Integrating Biopsychosocial and Spiritual Coping Theories in Understanding Spirituality and Healing in the Philippines

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Tianio, Omar R. Manlapas This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7240632/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This research investigates the role of spirituality in fostering emotional resilience and psychological healing across multiple religious traditions, with a focus on how Pargament’s spiritual coping strategies complement conventional mental health interventions. Previous studies have highlighted the complex relationship between spirituality and mental health, but the connection between these elements and sustainable well-being has not been sufficiently explored. This study examines how spiritual practices within Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism contribute to mental and emotional well-being, which is crucial for achieving long-term sustainability and resilience in both individuals and communities. Through qualitative key-informant interviews, the research explores how spirituality can support the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly No. 3, Good Health and Well-Being, about emotional well-being, community cohesion, and mental health. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, underpinned by the Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Spiritual Coping Theory. Findings indicated that meditation helps reduce anxiety, showing the importance of integrating spiritual practices into mental health care as a tool for sustainable emotional health. The study concludes by advocating for a holistic and culturally sensitive approach that incorporates spiritual care into treatment plans to improve therapy outcomes and enhance long-term emotional resilience, aligning with global sustainability goals. Community Support Emotional Resilience Mental Health Pargament’s Spiritual Coping and Spiritual Practices Introduction In contemporary society, mental health remains a critical concern, affecting millions globally (World Mental Health Report, 2022). Despite significant advancements in psychotherapeutic techniques and medications, a large portion of the population continues to struggle with mental health issues, underscoring the need for integrative and holistic approaches that consider the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors of health (Engel, 1977 ). One promising approach to mental health care is the integration of spirituality and religious practices, an area that has garnered increasing attention in both clinical and academic settings (Hefti, 2011 ). This study aims to explore the role of faith as a healing force in managing mental health and emotional well-being across diverse religious traditions. It focuses on how spiritual practices and religious beliefs contribute actively to the mental health landscape, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Existing research suggests a complex and multifaceted relationship between spirituality and various mental health conditions; however, the nuances of individual experiences and the cultural interpretations of spirituality remain underexplored (Hamka et al., 2020 ; Lucchetti et al., 2021 ; Wahyudi et al., 2021 ). Individuals undergoing mental health treatment often report a unique interplay between their spiritual beliefs and therapeutic outcomes. Despite this, mental health services frequently fail to fully incorporate spiritual dimensions into practice, presenting a significant gap in treatment efficacy (Yamada et al., 2020 ; Huguelet et al., 2011 ). This gap highlights the missed opportunity to enhance therapeutic outcomes by integrating spiritual care, which has been shown to improve emotional resilience and coping strategies (Tehrani et al., 2021 ; Bear et al., 2018 ). Furthermore, the lack of integration also affects the broader goal of achieving mental and emotional well-being, which is crucial for sustainable development. This study draws upon two key theoretical frameworks: the Biopsychosocial Model of Health (Engel, 1977 ) and Spiritual Coping Theory (Pargament, 2001). The Biopsychosocial Model emphasizes the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors in health, positing that spirituality plays a significant role as both a psychological and social element in mental health. Conversely, Spiritual Coping Theory examines how spiritual practices, such as prayer, meditation, and ritual, help individuals cope with life stressors and manage their emotional and psychological well-being. By integrating these two frameworks, the study aims to investigate how spiritual practices serve as coping mechanisms and sources of emotional resilience across diverse religious traditions, contributing to the SDGs, specifically in fostering healthier communities and emotional resilience (SDG 3 and SDG 10). The importance of this study is highlighted by research indicating that spirituality can serve as a protective factor against mental health disorders, foster resilience, and promote healthier coping mechanisms (Galek et al., 2015 ; Bear et al., 2018 ). While quantitative studies have identified correlations between spiritual practices and mental health outcomes, they often fail to explore the mechanisms underlying these relationships (Pesut et al., 2011 ; Shariff & Pien, 2018 ). Given the increasing recognition of holistic health approaches by global institutions such as the World Health Organization, this qualitative inquiry aims to contribute valuable insights into the integration of spirituality within mental health services (Shariff & Pien, 2018 ; Amerongen-Meeuse et al., 2020 ). Furthermore, it advocates for mental health professionals to consider patients' spiritual needs in treatment, thus enriching therapeutic modalities and enhancing efforts to achieve SDG-related goals such as reducing health disparities and fostering community resilience. By examining the intersection of spirituality and mental health management, this study will make a significant contribution to understanding the multifaceted healing processes inherent in diverse religious contexts. Engaging with the lived experiences of individuals from diverse faith traditions is crucial to forming a nuanced understanding of the role of spirituality in mental health. This research will fill existing gaps in the literature and provide essential recommendations for best practices, ultimately leading to more effective, culturally competent, and SDG-aligned mental health interventions (Hamka et al., 2020 ; Lucchetti et al., 2021 ). This study aims to illuminate both personal and collective experiences within various religious traditions, advocating for the broader acceptance and integration of spiritual care in mental health contexts. This will foster a more holistic understanding of well-being, incorporating the spiritual dimension of human experience into therapeutic practices, contributing to the broader goals of sustainable and inclusive global development. Methods The findings of this study emphasize the importance of integrating spiritual practices into mental health care, showing that these practices contribute to emotional resilience, anxiety reduction, and overall psychological well-being. These results align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), by demonstrating how spiritual practices can enhance mental health outcomes. By promoting spiritual coping mechanisms, mental health professionals can offer more comprehensive, culturally-sensitive care that supports sustainable emotional well-being. Furthermore, integrating spiritual care into therapy not only contributes to individual resilience but also supports community health, which is vital for building more sustainable, cohesive societies (SDG 11). This research advocates for the recognition of spiritual practices as a legitimate and essential component of mental health care, urging policymakers and practitioners to incorporate these practices into their approaches to mental health in alignment with the SDGs (Yamada et al., 2020 ; Tehrani et al., 2021 ; Bear et al., 2018 ). This study employed a qualitative research design, specifically utilizing Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), which are well-suited for gathering in-depth information from knowledgeable individuals about a particular topic. These interviews allowed the study to capture a wide range of perspectives on how individuals from diverse religious backgrounds use spirituality as a tool for fostering emotional resilience and well-being during periods of mental distress (Kashdan & Nezlek, 2012 ). The findings, therefore, not only contribute to our understanding of the interplay between spirituality and mental health but also provide valuable insights into how integrating spiritual practices can support the SDGs related to mental health and community development (SDG 3, SDG 10, SDG 11). Qualitative methods are particularly advantageous for investigating the subjective meanings and rituals associated with spirituality. They facilitate a comprehensive understanding of how spirituality impacts mental health, as these methods prioritize individual experiences and cultural contexts (Park et al., 2024 ). Through these interviews, the study aimed to investigate how spiritual practices contribute to emotional resilience and effective coping strategies, which are key elements in achieving SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and fostering resilience within communities (SDG 11). Results and Discussion The findings of this study emphasize the importance of integrating spiritual practices into mental health care, showing that these practices contribute to emotional resilience, anxiety reduction, and overall psychological well-being. These results align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), by demonstrating how spiritual practices can enhance mental health outcomes. By promoting spiritual coping mechanisms, mental health professionals can offer more comprehensive, culturally-sensitive care that supports sustainable emotional well-being. Furthermore, integrating spiritual care into therapy not only contributes to individual resilience but also supports community health, which is vital for building more sustainable, cohesive societies (SDG 11). This research advocates for the recognition of spiritual practices as a legitimate and essential component of mental health care, urging policymakers and practitioners to incorporate these practices into their approaches to mental health in alignment with the SDGs. Table 1 Demographic profile based on their religion Christian Age Gender Key Spiritual Practices (Coping Mechanisms) 32 Male Prayer, church attendance 28 Female Prayer, scripture reflection 50 Male Prayer, community support 29 Male Prayer, scripture reflection 42 Female Prayer, church attendance Muslim Age Gender Key Spiritual Practices (Coping Mechanisms) 25 Female Prayer, Fasting during Ramadan 35 Male Prayer, community support 38 Female Prayers, fasting 40 Male Prayer, Quran recitation, fasting 30 Female Prayer, fasting Hindu Age Gender Key Spiritual Practices (Coping Mechanisms) 45 Male Meditation, chanting mantras 60 Female Yoga, meditation 30 Male Meditation, prayer 55 Female Yoga, chanting mantras 50 Male Meditation, prayer Buddhist Age Gender Key Spiritual Practices (Coping Mechanisms) 40 Female Mindfulness meditation 55 Male Meditation 33 Female Mindfulness meditation 50 Male Meditation 29 Female Meditation, mindfulness As shown in Table 1 , the demographic profile of participants across different religious traditions reveals the diverse spiritual practices they engage in as part of their coping mechanisms for mental distress. The participants from the Christian community primarily relied on prayer and church attendance, while the Muslim participants emphasized prayer, fasting, and community support during Ramadan. Hindu participants used a combination of meditation, yoga, and chanting mantras, with temple community support playing a significant role in their coping strategies. Lastly, Buddhist participants highlighted mindfulness meditation and community involvement as key components of their emotional resilience. These findings demonstrate the shared importance of spiritual practices and community support in fostering emotional well-being across all groups. Table 2 Perceive interrelations of biopsychosocial aspects and spirituality on mental health Participants Theme Description of the Theme Sample Responses Participants No. 4, 8, 12, 19 Meditation Reduces Anxiety Mindfulness meditation helps in reducing stress and anxiety Through mindfulness meditation, I can observe my emotions without reacting. It helps me cope with stress and anxiety. Participants No. 6, 9, 10, 14 Prayer brings inner peace and calmness In terms of spirituality, prayer brings inner peace and calmness For me, spirituality gives me purpose. Prayer brings inner peace and calms my mind, allowing me to focus. Participants No. 2, 4, 5 ,12, 14, 15 Prayer manages Stress Prayer helps manages stress and clarity Prayer is my main source of peace. It helps me manage stress and gives me clarity. Participants No. 4, 5, 13, 18 Prayer provides emotional strength and mental clarity Prayer and spirituality provide mental and emotional strength For me, spirituality is about connecting with God, especially through prayer. It provides me with mental clarity and emotional strength. As shown in Table 2 , the perceived interrelations between biopsychosocial aspects and spirituality on mental health are reflected in several emerging themes, including Meditation Reduces Anxiety, Prayer Brings Inner Peace and Calmness, Prayer Manages Stress, and Spirituality Gives Mental Clarity. These themes were identified based on participants' responses, where mindfulness meditation, prayer, and spirituality played key roles in enhancing emotional resilience and reducing mental distress. Each theme also connects to the broader context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Meditation Reduces Anxiety aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being); Prayer Brings Inner Peace and Calmness contributes to SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities); Prayer Manages Stress supports SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities); and Spirituality Gives Mental Clarity aids in achieving SDG 4 (Quality Education). These findings further emphasize the role of spiritual practices in promoting both individual well-being and sustainable community health. Meditation Reduces Anxiety The theme Meditation Reduces Anxiety emerged from the responses of participants 4, 8, 12, and 19, who described how mindfulness meditation serves as a powerful tool in alleviating stress and managing anxiety. One participant noted, "Through mindfulness meditation, I can observe my emotions without reacting. It helps me cope with stress and anxiety." This finding highlights how meditation not only facilitates emotional regulation but also fosters greater psychological resilience, reinforcing the connection between spiritual practices and mental well-being. Furthermore, this