The Effectiveness of Virtual-Real Fusion Teaching Models in Clinical Skills Training: A Randomized -Controlled Trial Comparing Touch Surgery and Traditional Teaching Aids for Thoracentesis

The Effectiveness of Virtual-Real Fusion Teaching Models in Clinical Skills Training: A Randomized -Controlled Trial Comparing Touch Surgery and Traditional Teaching Aids for Thoracentesis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Effectiveness of Virtual-Real Fusion Teaching Models in Clinical Skills Training: A Randomized -Controlled Trial Comparing Touch Surgery and Traditional Teaching Aids for Thoracentesis Chengming Ding, Haonan Zhang, Heng Yang, Jia Yang, Shiyu Zhou, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7528278/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Traditional clinical skills training exhibits inherent limitations. This study systematically examines the comparative efficacy of Touch Surgery-based virtual-real integrated training versus conventional teaching aids in thoracentesis procedural skill acquisition. Methods This retrospective cohort study enrolled 30 resident physicians undergoing standardized residency training at The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China between December 2023 and October 2024. The cohort comprised an interventional group (n = 15) utilizing Touch Surgery and a control group (n = 15) employing conventional teaching aids (with 3 participants lost to voluntary withdrawal). A multi-modal evaluation framework was implemented, incorporating: 1) theoretical examination, 2) procedural guideline compliance evaluation, 3) thoracentesis technical skill assessment, and 4) multi-dimensional pedagogical appraisal. Results No significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics (gender, age) between the two groups. Prior to training, the experimental group showed no statistically significant differences compared to the control group in theoretical knowledge scores, surgical procedural skills, guideline compliance scores, or thoracentesis skill assessments. However, post-intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in theoretical knowledge mastery, surgical operational proficiency, guideline adherence, and thoracentesis technical performance relative to the control group. Conclusion The virtual-real integrated teaching model has been demonstrated to significantly enhance resident physicians' theoretical knowledge, clinical procedural skills, and teaching efficacy. The innovative multi-dimensional evaluation system establishes a novel paradigm for assessing clinical skill training quality, while the Mixed Reality-driven cognitive-skill transformation pathway offers groundbreaking insights for medical education innovation. Virtual-real fusion teaching Touch Surgery Thoracentesis Clinical skills training Resident physicians Multi-dimensional evaluation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Highlights.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7528278","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":517182351,"identity":"75a5a46b-65ad-46aa-9a93-bea18143bc41","order_by":0,"name":"Chengming Ding","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of South China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chengming","middleName":"","lastName":"Ding","suffix":""},{"id":517182352,"identity":"6349f2fa-a0b9-4416-8485-e1718b8970f3","order_by":1,"name":"Haonan Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of South 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Thoracentesis","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Virtual-real fusion teaching, Touch Surgery, Thoracentesis, Clinical skills training, Resident physicians, Multi-dimensional evaluation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7528278/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7528278/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTraditional clinical skills training exhibits inherent limitations. This study systematically examines the comparative efficacy of Touch Surgery-based virtual-real integrated training versus conventional teaching aids in thoracentesis procedural skill acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethods\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis retrospective cohort study enrolled 30 resident physicians undergoing standardized residency training at The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China between December 2023 and October 2024. The cohort comprised an interventional group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15) utilizing Touch Surgery and a control group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15) employing conventional teaching aids (with 3 participants lost to voluntary withdrawal). A multi-modal evaluation framework was implemented, incorporating: 1) theoretical examination, 2) procedural guideline compliance evaluation, 3) thoracentesis technical skill assessment, and 4) multi-dimensional pedagogical appraisal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics (gender, age) between the two groups. Prior to training, the experimental group showed no statistically significant differences compared to the control group in theoretical knowledge scores, surgical procedural skills, guideline compliance scores, or thoracentesis skill assessments. However, post-intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in theoretical knowledge mastery, surgical operational proficiency, guideline adherence, and thoracentesis technical performance relative to the control group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe virtual-real integrated teaching model has been demonstrated to significantly enhance resident physicians' theoretical knowledge, clinical procedural skills, and teaching efficacy. The innovative multi-dimensional evaluation system establishes a novel paradigm for assessing clinical skill training quality, while the Mixed Reality-driven cognitive-skill transformation pathway offers groundbreaking insights for medical education innovation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Effectiveness of Virtual-Real Fusion Teaching Models in Clinical Skills Training: A Randomized -Controlled Trial Comparing Touch Surgery and Traditional Teaching Aids for Thoracentesis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-25 13:37:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7528278/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-16T05:22:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T16:40:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"289523064282364358066508316345141642564","date":"2025-11-27T12:58:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-16T08:46:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T05:46:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-10T15:46:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Medical Education","date":"2025-09-10T15:42:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-medical-education","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"meed","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Medical Education](http://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/meed/default.aspx","title":"BMC Medical Education","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ca2bc95c-7c2e-4c27-b17c-9bb03594ab9e","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-16T05:38:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-25 13:37:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7528278","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7528278","identity":"rs-7528278","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}