Validation and implementation of questionnaire for assessment of risk factors of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology

Validation and implementation of questionnaire for assessment of risk factors of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Validation and implementation of questionnaire for assessment of risk factors of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology Aleeta Maria Jolly, Rajesh Rajasekharan Nair, Renjitha Bhaskaran, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8775196/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : CKDu is a renal dysfunction but the reason for renal impairment is unaware. It is asymptomatic at early stages and symptoms shown only in last irreversible stages thus it is important to find the risk factors of CKDu. Thus, a questionnaire is necessary that assess the exposure to risk factors of CKDu. In this study we formulated, validated and implemented a self-structured questionnaire for analysing exposure of risk factors of CKDu. Methodology : Questionnaire was validated by 13 researchers, 9 doctors, 7 pharmacists, 4 nurses, 2 psychologists, 2 language experts, 6 other health care professionals, 7 non-health care professionals. Validity of questionnaire was assessed using SCV-1, ICV-1 and Cronbach’s alpha. The validated questionnaire was then applied among 160 subjects from that 54 were CKDu, 54 were CKD and 52 were normal population thereby assessing risk factors of CKDu. Result : Questionnaire was found to be statistically valid and reliable using SCV-I with score of 85.42 ± 3.25, ICV-I with score of 85.53 ± 9.37 and reliability test using Cronbach’s alpha with 0.984. Thus, questionnaire was valid for implementation. After implementation of questionnaire, we found that smoking, pesticide usage, history of jaundice showed significance upon statistical analysis using Chi-square test. Thus, these are the risk factors of CKDu in this study population. Conclusion : The questionnaire helps to assess risk factors of CKDu. Further studies needed to analyse the role of smoking, pesticide usage, hepatitis B among CKDu population. Trial registration: Clinical trial was registered at CTRI on 28/06/2024 with CTRI number: CTRI/2024/06/069690. CKDu questionnaire validation risk factors Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8775196","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":596171508,"identity":"d3bc2284-19c5-47ba-bbe4-538aec692817","order_by":0,"name":"Aleeta Maria Jolly","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Pharmacy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aleeta","middleName":"Maria","lastName":"Jolly","suffix":""},{"id":596171509,"identity":"4f5f5b38-1167-47b5-b43c-06ba751a1968","order_by":1,"name":"Rajesh Rajasekharan Nair","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rajesh","middleName":"Rajasekharan","lastName":"Nair","suffix":""},{"id":596171510,"identity":"946f7e98-6a8a-4dda-9428-ac0f551f1f4b","order_by":2,"name":"Renjitha Bhaskaran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Renjitha","middleName":"","lastName":"Bhaskaran","suffix":""},{"id":596171511,"identity":"12dda5a7-b95e-49ff-8abf-09b9921bfe53","order_by":3,"name":"Jaya Thomas","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Pharmacy","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jaya","middleName":"","lastName":"Thomas","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-03 11:39:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8775196/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8775196/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106043131,"identity":"2cc41586-01b3-40de-829f-41629c84835c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-02 18:25:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":474388,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"questionnairearticle.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8775196/v1_covered_02fef5cb-bad2-42d7-80e2-8581f2429017.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Validation and implementation of questionnaire for assessment of risk factors of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"CKDu, questionnaire, validation, risk factors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8775196/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8775196/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: CKDu is a renal dysfunction but the reason for renal impairment is unaware. It is asymptomatic at early stages and symptoms shown only in last irreversible stages thus it is important to find the risk factors of CKDu. Thus, a questionnaire is necessary that assess the exposure to risk factors of CKDu. In this study we formulated, validated and implemented a self-structured questionnaire for analysing exposure of risk factors of CKDu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology\u003c/strong\u003e: Questionnaire was validated by 13 researchers, 9 doctors, 7 pharmacists, 4 nurses, 2 psychologists, 2 language experts, 6 other health care professionals, 7 non-health care professionals. Validity of questionnaire was assessed using SCV-1, ICV-1 and Cronbach’s alpha. The validated questionnaire was then applied among 160 subjects from that 54 were CKDu, 54 were CKD and 52 were normal population thereby assessing risk factors of CKDu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult\u003c/strong\u003e: Questionnaire was found to be statistically valid and reliable using SCV-I with score of 85.42 ± 3.25, ICV-I with score of 85.53 ± 9.37 and reliability test using Cronbach’s alpha with 0.984. Thus, questionnaire was valid for implementation. After implementation of questionnaire, we found that smoking, pesticide usage, history of jaundice showed significance upon statistical analysis using Chi-square test. Thus, these are the risk factors of CKDu in this study population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The questionnaire helps to assess risk factors of CKDu. Further studies needed to analyse the role of smoking, pesticide usage, hepatitis B among CKDu population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrial registration:\u003c/strong\u003e Clinical trial was registered at CTRI on 28/06/2024 with CTRI number: CTRI/2024/06/069690.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Validation and implementation of questionnaire for assessment of risk factors of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-25 17:30:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8775196/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"59bfde8b-431d-4c5a-a7b3-793e194a1f4c","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 25th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-02T18:24:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-25 17:30:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8775196","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8775196","identity":"rs-8775196","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}