practice aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), as it promotes emotional resilience and helps manage anxiety, which is a key factor in overall mental health and well-being. These results resonate with previous studies, such as Saeed et al. ( 2019 ), who highlighted the therapeutic effects of meditation, yoga, and tai chi on reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Similarly, Zhihong et al. ( 2018 ) observed the growing prominence of Mindfulness Meditation (MM) within healthcare settings, emphasizing its role in stress reduction and its alignment with biopsychosocial models of health. The current study's findings further support the growing recognition of mindfulness as an effective and multifaceted approach to enhancing both emotional and psychological well-being. Prayer brings inner peace and calmness The second theme, Prayer Brings Inner Peace and Calmness, was revealed by participants 6, 9, 10, and 14. These participants reported that Prayer plays an integral role in fostering inner peace, helping them achieve a sense of mental tranquility amidst challenging circumstances. One participant expressed, "For me, spirituality gives me purpose. Prayer brings inner peace and calms my mind, allowing me to focus." This reflects the psychological benefits of spiritual practices, demonstrating that prayer provides individuals with a sense of purpose and calmness, which are critical components of mental well-being. Additionally, participants reported that prayer plays an integral role in fostering inner peace, contributing to SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). By helping individuals cope with stress, prayer enhances social interactions and strengthens community resilience, which is vital for sustainable, cohesive societies. This finding is consistent with Aydin ( 2013 ), who identified supplication as a spiritual practice that not only fosters emotional stability but also regulates an individual's personality and character. Furthermore, Singh and Husain ( 2019 ) highlighted the connection between scripture reading and the development of inner strength, which aligns with participants' experiences of Prayer as a source of resilience. These findings underscore the importance of spiritual practices, such as prayer, in promoting emotional regulation and mental clarity. Prayer manages stress The third theme, Prayer Manages Stress, was identified by participants 2, 4, 5, 12, 14, and 15, who found that Prayer significantly aids in stress management, providing them with clarity and emotional stability. One participant stated, “Prayer is my main source of peace. It helps me manage stress and gives me clarity." This finding is consistent with SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), as it highlights how spiritual practices like prayer promote psychological resilience and reduce mental health disparities across different population groups. It also suggests that prayer is not merely a spiritual ritual but a psychological coping mechanism that contributes to mental balance. The significance of Prayer in managing stress aligns with Keskin ( 2016 ), who explored the role of Islamic practices in promoting inner peace. Keskin's findings emphasized the role of Prayer in fostering tranquility, an effect observed across multiple spiritual traditions. Similarly, Susanto ( 2023 ) highlighted how spiritual practices positively influence mental well-being, further corroborating the idea that Prayer is an effective tool in coping with stress. The current study underscores this by demonstrating that spiritual rituals, such as prayer, can enhance emotional resilience and psychological well-being. Spirituality gives mental clarity The final theme, Spirituality Gives Mental Clarity, was expressed by participants 4, 5, 13, and 18, who noted that spirituality, particularly through Prayer and meditation, helps provide mental clarity. One participant shared, " For me, spirituality is about connecting with God, especially through Prayer. It provides me with mental clarity and emotional strength." This reflects how spiritual practices serve as cognitive tools that not only alleviate emotional turmoil but also promote mental clarity, which is essential for effective decision-making and emotional regulation. Practices such as prayer and meditation contribute to SDG 4 (Quality Education) by enhancing mental clarity, which aids in decision-making, problem-solving, and learning—skills crucial for personal growth and community development. This aligns with Channawar ( 2023 ), who found that mindfulness practices significantly enhance cognitive function, improve mental clarity, and reduce stress. Furthermore, Susanto and Iskandar ( 2023 ) noted that mindfulness promotes resilience and enhances cognitive processing, thereby strengthening an individual's ability to cope with emotional distress. The current study builds on these findings by demonstrating how spiritual practices are not just emotionally beneficial but also cognitively enriching, aiding individuals in maintaining a balanced and clear mental state. Table 3 Contributions of religious communities on mental health Participants Theme Description of the Theme Sample Responses Participants No. 1,9,10,12,13,14,17 Emotional support Church provides emotional support during tough times to its believers My church community provides emotional support during tough times. Personal prayer helps me cope, but the collective strength of the church community really boosts my resilience. Participants No. 1,2,4,7,11,12,13,16,17,18 Place of comfort and strength It is a place of comfort and strength The mosque is a place of comfort and strength. While I pray on my own, the shared community during prayers and during Ramadan helps me feel emotionally supported and resilient. Participants No. 1,8,15,16,18,20 Enhance emotional resilience The community provides emotional healing that results emotional resilience My temple community provides emotional healing. While personal spiritual practices like yoga help me, the collective rituals and support of my community are key to maintaining resilience. As shown in Table 3 , the contributions of religious communities on mental health are reflected in three emerging themes: Emotional Support, Place of Comfort and Strength, and Enhance Emotional Resilience. These themes were identified based on participants' responses, where religious communities—through prayer, spiritual rituals, and community support—play a crucial role in promoting emotional well-being and mental health. Emotional support The first emerging theme, Emotional Support, was expressed by participants 1, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, and 17, who emphasized the significant role that religious communities, particularly churches, play in providing emotional support during challenging times. One participant noted, "My church community provides emotional support during tough times. Personal prayer helps me cope, but the collective strength of the church community really boosts my resilience.” This finding is consistent with the work of Hovey et al. ( 2014 ), who explored the relationship between religiosity and mental health, highlighting social support as a critical mediator between religious participation and improved mental health outcomes. This finding contributes to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by demonstrating how collective emotional support can foster resilience and mental well-being. Place of comfort and strength The second emerging theme, Place of Comfort and Strength, was identified by participants 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18. These participants described their religious spaces—whether mosques, churches, or temples—as places of comfort, where they found emotional strength and support. One participant remarked, “The mosque is a place of comfort and strength. While I pray on my own, the shared community during prayers and during Ramadan helps me feel emotionally supported and resilient.” This theme is supported by Johnson and Armour ( 2016 ), who found that individuals who maintain a positive relationship with God experience a paradoxical sense of benefit and strength in the face of adversity. This paradoxical living reflects the dual role of religious spaces not only as places for spiritual practice but also as sources of emotional and psychological stability during times of distress. Tavares et al. ( 2022 ) also highlighted the spiritual comfort that religious practices provide, which can be both an immediate and sustaining outcome, reinforcing the concept that religious spaces foster emotional resilience. This theme aligns with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), as religious spaces contribute to building cohesive, resilient communities where individuals find support and strength. Enhance emotional resilience The third theme, Enhance Emotional Resilience, emerged from the responses of participants 1, 8, 15, 16, 18, and 20, who reported that the community aspect of their religious involvement provided significant emotional healing, contributing to their overall emotional resilience. One participant shared, “My temple community provides emotional healing. While personal spiritual practices like yoga help me, the collective rituals and support of my community are key to maintaining resilience.” This theme aligns with Narasimhan and Saputra ( 2023 ), who emphasize the importance of religious and spiritual factors in emotional experiences, suggesting that by recognizing these factors, mental health interventions can be tailored to meet the specific needs of individuals within their cultural and religious contexts. This theme also contributes to SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by promoting emotional healing and providing resources for individuals in communities that may face mental health disparities. The support of religious communities plays a key role in fostering social cohesion and helping individuals build resilience in the face of challenges. Table 4 Contributions of spiritual practices on psychological healing and emotional well-being Participants Theme Description of the Theme Sample Responses Participants No. 1,6,8,10,15, 19 Prayer complements therapy Prayer is for guidance and it complements the therapeutic work Therapy provides practical help, but spirituality strengthens me emotionally. I pray and rely on Allah's guidance, which complements the therapeutic work I do. Participants No. 1,2,3,4,5,7,9,11,12,14,16,19 Spiritual practices result to emotional balance and healing Prayers and faith bring emotional comfort and healing Spirituality and therapy are both important for me. While therapy helps me with practical solutions, my prayers and faith bring me emotional comfort and healing. Participants No. 3,4,8,11,12,16,19 Meditation and prayer results to emotional healing Meditation is being applied alongside therapy which provides emotional and spiritual healing I use meditation alongside therapy. The therapy helps me understand my feelings, and meditation provides emotional calm and spiritual healing that aids in the process. As shown in Table 4 , the contributions of spiritual practices on psychological healing and emotional well-being are reflected in three emerging themes: Prayer Complements Therapy, Spiritual Practices Result in Emotional Balance and Healing, and Meditation and Prayer Result in Emotional Healing. These themes were identified based on participants' responses, with prayer, meditation, and spiritual practices serving as critical elements in enhancing emotional resilience and mental well-being. Prayer complements therapy The first emerging theme, Prayer Complements Therapy, was identified by participants 1, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 19, who noted that prayer serves as a supportive and complementary element to therapeutic work. One participant explained, “Therapy provides practical help, but spirituality strengthens me emotionally. I pray and rely on Allah’s guidance, which complements the therapeutic work I do.” This finding underscores the role of prayer in reinforcing the emotional resilience fostered by therapy. This theme is consistent with research by South and McDowell ( 2018 ), which found that prayer is frequently used as a complementary therapeutic tool, particularly during illness. Participants in their study reported experiencing increased calmness, decreased anxiety, and an overall sense of well-being as a result of prayer. Additionally, Jors et al. ( 2015 ) found that prayer can act as a resource for patients, transforming their experience of illness and contributing to their healing process. This connection to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) highlights how spiritual practices can enhance therapeutic outcomes, improving emotional well-being and resilience. These findings are consistent with the participants' experiences, further supporting the value of spiritual practices in mental health care. Spiritual practices result to emotional balance and healing The second emerging theme, Spiritual Practices Result in Emotional Balance and Healing, was observed across a wide range of participants (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19). These participants emphasized the emotional healing that results from their spiritual practices, particularly prayer and faith. One participant shared, “Spirituality and therapy are both important for me. While therapy helps me with practical solutions, my prayers and faith bring me emotional comfort and healing.” This demonstrates the role of spirituality in providing emotional support, enhancing mental health recovery. This aligns with Yao et al. ( 2017 ), who discussed the interconnectedness of mind, body, and spirit in the healing process. Similarly, Gautam et al. ( 2024 ) emphasized the importance of a holistic approach that integrates spiritual care into therapeutic practices, addressing not just the mental, but also the emotional, physical, and spiritual dimensions of well-being. These findings underscore the need for mental health professionals to incorporate spiritual practices in treatment plans to enhance overall therapy outcomes. This also aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by emphasizing the role of spirituality in fostering emotional healing and mental stability, which are essential for overall well-being. Moreover, this theme supports SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by providing vulnerable populations with critical emotional support and coping mechanisms. Meditation and prayer results to emotional healing The third theme, Meditation and Prayer Result in Emotional Healing, was identified by participants 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16, and 19, who reported that meditation and prayer are key components in their emotional healing process. One participant noted, “I use meditation alongside therapy. The therapy helps me understand my feelings, and meditation provides emotional calm and spiritual healing that aids in the process.” This demonstrates that meditation, when combined with therapy, offers both emotional and