An Efficient Clustering Approach Using Routing Awareness IoT-Powered Sensor Networks

An Efficient Clustering Approach Using Routing Awareness IoT-Powered Sensor Networks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Efficient Clustering Approach Using Routing Awareness IoT-Powered Sensor Networks Saksham Agrawal Saksham Agrawal, Dipak Kumar Sah Dipak Kumar Sah, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6807848/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Currently, the demand for sensory deviceshas increased in various places. The area can be made possible in different ways, such as through green agriculture, intelligent IoT devices, smart street lights,etc. Generally, the energy rate will be consumed in inlarge-scale operations whenever information is exchangedbetween two devices. The data reaches the base station(BS) through the intermediate sensor nodes in IoT-based sensor networks. During operation, one of the issues is energy scarcity, and replacing the sensor nodebattery is too tricky. The effects of energy issues andvarious network problems are possible, especially on thelifetime of the network, coverage problems, and networkthroughput. We have introduced a solar energy harvesting system related to the above energy limitation issue.The solar energy harvesting method abstracts naturalenergy from the environment at a lower cost. Moreover,we have defined a novel technique called distributedefficient routing clustering (DECR). The DECR algorithm provides unlimited resources to the sensor networks. However, this method uses Zebra multi-accesscontrol (Z-MAC) to schedule the data between two sensor nodes, thereby maximizing the packet rate at theBS. Z-MAC aims to maximize energy consumption andincrease the lifetime of the network. Using a zebra-likeclustering approach, Z-MAC reduces overhearing, collisions, and idle listening, saving substantial energy.ZMAC protocol uses both the TDMA and CSMA scheduling techniques. Z-MAC is an appealing option for energyconstrained WSNs since the simulation findings showthat it performs better than current MAC protocolswith respect to energy efficiency, network lifetime, andscalability. Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Awareness Scheduling Method Solar Energy Harvesting Z-MAC Approach Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6807848","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":473315261,"identity":"d04a57f0-549b-422b-b047-f2ff4eae045b","order_by":0,"name":"Saksham Agrawal Saksham Agrawal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GLA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saksham","middleName":"Agrawal Saksham","lastName":"Agrawal","suffix":""},{"id":473315262,"identity":"f09322ba-a4d7-4ae7-ae97-3251cf43e098","order_by":1,"name":"Dipak Kumar Sah Dipak Kumar Sah","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCwwwMjA1A2oC9gfEAWISZaC08BxiI1HIApkUiAaqFEOA7znvw4wyGOnlzyecXDvxgsJNnYOfFr1XyMF+y5AaGw4Y7Z+cUHOxhSDZsYOZLwKvF4DCPgeQDhgOMG27nJBzgYWBOYGDmMSCkxfjnA4Y6+w03zyQc/MNQT5QWM6DDmBM33GA/cJiH4TBhLUC/pFnOMDicvOFMDsNhGYPjhm2EtPCdP3v4Zk9Fne2G48cfPnxTUS3Pz38GvxYGBh6Q88AMAzCDjYB6qBYwYH9AWPEoGAWjYBSMSAAALmlGArokjMwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"GLA University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dipak","middleName":"Kumar Sah Dipak Kumar","lastName":"Sah","suffix":""},{"id":473315263,"identity":"9ce417e8-1f0d-4ce6-b9b9-b2781b3aeaa4","order_by":2,"name":"Rahul Pradhan Rahul Pradhan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GLA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rahul","middleName":"Pradhan Rahul","lastName":"Pradhan","suffix":""},{"id":473315264,"identity":"7a443d1a-0875-405c-a9c4-5950709a4701","order_by":3,"name":"Ramakant Kumar Ramakant Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GLA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ramakant","middleName":"Kumar Ramakant","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":473315265,"identity":"e805c44d-91fd-4ba7-a06f-86fa5a1f2e38","order_by":4,"name":"Ajitesh Kumar Ajitesh Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GLA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ajitesh","middleName":"Kumar Ajitesh","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":473315266,"identity":"e57793af-051b-42b7-ae6d-dd1363fd2def","order_by":5,"name":"Madhu Sudan Kumar Madhu Sudan Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"GLA University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Madhu","middleName":"Sudan Kumar Madhu Sudan","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":473315267,"identity":"5c887433-9e84-4b80-a380-1419c4889ebd","order_by":6,"name":"Abhinav Tomar Abhinav Tomar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abhinav","middleName":"Tomar Abhinav","lastName":"Tomar","suffix":""},{"id":473315268,"identity":"5521e086-136b-4378-bc21-e410a8abfaf8","order_by":7,"name":"Navojotee Mazumdar Navojotee Mazumdar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Navojotee","middleName":"Mazumdar Navojotee","lastName":"Mazumdar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-03 06:53:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6807848/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6807848/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86742399,"identity":"2c9f2739-cbd5-4209-b12f-d38d5d430ddb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-15 07:09:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1095168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NewRouting1234Copy12345.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6807848/v1_covered_71179146-848b-49fd-9d54-e8a99c35375e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"An Efficient Clustering Approach Using Routing Awareness IoT-Powered Sensor Networks","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Wireless Sensor Networks, Routing Awareness, Scheduling Method, Solar Energy Harvesting, Z-MAC Approach","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6807848/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6807848/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Currently, the demand for sensory deviceshas increased in various places. The area can be made possible in different ways, such as through green agriculture, intelligent IoT devices, smart street lights,etc. Generally, the energy rate will be consumed in inlarge-scale operations whenever information is exchangedbetween two devices. The data reaches the base station(BS) through the intermediate sensor nodes in IoT-based sensor networks. During operation, one of the issues is energy scarcity, and replacing the sensor nodebattery is too tricky. The effects of energy issues andvarious network problems are possible, especially on thelifetime of the network, coverage problems, and networkthroughput. We have introduced a solar energy harvesting system related to the above energy limitation issue.The solar energy harvesting method abstracts naturalenergy from the environment at a lower cost. Moreover,we have defined a novel technique called distributedefficient routing clustering (DECR). The DECR algorithm provides unlimited resources to the sensor networks. However, this method uses Zebra multi-accesscontrol (Z-MAC) to schedule the data between two sensor nodes, thereby maximizing the packet rate at theBS. Z-MAC aims to maximize energy consumption andincrease the lifetime of the network. Using a zebra-likeclustering approach, Z-MAC reduces overhearing, collisions, and idle listening, saving substantial energy.ZMAC protocol uses both the TDMA and CSMA scheduling techniques. Z-MAC is an appealing option for energyconstrained WSNs since the simulation findings showthat it performs better than current MAC protocolswith respect to energy efficiency, network lifetime, andscalability.","manuscriptTitle":"An Efficient Clustering Approach Using Routing Awareness IoT-Powered Sensor Networks","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-20 02:26:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6807848/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2722816c-e66b-48de-820d-e8c7db1b4184","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-15T07:08:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-20 02:26:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6807848","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6807848","identity":"rs-6807848","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}