4ueNffjo+YBtK3uVakyl3HiVObYwlYzWiu2MGQXLbmcxKrP6sSv9RW45Zs+vp0oDjTJOyPUUSOWnLKwTYH6txMmUttLldJnM034ujCabe+Xqmw+ceA2Z/+0uQLu333vBlMcb+t4Co64wpMlgTxnOy8vSM43MUwCPbzdKy3t6Nes6v3TwvEFfrj0E6dz6L7ZlDaKVvi76hRlLjk29MH++JVfVVpqOvxx/jCaqepUxiaWdFHYxtYJE6mBbu83t4Lpq8Ny3fLIhY9m6fbS7HxcctPggducfmlzq13xS5pFCj6u9LgwMiZVHErz6bD8psV9kkDD8VzbospSy/lYw3O8ypZF8p6v9bqovi+qMbX2T8PHt0Nll+p52b9OeawOd+7FrcspVPSqaIXeOu+iS9fx5vTxZHtv/fr8wXHkBZGSP/zlv8QC9UmH9g0mT5uGDfNnmxP2TFF07B1JxYNzrIEmi23zifl4rH23Dn7b5vd627DtbOPraVMxyJR8XGk2Ga2Tie1Y26r5pvk16M1NkZmi50/5cbq9HBuv7/86ty4xWSTv4UtPp0yiLPZPc8cXOMzhJ0/nUdzaX9i6kEJFn4pWODvHDBU+r8Sq63jTTjwpL8yPNDOpYt/ddpSbTzUeeocVwPvuQgvUJ75Hav2gMcnqhD0JXqTbY/PLwsH5/NfAP7CRZnGdca6FbZ4/1+j2lyg/z/bjWSGrHmg02b0Pyj80hU45+U2R2Yf0tNBstD2JH4yK93+diU0SNdtbXciyFk5FrPZPU8cXOMzP4Ro2uitu1Sts9a1Q0euiFS5e14lVt8X0JuOJTWF+oNFsoYVJFYf+pmFZ1YNjf8eSvrvcAvXJm02snsm0+ijNx56CimucWRTo/W62o0tboavJjpQ1ef/89bvBdoJmbgQuPqy3xHabq7r9ZYq81dUtN0wrx9Aq+9DbTVXzhe1NkZsHmw0m2pWTrdp5+qr5/LN2VSZRmZLA00v6Y9sLVYmDWe6f1o7vCZXdPMrL/nXKY3WcropbdQtbfSpU9LhohbPWVkw5fWLVZTH9x/KPLGzXiV9JUDwfGGg0mWmx6f5cNmxtRyzpu0suUJuOpKFvXMlIMq4fmjhNv/89jY3v+yaMS2YS+0aSkVwTxuvp09iEvm/iMP/b6u+uG5rUpCZ01+9P9882Dd3VepW96dtqVM/z2za7/nZ9V38xaZzvD9f4cdVy8/e7P+azc6Hr+fqmbFfm21F3m0vmYvwayyq1Weeq18/lpCZeHztJRn5s9m9N/llYvfwa2121f5o7vui76s9u/dcpxH7+van+fKahb/wdX/BVHFx97/bPv/Cd3cTvOrFpx/S/12zznS6NY/H2f8Ou7fg2x7DOcjczNr7VfI+Mkz3W5PeDV3uvtnQSbyz+vl5yeTypEb92nzPk8y1bdv1YUq6B8zFjWoyZ5bGw0bjfos4SqZXUxKFvXNf9/gV2XeOHZSfBhTnEfuGkuzDd+sC7fmjCON3OK//9jh2ehu7OYFJ9cFITutWJ1Pdt/rEMdxVQapzOb75gddavdlKYhsY9h3/scd0k6nsA3QTVXS83LOzX3/uv1r6svX+OPb7ou3M9ealydHGrpcLWr/U7qlDRYrHl5EWr/uo6QeDVfQw6fbzZs/yD40l1/MrPS9zC+Ww+79Lvv0UsKddEIkWBukrHiVQX6lQDeiBNa2Tr623dEUR+v69uIvgXsX9Q3zmetNR3XHGrycJW+fp934d1ChVtF1t6V7RCr/Q9cdrtxPFm7/Lt44kpLmfPdz4OVwWj2He36+nWuQpnNyqqLRSo6zm3/+KnkWf7x10zPQtlwwpXX8Z6Qw4vYFe0hv2Dus77pOUcXUhhi6IVWnQ5idOlaSN+1Y0lfXc5sfDkzSbOwmCyuuFvPj7oyc7nZHS356blJNBwKvnxYkejjq0s8vSgx7NqfHBO2D84ljlhI4r+GWjyGsrVXOMe9wPOogdNl67C1/LHNGTRi76eymMy0DRiUFuaj191Y0nfXVIs/JuJlLRJpm7ehv1/OKJ7r9vNhzFTEnlyxp8K00VpApBFgV70+qPrX6bIK2/L+Vewf2Aj73rFSYulvhe2KFqhRYd20yMGnUiT8atmLOm7i4uFHVwFOzOr8atnP3RrPRxxdVPm+ldxaNyfl0Zj37ilNwPms9vdWEMXMuTxWOwf4MTS0PiuasWv85DfhF1z+PTO7l19H9KItu39P8RwvfNyVPyqH0v67hJjoWMM5Yp+yBR5Q003D0ly5fpPen0caWBZucgiT8Pp/qct+bG5nErBAdg/QFcyJcGD3u/Kr6afhSSQ936n19moYjhfSTzxY5mz31B0pexqFKdu5+jA+FUzlvTdpcZCEikAAFpAUQbHKCZSnKqhzy45FpJIAQAAAIClv9tsAgAAAAAORCIFAAAAAJZIpAAAAADAEokUAAAAAFgikQIAAAAASyRSAAAAAGCJRAoAAAAALJFIAQAAAIAlEikAAAAAsEQiBQAAAACWSKQAAAAAwBKJFAAAAABYIpECAAAAAEskUgAAAABgiUQKAAAAACyRSAEAAACAJRIpAAAAALBEIgUAAAAAlkikAAAAAMASiRQAAAAAWCKRAgAAAABLJFIAAAAAYIlECgAAAAAskUgBAAAAgCUSKQAAAACwRCIFAAAAAJZIpAAAAADAEokUAAAAAFgikQIAAAAASyRSAAAAAGDp/wPVYEN+NcQzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" width=\"850\" height=\"121\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Instruments and modified electrode preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe CuO material structure and size of is observed and analyzed by the FESEM (HI-2108-0002- FESEM SU6600 HITACHI Ltd., Japan), and HRTEM (JEOL-3010 300 kV). The FT-IR spectrum is recorded on Bruker instruments in the range of 4000\u0026ndash;400 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e by using KBr disks. The X-ray diffraction pattern is carried out by XRD 3003 TT instrument, which acquires 2\u0026theta; range in 10\u0026deg;\u0026ndash;70\u0026deg;. The electrochemical experiment is carried out by the CHI620A electrochemical analyzer at 25\u0026deg;C, with three electrode systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe reference and counter electrode are used as Ag/AgCl and Pt electrode respectively; all the potential is referred to Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The GCE is washed with concentrated ammonia and 1:1 ratio of concentrated nitric acid and water. Further, these GCE is polished with alumina powder (0.03 mm), and then washed with water, followed by drying, at room temperature. The CuO HNS is dispersed in 0.4% of nafion mixed with ethanol (used as binding agent), and dry at room temperature, then easily modified on the surface of GCE. The CuO material modified GCE is used as a working electrode in electrochemical oxidation. The NaOH (0.1M) solution is used as electrolyte for the electrochemical measurement; it is purged with nitrogen gas for 10 min to remove any dissolved oxygen.