spiritual healing, contributing to overall mental clarity and well-being. This theme aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), as these practices promote emotional healing and resilience across diverse communities. This theme is supported by Johnson ( 2018 ), who highlighted the therapeutic benefits of meditation, emphasizing its ability to align and relax the mind. Furthermore, Baldwin et al. ( 2016 ) suggested that healing prayer can help individuals dissociate traumatic memories from the emotions associated with them, which is consistent with the experiences shared by participants who described the dual benefit of meditation and prayer in emotional and spiritual healing. Implications of Spiritual Practices Biopsychosocial and Spiritual Practices as Coping Mechanisms In both the Biopsychosocial Model and Spiritual Coping Theory, spiritual practices such as prayer, meditation, fasting, and community participation are recognized as essential coping mechanisms that help individuals manage emotional distress. These practices support SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by addressing the biological, psychological, and social dimensions of health. For instance, Christian participants emphasized that prayer helped them manage stress by calming the mind, a clear biological benefit. Psychologically, prayer also facilitated emotional clarity, helping them regain focus and cope with life's difficulties. Similarly, Muslim participants described how daily prayers and fasting helped them feel at peace, both emotionally and physically, fostering a sense of calm and inner strength. The social aspect of these practices, particularly fasting during Ramadan, offered a sense of connection with others, reinforcing the Biopsychosocial Model's emphasis on social support in health and contributing to SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by providing coping resources across diverse populations. On the other hand, Kenneth Pargament’s Spiritual Coping Theory offers a fuller and more impartial picture of religious coping (Xu, 2016 ). Spiritual practices, including prayer and fasting, serve as internalized coping mechanisms that help individuals find meaning, hope, and emotional strength in times of distress. For example, Muslims cope with life stressors, including religiosity, belief, trust in God, prayer, forbearance, supplication, recitation of the Qur’an, remembrance of God, patience, and thankfulness. These practices serve as effective coping strategies and mechanisms in the face of life stressors. These findings align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by demonstrating how spiritual coping mechanisms aid in emotional regulation and resilience. Hindu participants discussed how meditation and yoga provided not only emotional stability but also a deep sense of peace, which empowered them to manage stress (Nagesh, 2023). These practices further support SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), particularly through community support and resilience-building. Murphy ( 2016 ) found a similar study indicating that Buddhist participants pointed to mindfulness meditation as a spiritual practice that helped them detach from emotional turmoil and build emotional resilience. This demonstrates the interconnectedness of spirituality and mental health, reinforcing the value of spiritual coping in enhancing both individual and community well-being. Spiritual Coping Theory aligns with these practices by recognizing how they offer individuals psychological and spiritual resources, aiding them in emotional regulation and fostering resilience, contributing to SDG 3 and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Emotional Resilience through Spirituality The Biopsychosocial Model highlights how spirituality influences emotional resilience across biological, psychological, and social dimensions of health. Christian participants explained how prayer helped them manage stress, with biological effects like stress reduction, psychological benefits such as promoting hope and optimism, and social benefits through community support. These practices align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by enhancing emotional well-being, and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) by fostering community resilience. Muslim participants noted that prayer and fasting not only provided emotional relief but also had biological benefits like stress reduction and mental clarity, while strengthening social bonds within their community, supporting SDG 3 and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Hindu participants emphasized that meditation and yoga helped maintain emotional balance, improving their psychological well-being and stress management. This supports both SDG 3 and SDG 10 by addressing mental health needs across diverse populations. The Biopsychosocial Model thus offers a holistic view, showing how these spiritual practices provide resilience through biological, psychological, and social factors, aligning with the SDGs. In contrast, Spiritual Coping Theory focuses on how personal spiritual practices serve as coping mechanisms during emotional distress. Christian participants described prayer as a source of inner strength, offering hope and divine support in difficult times. Similarly, fasting and prayer helped Muslim participants maintain emotional resilience, providing a sense of purpose and meaning during stress. These practices contribute to SDG 3 by promoting mental stability and emotional resilience. Hindu participants reported that meditation and yoga were crucial for emotional regulation, while Buddhist participants emphasized mindfulness meditation for stress management. Spiritual Coping Theory underscores the importance of individual spiritual practices, which align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by offering coping strategies that support mental health across communities. Social Support and Community Connections The significance of social support and community connections in spiritual practices is highlighted in both the Biopsychosocial Model and Spiritual Coping Theory. According to the Biopsychosocial Model, social connections are essential for emotional well-being, a theme reinforced across various religious traditions. Christian participants emphasized the pivotal role of their church community, providing emotional support and a sense of belonging during difficult times. This support was integral to their emotional stability, emphasizing the social dimension of the Biopsychosocial Model. Similarly, Muslim participants noted the importance of community, especially during Ramadan, where shared fasting and prayer fostered a collective sense of solidarity and emotional strength. The mosque and families were vital to their mental resilience, demonstrating the social component of the Biopsychosocial Model. Hindu participants identified their temple community as a source of spiritual and emotional encouragement. Communal rituals enhanced their sense of belonging and resilience, further supporting the role of community in mental health. Buddhist participants acknowledged the importance of shared meditation practices and community teachings in effectively managing stress, highlighting how communal spiritual activities contribute to emotional well-being. This aligns not only with the Biopsychosocial Model, which emphasizes the role of social support in mental health, but also with Spiritual Coping Theory. Spiritual Coping Theory illustrates how communal spiritual practices, such as prayer, fasting, and meditation, act as potent coping mechanisms, offering a sense of meaning, hope, and control during times of distress. These practices enhance emotional resilience and psychological well-being, contributing to mental health by reinforcing social bonds and providing individuals with tools for coping. This resonates with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by fostering emotional stability and well-being through community-based spiritual practices. Spirituality as a Source of Inner Peace and Balance Across various religious traditions, participants described how spirituality fosters inner peace and emotional balance, providing essential tools to manage stress and emotional distress. Christian participants noted that prayer helped them achieve mental clarity and emotional grounding, enabling them to maintain focus and resilience during adversity. This aligns with the Biopsychosocial Model, which highlights the psychological benefits of spirituality in promoting emotional regulation and well-being, supporting SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being). Similarly, Muslim participants emphasized the impact of fasting during Ramadan, which not only provided mental clarity and emotional balance but also allowed them to reset their spiritual state, enhancing their emotional resilience. This practice reinforced the psychological and biological aspects of well-being, helping participants regain emotional stability, directly contributing to SDG 3. Hindu participants highlighted the emotional stability gained from yoga and meditation, which were effective in managing anxiety and stress while cultivating a sense of inner peace. Buddhist participants identified mindfulness meditation as a valuable tool for emotional balance, teaching them to accept emotions without judgment and regulate them effectively. This underscores how spiritual practices serve as vital pathways to emotional well-being, enabling individuals to maintain emotional balance and inner peace. Both the Biopsychosocial Model and Spiritual Coping Theory emphasize the holistic nature of spirituality, demonstrating how these practices influence the psychological, biological, and social dimensions of health. They foster emotional stability and resilience, promoting well-being through a balanced integration of mind, body, and spirit. These insights align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), illustrating the significance of spirituality in fostering emotional regulation and resilience across diverse communities. Spiritual Practices as a Pathway to Emotional Regulation Spiritual practices serve as powerful pathways to emotional regulation, providing individuals with essential tools to manage distress and maintain emotional stability (Conboy et al., 2015 ). Christian participants consistently reported that prayer and church attendance grounded them emotionally, offering spiritual comfort that fostered long-term emotional resilience. Through prayer, they honed their ability to cope with stress, achieving emotional clarity and peace of mind, aligning with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being). Similarly, Muslim participants emphasized that prayer and fasting endowed them with the emotional strength to confront challenges. These practices provided immediate stress relief and significantly contributed to their enduring emotional stability. This demonstrates the importance of spirituality in SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), particularly in building resilience and emotional balance. Hindu participants highlighted how yoga and meditation sustained their emotional balance by harmonizing physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. These practices facilitated emotional regulation, reduced stress, and cultivated a profound sense of inner peace, further supporting SDG 3. Buddhist participants emphasized the transformative effect of mindfulness meditation, which allowed them to detach from emotions without judgment, enhancing their ability to manage stress and emotional turmoil effectively. These findings illustrate the vital role of spiritual practices in emotional regulation and resilience, supported by Spiritual Coping Theory. The theory articulates how spiritual practices impart meaning, hope, and a sense of control, while the Biopsychosocial Model highlights the substantial physiological and psychological benefits of engaging in these meaningful activities. Spiritual practices engage the psychological, biological, and social dimensions of health, making them indispensable tools for emotional resilience, as they not only support SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) but also strengthen community bonds and individual well-being, contributing to a more resilient society (SDG 11). Directions for Future Research The present study provides a foundational exploration of the intricate interplay between spirituality and mental health, particularly through the lens of the Biopsychosocial Model and Pargament’s spiritual coping theory (Engel, 1977 ; Pargament, 2001). However, several dimensions remain inadequately explored, suggesting compelling avenues for further scholarly inquiry. First, expanding the demographic and cultural breadth of future investigations is paramount. While this study concentrated on participants from Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism within the Philippines, it is imperative to include a more diverse range of religious and secular traditions across varied cultural and geographical contexts. Such a comprehensive approach would facilitate a more robust comparison of how disparate spiritual practices intersect with mental health and emotional resilience across the global spectrum, contributing to the realization of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being). This would help identify and address mental health disparities across diverse populations, advancing global mental health goals (Lucchetti et al., 2021 ; Hamka et al., 2020 ). Second, while this investigation adopted qualitative methodologies to elucidate personal spiritual experiences, there is a compelling need for empirical, quantitative studies to systematically measure the psychological impact of specific spiritual practices—such as prayer, meditation, fasting, and communal worship—on mental health outcomes (Bear et al., 2018 ; Yamada et al., 2020 ). Longitudinal studies would prove invaluable, particularly those that explore the sustained effects of these practices over extended periods, thus contributing to SDG 3 and supporting the development of evidence-based interventions to improve emotional resilience and psychological well-being (Saeed et al., 2019 ). Further, research into the role of spiritual leaders in facilitating mental health care within religious communities is a noteworthy direction for future exploration. Spiritual leaders often occupy a critical position in mediating the connection between spirituality and well-being. An in-depth examination of their influence could significantly inform the integration of spiritual guidance within clinical mental health frameworks, aligning with SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by addressing gaps in mental health services for marginalized communities (Huguelet et al., 2011 ). Additionally, cross-cultural comparative research is essential to elucidate how spiritual practices function as coping mechanisms across diverse societal structures. Such studies could explore variances in the spiritual coping mechanisms employed within different religious contexts, thereby advancing the global understanding of spirituality's role in emotional and psychological healing, contributing to SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), which emphasizes the importance of resilient communities in addressing mental health challenges (Johnson & Armour, 2016 ; Narasimhan & Saputra, 2023 ). Another vital direction for future research lies in the integration of spirituality into clinical mental health practice. Despite increasing recognition of its relevance, many therapeutic models remain insufficiently attuned to the spiritual dimensions of healing (Hefti, 2011 ; Yamada et al., 2020 ). Thus, future studies should prioritize the development of integrative therapeutic models that systematically incorporate spiritual practices alongside conventional psychological treatments, supporting SDG 3 and improving overall mental health outcomes (Bear et al., 2018 ; Gautam et al., 2024 ). Moreover, an exploration of the neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic effects of spiritual practices would yield valuable insights into the biological and cognitive processes through which spirituality enhances emotional regulation and resilience. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing a holistic understanding of mental health, contributing to the achievement of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) (Johnson, 2018 ; Baldwin et al., 2016 ). Finally, investigating the synergistic effects between spirituality and other established therapeutic modalities, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based interventions, could lead to the formulation of comprehensive, multi-faceted treatment approaches. Such integrative models would not only cater to the psychological but also the spiritual needs of individuals, thus offering a holistic approach to mental health care, promoting SDG 3 and SDG 10 (Saeed et al., 2019 ; Conboy et al., 2015 ). In conclusion, the expansion of research in these areas holds the potential to refine and redefine the integration of spiritual care within mental health paradigms, thereby fostering a more nuanced and culturally sensitive approach to promoting emotional resilience and psychological well-being in alignment with SDG 3, SDG 10, and SDG 11 (Tehrani et al., 2021 ; Pesut et al., 2011 ). Limitations This study has several limitations that should be taken into account when interpreting the findings. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small and primarily comprised participants from specific religious traditions, namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. This limited diversity may impact the generalizability of the results to broader religious or spiritual contexts. Additionally, the study was conducted within a specific geographic location, the Philippines, which may restrict the applicability of the findings to regions with different cultural, religious, and social dynamics. The influence of culture on spiritual practices may also shape participants' experiences and interpretations of spirituality in mental health, meaning that the results may not fully represent the range of spiritual coping mechanisms employed in diverse populations. Another limitation pertains to the methodological approach, which relied on qualitative data gathered from key informant interviews. While this approach allowed for in-depth insights into the participants' experiences, it is inherently subjective, and the findings may reflect individual biases. Furthermore, the study relied on self-reported data, which can introduce potential issues such as social desirability bias and inaccurate recall, potentially affecting the reliability of the results. Lastly, the study primarily focused on spirituality and religious practices without exploring other psychological, social, or environmental factors that may also contribute to mental health and resilience. Future studies would benefit from a more holistic approach that incorporates multiple variables influencing mental well-being, such as socio-economic status, cultural norms, and environmental stressors. Conclusion and Recommendations The findings of this study underscore the significant role of spiritual practices such as meditation, prayer, and community involvement in reducing anxiety and enhancing emotional resilience. These practices not only positively influence a person’s emotional state but also provide mental clarity, helping individuals manage stress and psychological challenges. Religious communities, as highlighted by the participants, serve as vital sources of emotional support, creating spaces of comfort that foster emotional stability and strengthen individuality. Community participation, particularly in shared spiritual practices, enhances emotional resilience and provides crucial coping strategies during difficult times. This aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), which emphasizes the importance of emotional well-being and mental health. Moreover, these findings suggest that spiritual practices can effectively complement conventional mental health approaches, offering a more holistic model of care. Incorporating spiritual leaders into therapeutic frameworks and fostering open discussions about spirituality within therapy can lead to more comprehensive care. By combining psychological and spiritual approaches, therapists can improve therapy outcomes and provide better support for emotional resilience, contributing to the achievement of SDG 3 and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). This integrated approach promotes a model of care that respects the spiritual dimensions of healing while enhancing psychological well-being. By incorporating both spiritual and psychological tools, we can ensure a more holistic and effective approach to mental health, offering sustainable support for individuals across diverse communities, as outlined in SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Declarations Conflict of interest . The authors have not disclosed any competing interests. Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding This research received no external funding. Ethical Statement This study was approved by the University of Immaculate Conception-Research Ethics Committee under protocol code EXT-ER-05-25-0336 . The research adhered to ethical guidelines throughout the study, ensuring that all necessary ethical considerations were addressed. Since the participants were adults, formal approval for minors was not required. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement, with the consent form outlining the study's purpose, voluntary participation, and confidentiality of responses. Participants were assured that their personal information would remain confidential, with identities protected through the use of coded identifiers (e.g., P1, P2) rather than real names. The researcher ensured the integrity and trustworthiness of the data, following best practices in qualitative research, including transparent data collection procedures and rigorous analysis. Throughout the study, ethical principles, such as respect, honesty, and responsibility, were strictly upheld. Competing interest The author declares no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 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Despite significant advancements in psychotherapeutic techniques and medications, a large portion of the population continues to struggle with mental health issues, underscoring the need for integrative and holistic approaches that consider the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors of health (Engel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e). One promising approach to mental health care is the integration of spirituality and religious practices, an area that has garnered increasing attention in both clinical and academic settings (Hefti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This study aims to explore the role of faith as a healing force in managing mental health and emotional well-being across diverse religious traditions. It focuses on how spiritual practices and religious beliefs contribute actively to the mental health landscape, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExisting research suggests a complex and multifaceted relationship between spirituality and various mental health conditions; however, the nuances of individual experiences and the cultural interpretations of spirituality remain underexplored (Hamka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Lucchetti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Wahyudi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals undergoing mental health treatment often report a unique interplay between their spiritual beliefs and therapeutic outcomes. Despite this, mental health services frequently fail to fully incorporate spiritual dimensions into practice, presenting a significant gap in treatment efficacy (Yamada et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Huguelet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This gap highlights the missed opportunity to enhance therapeutic outcomes by integrating spiritual care, which has been shown to improve emotional resilience and coping strategies (Tehrani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bear et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the lack of integration also affects the broader goal of achieving mental and emotional well-being, which is crucial for sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study draws upon two key theoretical frameworks: the Biopsychosocial Model of Health (Engel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) and Spiritual Coping Theory (Pargament, 2001). The Biopsychosocial Model emphasizes the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors in health, positing that spirituality plays a significant role as both a psychological and social element in mental health. Conversely, Spiritual Coping Theory examines how spiritual practices, such as prayer, meditation, and ritual, help individuals cope with life stressors and manage their emotional and psychological well-being. By integrating these two frameworks, the study aims to investigate how spiritual practices serve as coping mechanisms and sources of emotional resilience across diverse religious traditions, contributing to the SDGs, specifically in fostering healthier communities and emotional resilience (SDG 3 and SDG 10).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe importance of this study is highlighted by research indicating that spirituality can serve as a protective factor against mental health disorders, foster resilience, and promote healthier coping mechanisms (Galek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Bear et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). While quantitative studies have identified correlations between spiritual practices and mental health outcomes, they often fail to explore the mechanisms underlying these relationships (Pesut et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Shariff \u0026amp; Pien, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Given the increasing recognition of holistic health approaches by global institutions such as the World Health Organization, this qualitative inquiry aims to contribute valuable insights into the integration of spirituality within mental health services (Shariff \u0026amp; Pien, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Amerongen-Meeuse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, it advocates for mental health professionals to consider patients' spiritual needs in treatment, thus enriching therapeutic modalities and enhancing efforts to achieve SDG-related goals such as reducing health disparities and fostering community resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy examining the intersection of spirituality and mental health management, this study will make a significant contribution to understanding the multifaceted healing processes inherent in diverse religious contexts. Engaging with the lived experiences of individuals from diverse faith traditions is crucial to forming a nuanced understanding of the role of spirituality in mental health. This research will fill existing gaps in the literature and provide essential recommendations for best practices, ultimately leading to more effective, culturally competent, and SDG-aligned mental health interventions (Hamka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Lucchetti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to illuminate both personal and collective experiences within various religious traditions, advocating for the broader acceptance and integration of spiritual care in mental health contexts. This will foster a more holistic understanding of well-being, incorporating the spiritual dimension of human experience into therapeutic practices, contributing to the broader goals of sustainable and inclusive global development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study emphasize the importance of integrating spiritual practices into mental health care, showing that these practices contribute to emotional resilience, anxiety reduction, and overall psychological well-being. These results align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), by demonstrating how spiritual practices can enhance mental health outcomes. By promoting spiritual coping mechanisms, mental health professionals can offer more comprehensive, culturally-sensitive care that supports sustainable emotional well-being. Furthermore, integrating spiritual care into therapy not only contributes to individual resilience but also supports community health, which is vital for building more sustainable, cohesive societies (SDG 11). This research advocates for the recognition of spiritual practices as a legitimate and essential component of mental health care, urging policymakers and practitioners to incorporate these practices into their approaches to mental health in alignment with the SDGs (Yamada et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Tehrani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bear et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a qualitative research design, specifically utilizing Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), which are well-suited for gathering in-depth information from knowledgeable individuals about a particular topic. These interviews allowed the study to capture a wide range of perspectives on how individuals from diverse religious backgrounds use spirituality as a tool for fostering emotional resilience and well-being during periods of mental distress (Kashdan \u0026amp; Nezlek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The findings, therefore, not only contribute to our understanding of the interplay between spirituality and mental health but also provide valuable insights into how integrating spiritual practices can support the SDGs related to mental health and community development (SDG 3, SDG 10, SDG 11).