Pentoxifylline-Loaded Liposome Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Release Kinetics: Box-Behnken Design-Based Optimization.

Pentoxifylline-Loaded Liposome Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Release Kinetics: Box-Behnken Design-Based Optimization. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Pentoxifylline-Loaded Liposome Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Release Kinetics: Box-Behnken Design-Based Optimization. Lakshmipriya Dhandapani, Rameshpathy Manian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8758641/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methylxanthine derivative with potent anti-inflammatory properties, suffers from a short half-life and limited bioavailability. PTX-loaded liposomes were systematically created and refined using BBD to overcome these limitations. Phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and hydration volume were used as independent variables for the synthesis of liposomes. Significant quality characteristics were encapsulation efficiency (EE%), polydispersity index (PDI), and particle size. Particle sizes of 110–215 nm, values of PDI (0.20–0.35), and a maximum EE% of 84.23% were all presented in the optimized formulation. Successful encapsulation and compatibility of the drug were verified by FTIR analysis. According to first-order kinetics, in vitro release tests showed regulated, 72-hour continuous release with approximately 60% of the total amount of drug released. Anomalous transport mechanisms were identified using Korsmeyer-Peppas modelling (n = 0.61). The BBD strategy for efficient liposomal formulation optimization with potential for improved therapeutic delivery was validated by statistical models with excellent fit. Biological sciences/Biotechnology Physical sciences/Chemistry Biological sciences/Drug discovery Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Pentoxifylline Liposomes Box-Behnken design Response surface methodology Controlled release Release kinetics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8758641","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":585855987,"identity":"cbe619b6-dcd2-4ee9-a707-4cde3ca0923d","order_by":0,"name":"Lakshmipriya Dhandapani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lakshmipriya","middleName":"","lastName":"Dhandapani","suffix":""},{"id":585855988,"identity":"ac40aad5-7b8f-412c-8e4c-57c84c33b4a8","order_by":1,"name":"Rameshpathy Manian","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCA0DMw8DwgUECwk8gSgsbDwPjDAYJCdK0MAMtkiCoVnf24acbPvy5k8c/v/eYtG2bRR0D++EHDA934NZidi7N7ObMtmfFEsf40qRz24AO40kzYEg8g0fLGQaz27wNhxMbjvGYSeecAfklh4EhsQ2fFvZvt//8OZw4H6TFAqSF/w0hLTxmtxnYDiduAGlhqABqkSBoC0/Zzd62w8WGx3KMLXsqJCTbJJ4ZHCDgsG03fvw5nCd3+IzhjR8Gdfz8/MkPH/7EowUGEoCYBRwnbAyQxECUFuYPxKgcBaNgFIyCkQcAIo1RSZDjoGgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rameshpathy","middleName":"","lastName":"Manian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-01 20:08:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8758641/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8758641/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105904335,"identity":"8c3d13e1-d854-433b-ab1e-bf5bfa04291d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-01 10:07:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1114634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8758641/v1_covered_329b0ce1-08ef-40bd-941a-886e76c1b430.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Pentoxifylline-Loaded Liposome Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Release Kinetics: Box-Behnken Design-Based Optimization.","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pentoxifylline, Liposomes, Box-Behnken design, Response surface methodology, Controlled release, Release kinetics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8758641/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8758641/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePentoxifylline (PTX), a methylxanthine derivative with potent anti-inflammatory properties, suffers from a short half-life and limited bioavailability. 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