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. DRS/UV analysis of CuO nanomaterial\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe DRS/UV spectrum of the CuO nanomaterial was shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(a). In accordance with the data published by Vicente Rives et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The CuO peak appeared at 281 nm, correspond to the charge transfer transition between the oxygen and the metal ion (O \u0026rarr; Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e). It is relatively easy to realize the corresponding band gap which is found in 4.41 eV and it is used as P-type of semiconductors. The above-mentioned band gap of the CuO materials is calculated by using \u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003e= hc\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003e\u0026lambda;\u003c/em\u003e, where \u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Plank\u0026rsquo;s constant, \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;velocity of light, and \u003cem\u003e\u0026lambda;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;wavelength [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles have nanometer scale; it is confirmed by the ban gap energy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. FT-IR analysis of CuO nanomaterial\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe FT-IR spectrum of the synthesized copper oxide (CuO) material is shown peaks at two regions. In the first region appeared strong absorption band is observed at 533 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1035 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, it is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e(b) due to the stretching vibration of Cu-O in monoclinic phase [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. A weak absorption peak is observed in the second region at 1386 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1624 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e due to the presence of moisture in air [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. No other peak has appeared in FT-IR spectra. Finally, we can conclude the FT-IR spectrum confirms the strong characteristic peaks of Cu-O stretching vibration for the formation of CuO nanomaterial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. XRD analysis of CuO nanomaterial\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the synthesized CuO nanomaterial is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(a). The peaks obtained and is found to be match well with the pattern of the mono clinic CuO (JCPDS No. 05-0661) with cell parameters \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.684 \u0026deg;A, \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.425 \u0026deg;A, \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.129 \u0026deg;A, and \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99.47. The peaks are appeared at 2\u0026theta; values of 32.4\u0026deg;, 35.4\u0026deg;, 38.6\u0026deg;, 48.7\u0026deg;, 53.5\u0026deg;, 58.2\u0026deg;, 61.5\u0026deg;, 65.75\u0026deg;, 66.2\u0026deg; and 68.0\u0026deg; corresponds to the crystal planes of (110), (002), (111), (200), (020), (202), (022), (310), (220), (113), respectively [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. No impurity peaks are detected in the spectrum, which indicates the complete conversion of Cu(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e precursors into CuO nanomaterial and also confirms the complete removal of CS at 700\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. XPS analysis of the CuO nanomaterial\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique used for the study of transition metal oxide compounds having localized valence \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e orbitals. The typical characterization of the XPS measurement was shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e(b). In CuO, the copper exists in the divalent state having mainly d\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e character. The XPS data detected the Cu 2\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e3/2\u003c/sup\u003e and Cu 2\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e1/2\u003c/sup\u003e peaks appeared at 933.6 and 953.7 eV, respectively confirming the same. The Cu 2\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e3/2\u003c/sup\u003e peak showed the main peak accompanied by a series of higher binding energy peaks at 941.4, and 943.5 eV [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The peaks are evident and indicative of an open 3\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e shell, corresponding to Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. FE-SEM analysis of CuO nanomaterial\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe FESEM images of the synthesized CuO nanomaterial were shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. It is very interesting to observe that these