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQualitative methods are particularly advantageous for investigating the subjective meanings and rituals associated with spirituality. They facilitate a comprehensive understanding of how spirituality impacts mental health, as these methods prioritize individual experiences and cultural contexts (Park et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Through these interviews, the study aimed to investigate how spiritual practices contribute to emotional resilience and effective coping strategies, which are key elements in achieving SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and fostering resilience within communities (SDG 11).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study emphasize the importance of integrating spiritual practices into mental health care, showing that these practices contribute to emotional resilience, anxiety reduction, and overall psychological well-being. These results align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), by demonstrating how spiritual practices can enhance mental health outcomes. By promoting spiritual coping mechanisms, mental health professionals can offer more comprehensive, culturally-sensitive care that supports sustainable emotional well-being. Furthermore, integrating spiritual care into therapy not only contributes to individual resilience but also supports community health, which is vital for building more sustainable, cohesive societies (SDG 11). This research advocates for the recognition of spiritual practices as a legitimate and essential component of mental health care, urging policymakers and practitioners to incorporate these practices into their approaches to mental health in alignment with the SDGs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographic profile based on their religion \u003cb\u003eChristian\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey Spiritual Practices (Coping Mechanisms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer, church attendance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer, scripture reflection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer, community support\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer, scripture reflection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer, church attendance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMuslim\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey Spiritual Practices (Coping Mechanisms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer, Fasting during Ramadan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer, community support\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayers, fasting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer, Quran recitation, fasting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer, fasting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHindu\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey Spiritual Practices (Coping Mechanisms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeditation, chanting mantras\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoga, meditation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeditation, prayer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoga, chanting mantras\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeditation, prayer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBuddhist\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey Spiritual Practices (Coping Mechanisms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMindfulness meditation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeditation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMindfulness meditation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeditation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeditation, mindfulness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the demographic profile of participants across different religious traditions reveals the diverse spiritual practices they engage in as part of their coping mechanisms for mental distress. The participants from the Christian community primarily relied on prayer and church attendance, while the Muslim participants emphasized prayer, fasting, and community support during Ramadan. Hindu participants used a combination of meditation, yoga, and chanting mantras, with temple community support playing a significant role in their coping strategies. Lastly, Buddhist participants highlighted mindfulness meditation and community involvement as key components of their emotional resilience. These findings demonstrate the shared importance of spiritual practices and community support in fostering emotional well-being across all groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceive interrelations of biopsychosocial aspects and spirituality on mental health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTheme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription of the Theme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Responses\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 4, 8, 12, 19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeditation Reduces Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMindfulness meditation helps in reducing stress and anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThrough mindfulness meditation, I can observe my emotions without reacting. It helps me cope with stress and anxiety.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 6, 9, 10, 14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer brings inner peace and calmness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of spirituality, prayer brings inner peace and calmness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFor me, spirituality gives me purpose. Prayer brings inner peace and calms my mind, allowing me to focus.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 2, 4, 5 ,12, 14, 15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer manages Stress\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer helps manages stress and clarity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrayer is my main source of peace. It helps me manage stress and gives me clarity.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 4, 5, 13, 18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer provides emotional strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand mental clarity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer and spirituality provide mental and emotional strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFor me, spirituality is about connecting with God, especially through prayer. It provides me with mental clarity and emotional strength.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the perceived interrelations between biopsychosocial aspects and spirituality on mental health are reflected in several emerging themes, including Meditation Reduces Anxiety, Prayer Brings Inner Peace and Calmness, Prayer Manages Stress, and Spirituality Gives Mental Clarity. These themes were identified based on participants' responses, where mindfulness meditation, prayer, and spirituality played key roles in enhancing emotional resilience and reducing mental distress. Each theme also connects to the broader context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Meditation Reduces Anxiety aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being); Prayer Brings Inner Peace and Calmness contributes to SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities); Prayer Manages Stress supports SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities); and Spirituality Gives Mental Clarity aids in achieving SDG 4 (Quality Education). These findings further emphasize the role of spiritual practices in promoting both individual well-being and sustainable community health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMeditation Reduces Anxiety\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe theme Meditation Reduces Anxiety emerged from the responses of participants 4, 8, 12, and 19, who described how mindfulness meditation serves as a powerful tool in alleviating stress and managing anxiety. One participant noted, \u003cem\u003e\"Through mindfulness meditation, I can observe my emotions without reacting. It helps me cope with stress and anxiety.\"\u003c/em\u003e This finding highlights how meditation not only facilitates emotional regulation but also fosters greater psychological resilience, reinforcing the connection between spiritual practices and mental well-being. Furthermore, this practice aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), as it promotes emotional resilience and helps manage anxiety, which is a key factor in overall mental health and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese results resonate with previous studies, such as Saeed et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), who highlighted the therapeutic effects of meditation, yoga, and tai chi on reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Similarly, Zhihong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) observed the growing prominence of Mindfulness Meditation (MM) within healthcare settings, emphasizing its role in stress reduction and its alignment with biopsychosocial models of health. The current study's findings further support the growing recognition of mindfulness as an effective and multifaceted approach to enhancing both emotional and psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePrayer brings inner peace and calmness\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second theme, Prayer Brings Inner Peace and Calmness, was revealed by participants 6, 9, 10, and 14. These participants reported that Prayer plays an integral role in fostering inner peace, helping them achieve a sense of mental tranquility amidst challenging circumstances. One participant expressed, \u003cem\u003e\"For me, spirituality gives me purpose. Prayer brings inner peace and calms my mind, allowing me to focus.\"\u003c/em\u003e This reflects the psychological benefits of spiritual practices, demonstrating that prayer provides individuals with a sense of purpose and calmness, which are critical components of mental well-being. Additionally, participants reported that prayer plays an integral role in fostering inner peace, contributing to SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). By helping individuals cope with stress, prayer enhances social interactions and strengthens community resilience, which is vital for sustainable, cohesive societies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis finding is consistent with Aydin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), who identified supplication as a spiritual practice that not only fosters emotional stability but also regulates an individual's personality and character. Furthermore, Singh and Husain (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted the connection between scripture reading and the development of inner strength, which aligns with participants' experiences of Prayer as a source of resilience. These findings underscore the importance of spiritual practices, such as prayer, in promoting emotional regulation and mental clarity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePrayer manages stress\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe third theme, Prayer Manages Stress, was identified by participants 2, 4, 5, 12, 14, and 15, who found that Prayer significantly aids in stress management, providing them with clarity and emotional stability. One participant stated, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Prayer is my main source of peace. It helps me manage stress and gives me clarity.\"\u003c/em\u003e This finding is consistent with SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), as it highlights how spiritual practices like prayer promote psychological resilience and reduce mental health disparities across different population groups. It also suggests that prayer is not merely a spiritual ritual but a psychological coping mechanism that contributes to mental balance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe significance of Prayer in managing stress aligns with Keskin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), who explored the role of Islamic practices in promoting inner peace. Keskin's findings emphasized the role of Prayer in fostering tranquility, an effect observed across multiple spiritual traditions. Similarly, Susanto (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted how spiritual practices positively influence mental well-being, further corroborating the idea that Prayer is an effective tool in coping with stress. The current study underscores this by demonstrating that spiritual rituals, such as prayer, can enhance emotional resilience and psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpirituality gives mental clarity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe final theme, Spirituality Gives Mental Clarity, was expressed by participants 4, 5, 13, and 18, who noted that spirituality, particularly through Prayer and meditation, helps provide mental clarity. One participant shared, \"\u003cem\u003eFor me, spirituality is about connecting with God, especially through Prayer. It provides me with mental clarity and emotional strength.\"\u003c/em\u003e This reflects how spiritual practices serve as cognitive tools that not only alleviate emotional turmoil but also promote mental clarity, which is essential for effective decision-making and emotional regulation. Practices such as prayer and meditation contribute to SDG 4 (Quality Education) by enhancing mental clarity, which aids in decision-making, problem-solving, and learning\u0026mdash;skills crucial for personal growth and community development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis aligns with Channawar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), who found that mindfulness practices significantly enhance cognitive function, improve mental clarity, and reduce stress. Furthermore, Susanto and Iskandar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) noted that mindfulness promotes resilience and enhances cognitive processing, thereby strengthening an individual's ability to cope with emotional distress. The current study builds on these findings by demonstrating how spiritual practices are not just emotionally beneficial but also cognitively enriching, aiding individuals in maintaining a balanced and clear mental state.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContributions of religious communities on mental health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTheme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription of the Theme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Responses\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 1,9,10,12,13,14,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotional support\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChurch provides emotional support during tough times to its believers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMy church community provides emotional support during tough times. Personal prayer helps me cope, but the collective strength of the church community really boosts my resilience.