Sleep as a random walk - A superstatistical analysis of EEG data across sleep stages

In clinical practice, human sleep is classified into stages, each associated with different levels of muscular activity and marked by characteristic patterns in the EEG signals. It is however unclear whether this subdivision into discrete stages with sharply defined boundaries is truly reflecting the dynamics of human sleep. To address this question, we consider one-channel EEG signals as heterogeneous random walks: stochastic processes controlled by hyper-parameters that are themselves time-dependent. We first demonstrate the heterogeneity of the random process by showing that each sleep stage has a characteristic distribution and temporal correlation function of the raw EEG signals. Next, we perform a superstatistical analysis by computing ‘hyper-parameters’, such as the standard deviation, kurtosis and skewness of the raw signal distributions, within subsequent 30-second epochs. It turns out that also the hyper-parameters have characteristic, sleep-stage-dependent distributions, which can be exploited for a simple Bayesian sleep stage detection. Moreover, we find that the hyper-parameters are not piece-wise constant, as the traditional hypnograms would suggest, but show rising or falling trends within and across sleep stages, pointing to an underlying continuous rather than subdivided process that controls human sleep.