material are formed in different morphology, especially kernel like structures as shown in the higher magnification images (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb,c). The size of kernels structure was found to be in the range of 350\u0026ndash;400 nm [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. The typical size of flower was observed to be around 600 nm [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The corresponding EDX pattern of CuO nanomaterial was shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(e) and the higher intensity peaks appeared at 1.0 keV and 8.0 keV correspond to Cu and the peak at 0.5 keV for the corresponding to O elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6. Electrochemical behavior and oxidation of glucose at CuO nanomaterial\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe electrochemical behavior of synthesized CuO nanomaterial is modified on the surface of GCE, shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The studies were carried out using the deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH as electrolyte at different scan rate like 40, 60, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 mV/s, with the potential range from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.6 to 0.8 V. The results obtained were shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(A). The CuO-modified GCE displayed a single irreversible reduction peak appeared at 0.303 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), while it exhibits less reduction potentials.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe electro catalytic study of the CuO nanomaterial modified GCE was carried out using deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH solution, in the presence and absence of glucose, corresponding results shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(B). A small background current was observed with the CuO nanomaterials modified GCE in the absence of glucose, which is indicated by dashed line in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB(a). Whereas a dramatic increase of current was observed with the CuO modified GCE in the presence of glucose, due to the catalytic oxidation of glucose by CuO nanomaterial, which is indicated by solid lines in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB(b-d). The significant oxidation of glucose at starting potential of 0.303 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), implies a strong electrocatalytic function towards glucose oxidation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, no obvious redox activity is observed at the bare GCE over most of the potential range. The electrochemical oxidation of glucose take place at less concentrations with less over-potential at the surface of this CuO nanomaterial modified GCE, compared with the reported by C.B Mc Auley et.al [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The oxidation current vs. concentration glucose is increased linearly from 0.5 to 1.5 \u0026micro;M of glucose (inset figure, Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB). The limit of detection was found to be 1.7\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003eM with a correlation coefficient \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.998, intercept\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.66 and slope\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.8 \u0026micro;A/\u0026micro;M.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.7. Amperometric study of glucose\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe amperometric response of CuO nanomaterial modified GCE toward glucose oxidation was investigated by successively adding glucose to a continuous stirring deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH solution. This measurement was carried out by an operation potential at 0.6 V (according to anodic peak potential\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.603 V). The typical current\u0026ndash;time curve of the CuO nanomaterial modified GCE is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(a). There is a linear relation of the oxidation current with concentration of glucose between 0.5 \u0026micro;M and 2.5 \u0026micro;M with a correlation coefficient of 0.987, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(b). From the slope of the calibration curve, the detection limit is calculated to be 2.38\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e M. The steady-state current responses were obtained in 0.60 V applied potential, and the currents increased stepwise with successive additions of glucose [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Such a fast response time may be attributed to fast diffusion of glucose.