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 1,2,4,7,11,12,13,16,17,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlace of comfort and strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is a place of comfort and strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe mosque is a place of comfort and strength. While I pray on my own, the shared community during prayers and during Ramadan helps me feel emotionally supported and resilient.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 1,8,15,16,18,20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnhance emotional resilience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe community provides emotional healing that results emotional resilience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMy temple community provides emotional healing. While personal spiritual practices like yoga help me, the collective rituals and support of my community are key to maintaining resilience.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the contributions of religious communities on mental health are reflected in three emerging themes: Emotional Support, Place of Comfort and Strength, and Enhance Emotional Resilience. These themes were identified based on participants' responses, where religious communities\u0026mdash;through prayer, spiritual rituals, and community support\u0026mdash;play a crucial role in promoting emotional well-being and mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEmotional support\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first emerging theme, Emotional Support, was expressed by participants 1, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, and 17, who emphasized the significant role that religious communities, particularly churches, play in providing emotional support during challenging times. One participant noted, \u003cem\u003e\"My church community provides emotional support during tough times. Personal prayer helps me cope, but the collective strength of the church community really boosts my resilience.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis finding is consistent with the work of Hovey et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), who explored the relationship between religiosity and mental health, highlighting social support as a critical mediator between religious participation and improved mental health outcomes. This finding contributes to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by demonstrating how collective emotional support can foster resilience and mental well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePlace of comfort and strength\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second emerging theme, Place of Comfort and Strength, was identified by participants 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18. These participants described their religious spaces\u0026mdash;whether mosques, churches, or temples\u0026mdash;as places of comfort, where they found emotional strength and support. One participant remarked, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The mosque is a place of comfort and strength. While I pray on my own, the shared community during prayers and during Ramadan helps me feel emotionally supported and resilient.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis theme is supported by Johnson and Armour (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), who found that individuals who maintain a positive relationship with God experience a paradoxical sense of benefit and strength in the face of adversity. This paradoxical living reflects the dual role of religious spaces not only as places for spiritual practice but also as sources of emotional and psychological stability during times of distress. Tavares et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) also highlighted the spiritual comfort that religious practices provide, which can be both an immediate and sustaining outcome, reinforcing the concept that religious spaces foster emotional resilience. This theme aligns with SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), as religious spaces contribute to building cohesive, resilient communities where individuals find support and strength.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEnhance emotional resilience\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe third theme, Enhance Emotional Resilience, emerged from the responses of participants 1, 8, 15, 16, 18, and 20, who reported that the community aspect of their religious involvement provided significant emotional healing, contributing to their overall emotional resilience. One participant shared, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;My temple community provides emotional healing. While personal spiritual practices like yoga help me, the collective rituals and support of my community are key to maintaining resilience.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis theme aligns with Narasimhan and Saputra (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), who emphasize the importance of religious and spiritual factors in emotional experiences, suggesting that by recognizing these factors, mental health interventions can be tailored to meet the specific needs of individuals within their cultural and religious contexts. This theme also contributes to SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by promoting emotional healing and providing resources for individuals in communities that may face mental health disparities. The support of religious communities plays a key role in fostering social cohesion and helping individuals build resilience in the face of challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContributions of spiritual practices on psychological healing and emotional well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTheme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription of the Theme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Responses\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 1,6,8,10,15, 19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer complements therapy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayer is for guidance and it complements the therapeutic work\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTherapy provides practical help, but spirituality strengthens me emotionally. I pray and rely on Allah's guidance, which complements the therapeutic work I do.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 1,2,3,4,5,7,9,11,12,14,16,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpiritual practices result to emotional balance and healing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrayers and faith bring emotional comfort and healing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpirituality and therapy are both important for me. While therapy helps me with practical solutions, my prayers and faith bring me emotional comfort and healing.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants No. 3,4,8,11,12,16,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeditation and prayer results to emotional healing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeditation is being applied alongside therapy which provides emotional and spiritual healing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI use meditation alongside therapy. The therapy helps me understand my feelings, and meditation provides emotional calm and spiritual healing that aids in the process.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the contributions of spiritual practices on psychological healing and emotional well-being are reflected in three emerging themes: Prayer Complements Therapy, Spiritual Practices Result in Emotional Balance and Healing, and Meditation and Prayer Result in Emotional Healing. These themes were identified based on participants' responses, with prayer, meditation, and spiritual practices serving as critical elements in enhancing emotional resilience and mental well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePrayer complements therapy\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e The first emerging theme, Prayer Complements Therapy, was identified by participants 1, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 19, who noted that prayer serves as a supportive and complementary element to therapeutic work. One participant explained, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Therapy provides practical help, but spirituality strengthens me emotionally. I pray and rely on Allah\u0026rsquo;s guidance, which complements the therapeutic work I do.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e This finding underscores the role of prayer in reinforcing the emotional resilience fostered by therapy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis theme is consistent with research by South and McDowell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), which found that prayer is frequently used as a complementary therapeutic tool, particularly during illness. Participants in their study reported experiencing increased calmness, decreased anxiety, and an overall sense of well-being as a result of prayer. Additionally, Jors et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) found that prayer can act as a resource for patients, transforming their experience of illness and contributing to their healing process. This connection to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) highlights how spiritual practices can enhance therapeutic outcomes, improving emotional well-being and resilience. These findings are consistent with the participants' experiences, further supporting the value of spiritual practices in mental health care.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpiritual practices result to emotional balance and healing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second emerging theme, Spiritual Practices Result in Emotional Balance and Healing, was observed across a wide range of participants (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19). These participants emphasized the emotional healing that results from their spiritual practices, particularly prayer and faith. One participant shared, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Spirituality and therapy are both important for me. While therapy helps me with practical solutions, my prayers and faith bring me emotional comfort and healing.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e This demonstrates the role of spirituality in providing emotional support, enhancing mental health recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis aligns with Yao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), who discussed the interconnectedness of mind, body, and spirit in the healing process. Similarly, Gautam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) emphasized the importance of a holistic approach that integrates spiritual care into therapeutic practices, addressing not just the mental, but also the emotional, physical, and spiritual dimensions of well-being. These findings underscore the need for mental health professionals to incorporate spiritual practices in treatment plans to enhance overall therapy outcomes. This also aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by emphasizing the role of spirituality in fostering emotional healing and mental stability, which are essential for overall well-being. Moreover, this theme supports SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by providing vulnerable populations with critical emotional support and coping mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMeditation and prayer results to emotional healing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e The third theme, Meditation and Prayer Result in Emotional Healing, was identified by participants 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 16, and 19, who reported that meditation and prayer are key components in their emotional healing process. One participant noted, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I use meditation alongside therapy. The therapy helps me understand my feelings, and meditation provides emotional calm and spiritual healing that aids in the process.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e This demonstrates that meditation, when combined with therapy, offers both emotional and spiritual healing, contributing to overall mental clarity and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis theme aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), as these practices promote emotional healing and resilience across diverse communities. This theme is supported by Johnson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), who highlighted the therapeutic benefits of meditation, emphasizing its ability to align and relax the mind. Furthermore, Baldwin et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that healing prayer can help individuals dissociate traumatic memories from the emotions associated with them, which is consistent with the experiences shared by participants who described the dual benefit of meditation and prayer in emotional and spiritual healing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImplications of Spiritual Practices\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eBiopsychosocial and Spiritual Practices as Coping Mechanisms\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn both the Biopsychosocial Model and Spiritual Coping Theory, spiritual practices such as prayer, meditation, fasting, and community participation are recognized as essential coping mechanisms that help individuals manage emotional distress. These practices support SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by addressing the biological, psychological, and social dimensions of health. For instance, Christian participants emphasized that prayer helped them manage stress by calming the mind, a clear biological benefit. Psychologically, prayer also facilitated emotional clarity, helping them regain focus and cope with life's difficulties. Similarly, Muslim participants described how daily prayers and fasting helped them feel at peace, both emotionally and physically, fostering a sense of calm and inner strength. The social aspect of these practices, particularly fasting during Ramadan, offered a sense of connection with others, reinforcing the Biopsychosocial Model's emphasis on social support in health and contributing to SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by providing coping resources across diverse populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, Kenneth Pargament\u0026rsquo;s Spiritual Coping Theory offers a fuller and more impartial picture of religious coping (Xu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Spiritual practices, including prayer and fasting, serve as internalized coping mechanisms that help individuals find meaning, hope, and emotional strength in times of distress. For example, Muslims cope with life stressors, including religiosity, belief, trust in God, prayer, forbearance, supplication, recitation of the Qur\u0026rsquo;an, remembrance of God, patience, and thankfulness. These practices serve as effective coping strategies and mechanisms in the face of life stressors. These findings align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by demonstrating how spiritual coping mechanisms aid in emotional regulation and resilience. Hindu participants discussed how meditation and yoga provided not only emotional stability but also a deep sense of peace, which empowered them to manage stress (Nagesh, 2023). These practices further support SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), particularly through community support and resilience-building.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMurphy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) found a similar study indicating that Buddhist participants pointed to mindfulness meditation as a spiritual practice that helped them detach from emotional turmoil and build emotional resilience. This demonstrates the interconnectedness of spirituality and mental health, reinforcing the value of spiritual coping in enhancing both individual and community well-being. Spiritual Coping Theory aligns with these practices by recognizing how they offer individuals psychological and spiritual resources, aiding them in emotional regulation and fostering resilience, contributing to SDG 3 and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEmotional Resilience through Spirituality\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Biopsychosocial Model highlights how spirituality influences emotional resilience across biological, psychological, and social dimensions of health. Christian participants explained how prayer helped them manage stress, with biological effects like stress reduction, psychological benefits such as promoting hope and optimism, and social benefits through community support. These practices align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by enhancing emotional well-being, and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) by fostering community resilience. Muslim participants noted that prayer and fasting not only provided emotional relief but also had biological benefits like stress reduction and mental clarity, while strengthening social bonds within their community, supporting SDG 3 and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHindu participants emphasized that meditation and yoga helped maintain emotional balance, improving their psychological well-being and stress management. This supports both SDG 3 and SDG 10 by addressing mental health needs across diverse populations. The Biopsychosocial Model thus offers a holistic view, showing how these spiritual practices provide resilience through biological, psychological, and social factors, aligning with the SDGs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, Spiritual Coping Theory focuses on how personal spiritual practices serve as coping mechanisms during emotional distress. Christian participants described prayer as a source of inner strength, offering hope and divine support in difficult times. Similarly, fasting and prayer helped Muslim participants maintain emotional resilience, providing a sense of purpose and meaning during stress. These practices contribute to SDG 3 by promoting mental stability and emotional resilience. Hindu participants reported that meditation and yoga were crucial for emotional regulation, while Buddhist participants emphasized mindfulness meditation for stress management. Spiritual Coping Theory underscores the importance of individual spiritual practices, which align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by offering coping strategies that support mental health across communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSocial Support and Community Connections\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe significance of social support and community connections in spiritual practices is highlighted in both the Biopsychosocial Model and Spiritual Coping Theory. According to the Biopsychosocial Model, social connections are essential for emotional well-being, a theme reinforced across various religious traditions. Christian participants emphasized the pivotal role of their church community, providing emotional support and a sense of belonging during difficult times. This support was integral to their emotional stability, emphasizing the social dimension of the Biopsychosocial Model. Similarly, Muslim participants noted the importance of community, especially during Ramadan, where shared fasting and prayer fostered a collective sense of solidarity and emotional strength. The mosque and families were vital to their mental resilience, demonstrating the social component of the Biopsychosocial Model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Hindu participants identified their temple community as a source of spiritual and emotional encouragement. Communal rituals enhanced their sense of belonging and resilience, further supporting the role of community in mental health. Buddhist participants acknowledged the importance of shared meditation practices and community teachings in effectively managing stress, highlighting how communal spiritual activities contribute to emotional well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis aligns not only with the Biopsychosocial Model, which emphasizes the role of social support in mental health, but also with Spiritual Coping Theory. Spiritual Coping Theory illustrates how communal spiritual practices, such as prayer, fasting, and meditation, act as potent coping mechanisms, offering a sense of meaning, hope, and control during times of distress. These practices enhance emotional resilience and psychological well-being, contributing to mental health by reinforcing social bonds and providing individuals with tools for coping. This resonates with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by fostering emotional stability and well-being through community-based spiritual practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpirituality as a Source of Inner Peace and Balance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcross various religious traditions, participants described how spirituality fosters inner peace and emotional balance, providing essential tools to manage stress and emotional distress. Christian participants noted that prayer helped them achieve mental clarity and emotional grounding, enabling them to maintain focus and resilience during adversity. This aligns with the Biopsychosocial Model, which highlights the psychological benefits of spirituality in promoting emotional regulation and well-being, supporting SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, Muslim participants emphasized the impact of fasting during Ramadan, which not only provided mental clarity and emotional balance but also allowed them to reset their spiritual state, enhancing their emotional resilience. This practice reinforced the psychological and biological aspects of well-being, helping participants regain emotional stability, directly contributing to SDG 3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHindu participants highlighted the emotional stability gained from yoga and meditation, which were effective in managing anxiety and stress while cultivating a sense of inner peace. Buddhist participants identified mindfulness meditation as a valuable tool for emotional balance, teaching them to accept emotions without judgment and regulate them effectively. This underscores how spiritual practices serve as vital pathways to emotional well-being, enabling individuals to maintain emotional balance and inner peace.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth the Biopsychosocial Model and Spiritual Coping Theory emphasize the holistic nature of spirituality, demonstrating how these practices influence the psychological, biological, and social dimensions of health. They foster emotional stability and resilience, promoting well-being through a balanced integration of mind, body, and spirit. These insights align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), illustrating the significance of spirituality in fostering emotional regulation and resilience across diverse communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSpiritual Practices as a Pathway to Emotional Regulation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpiritual practices serve as powerful pathways to emotional regulation, providing individuals with essential tools to manage distress and maintain emotional stability (Conboy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Christian participants consistently reported that prayer and church attendance grounded them emotionally, offering spiritual comfort that fostered long-term emotional resilience. Through prayer, they honed their ability to cope with stress, achieving emotional clarity and peace of mind, aligning with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Similarly, Muslim participants emphasized that prayer and fasting endowed them with the emotional strength to confront challenges. These practices provided immediate stress relief and significantly contributed to their enduring emotional stability. This demonstrates the importance of spirituality in SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), particularly in building resilience and emotional balance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Hindu participants highlighted how yoga and meditation sustained their emotional balance by harmonizing physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. These practices facilitated emotional regulation, reduced stress, and cultivated a profound sense of inner peace, further supporting SDG 3. Buddhist participants emphasized the transformative effect of mindfulness meditation, which allowed them to detach from emotions without judgment, enhancing their ability to manage stress and emotional turmoil effectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings illustrate the vital role of spiritual practices in emotional regulation and resilience, supported by Spiritual Coping Theory. The theory articulates how spiritual practices impart meaning, hope, and a sense of control, while the Biopsychosocial Model highlights the substantial physiological and psychological benefits of engaging in these meaningful activities. Spiritual practices engage the psychological, biological, and social dimensions of health, making them indispensable tools for emotional resilience, as they not only support SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) but also strengthen community bonds and individual well-being, contributing to a more resilient society (SDG 11).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDirections for Future Research\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study provides a foundational exploration of the intricate interplay between spirituality and mental health, particularly through the lens of the Biopsychosocial Model and Pargament\u0026rsquo;s spiritual coping theory (Engel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e; Pargament, 2001). However, several dimensions remain inadequately explored, suggesting compelling avenues for further scholarly inquiry.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst, expanding the demographic and cultural breadth of future investigations is paramount. While this study concentrated on participants from Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism within the Philippines, it is imperative to include a more diverse range of religious and secular traditions across varied cultural and geographical contexts. Such a comprehensive approach would facilitate a more robust comparison of how disparate spiritual practices intersect with mental health and emotional resilience across the global spectrum, contributing to the realization of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being). This would help identify and address mental health disparities across diverse populations, advancing global mental health goals (Lucchetti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Hamka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecond, while this investigation adopted qualitative methodologies to elucidate personal spiritual experiences, there is a compelling need for empirical, quantitative studies to systematically measure the psychological impact of specific spiritual practices\u0026mdash;such as prayer, meditation, fasting, and communal worship\u0026mdash;on mental health outcomes (Bear et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yamada et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Longitudinal studies would prove invaluable, particularly those that explore the sustained effects of these practices over extended periods, thus contributing to SDG 3 and supporting the development of evidence-based interventions to improve emotional resilience and psychological well-being (Saeed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther, research into the role of spiritual leaders in facilitating mental health care within religious communities is a noteworthy direction for future exploration. Spiritual leaders often occupy a critical position in mediating the connection between spirituality and well-being. An in-depth examination of their influence could significantly inform the integration of spiritual guidance within clinical mental health frameworks, aligning with SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by addressing gaps in mental health services for marginalized communities (Huguelet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, cross-cultural comparative research is essential to elucidate how spiritual practices function as coping mechanisms across diverse societal structures. Such studies could explore variances in the spiritual coping mechanisms employed within different religious contexts, thereby advancing the global understanding of spirituality's role in emotional and psychological healing, contributing to SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), which emphasizes the importance of resilient communities in addressing mental health challenges (Johnson \u0026amp; Armour, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Narasimhan \u0026amp; Saputra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother vital direction for future research lies in the integration of spirituality into clinical mental health practice. Despite increasing recognition of its relevance, many therapeutic models remain insufficiently attuned to the spiritual dimensions of healing (Hefti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Yamada et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, future studies should prioritize the development of integrative therapeutic models that systematically incorporate spiritual practices alongside conventional psychological treatments, supporting SDG 3 and improving overall mental health outcomes (Bear et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Gautam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, an exploration of the neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic effects of spiritual practices would yield valuable insights into the biological and cognitive processes through which spirituality enhances emotional regulation and resilience. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing a holistic understanding of mental health, contributing to the achievement of SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) (Johnson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Baldwin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, investigating the synergistic effects between spirituality and other established therapeutic modalities, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based interventions, could lead to the formulation of comprehensive, multi-faceted treatment approaches. Such integrative models would not only cater to the psychological but also the spiritual needs of individuals, thus offering a holistic approach to mental health care, promoting SDG 3 and SDG 10 (Saeed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Conboy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the expansion of research in these areas holds the potential to refine and redefine the integration of spiritual care within mental health paradigms, thereby fostering a more nuanced and culturally sensitive approach to promoting emotional resilience and psychological well-being in alignment with SDG 3, SDG 10, and SDG 11 (Tehrani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Pesut et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations that should be taken into account when interpreting the findings. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small and primarily comprised participants from specific religious traditions, namely Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. This limited diversity may impact the generalizability of the results to broader religious or spiritual contexts. Additionally, the study was conducted within a specific geographic location, the Philippines, which may restrict the applicability of the findings to regions with different cultural, religious, and social dynamics. The influence of culture on spiritual practices may also shape participants' experiences and interpretations of spirituality in mental health, meaning that the results may not fully represent the range of spiritual coping mechanisms employed in diverse populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother limitation pertains to the methodological approach, which relied on qualitative data gathered from key informant interviews. While this approach allowed for in-depth insights into the participants' experiences, it is inherently subjective, and the findings may reflect individual biases. Furthermore, the study relied on self-reported data, which can introduce potential issues such as social desirability bias and inaccurate recall, potentially affecting the reliability of the results. Lastly, the study primarily focused on spirituality and religious practices without exploring other psychological, social, or environmental factors that may also contribute to mental health and resilience. Future studies would benefit from a more holistic approach that incorporates multiple variables influencing mental well-being, such as socio-economic status, cultural norms, and environmental stressors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendations","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study underscore the significant role of spiritual practices such as meditation, prayer, and community involvement in reducing anxiety and enhancing emotional resilience. These practices not only positively influence a person\u0026rsquo;s emotional state but also provide mental clarity, helping individuals manage stress and psychological challenges. Religious communities, as highlighted by the participants, serve as vital sources of emotional support, creating spaces of comfort that foster emotional stability and strengthen individuality. Community participation, particularly in shared spiritual practices, enhances emotional resilience and provides crucial coping strategies during difficult times. This aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), which emphasizes the importance of emotional well-being and mental health. Moreover, these findings suggest that spiritual practices can effectively complement conventional mental health approaches, offering a more holistic model of care. Incorporating spiritual leaders into therapeutic frameworks and fostering open discussions about spirituality within therapy can lead to more comprehensive care. By combining psychological and spiritual approaches, therapists can improve therapy outcomes and provide better support for emotional resilience, contributing to the achievement of SDG 3 and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). This integrated approach promotes a model of care that respects the spiritual dimensions of healing while enhancing psychological well-being. By incorporating both spiritual and psychological tools, we can ensure a more holistic and effective approach to mental health, offering sustainable support for individuals across diverse communities, as outlined in SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have not disclosed any competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the \u003cstrong\u003eUniversity of Immaculate Conception-Research Ethics Committee\u003c/strong\u003e under protocol code \u003cstrong\u003eEXT-ER-05-25-0336\u003c/strong\u003e. The research adhered to ethical guidelines throughout the study, ensuring that all necessary ethical considerations were addressed. Since the participants were adults, formal approval for minors was not required. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement, with the consent form outlining the study\u0026apos;s purpose, voluntary participation, and confidentiality of responses. Participants were assured that their personal information would remain confidential, with identities protected through the use of coded identifiers (e.g., P1, P2) rather than real names. The researcher ensured the integrity and trustworthiness of the data, following best practices in qualitative research, including transparent data collection procedures and rigorous analysis. Throughout the study, ethical principles, such as respect, honesty, and responsibility, were strictly upheld.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Artificial Intelligence Use\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAchour, M., Bensaid, B., \u0026amp; Nor, M. R. B. M. (2015). 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(2001, February 15) \u003cem\u003eThe Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, practice\u003c/em\u003e. Guilford Press. https://www.guilford.com/books/The-Psychology-of-Religion-and-Coping/Kenneth-Pargament/9781572306646\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePark, S., Do, B., Yourell, J., Hermer, J., \u0026amp; Huberty, J. (2024). Digital methods for the spiritual and mental health of generation z: scoping review. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 13, e48929. https://doi.org/10.2196/48929\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePesut, B., Clark, N., Maxwell, V., \u0026amp; Michalak, E. (2011). Religion and spirituality in the context of bipolar disorder: a literature review. Mental Health Religion \u0026amp; Culture, 14(8), 785-796. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.523890\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRhoads, M. L., Murphy, M., Doucette, M., Gentile, T., Rhoads, D., \u0026amp; Watson, J. (2021). Investigating the Effects of Zero Balancing on the Physical, Mental, Emotional, and Spiritual Dimensions of Wellness: A Phenomenological MIxed Methods Pilot Study. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Transformative Touch\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(1). https://doi.org/10.58188/2767-7176.1011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaeed, S. A., Cunningham, K., \u0026amp; Bloch, R. M. (2019). Depression and anxiety disorders: benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation. \u003cem\u003eAmerican family physician\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e99\u003c/em\u003e(10), 620-627. http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31083878/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShariff, N. and Pien, L. (2018). The need to particularise the concept of spirituality within mental health services in malaysia. International Journal of Care Scholars, 1(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijcs.v1i1.45\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh, R., \u0026amp; Husain, A. (2019). 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Spiritual comfort, spiritual support, and spiritual care: A simultaneous concept analysis. \u003cem\u003eNursing Forum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e57\u003c/em\u003e(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12845\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTehrani, M., Yadollahpour, M., Sadeghi, M., \u0026amp; Hamidia, A. (2021). The relationship between spiritual health with the levels of anxiety and depression among cancer patients.. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-914472/v1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYamada, A., Lukoff, D., Lim, C., \u0026amp; Mancuso, L. (2020). Integrating spirituality and mental health: perspectives of adults receiving public mental health services in california.. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(3), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000260\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWahyudi, A., Yusuf, A., \u0026amp; Mundakir, M. (2021). The effectiveness of spiritual psychotherapy on patients with mental disorders: a systematic review. Poltekita Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.33860/jik.v15i1.436\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eWorld mental health report\u003c/em\u003e. (2022). Google Books. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en\u0026amp;lr=\u0026amp;id=lnkOEQAAQBAJ\u0026amp;oi=fnd\u0026amp;pg=PR10\u0026amp;dq=In+contemporary+society\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu, J. (2016). Pargament\u0026apos;s theory of religious coping: Implications for spiritually sensitive social work practice. \u003cem\u003eBritish journal of social work\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e46\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1394-1410. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcv080\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYao, S. H., Ji, J. X., Chan, C. H. Y., \u0026amp; Chan, C. L. W. (2017). Body-Mind Connectedness: Integrative Body-Mind-Spirit Group Work for Depressed Persons with Salient Somatic Disturbances. In \u003cem\u003eDepression\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.5772/66960\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhihong, R., Yawen, Z., \u0026amp; Guangrong, J. (2018). Effectiveness of mindfulness meditation in intervention for anxiety: A meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eActa Psychologica Sinica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e50\u003c/em\u003e(3), 283. https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2018.00283\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Community Support, Emotional Resilience, Mental Health, Pargament’s Spiritual Coping, and Spiritual Practices","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7240632/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7240632/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis research investigates the role of spirituality in fostering emotional resilience and psychological healing across multiple religious traditions, with a focus on how Pargament\u0026rsquo;s spiritual coping strategies complement conventional mental health interventions. Previous studies have highlighted the complex relationship between spirituality and mental health, but the connection between these elements and sustainable well-being has not been sufficiently explored. This study examines how spiritual practices within Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism contribute to mental and emotional well-being, which is crucial for achieving long-term sustainability and resilience in both individuals and communities. Through qualitative key-informant interviews, the research explores how spirituality can support the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly No. 3, Good Health and Well-Being, about emotional well-being, community cohesion, and mental health. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, underpinned by the Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Spiritual Coping Theory. Findings indicated that meditation helps reduce anxiety, showing the importance of integrating spiritual practices into mental health care as a tool for sustainable emotional health. The study concludes by advocating for a holistic and culturally sensitive approach that incorporates spiritual care into treatment plans to improve therapy outcomes and enhance long-term emotional resilience, aligning with global sustainability goals.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Integrating Biopsychosocial and Spiritual Coping Theories in Understanding Spirituality and Healing in the Philippines","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-01 17:45:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7240632/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-09T15:44:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-06T02:51:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-05T19:22:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-24T19:17:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"2970703687612943099482823465434444162","date":"2025-09-23T11:26:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"325606629101240835143143474848822369388","date":"2025-09-21T09:58:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"249003735542780256190544531745516990796","date":"2025-09-21T09:11:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-21T07:41:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-21T07:39:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-03T10:23:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-27T23:56:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Sustainability","date":"2025-08-27T23:53:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e657b5f8-f8fc-4bd7-a3ed-35731f682302","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-02T07:25:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-01 17:45:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7240632","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7240632","identity":"rs-7240632","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}