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to study the stability of the modified electrode, amperometric measurements were performed in the presence of 0.5 \u0026micro;M glucose periodically. When not in use, the electrode was suspended above 0.1M NaOH at 4\u0026deg;C in a refrigerator. The response to 0.5 \u0026micro;M glucose was tested intermittently. After storage for 1 week, the response of the electrode was maintained 95% of the initial values. The electrode still retained 93% of its original values after 2 weeks. The storage stability may be attributed to the stable film of CuO nanomaterial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.8. Electrochemical oxidation of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine (N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) at the CuO nanomodified GCE was explored in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, in the presence of deoxygenated 0.1 M NaOH solution containing 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 \u0026micro;M of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, at the scan rate of 50 mV/s. Only charging current was obtained at the bare GCE. However, presence of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e exhibited an obvious anodic peak at the CuO nanomaterial modified GCE, representing that electrocatalytic function at higher concentration of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, the starting oxidation potential was at 0.525 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The electrochemical oxidation response was irreversible, as no cathodic current was observed during the reverse sweep. The electro oxidation of hydrazine is much sharper, which reflects a faster electron-transfer reaction and owing to less required over potential for oxidation of hydrazine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe flower and kernel like CuO nanomaterial is synthesized by carbon sphere assisted solution phase growth method, using aqueous solutions of copper nitrate. Here the carbon sphere is used to assist in the formation of kernel-like structure material, which is exhibits an excellent non-enzymatic glucose and hydrazine electro catalytic oxidation at various concentration. The synthesized CuO nanomaterial modified GCE shows fast response, good stability to oxidation, which may be attributed to the chemical stability, preferred to the oxidation of hydrazine and glucose. These results indicate that, this CuO nanomaterial will have great potential application in electrochemical determination of glucose and hydrazine.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHu JS, Guo YG, Liang HP, Wan LJ, Bai CL, Wang YG (2004) J Phys Chem B 108:9734-9738\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu H, Wang WZ, Zhu W, Zhou L (2006) Nanotechnology 17:3649-3654\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXu L, Chen X, Wu Y, Chen C, Li W, Pan W, Wang Y (2006) Nanotechnology 17:1501-1505\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYao BD, Chan YF, Zhang XY, Zhang WF, Yang ZY, Wang N (2003) Appl Phys Lett 82:281-283\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSander MS, Cote MJ, Gu W, Kile BM, Tripp CP (2004) Adv Mater 16:2052-2057\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang J, Liu J, Peng Q, Wang X, Li Y (2006)\u0026nbsp;Chem Mater\u0026nbsp;18:867-871\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang H, Zhu Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao L, Yu B (2007) Adv Funct Mater 17:2766-2771\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRahman MM, Saleh Ahammad AJ, Jin JH, Jung AS, Lee JJ (2010) Sensors 10:4855-4886\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUmar A, Rahman MM, Al-Hajry A, Hahn YB (2009) Electrochem Commun 11:278-281\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRakow NA, Suslick KS (2000) Nature 406:710-713\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMorris N, Cardosi M, Birch B, Turner AP (1992) Electroanalysis 4:1-9\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePark S, Booa H, Chunga TD (2006) Analytica Chimica Acta 556:46-57\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKano K, Torimura M, Esaka Y, Goto M (1994) J Electroanal Chem 372:137-143\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGarrod S, Bollard ME, Nicholls AW, Connor SC, Connelly J, Nicholson JK, Holmes E (2005) Chem Res Toxicol 18:115-122\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVernot EH, MacEwen JD, Bruner RH, Haus CC, Kinkead ER (1985) Fundam Appl Toxicol 5:1050-1064\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKi Kim S, Jeong YN, Ahmed MS, You JM, Choi HC, Jeon S (2011) Sensors and Actuators B 153:246\u0026ndash;251\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlexander M, Suriyadharshini S, Raghu S, Kalaivani Ra, Gnanam S (2019) Materials Science In Semiconductor Processing 99: 62\u0026ndash;67\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXiaomig S, Yadong L, (2004) Angen Chem Int Ed, 43:597\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWiedemann HG, Tets AV, Giovanoli R, (1992) Thermochim Acta, 203:241\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNyquist R A , Kagel R O, Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Compounds, 220, Academic Press Inc, New York, and London 1971\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWu H Q, Wei X W, Shao M W, Gu J S, (2002) Chem Phys Lett, 364:152\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWangab W, Zhana Y, Wang G, (2001) Chem Commun, 727\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYao W T, Yu S H, Zhou Y, Jiang J, Wu Q S, Zhang L, Jiang J, (2005), J Phys Chem B, 109:14011\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYin M, Wu C K, Lou Y, Burda C, Koberstein J T, Zhu Y, O\u0026rsquo;Brien S, (2005) J Am Chem Soc, 127:9506\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRives V, Kannan S, (2000) J Mater Chem, 10:489\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEliot Reitz, Wenzhao Jia, Michael Gentile, Ying Wang, Yu Lei Electroanalysis 20, 2008, 2482 \u0026ndash; 2486\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu J, Xue D, (2008) Adv Mater, 20:2622\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohammad Vaseem, Ahmad Umar, Sang Hoon Kim, and Yoon-Bong Hahn J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 5729-5735\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMc Auley C B, Dub Y, Wildgoosea G G, Comptona R G, (2008) Sens and Actu B, 135:230\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMiao X M, Yuan R, Chai Y Q, Shi Y T, (2006) J Electroanal Chem, 612:157\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWang W, Zhang L, Tong S, Li X, (2009) Biosens and Bioelectro, 25:708\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eE Reitz, W Jia, M Gentile, Y Wang, Y Lei, (2008) Electroanalysis, 22:2482\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi Wang, Hui Wang, (2018) Micro \u0026amp; Nano Letters, 13:138\u0026ndash;142\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eW T Yao, S H Yu, Y Zhou, J Jiang, Q S Wu, L Zhang, J Jiang, (2005) J Phys Chem, B 109:14011\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlexander M, Pandian K, (2013) \u0026nbsp;J Solid State Electrochem 17:1117\u0026ndash;1125\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cupric Oxide, Semiconductor, Glucose, Hydrazine, Electro-oxidation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2620328/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2620328/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe semiconducting copper oxide (CuO) nanostructure material is synthesized by carbon sphere used as template. The copper nitrate Cu(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;used as precursor and it has converted into CuO material like a Kernel structure with diameter 350 nm. It is applied to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for electro catalytic property of glucose and hydrazine oxidation; it shows a fast response and exhibited higher electro catalyst electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine and glucose. The electro catalytic behavior and applications were carried out by cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The synthesized CuO nanomaterials have been characterized by FT-IR spectrum, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS), DRS-UV spectra, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray pattern (EDX).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Semiconducting Copper Oxide Nanostructure Material and Their Modified Electrode for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrazine and Glucose","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-03-10 00:01:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2620328/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2cc838b8-1f99-44ba-8d02-c938487ca0bb","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 10th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-07-15T02:02:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-03-10 00:01:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2620328","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2620328","identity":"rs-2620328","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}